To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: UN. Economic and Social Council.
Journal articles on the topic 'UN. Economic and Social Council'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'UN. Economic and Social Council.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Lebedeva, Marina, and Marina Ustinova. "The Humanitarian and Social Agenda of the UN Security Council." International Organisations Research Journal 15, no. 1 (April 5, 2020): 135–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/1996-7845-2020-01-06.
Full textAbstract:
By the end of XX–the beginning of XXI century the importance of humanitarian and social issues in the world has sharply increased. Humanitarian and social means began to be intensively included in military and economic actions and play a significant independent role. As a result, there was an increase in the importance of “soft security” aspects, and an expansion of this field. This has affected the UN Security Council, which began to pay more attention to humanitarian and social issues, which was demonstrated with the statistical method. The range of humanitarian issues discussed by the Security Council and the list of actors sponsoring resolutions on humanitarian issues has expanded. In the late 1990s–early 2000s the Council begins to consider large amount of humanitarian issues: security issues of individuals in armed conflicts (civilians, children, women, UN and humanitarian personnel); civilian aspects of conflict management and peacebuilding; and separate issues of “soft security” (humanitarian assistance and such “soft threats” to security as HIV/AIDS epidemics, food crises and climate change). In addition, the Council also addresses human rights violations. The promotion of humanitarian issues in the Council on separate occasions was facilitated by high-ranking officials who put a premium on humanitarian issues; various UN bodies and organizations, mainly with humanitarian mandates; some non-permanent members of the Security Council who wanted to leave their mark in the Council’s history; various NGOs. In turn, some countries opposed the adoption of measures that they consider to be within the internal competence of their states. At the same time, the expansion of humanitarian and social problems in the world poses a dilemma for the Security Council: whether to include the entire range of these issues on the agenda, or it is beyond the scope of the Council’s mandate. There is no definite answer here. On the one hand, the world is moving along the path of strengthening humanitarian problems and its ever-greater involvement in security issues. On the other hand, an expanded interpretation of security can impede the work of the Council.
2
Strydom, Hennie. "The Protection of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in International Law." Constitutional Review 5, no. 2 (November 18, 2019): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.31078/consrev522.
Full textAbstract:
This contribution commences with a brief overview of the origin of economic, social and cultural rights and their eventual codification in the 1966 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. The main part then focuses, firstly, on the nature and scope of state obligations for the realization of Covenant rights and the enforcement mechanisms created under the Covenant and its Optional Protocol, and secondly, on the role of the UN Human Rights Council and the UN Security Council. In the conclusion, three contemporary developments are highlighted which could open up new areas in which economic, social and cultural rights could find further application.
3
Richardson, Lucy. "Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (and Beyond) in the UN Human Rights Council." Human Rights Law Review 15, no. 3 (July 23, 2015): 409–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hrlr/ngv016.
Full text
4
Alston, Philip, and Bruno Simma. "First Session of the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights." American Journal of International Law 81, no. 3 (July 1987): 747–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2202031.
Full textAbstract:
The first session of the new United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights was held in Geneva in March 1987. The Committee was established to assist the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) in fulfilling its responsibilities for monitoring states parties’ compliance with their obligations under the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. The Covenant is assuming increasing importance in view of the renewed emphasis by many UN member states on economic, social and cultural rights and because, with a total of 90 ratifications as of March 27, 1987, it now covers well over half of the total UN membership.
5
Матвеева, Татьяна, and Tatyana Matveeva. "NGO’ CONSULTATIVE STATUS AS EFFECTIVE MECHANISM OF UN DEMOCRATIZATION." Advances in Law Studies 4, no. 2 (June 29, 2016): 158–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/19083.
Full textAbstract:
The author of the article discusses the UN system of integration of civil society in UN activities, NGO consultative status with the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), analyses different examples of fruitful cooperation of UN and in creating of instruments of international law, explains the necessity of enforcement of this common activities.
6
Zakharova, L. I. "MAIN DIRECTIONS OF REGULATING SPORTS ACTIVITIES IN THE UN." Courier of Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)), no. 12 (March 14, 2021): 68–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/2311-5998.2020.76.12.068-082.
Full textAbstract:
The article outlines main directions of international legal regulation of physical culture and sport in the United Nations system at the present stage. The author analyzes the powers of the UN General Assembly and its subsidiary body — the Human Rights Council, the UN Security Council, and the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the UN Secretariat. The author demonstrates how an unfavourable outcome of a football match can become a catalyst for aggravating an interstate dispute and its subsequent transfer to the International Court of Justice. The article describes the interaction between the Olympic movement and two of the UN specialized agencies — the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization and the World Health Organization.
7
Jensen, Jill. "The fight over representation and rights: Defending gendered rights through the UN Economic and Social Council, 1948–1950." Global Social Policy: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Public Policy and Social Development 14, no. 2 (February 17, 2014): 163–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468018113520016.
Full text
8
Mwanasali, Musifiky. "The African Union, the United Nations, and the Responsibility to Protect: Towards an African Intervention Doctrine." Global Responsibility to Protect 2, no. 4 (2010): 388–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187598410x519552.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThis essay considers the R2P principle as expressed by the African Union's (AU) Constitutive Act of 2000, the United Nations (UN) World Summit's outcome document of 2005, and recent civilian protection mandates issued for peacekeeping operations by the UN Security Council. Examining how these three international mechanisms have sought to establish and operationalise the norm, the author argues that the AU should make greater efforts to bring R2P implementation into line with the UN Charter in order to secure the legitimacy of regional interventions in Africa. Reflecting on the experience of the AU Mission in Sudan between 2004 and 2007, the importance of clear mandates and sufficient capacity to the success of R2P interventions is emphasised. The use of force by peacekeepers—its feasibility and potential extent—is analysed and placed within the context of peacebuilding in the R2P continuum. The essay also argues for better coordination between the UN Security Council and the world body's Economic and Social Council, as well as with the AU's Peace and Security Council, to ensure a reliable supply of adequate peacebuilding resources to Africa and proper consideration of security and reconstruction matters.
9
Fauque, Danielle, and Brigitte Van Tiggelen. "Rebuilding IUPAC after WWII." Chemistry International 41, no. 3 (July 1, 2019): 22–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ci-2019-0308.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The League of Nations’ failure to ensure global peace by solving conflicts through diplomatic and peaceful means prompted Franklin Roosevelt and Winston Churchill to discuss the creation of a more efficient international organization as soon as the Second World War erupted. These preliminary efforts led to the signing of the Charter of the United Nations (UN) in San Francisco in 1945. In January 1946, the first general UN assembly took place, along with the Security Council and the Economic and Social Council. The latter created several international bodies, among them UNESCO. At first, UNESCO seemed to be the continuation of the International Institute for the Intellectual Cooperation (IIIC) coupled with the International Commission for the Intellectual Cooperation (ICIC), but was actually based on new rules [1].
10
Saul, Ben. "The Dangers of the United Nations' “New Security Agenda”: “Human Security” in the Asia-Pacific Region." Asian Journal of Comparative Law 1 (2006): 1–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2194607800000788.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractAmidst the understandable enthusiasm for enlarging the traditional state-centred view of security and embracing a “human security” agenda, little scholarly attention has been paid to the implications of this shift for international law. This article first charts the scope and genesis of “human security,” including within the United Nations and in the Asia-Pacific region, and traces the views of key Asian governments on the concept. It then analyses the relationship between human security and human rights and highlights the likely adverse impacts on human rights law. The remainder of the article considers how the human security agenda may destabilize the constitutional distribution of powers among UN organs under the UN Charter, especially by transferring power away from the more participatory General Assembly and towards the less representative and less accountable Security Council. In line with the position of some Asian States, this article reasserts that UN organs other than the Security Council, along with other major international institutions, are the appropriate bodies within which to pursue and address human security issues. In particular, the General Assembly and the Economic and Social Council require revitalization to avoid the trap of securitizing issues that are better framed as developmental and social concerns.
11
Dennis, Michael J. "Human Rights in 2002: The Annual Sessions of the UN Commission on Human Rights and the Economic and Social Council." American Journal of International Law 97, no. 2 (April 2003): 364–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3100113.
