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Journal articles on the topic 'UN. Secretariat'
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1
Pinto, Josiane. "Le secretariat, un metier tres feminin." Le Mouvement social, no. 140 (July 1987): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3778680.
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Fröhlich, Manuel. "The Ironies of UN Secretariat Reform." Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations 13, no. 2 (2007): 151–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19426720-01302001.
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Jinnah, Sikina. "Overlap Management in the World Trade Organization: Secretariat Influence on Trade-Environment Politics." Global Environmental Politics 10, no. 2 (2010): 54–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/glep.2010.10.2.54.
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This article builds on recent scholarship that explores the nature of secretariat influence in global governance. By combining data from interviews with WTO delegates and secretariat staff with document analysis, this study examines how the WTO secretariat is shaping trade-environment politics by using its bureaucratic authority to influence overlap management in the WTO. This study argues that secretariat influence is present, but varies in form across cases. It shows up in the forms noted by previous scholars in their examinations of UNEP secretariats (i.e. negotiation-facilitation, capacity building, and knowledge-brokering), but also in previously un-discussed forms of influence such as marketing convention norms, and litigation facilitation. It further argues that secretariat influence matters in that the WTO secretariat plays an important role in shaping the way trade-environment issues evolve within the WTO, shaping its own identity as a hybrid administrative-judicial organ, as well as in enhancing WTO legitimacy with the broader public.
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Conliffe, Alexandra. "Combating Ineffectiveness: Climate Change Bandwagoning and the UN Convention to Combat Desertification." Global Environmental Politics 11, no. 3 (2011): 44–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/glep_a_00068.
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This article examines the role of linkage politics in revitalizing the largely ineffective UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD). I argue that the UNCCD Secretariat has taken a leadership role in driving a regime linkage agenda that has focused disproportionately on linkages to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). By comparing the UNCCD Secretariat's attempts to build desertification-mitigation and desertification-adaptation linkages, I propose three criteria for predicting whether regime linkages are likely to benefit source regimes (here the UNCCD): the linkage's contribution to source governance goals; the credibility of knowledge presented by the source regime; and the linkage's political feasibility for the target regime. This analysis shows secretariats to be important actors in linkage politics whose actions can lead to both beneficial and harmful outcomes for the regimes they are intended to serve. Finally, by asking whether desertification issues that overlap with climate change might be better addressed under the UNFCCC, I question when regime overlap indicates regime redundancy and warrants regime death.
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Bauer, Steffen. "Does Bureaucracy Really Matter? The Authority of Intergovernmental Treaty Secretariats in Global Environmental Politics." Global Environmental Politics 6, no. 1 (2006): 23–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/glep.2006.6.1.23.
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Although a number of scholars acknowledge the relevance of intergovernmental bureaucracies in world politics, International Relations research still lacks theoretical distinction and empirical scrutiny in understanding their influence in the international arena. In this article I explore the role of intergovernmental treaty secretariats as authoritative bureaucratic actors in global environmental politics. I employ organizational theories and sociological institutionalism for comparative qualitative case study research that traces variances at the outcome level of two environmental treaty secretariats, the secretariats to the Vienna Convention and the Montreal Protocol (“Ozone Secretariat”) and the UN Convention to Combat Desertification (“Desertification Secretariat”). While the organizational design of both secretariats is similar, their institutional histories and outcomes differ markedly. Looking for possible explanations for these differences I focus on the activities of both secretariats and how they relate to the authority they enjoy vis-à-vis the parties they serve.
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Meron, Theodor. "“Exclusive Preserves” and the New Soviet Policy Toward the Un Secretariat." American Journal of International Law 85, no. 2 (1991): 322–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2203064.
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An “exclusive preserve” of a state in the UN Secretariat is a post that is continuously filled by nationals of the same state. Virtually from the founding of the United Nations, the Secretariat has observed an “unofficial” practice of exclusive preserves for many senior posts held by nationals of several influential states, including the United States; but its most persistent advocate, and with regard to a particularly wide range of posts, has been the Soviet Union. In view of the past underrepresentation of Soviet nationals in the Secretariat, largely because the Soviet Government insisted that its nationals be recruited only on fixed-term contracts based on secondment from the Government and Soviet institutions, a considerable number of posts were set aside to be filled on a replacement basis. The occupants of those posts were selected by the Secretary-General from a very short list of candidates submitted by the Soviet Government. The object of this Editorial is to assess the impact of the new Soviet policy toward the UN Secretariat, recent General Assembly resolutions and the jurisprudence of the United Nations Administrative Tribunal on the practice of exclusive preserves.
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Oksamytna, Kseniya, and Magnus Lundgren. "Decorating the “Christmas Tree”." Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations 27, no. 2 (2021): 226–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19426720-02702006.
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Abstract Contemporary peacekeeping operations carry out many disparate tasks, which has triggered a debate about “Christmas Tree mandates.” Did the UN Secretariat or the UN Security Council drive this expansion? Using original data on nineteen UN peacekeeping missions, 1998–2014, this article compares peacekeeping tasks recommended by the Secretariat to those mandated by the Council. It finds that the two bodies expressed different preferences regarding the nature, number, and novelty of peacekeeping tasks. First, the Council dropped Secretariat-recommended tasks as often as it added new ones on its own initiative. Second, the two bodies disagreed more over peacebuilding and peacemaking tasks than over peacekeeping tasks. Third, the Council preferred to be the one to introduce novel tasks that had not appeared in previous mandates. Finally, among the countries that “held the pen” on peacekeeping resolutions, the United States was the most prone to dropping Secretariat-proposed tasks and the least willing to add tasks itself.
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Kahlert, Torsten. "Pioneers in International Administration: A Prosopography of the Directors of the League of Nations Secretariat." New Global Studies 13, no. 2