Full textAbstract:
The fifty-eighth session of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights opened with the United States in an observer seat for the first time ever. The Commission ultimately adopted ninety-two resolutions and eighteen decisions, thirty-nine of which were adopted by roll-call vote. Subsequently, at its July 2002 session, the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC, the parent body of the Commission) approved nearly all of the Commission's decisions by similar votes. The United States was also reelected to the Commission for its fiftyninth session during a separate ECOSOC meeting.The debate during the Commission's deliberations was more chaotic and fractious than in prior years, reflecting the membership of an increased number of repressive governments that sought to block international scrutiny of their human rights practices.
12
Andersen, Maureen Ratynski. "Where to Begin … When You Don't Know How to Start Tips for Researching UN Legal Materials." International Journal of Legal Information 31, no. 2 (2003): 264–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s073112650001060x.
Full textAbstract:
Working with United Nations documentation can be challenging. For starters, titles of documents are generic. In general, it's a good idea to have a basic sense of how the Organization is structured and its reporting system. (For example, the Commission on Human Rights reports to the Economic and Social Council, the International Law Commission to the General Assembly.) Many tools are available to help in this regard but perhaps the most useful is United Nations Documentation: Research Guide, which is an excellent starting point for neophytes but also has features for advanced researchers which enable them to further hone their skills.
13
Luzan, D. V., and S. F. Svilas. "Belarusian-Norwegian cooperation on the issue of UN reform: current state and prospects." Актуальные проблемы международных отношений и глобального развития, no. 8 (December 18, 2020): 134–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.33581/2311-9470-2020-8-134-146.
Full textAbstract:
The article examines one of the most pressing problems of modern world politics, which is the reform of the United Nations that is studied in the context of regional cooperation of the member states and its possible intensification in this area. Based on the analysis of diplomatic documents introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, a detailed description of the current state and prospects of cooperation between Norway and Belarus in the direction of reforming the UN is given. Recently, there has been noticed a significant intensification of interaction between the two countries in various spheres of public life both at the European and global levels (consultations between the ministries of foreign affairs and the dialogue of their leaders, the growth of trade turnover, the exchange of technologies, the development of tourism).That stimulates the activities of diplomatic missions of Norway and Belarus to the UN, aimed at adapting and updating the work of the Organization in the light of new trends and processes in international life. The key directions of the UN institutional reform, according to which it is possible to implement the Belarusian-Norwegian cooperation in the studied area, include the Security Council, the General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council, the Human Rights Council, the institute of peacekeeping. Twenty initiatives supported by Minsk and Oslo were considered, which could become the basis for cooperation in this direction. It is emphasized that the reform of the Security Council is most likely to become a starting point for fruitful interaction. At the same time, it will be possible to speak about the significance of steps to deepen it only if at least ten mutually complementary initiatives are implemented. The conditions for realizing the potential of cooperation have been determined as well; they include the creation of a developed legal framework for bilateral relations, their transfer to the level of embassies, the accession of the Republic of Belarus to the ACT Group of which Norway is a member.
14
Alberto Perez Canul, Carlos, Dra Charlotte Monserrat Llanes Chiquini, and Roger Manuel Patron Cortes. "LA COMPETITIVIDAD TERRITORIAL Y LA POBREZA EN LOS MUNICIPIOS DE LA PENINSULA DE YUCATAN, MEXICO." International Journal of Advanced Research 9, no. 5 (May 31, 2021): 929–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/12925.
Full textAbstract:
The Competitiveness is a parameter that nowadays demands efficiency at all levels of organizations whether private or public companies, as a result of an economic phenomenon called globalization and it has permeated in all human activities whether social or economic.This document presents the results of the research Territorial Competitiveness and Poverty in the Municipalities of the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. which proposes an analysis of several variables that influence the competitiveness of the municipalities of the Yucatan peninsula, from the creation of an Index of the Municipalities Competitiveness. (IMC), in order to determine the existing asymmetries between them and their correlation with the Social Gap Index (SGI) designed by the National Council for the Evaluation of Social Development Policy (CONEVAL) in each municipality of the region. La competitividad es un parametro que actualmente demanda eficiencia en todos los niveles de las organizaciones ya sean empresas privadas o publicas, como resultado de un fenomeno economico llamado globalizacion y que ha permeado en todas las actividades del ser humano ya sean sociales o economicas.Este documento presenta los resultados de la investigacion La competitividad territorial y la pobreza en los municipios de la peninsula de Yucatan, Mexico. El cual propone un analisis de diversas variables que influyen en la competitividad de los municipios de la peninsula de Yucatan, a partir de la elaboracion de un Indice de Competitividad Municipal (ICM), para determinar las asimetrias existentes entre estas y su correlacion con el indice de Rezago Social (IRS) disenado por el Consejo Nacional de Evaluacion de la Politica de Desarrollo Social (CONEVAL) en cada municipio de la region.
15
MANUSAMA, KENNETH M. "The High Level Panel Report on Threats, Challenges and Change and the Future Role of the United Nations Security Council." Leiden Journal of International Law 18, no. 3 (October 2005): 605–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s092215650500289x.
Full textAbstract:
The UN High Level Panel Report, published in December, takes a comprehensive approach and is very frank in analysing the threats to international peace and security and their rootcauses. Its analysis and recommendations range from economic and social challenges to the use of force. This article discusses in particular the role and tasks that the High Level Panel envisages for the Security Council in light of the threats and challenges it identified. With the events of 11 September 2001 as the pivotal moment in history, the Panel nevertheless does not recommend or insist on fundamental changes of international legal paradigms, including in the (collective) use of force. The Panel's focus on reform of Security Council composition instead of the system that it operates neglects the problems with the latter and the impossibility of achieving the former.
16
Mowell, Barry. "NGO Goal-Setting/Attainment and Perceptions of Benefits Derived within the Framework of the UNECOSOC Consultative Status Program." Open Political Science 3, no. 1 (May 29, 2020): 97–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/openps-2020-0009.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe main vehicle in the UN-NGO dynamic is the consultative status program within the UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC). Existing literature addresses UN efforts in facilitating formal collaboration with international civil society, but little research has been undertaken to examine macro-scale patterns of NGOs within such collaborations. This study sought to partly address the latter gap in the literature by examining NGO goals and goal/benefit attainment within the UN-ECOSOC consultative status program. The results of a survey sent to a random sample of 10% of all NGOs holding consultative status revealed that (1) a varied range of both extrinsic and intrinsic considerations motivated NGOs to acquire consultative status; (2) NGOs commonly were not achieving their initial goals or otherwise not deriving benefit from the collaboration; and (3) the degree/sense of goal or benefit attainment correlated strongly with the level of accreditation afforded to NGOs, with lower levels of consultative status usually corresponding to lower reported levels of goal/benefit attainment.
17
Kimengsi, Jude Ndzifon, and Zephania Nji Fogwe. "Urban Green Development Planning Opportunities and Challenges in Sub-Saharan Africa: Lessons from Bamenda City, Cameroon." International Journal of Global Sustainability 1, no. 1 (June 23, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijgs.v1i1.11440.
Full textAbstract:
World urban areas are increasingly dabbling with the triple challenge of pollution, congestion and environmental degradation. The quest for sanity and healthy urban living led to the introduction of urban green space initiatives. Green space has become primordial in urban areas as it enhances public health, recreation, amenities and property values through its location, accessibility, proximity and serviceability. In a bid to develop an urban green space in Bamenda, the City Council identified the Bamenda escarpment in 2011 for protection. This was followed by a Green City Initiative now captioned the Green City Project. The Bamenda City Council partnering with the UN-Habitat and the Dordrecht/Gorinchem City Councils of the Netherlands seeks to implement an urban greening project with major focus to map out potential areas for creating parks in Bamenda. This project which is a novelty in the rapidly changing urban landscape of Cameroon seeks to contribute to building a green economy that enhances nature, environmental protection and at the same time offers economic and social benefits to its citizens. In this study, we examine the opportunities and challenges of urban greening in Bamenda. Some 50 inhabitants around the escarpment were purposively sampled while council authorities and other stakeholders were interviewed in the Bamenda I municipality in order to assess the opportunities, challenges and prospects for the project. This was complemented by secondary data obtained from the Bamenda City Council. The conclusion drawn is that the initiative will provide opportunities for employment, generate revenue for the City Council and prevent uncontrolled city sprawl against the backdrop of the relatively unstable nature of the foothills (due to mass wasting processes) and land use competition, largely driven by population growth and the daunting task of relocating prior users. We therefore argue in favour of the effective application of urban development policies to restrict encroachment around the area and to engage in slope stabilization where necessary.
18
Riekkinen, Mariya. "International Developments 2016: Economic, Social, and Cultural Life, Including Education and the Media, in the Context of European Minorities and from the Perspective of International Law." European Yearbook of Minority Issues Online 15, no. 01 (February 10, 2018): 51–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116117_01501004.
Full textAbstract:
From the perspective of the rights of minorities in Europe, this section overviews international developments concerning economic and socio-cultural entitlements, including those related to education and the media. It is thematically structured around two clusters related to the minority rights: (a) cultural activities and facilities, including the media; and (b) economic and social life, including education, which are covered by the provisions of the European Charter for Regional and Minority Languages (ETS. No. 148). This review starts with an analysis of the 2016 developments at the UN level, and continues with an overview of advancements at the levels of the OSCE, the EU, and the Council of Europe. The adoption of the Thematic Commentary No. 4 “The Scope of Application of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities” by the Advisory Committee on the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities (ACFC) is among the most important highlights.
19
Kinderman, P., P. Pini, and S. Wooley. "Mental Health Europe's “beyond the bio-medical paradigm task force” issues on ICD-10." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S460. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.506.
Full textAbstract:
IntroductionRecent developments in psychiatric diagnosis risk downgrading psychological and social aspects of personal recovery and marginalise the individual needs and aspirations of people, considered in their local context. The publication of the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Health Disorders (DSM-5) by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) prompted MHE to establish the Beyond the Biomedical Paradigm Task Force (BBPtf) to investigate, debate and report on these issues.ObjectivesMental Health Europe (MHE) – along with others both within and outside mainstream psychiatry – has noted with concern the increasing dominance of a biological approach to mental health problems. We see a risk of diagnoses being misused when they become part of a complex managerial health system responding mainly to the economic and issues of safety or social control. This kind of misuse could breach the principles of the UN CRPD. MHE welcomes the role of the WHO in coordinating internationally appropriate classification systems. However, we want to ensure that systems based on biomedical, economic and managerial issues are balanced with systems based on knowledge of personal experiences, life stories and direct relationships, which have proven outcomes and which respect human rights and dignity.AimsThis workshop will explore the complex philosophical issues associated with psychiatric diagnosis and, in particular, the ICD-10 revision process.Disclosure of interestI am President of the British Psychological Society and a member of both Mental Health Europe's “Beyond the Bio-Medical Paradigm Task Force” and the Council for Evidence Based Psychiatry. I am currently in receipt of funding from the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) and the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC), and I have previously received funding from a variety of sources.The others authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
20
Loboda, K. S. "COOPERATION BETWEEN UKRAINE AND THE UN AT THE PRESENT STAGE." Actual Problems of International Relations, no. 144 (2020): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/apmv.2020.144.1.34-40.
Full textAbstract:
The article is devoted to the United Nations Organization, which turns 75 this year. The article reveals the cooperation between Ukraine and the UN. Despite the ongoing aggression by the Russian Federation, Ukraine pays special attention to the UN's efforts to maintain international peace and security, considering participation in it as an important factor in its foreign policy. Ukraine is an active participant in the activities of the UN system in the field of human rights, a party to all major UN human rights instruments, including the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the Optional Protocols and the International Convention on the Elimination of all forms of racial discrimination. Since March 2014, at the invitation of our state, the UN Monitoring Mission in the field of human rights has been operating in Ukraine, recording the human rights consequences of Russian aggression. Our country receives significant technical, advisory and financial assistance from UN specialized agencies, its funds and programs, in particular, in the areas of democratic governance, poverty alleviation, achieving the National Sustainable Development Goals, supporting public administration, combating HIV / AIDS and other serious diseases, environment. In connection with the above, it should be emphasized that Ukraine, as a founding member of the United Nations, does not stand aside, but actively cooperates with this respected international organization in all areas of its activities. Ukraine remains a supporter of strengthening and increasing the effectiveness of the UN and adapting to modern challenges in the world. Keywords: United Nations Organization, Ukraine, Security Council, human rights, peacekeeping.
21
Dunn, Joe P. "The National Model League of Arab States." Political Science Teacher 3, no. 1 (1990): 19–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0896082800000945.
Full textAbstract:
Among the excellent national simulations available—the Harvard Model UN, Cleveland Model UN, Howard University Model Organization of African States, etc., and several regional models—the best may be the National Model League of Arab States, held annually in March at American University in Washington, DC. Sponsored by the Arab League Information Center and the National Council on U.S.-Arab Relations, the Model (in its seventh year in 1989) imitates the League of Arab States, an organization founded in 1945 for the purpose of coordinating issues related to Arab development and cooperation.College and university student delegations represent the 22 member states of the Arab nation. As they debate, lobby, and caucus, students learn about the interplay of the state system, international and regional organization, intra-Arab cooperation and conflict, issues of the region, and superpower impact upon the area. As participants gain greater understanding of the culture, concerns, achievements, and problems of the Arab world, they shed stereotypes, question prejudices, and begin to appreciate another perspective on regional issues.The Model League consists of plenary sessions, five committees (political, economic, social and cultural, legal, and Palestinian affairs), and a summit conference of the League Council. The bulk of time is spent in the committee sessions, where students introduce, debate, and build coalitions in support of resolutions. In the process, they practice parliamentary procedure and sharpen forensic and bargaining skills. Faculty advisors evaluate the delegations and nominate individuals for awards.
22
Syroyid, Tetyana. "Women’s right to health – modern challenges: international legal aspect." Naukovyy Visnyk Dnipropetrovs'kogo Derzhavnogo Universytetu Vnutrishnikh Sprav 4 (December 29, 2020): 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.31733/2078-3566-2020-4-74-81.
Full textAbstract:
The article contains a detailed analysis of international legal acts regulating women's right to health; the focus is on problematic aspects that need to be addressed, including: violence, HIV / AIDS, protection during a pandemic of COVID-19. The article highlights the provisions of the following universal and regional acts of a general nature: the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966), the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (1979), the Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women (1993), Council of Europe Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence against Women and Domestic Violence (2011), Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa (2003). The article also covers proceedings of international intergovernmental forums, strategic documents, reports of the UN Secretary-General focusing on the general protection of women's rights and, in particular, the right to health, including the Vienna Declaration and Program of Action (1993), the Beijing Declaration (1995), Global Strategy for Women's and Children's Health (2010), Global Strategy for Women's, Children's and Adolescent's Health (2016-2030), Strategic Preparedness and Response Plan (2020), Report of the Secretary-General UN "Shared Responsibility, Global Solidarity: Responding to the Socio-Economic Impacts of COVID-19" (2020) etc. The emphasis is placed on the importance of general and special recommendations developed by international treaty monitoring bodies - the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women in the field of women's health, which oblige states to comply with, protect and enforce rights in this area. In order to improve the situation in the field of protection of women's rights, the appropriate conclusions and recommendations on the im-plementation of the provisions of these acts into national state legislation have been made.
23
Connell, Tula. "‘Labor Rights Are Human Rights’: An Interview with Maina Kiai, UN Special Rapporteur on the Rights to Freedom of Peaceful Assembly and of Association." Journal of Working-Class Studies 2, no. 1 (June 1, 2017): 95–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/jwcs.v2i1.6053.
Full textAbstract:
Although the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights includes the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association among its thirty articles, more than sixty years elapsed before working people’s rights to form unions and assemble was accorded attention by the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC). The omission of worker rights’ issues reflects a global international perspective that historically has not embraced workplace rights within the larger human rights framework. The UNHRC’s appointment of a Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association in 2011 marked a noteworthy step in broadening the dialogue. Special Rapporteur Maina Kiai has strongly argued that a first step toward addressing the harsh effects of globalization on millions of workers around the world begins with the eradication of the artificial distinction between labor rights and human rights. As Special Rapporteur, Kiai has underscored the centrality of the global working class, and argued that the ability of the working class to exercise fundamental workplace rights is a prerequisite for a broad range of other rights, whether economic, social, cultural or political.
24
Shaidi, Leonard P. "The Role of UNAFRI in the Ninth United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders:An Overview." Journal of African Law 39, no. 2 (1995): 183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002185530000632x.
Full textAbstract:
The Ninth United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders (the Ninth Congress), was held in Cairo, Egypt from 29 April to 8 May, 1995. It followed the sequence of United Nations quinquennial congresses on the prevention of crime and die treatment of offenders which began in 1955 as a direct continuation of die international penitentiary congresses that had been organized by the International Penal and Penitentiary Commission (IPPC) since the 19tii century. The congresses are convened by the UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) on die basis of General Assembly Resolution 415(V) of 1950. The Nindi Congress was attended by delegates from 138 states, several United Nations offices and organs, including specialized agencies, various inter-governmental and non-governmental organizations and over 190 individual experts. This was die first time the Congress was held on the African continent.
25
Mathews-Schultz, A. Lanethea. "The Untold History of the United Nations, the US State Department, and Organized Interests in the Postwar Era." Social Science History 44, no. 2 (2020): 197–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2020.4.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACTIn 1945, a vast range of US civic organizations and other groups were mobilized into a state-sanctioned campaign on behalf of a new international governance structure: the United Nations. This was a novel collaboration, one that demonstrated the State Department’s acknowledgment of the value of civic activity and organized interests to securing foreign policy goals and that positioned US groups to assert an independent role in shaping the formal institutions of the United Nations. While scholars of American political development (APD) have tentatively embraced the notion that international institutions matter to American politics, past research on mid-twentieth century interests, conventionally focused on domestic business and trade associations, has underappreciated how and why the United Nations marked an important movement for interest development. Of particular significance, US voluntary and civic organizations were instrumental in securing a role for nongovernmental organizations in the UN Economic and Security Council, thereby further linking American and international politics and reshaping state-society relationships. In brief, this article argues that the State Department’s campaign to mobilize public support around the United Nations, as well as the creation of the United Nations, generated new incentives for the maintenance and mobilization of existing groups and subsidized the formation of new groups.
26
Ignatov, Alexander Alexandrovich, and Elizaveta Andreyevna Safonkina. "International Development Agenda in Resolutions of General Assembly and ECOSOC of the United Nations from 1946 to 2000." Vestnik RUDN. International Relations 19, no. 2 (December 15, 2019): 274–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-0660-2019-19-2-274-283.
Full textAbstract:
The United Nations established after the Second World War by the winner countries was a key institution which formed the conceptual basis for international development possessed all necessary instruments and knowledge for its implementation in concrete countries. The paper explores a role of two main UN bodies - General Assembly (UN GA) and Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) in forming and pushing international development from the Organization establishment and till adoption of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in 2000. To implement this research task the authors apply content-analysis and comparative historical analysis methods. A special database of the UN GA and ECOSOC documents dated 1946-2000 devoted to the development issues was made as well. The authors come to a conclusion that at the initial stage (1946-1959) both the UN GA and ECOSOC handled the similar tasks aimed at creating a new system of development institutions. After the adoption in 1961 the first Development Decade by the UN and till 2000 a process of division of powers of two bodies started. During this period a share of program documents in the GA discourse increased that laid a foundation for adoption by the global community the MDGs in 2000, operational and organizational issues were absorbed by the ECOSOC. The UN General Assembly was an important platform for the international dialogue on development which made it possible for the global community to adopt the Millennium Development Goals and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in the 21st century. The UN GA acted as a catalyzing power for inclusion of new development issues in the agenda and creations of instruments and mechanisms for their implementation. The ECOSOC played a technical and coordinating role in a process of elaborating the international development agenda.
27
Ymeraj, Arlinda. "Government as a Key Duty Bearer in Transition Reforms from Socialism to Capitalism-The Case of Albania." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 14, no. 32 (November 30, 2018): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n32p84.
Full textAbstract:
The paper “Government as a key duty bearer in transition reforms from socialism to capitalism – the case of Albania”, addresses the way in which the government should exercise its power to ensure that citizens have equal access to social welfare services, enjoying their rights. Albania, like other Central and Eastern European countries experienced the past socialist system, which failed. The failure of the socialist system was the failure of the state: in political, economic and social terms. As far as economic policies are concerned, all data demonstrate the collapse of socialism, because the system was based on inefficiency, which eroded growth. Regardless of the principles of communist regimes adopted in former communist countries’ Constitutions, the past system brought neither equity nor justice, and therefore instead of “social cohesion”, the contradictions among social groups and categories, deepened. After the failure of socialism, Albania embarked on the new path aimed at establishing democratic regimes through the protection of human rights and at raising the standard of living. Albania has been proactive in ratifying international conventions relating to human rights in general and to vulnerable groups. Very recently, on June 2014, the European Council granted Albania candidate status, as a recognition for the reform steps undertaken in harmonizing its domestic organic laws and legislation with international standards. As part of these twin obligations from UN intergovernmental and EU processes, Albanian governments after the 90s have been progressively taking measures vis-à-vis efficient allocation of resources and effective distribution of social welfare. Nevertheless, Albanian citizens live in a dire reality. Therefore, after 25 years of transition, one of the main goals of reforms, “Efficient allocation of resources to boost growth and effective distribution of social welfare to enhance equity”, seems not to have been achieved. Undoubtedly, this influences the controversial opinions about the government’s control vis-à-vis government’s mode of functioning, advancing arguments that examine whether it is a question of abuse or that of concentration of power.
28
de La Fayette, Louise Angélique. "Oceans Governance in the Arctic." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 23, no. 3 (2008): 531–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/092735208x331908.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractGlobal warming is bringing rapid change to the Arctic. The melting of sea ice and glaciers is increasing faster than scientists predicted even a year ago. Environmental change is forcing legal and economic developments, which in turn will have serious environmental and social consequences. However, the potential for conflict has been greatly exaggerated. The 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC) has established the international legal regime governing the division of ocean space, sovereign rights over ocean resources, protection of the marine environment and the conduct of activities in and under the Arctic Ocean. Furthermore, a number of global environmental and maritime conventions apply to the Arctic. All the land territory, with its resources, is subject to national jurisdiction, as are the maritime zones proceeding seawards to the limits set out in the LOSC. While there is no multilateral political organisation with the power to regulate activities or to take legally binding decisions, there is a cooperative mechanism in the Arctic Council. Once all the maritime boundaries in the Arctic are delimited, the exploitation of resources can begin. However, first, precautionary measures should be adopted to ensure that the environment is protected as much as possible from increases in shipping and fishing as well as oil and gas development. This would require the elaboration of a regional seas agreement for the Arctic, incorporating elements of the Arctic Council, that reiterates the general principles in Part XII of the LOSC as well as those in the UN Fish Stocks Agreement, including the precautionary approach and the ecosystem approach.
29
Pecujlic, Miroslav. "The global elite of power." Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke, no. 114-115 (2003): 93–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmsdn0315093p.
Full textAbstract:
In this paper, the author discusses contradictions in the contemporary process of globalization related to its current proponents (participants). The first part of the papers tries to solve the enigma of the key participants and social forces shaping the globalization, so it discusses the tree rival theories: the theory of classes, oligarchy and elite of power. The author chooses the third theory of the global elite of power. Its theoretical foundations range from classic theories of elite (Pareto Mosca, Weber) to Mill's famous elite of power. However, the trans-national elite of power is an entirely new social entity. The global elite of power is firmly established in the economic sphere, in the ownership and management of global means of production and capital, and in the use of global labor force. It is characterized by a highly articulated status culture or "class consciousness" - the cosmopolitan "Davos-culture". It represents more a network of groups than one monolithic entity, so it should be discussed synthetically. The second part analyses a collective portrait of the global elite of power in which the outstanding place is occupied by the owners and top managers of trans-national corporations and banks (whose capital highly surpasses the wealth of many countries in the world) together with them, there is the political elite (the leaders of the G-7 Group and the rulers of the trans-national organizations like MMF, World Bank, Security Council of the UN,NATO). The intellectual elite, like "The Trilateral Committee" or "Economic Forum" occupies a less conspicuous, but not insignificant place. The third part discuses the current role of the dominant (authoritarian) wing of the global elite of power, and the fourth points to the alternative possibilities and potential participants in the democratization of the global world order. The concluding, fifth part points to the historical situation in which the democratic alternative although necessary, is almost powerless. Due to the un-intended consequences of the activities of the global elite of power, future of the world society is quite uncertain.
30
Murray, Rachel. "Addressing the Implementation Crisis: Securing Reparation and Righting Wrongs." Journal of Human Rights Practice 12, no. 1 (February 1, 2020): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhuman/huaa005.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract There has been increasing attention to the implementation of decisions of human rights bodies by scholars and by supranational institutions, states, litigants, and civil society. A project funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) tracked the implementation by nine states of decisions adopted by human rights courts and commissions in the European, African and Inter-American systems and by select UN treaty bodies. This article summarizes the methodology and findings of the Project and in so doing forms an introduction to a series of articles and practice notes published in this special issue. A range of factors are identified from the research which influence implementation and stress the importance of a multifaceted, multidimensional approach to the issues. Implementation is not automatic and requires mechanisms, processes, and the involvement of actors (national and supranational) for states to comply with the reparations ordered in the decision. A case-by-case, state-by-state, context-specific approach is needed, tailored to the circumstances. This has implications for the manner in which litigants present their submissions, engage with state and supranational bodies and for the latter in terms of their roles and relationships with the various actors.
31
De Medici, Stefania, Pasquale De Toro, and Francesca Nocca. "Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Development: Impact Assessment of Two Adaptive Reuse Projects in Siracusa, Sicily." Sustainability 12, no. 1 (December 31, 2019): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12010311.
Full textAbstract:
In this period of increasing urbanization, cultural heritage can play a key role to achieve sustainable development, as widely recognized by international institutions (i.e., United Nations (UN), UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS)). In this perspective, it is necessary to operationalize the principles stated at international level and thus new approaches and tools are required. The paper aims to understand the relationships between the implementation of adaptive reuse projects and their success (or not) in terms of impacts on the buildings themselves and on the urban context. The assessment framework for evaluating the impacts of heritage conservation and rehabilitation projects is described through the analysis and comparison of two Italian case studies: the Ancient Market and the Basilica of St. Peter the Apostle, in Siracusa (Italy). Although realized both in the same place (Ortigia, the historic centre of Siracusa), during the same period and by the same architect, these two interventions have produced different results in terms of urban development. A set of indicators, deduced from recent scientific studies, has been used to analyse the different impacts on physical, cultural, social, environmental and economic systems. To understand in depth the causes of these two different results, a survey has been carried out involving experts. The proposed indicators used for the ex-post evaluation can be also adopted in other contexts and for ex ante evaluation, in order to orient the strategic design choices in cultural heritage adaptive reuse projects.
32
Svetlana, Babenkova. "FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC SYSTEM OF YEMEN: IS RECOVERY POSSIBLE?" Scientific notes of the Russian academy of entrepreneurship 19, no. 2 (May 28, 2020): 8–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.24182/2073-6258-2020-19-2-8-31.
Full textAbstract:
The regional war in Yemen (the Republic of Yemen) began on the 26th March 2015 in the result of the military intervention of the Arabic coalition headed by Saudi Arabia. Nearly all the northern part of the the country is under control of the alliance with the participation of the former ruling party “Yemeni General People's Congress” and Houthi rebellions from the Shiite movement Ansar Allah. In August 2019 the southern part of the country loyal to the coalition was threatened by disintegration as a result of expulsion of the structures of internationally recognized President A.M. Hadi, living in Riyadh since the beginning of the conflict, from the temporary capital Aden by forces of the pro-Emirates group headed by the Southern Transition Council.
The war did not solve any domestic problems of Yemen caused by a massive peaceful protest in all parts of the country split by the crisis in 2011, disrupted the international plan of the peaceful solution to the crisis under United Nations auspices, which started in November 2011, and de facto worsened the split of Yemen, which appeared on the map of Arabia only in 1990 in the result of merging two previously existing sovereign republics – the Yemen Arab Republic and People's Democratic Republic of Yemen.
According to the announcements of the UN, currently the country goes through the hardest humanitarian crisis in the world. The military actions devastated the economy of the country, almost entirely ruined the infrastructure and lead to the absence of food security. The UN estimated that in 2019 nearly 24.1 million people (80% of the population) were exposed to the risk of famine and diseases. In the result of the absence of sanitary conditions and vaccination of the population, the country faces large-scale disease outbreaks, such as cholera, diphtheria, measles and fever.
In addition, analysts estimate that more than 40% of Yemeni families lost their main source of income, consequently, it is quite difficult for them to by goods included in the minimum consumer basket. Poverty is getting worse: before the crisis it affected nearly half of the population, and currently it affects about 80% of Yemenis.
In the result of the inflation, the value of the national currency threefold dropped. Besides, the humanitarian crisis worsened, and failure in the operation of the facilities of the national infrastructure and financial institutions significantly influenced the activity of business society, especially small and medium-sized businesses.
The military conflict in Yemen disrupted the social and economic activity both of individual institutions and of the state as a whole. In the hard situation is found the revenue part of the budget, whose main source of income was export of hydrocarbons. Financial losses from oil revenues resulted in severe shortage of the national currency and plummeting of state revenue. The aforementioned factors in combination with the fragmentation of the public institutions, including the Central Bank of Yemen, resulted in stopping flow of foreign currency for essential imports and payment of salaries in the public sector, which led to the growth of inflation and worsening humanitarian crisis.
33
Lopreite, Debora. "Gender Policies in Argentina after Neoliberalism." Latin American Perspectives 42, no. 1 (June 26, 2013): 64–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0094582x13492709.
Full textAbstract:
After a decade of neoliberalism under the social-conservative administration of Carlos Menem (1989–1999), with its negative effects on women’s rights, the 2001–2002 economic crises created new opportunities for women. The Menem administration initiated a gender-equality agenda with its quota for women candidates for the Congress and its adoption of the UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, but it clashed with women’s groups on reproductive rights. While the two Kirchner administrations (2003–present) established programs for sexual health and responsible procreation, they reverted to maternalism in their programs for social assistance for poor mothers and family support. The Consejo Nacional de la Mujer (National Women’s Council), created during the Menem administration, took on more responsibility for delivering social assistance but abandoned its original gender-equality mandate. Luego de una década de neoliberalismo bajo la administración conservadora-social de Carlos Menem (1989–1999), con sus efectos negativos sobre los derechos de las mujeres, las crisis económicas de 2001–2002 crearon nuevas oportunidades para las mujeres. La administración Menem inició una agenda de igualdad de género con la adopción de la cuota para candidatas mujeres para el Congreso y la adopción del Convención sobre la Eliminación de Todas las Formas de Discriminación contra la Mujer de la ONU, pero chocó con los grupos de mujeres sobre derechos reproductivos. Aunque las dos administraciones Kirchner (2003 al presente) establecieron programas para la salud sexual y la procreación responsable, volvieron al maternalismo en sus programas de asistencia social para mujeres pobres y el apoyo familiar. El Consejo Nacional de la Mujer, creado durante la administración Menem, se comprometió más en la entrega de asistencia social pero abandonó su mandato original de igualdad de género.
34
Michal, Březina, Šafařík, Kupčák, Sujová, and Fialová. "Analysis of Socioeconomic Impacts of the FSC and PEFC Certification Systems on Business Entities and Consumers." Sustainability 11, no. 15 (July 30, 2019): 4122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11154122.
Full textAbstract:
The article discusses the issues of effectiveness of the FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) and PEFC (Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification) certification systems in relation to enterprises and the level to which the systems which present sustainability as a part of their ethos are accepted by consumers. The justifiability and topicality of this issue result from the increasingly strong interest in sustainability of the society as a whole as well as from the long-term vision of sector policies with respect to meeting the objectives of sustainable development. The increasing demand for natural resources exerts pressure on our planet. Sustainability is hence essential for our future and has long been in the centre of the European project. Its economic, social and environmental aspects which form the common objective of society have been acknowledged in EU agreements. A principal document of a global nature is the 2030 UN Agenda for Development, a sustainability programme which has the sustainability of forest ecosystems established in its Goal 15: Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss. Visions, direction and goals of sustainable development have also been stipulated in the Paris Agreement on climate change (COP21), in the Addis Ababa action programme and in The Future We Want declaration, namely in its Chapter II, which appeals to enterprises and industries for developing strategies which would contribute to sustainable development. This study aims to analyse and assess the justifiability of the existence of certification systems in relation to processing operators and end consumers in the Czech Republic. From the results of the study, it can be concluded that, despite the strong representation of selected certification systems in the Czech Republic, their effectiveness in economic, social and environmental terms is not perceived exclusively positive by businesses and consumers.
35
Orhon, E. Nezih. "Media Education in Turkey: Toward a Multi-Stakeholder Framework." Comunicar 16, no. 32 (March 1, 2009): 157–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3916/c32-2009-02-014.
Full textAbstract:
Starting with the 1990s, private radios and televisions were the primary steps in Turkish media’s new structure. At that time, there was no interest in media literacy or media education for people, especially for children. In the past, the emphasis of media literacy education was to protect children and young people from possible harmful effects of media, followed by the critical thinking and development of media messages production skills. This contribution emphasizes the political, social, and economic implications of media messages and stresses the importance of using media effectively. Media literacy and education in Turkey has started with an agreement between the Ministry of National Education and The Radio and Television Supreme Council (RTÜK) in 2006/07 school period.This study uses a critical approach to reflect on what has been done so far in Turkey in terms of media literacy and media education, and what needs to be accomplished in the future. A partir de los noventa, los canales privados de radio y televisión pusieron las bases de la nueva estructura mediática turca. No hubo en este momento interés alguno por la alfabetización mediática ni por la educación popular sobre los medios de comunicación social, ni siquiera en la juventud. Hasta 2006 no comienzan en Turquía los primeros pasos para una alfabetización y educación mediáticas con un acuerdo entre el Ministerio de Educación y el Consejo Supremo de Radio y Televisión (RTÜK). La agenda de la alfabetización mediática ha de incluir importantes temas, co mo democracia, ciudadanía, derechos humanos, libertad de expresión, identidad, necesidades especiales, cuestiones de discriminación de género… Mediante un enfoque crítico, se reflexiona sobre lo que hasta ahora se ha hecho en Turquía en términos de alfabetización y educación en medios, y lo que se quiere lograr en el futuro.
36
Robie, David, and Sarika Chand. "Bearing Witness 2016: A Fiji climate change journalism case study." Pacific Journalism Review 23, no. 1 (July 21, 2017): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v23i1.257.
Full textAbstract:
In February 2016, the Fiji Islands were devastated by Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston, the strongest recorded tropical storm in the Southern Hemisphere. The category 5 storm with wind gusts reaching 300 kilometres an hour, left 44 people dead, 45,000 people displaced, 350,000 indirectly affected, and $650 million worth of damage (Climate Council, 2016). In March 2017, the Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP) launched a new 10-year Strategic Plan 2017-2026, which regards climate change as a ‘deeply troubling issue for the environmental, economic, and social viability of Pacific island countries and territories’. In November, Fiji will co-host the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP23) climate change conference in Bonn, Germany. Against this background, the Pacific Media Centre despatched two neophyte journalists to Fiji for a two-week field trip in April 2016 on a ‘bearing witness’ journalism experiential assignment to work in collaboration with the Pacific Centre for Environment and Sustainable Development (PaCE-SD) and the Regional Journalism Programme at the University of the South Pacific. This paper is a case study assessing this climate change journalism project and arguing for the initiative to be funded for a multiple-year period in future and to cover additional Pacific countries, especially those so-called ‘frontline’ climate change states.
37
Harrington, John. "‘Choking the national demos’: research partnerships and the material constitution of global health." International Journal of Law in Context 17, no. 1 (March 2021): 122–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744552321000069.
Full textAbstract:
By foregrounding a widened view of the rule of law in transnational legal processes, the works under discussion in this symposium can support innovative critical perspectives on global health law –a field that has gained wide attention due to the spread of COVID-19 around the world (Lander, 2020; Bhatt, 2020). Legal and socio-legal scholars in the decade and a half before the pandemic worked on locating global health law and articulating its underlying principles. Lawrence Gostin's 2014 monograph offers a synoptic view centred on international institutions (e.g. the World Health Organization, World Trade Organization, UN Human Rights Council) and problems (e.g. infectious-disease response, tobacco control), along with an elaboration of its normative basis in universal moral principle and international human rights law (Gostin, 2014). Struggles over access to essential medicines and intellectual property in the early 2000s are, for example, represented in terms of the right to health constraining international trade law. Andreas Fischer-Lescano and Guenther Teubner's 2004 reading is oriented more by social theory than by doctrinal or ethical frames (Fischer-Lescano and Teubner, 2004, pp. 1006, 1008). A functional health regime has ‘differentiated out’, they observe, and operates as a discrete communication system across borders, albeit one that is threatened by the preponderant economic system. On this model, the battle for access to medicines amounts to ensuring, via human rights guarantees, that the rationality of the health system is not replaced by that of its economic rival in legal and policy communications (Fischer-Lescano and Teubner, 2004, pp. 1030, 1046).
38
Yastrebova, A. Yu, and E. E. Gulyaeva. "Right to Health in the International Legal System of Human Rights at the Universal and Regional Levels." Moscow Journal of International Law, no. 2 (July 9, 2021): 99–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/0869-0049-2021-2-99-121.
Full textAbstract:
INTRODUCTION. The individual's right to health is a set of natural and positive legal frameworks that govern a person’s life activity, individual and family wellbeing, enforcement of health guarantees by the statesparticipants of universal and regional treaties of the field under question. The formation of this right stems from biological characteristics of each person, socio-economic conditions, environment, access to health and sanitation services, national health-care system progress, existence of vulnerable groups of population. Goals of the UN Sustainable Development Agenda 2030 (UN General Assembly resolution 70/1) include such essential aspects of the right to health as ending poverty and hunger in all its forms everywhere; promote food security and healthy lifestyle; the well-being of all individuals at any age; ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all; protection and restoration of water-related ecosystems; enhancement of the States capacity to prevent and reduce national and global health risks. According to the position of the World Health Organization (WHO) the right to health imposes on the States a legal obligation to ensure timely access to adequate levels of high-quality health care, clean and safe drinking water, sanitation, adequate nutrition, shelter, health-related information and education, gender equality. As a result, the considerable amount of attention is paid to the analysis of the content of general and specific international instruments at the universal level and the international legal specificities of enshrining and maintaining an individual's right to health. The text also places the emphasis on its normative framing in the law of the Council of Europe and the European Union, reflecting the decisions and rulings of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR).MATERIALS AND METHODS. The legal framework of the study is based on universal international treaties of the UN system, regional regulations of the Council of Europe and the EU, legal position of the UN specialized agencies, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and the ECHR. The scientific works of domestic and foreign authors related to the study of the right to health are used as a theoretical foundation. The research uses general scientific and special cognitive techniques wherein legal analysis and synthesis, systemic, formal-legal, comparative-legal, historical-legal and dialectical methods are applied.RESEARCH RESULTS. The research indicates that the modern international legal concept of the right to health is being developed at the universal and regional level. Furthermore, specific international legal guarantees for the protection of this right are emerging for special groups such as women and children, refugees, stateless persons and migrant workers, protected persons, the wounded and the sick – all persons affected by international armed conflicts. There is a certain trend in Council of Europe and EU law towards an extended interpretation of the human right to health responding to new challenges to the realization that right, concerning bioethics, human genome editing, and the effects of nuclear testing and environmental pollution.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. Following a review of the content and implementation of the right to health in the universal and regional international legal systems for the human rights and freedoms protection, the authors suggest its incorporation in a group of personal rights, social benefits provided by the state, and simultaneously in a collective right to development pertaining to the population as a whole. The universal international legal institutions establishing special rights for vulnerable groups will continue to be applied by member states in the context of a situational response to the global needs of families, women and children, international migration, armed conflicts, environmental conditions, and bioethical issues. The authors encourage the complement of the European system of human rights protection with an additional protocol to the Council of Europe Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of 1950, involving the right to health security.
39
Sánchez Sánchez, Xosé M. "Aproximación al concejo de la ciudad de Santiago de Compostela y su configuración en la Edad Media. Un poder urbano en el señorío eclesiástico = An Initial Examination of the City Council of Santiago de Compostela and its Configuration between the Thirteenth and Fifteenth Centuries. An Urban Power in the Ecclesiastical Lordship." Espacio Tiempo y Forma. Serie III, Historia Medieval, no. 32 (April 11, 2019): 413. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/etfiii.32.2019.22411.
Full textAbstract:
El estudio de la ciudad medieval de Santiago de Compostela viene marcado generalmente por el ámbito eclesiástico, materializado en su catedral, el episcopado y la peregrinación. Estos análisis han dejado ciertos segmentos necesitados de profundidad a la hora de definir las relaciones sociales y de poder político en una de las principales urbes peninsulares de señorío eclesiástico; es el caso, principalmente, del poder concejil y su relación con el poder feudal compostelano. Este artículo ofrece una aproximación y sistematización monográfica de la institución urbana en los siglos medievales, atendiendo principalmente a sus integrantes (justicias, notarios y guardianes del sello, a los que se añaden luego regidores y homes boos) en tiempos del concilium y del regimiento, y a las funciones que desarrolla, a saber: urbanismo; justicia; orden público; economía común; y abastecimiento y comercio.AbstractThe study of the medieval city of Santiago de Compostela is generally centred on the ecclesiastical sphere, characterized by its cathedral, the episcopacy and the pilgrimage route. This analysis has left certain segments of study in need of further research in order to define social and political relationships in one of the main Peninsular cities of ecclesiastical lordship. This is primarily the case of the town council and its relation to the main Compostelan feudal power. This article offers an initial examination of the urban institution in the later medieval period. The purpose is to unveil its structure after a brief look at its evolution up to the later Middle Ages. This analysis will focus on its members in the second half of the thirteenth century (justices, notaries and keepers of the seal); the materialization of power as viewed in the records of the first third of the fourteenth century with respect to a royal privilege negotiated by the prelate Berenguel de Landoira; and with the members of the town council in the fifteenth century and the consent of the regidores and procuradores. The analysis will conclude with a sketch of the main functions assumed by the institution, namely urbanism, justice, public order, economic issues, and supply and trade.
40
Dyllick, Thomas. "Responsible management education for a sustainable world." Journal of Management Development 34, no. 1 (February 9, 2015): 16–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmd-02-2013-0022.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose – The reforms in business schools based on the Ford and Carnegie Foundation reports (Pierson, 1959; Gordon and Howell, 1959) have been very successful in embedding management in a research-based body of knowledge, thereby elevating the academic status of business administration. These reforms, however, did nothing toward making management more socially trustworthy or management education more responsible. In the light of the pressing economic, social and environmental crises the world is facing, the feeling is spreading that not only business and economics but business schools also need to change fundamentally, if they want to be a provider of solutions to these crises and thereby keep and regain their legitimacy. The purpose of this paper is to provide a critical analysis of the fundamental challenges facing the role of business schools and their contributions in the areas of education, research, managing faculty, and role of the business school. It presents suggestions what responsible management education for a sustainable world could and should look like. Design/methodology/approach – The paper builds on the existing literature on the needed changes in business schools and has been written as part of a large international project, the 50+20 initiative (www.50plus20.org), which was developed by a broad coalition of organizations with the World Business School Council for Sustainable Business (WBSCSB), the Globally Responsible Leadership Initiative (GRLI) and the UN Principles for Responsible Management Education (PRME) at its core and 16 business schools and organizations from all around the world as supporters (Muff et al., 2013). Findings – Business schools need to transform themselves fundamentally, if they want to be a provider of solutions to the crises of responsibility and sustainability and thereby keep and regain their legitimacy. Originality/value – The paper pulls together insights from a diverse area of literature and develops practical conclusions.
41
Botchway, Thomas Prehi, and Abdul Hamid Kwarteng. "Developing International Law in Challenging Times." Journal of Politics and Law 11, no. 3 (August 30, 2018): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v11n3p53.
Full textAbstract:
The challenges confronted by the world in the 21st century are enormous; from the massive outflow of refugees, the threat of terrorism, the need for a general consensus to protect the environment, etc. There is thus the need for scholars, practitioners, and stakeholders of international law to think of effective and efficient ways of developing robust and strong international laws to deal effectively with these challenges.Using the qualitative approach to research, this paper examines some of the key challenges that confronts the development of and compliance with international law. The paper offers some new insights which have the propensity to aid in the development of and compliance with international law in these challenging times.The paper concludes that though international law has over the years expedited addressing most of the world’s challenges, the recent challenges requires modifications of some aspects of existing international laws to effectively deal with such challenges. For instance, there is the need to review the veto power of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council; there must be better interpretation of the law that prohibits the use of force, as well as the need for appropriate measures to convince states that abiding by international law is a win-win game. In addition, deploying economic diplomacy and applying the Corporate Social Responsibility Approach to Building International Law (CRASBIL) are deemed meaningful for developing international law and also achieving effective compliance.
42
DERELI, Toker. "SOCIAL DIALOGUE: ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL." Ekonomik Yaklasim 8, no. 27 (1997): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/ey.10268.
Full text
43
Putra, Bama Andika. "Hindrances to Third-Party Interventions in Conflict Resolution: United Nations and Patterns of Constraints in Resolving the Lord’s Resistance Army Conflict Between 2008-2012." Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 10, no. 3 (May 10, 2021): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2021-0079.
Full textAbstract:
Since 1987, the Lord’s Resistance Army has continued systematic human rights violations in the Central African region. Cases of kidnapping, village raids, mass rapes, and murders, have become defining factors to the urgency of resolving the crisis. In an attempt to respond to the conflict, the United Nations Security Council has initiated a number of political and military-based resolutions to control the conflict since 2008, which includes extending UN peacekeeping mandates in Uganda, Democratic Republic of Congo, and South Sudan, as well as coordinate efforts with relevant African Union bodies. However, its success is far-reached, urging the need to contextualize the forms of hindrances that the UN faced in responding to the crisis. Employing Rourke and Bouyer’s (1996) concept of collective security and measures of response success, with a research limitation set to 2008-2012, a qualitative research utilizing secondary data is implemented, concluding the following hindrances that can be categorized into the following; (1) Implementation of the additional mandate of the UN Peace Forces, (2) Application of the AU Regional Task Force, and (3) Implementation of the Disarmament, Demobilization, Repatriation, Resettlement, and Reintegration program.
Received: 16 December 2020 / Accepted: 11 March 2021 / Published: 10 May 2021
44
Semenova, Tamara. "Political mobilisation of northern indigenous peoples in Russia." Polar Record 43, no. 1 (January 2007): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247406005808.
Full textAbstract:
The analysis of international and national cooperation interprets relations between states, international organisations and indigenous peoples as currently being constructed in terms of political practices. Through practical work in their organisations (IPOs), indigenous peoples are building up a joint agenda to further their social and economic interests. This process is accompanied by a transformation of the agenda of sovereign states and subordinate government bodies as well as by the establishment of partnerships with indigenous peoples through their legally recognised organisations that have become new political actors. New methods are emerging in which these practices can evolve in the most efficient way: the recognition of IPOs as equal partners in the decision-making process; the allocation of resources to facilitate their participation; the incorporation of traditional knowledge; the accommodation of indigenous priorities; joint initiatives; and other collective actions. The intergovernmental forum of the Arctic Council may serve as a positive model in which both governments and indigenous peoples collaborate. IPOs fully participate in the regional decision-making process, and through building up a new collective identity, reach out to high-level international organisations and events such as the World Summit on Sustainable Development and the UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues. In Russia, at the national level, the process has been less successful than elsewhere. This formation of collective identity is connected to two processes: one is a search for new opportunities of interaction with the state in the legal and governmental sphere: the other comprises regional cooperation and local interpretation of sustainable development. This is an INDIPO project paper (Tennberg 2006).
45
Mattson, Ingrid. "United Nations Commission on the Status of Women." American Journal of Islam and Society 12, no. 4 (January 1, 1995): 590–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v12i4.2365.
Full textAbstract:
Preparations for the FourthWorld Conference on WomenThe Economic and Social Council of the United Nations has beenvery active during the past year convening world conferences in order toredefm e its goals and strategies for international cooperation on majorissues. In September 1994, delegations from many nations met in Cairofor the International Conference on Population and Development. InMarch 1995, Copenhagen was the venue for the World Summit for SocialDevelopment. In September 1995, Beijing will be the setting for theFourth World Conference on the Status of Women. In preparation for thelatter conference, international delegations met in New York duringMarch and April to prepare the Platform for Action, which is to be ratifiedin Beijing. The draft document was prepared by the Secretariat of theCommission on the Status of Women after consultation with regionalgroups of the United Nations. In New York, delegations were to proposeamendments to the Platform for Action so that it would be ready for ratificationin Beijing. At least that was the plan. The following report willdescribe how political agendas, arrogance, and bickering prevented thetask from being completed. Perhaps the greatest obstacle, however, wasthe belief that every country in the world could reach consensus on somany contentious issues-there is a better chance of the holy grail beingfound this year.First, for those who are not familiar with the dynamics of the UnitedNations, I need to sketch out the role of the major players. On one side ofthe floor of the UN, members of the European Union (EU) huddle together;the representative from France is their spokesperson. On the other sideof the floor sits the representative from the Philippines, who is thespokesperson for the Group of 77 (077). The 077, which now actuallycomprises 132 members, includes almost all nations from Latin and SouthAmerica, Africa, and Asia. Members of the EU and the 077 meet in theirrespective groups before the main assembly convenes in order to formulatea group position. On the floor of the UN, it is therefore the spokespersonsof these two groups who are the most active.It is significant that while 132 diverse nations were able to meet and,in most cases, bring about a consensus on difficult issues, the United ...
46
Mangan, PAUL. "Old Times Economic Social Research Council." Nursing Older People 1, no. 2 (July 1, 1989): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/nop.1.2.6.s14.
Full text
47
Mangan, Paul. "Old Times Economic Social Research Council (ESRC)Old Times Economic Social Research Council (ESRC) £40 ESRC." Primary Health Care 7, no. 10 (December 1997): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/phc.7.10.26.s27.
Full text
48
Chaudhry, Abid Ghafoor, Aftab Ahmed, and Altaf Ghani Bhatti. "OLDER PERSONS." Professional Medical Journal 22, no. 01 (January 10, 2015): 064–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2015.22.01.1413.
Full textAbstract:
Background: The Older Persons (OPs) are the knowledge and experiencebanks who hand over their life experiences to run society to the youth to further take up thesociety for the continuity of life and its progressive upward mobility. Objective: The aim of studywas to explore the interrelationship of older persons’ health care and social protection in thelight of United Nations Principles for Older Persons in Rawalpindi city. Study Design: CrossSectional Study. Materials and Methods: Structured questionnaire was developed to collectinformation on Older Persons’ health, economic and psychological status. In this regard, anextensive questionnaire was designed and pre-tested vigorously. Place & Duration of Study:The data collection was done in various union councils of Rawalpindi city. The study durationwas three months and lasted from September 2013 to December 2013. Results: Family isconcerned about the welfare of OPs but the financial liabilities. In 82.8% cases children werefound to be caring whereas in 17.2% cases kids were totally forgetful. 46% OPs were primarilynursed by their spouses and 34% by sons or daughters. 44.3% OPs still managed their financialaffairs. In 66% case no secondary financial facility was provided by the government. 28.9%cases were those where OPs requested help from other sources. Conclusions: The IslamicJurisprudence, Constitution of Islamic Republic of Pakistan and UN Principles demand thegovernments and states to intervene in the situation and make sure that the OPs are enjoyingequal access to independence, (social) participation, care, self-fulfillment and dignity.
49
Agudo Zamora, Miguel. "El principio de no regresividad de los derechos sociales en el ordenamiento constitucional español // The principle of non-regressivity of Social rights in the Spanish Constitutional Law." Revista de Derecho Político 1, no. 100 (December 20, 2017): 849. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/rdp.100.2017.20720.
Full textAbstract:
Resumen:Este trabajo analiza la situación en el modelo constitucional español del principio de no regresividad de los derechos sociales. Se parte del análisis sucinto del modelo social de nuestra Constitución lo que implica el reconocimiento de derechos económicos y sociales. Este reconocimiento es la plasmación constitucional de los principios de solidaridad y de cohesión social. El principio de cohesión social ha sido definido por el Consejo de Europa e incluido explícitamente en los tratados constitutivos de la Unión Europea. La necesidad de lograr la cohesión social fundamenta la inclusión en las Constituciones y en los tratados internacionales del principio de no regresividad de los derechos sociales. En la Constitución española de 1978 este principio no se incluye expresamente. La no inclusión en la Constitución de este principio supone un peligro para la cohesión social en tiempos de crisis económica. Por su parte, el Tribunal Constitucional ha sentado una doctrina ambigua sobre este asunto, que ha sido analizada en este trabajo, así como las más significativas aportaciones doctrinales sobre la materia. Para saber cuáles son los limites de la regresividad de los derechos sociales que dotan de contenido este principio se ha realizado una comparativa internacional y de los principios constitucionales. Del estudio del ordenamiento internacional y de los valores y principios constitucionales se ha obtenido una serie de límites a la regresividad del contenido, eficacia y protección de los derechos sociales. Concluye este trabajo sugiriendo una propuesta de reforma constitucional que incluya el principio de no regresividad de los derechos sociales en el texto constitucional estableciendo una serie de requisitos de aquellas medidas que puedan suponer una regresión de contenido de los mismos tales como que deberán justificarse plenamente en referencia a la totalidad de los derechos, valores y principios recogidos en la Constitución y en los tratados internacionales suscritos por el Estado español y en el contexto del aprovechamiento pleno del máximo de los recursos de que se disponga; se aplicarán tras el examen más exhaustivo de todas las alternativas posibles; tendrán en todo caso carácter temporal hasta que las circunstancias económicas permitan restablecer el ámbito material de contenido, eficacia, protección y garantía prexistente de los derechos sociales afectados; en todo caso respetarán el contenido mínimo esencial de los derechos sociales como manifestación de la dignidad humana; serán razonables y estarán suficientemente motivadas; no vulnerarán, entre otros, los principios de seguridad jurídica, confianza legítima, no discriminación e irretroactividad de disposiciones restrictivas de derechos individuales, serán proporcionadas y respetarán los principios de solidaridad, cohesión y sostenibilidad social. Summary1. State, solidarity and social cohesion. 2. Doctrinal and jurisprudential notes on the principle of non-regressivity of social rights. 3. Limits to the regressivity of social rights. a) Limits derived from international law. b) Limits derived from dignity as essential content of social rights. c) Limits derived from the prohibition of arbitrariness: the need for sufficient motivation. 4. Conclusion: constitutionalamendment and non-regressivity of social rights.Abstract:This paper analyzes the constitutional recognition of the principle of non-regressivity of social rights in Spain. It starts from the succinct analysis of the social model of our Constitution which implies the recognition of economic and social rights. This recognition is the constitutionalization of the principles of solidarity and social cohesion. The principle of social cohesion has been defined by the Council of Europe and explicitly included in the constitutive treaties of the European Union. The need to achieve social cohesion underpins the inclusion in the Constitutions and international treaties of the principle of non-regression of social rights. In the Spanish Constitution of 1978 this principle is not expressly included. The non-inclusion in the Constitution of this principle poses a danger to social cohesion in times of economic crisis. For its part, the Constitutional Court has established an ambiguous doctrine on this subject, which has been analyzed in this work, as well as the most significant doctrinal contributions on the subject. In order to know which are the limits of the regressivity of the social rights that give content of this principle an international comparison has been made as well as a study of constitutional principles. Limits to the regressivity of content, effectiveness and protection of social rights have been obtained from the study of international order and constitutional values and principles. This paper concludes by suggesting a proposal for constitutional amendment that includes the principle of non-regressivity of social rights in the Spanish Constitution establishing some requirements of those measures that imply a regression of their content such as: they shall be fully justified in relationship with all the rights, values and principles contained in the Constitution and in the international treaties signed by the Spanish State and in the context of full exploitation of the maximum resources available; Shall be applied after a more comprehensive examination of all possible alternatives; Shall in any case be of a temporary nature until the economic circumstances permit the restoration of the content, effectiveness, protection and pre-existing guarantee of the social rights affected; In any case they will respect the essential minimum content of social rights as a manifestation of human dignity; Shall be reasonable and sufficiently motivated; Shall not infringe, inter alia, the principles of legal certainty, legitimate expectations, non-discrimination and non-retroactivity of provisions restricting individual rights; Shall be proportionate and shall respect the principles of solidarity, cohesion and social sustainability.
50
Watson, Linda. "Economic and social research council: Research seminar series." Deafness & Education International 5, no. 2 (June 2003): 130–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/146431503790560736.
Full text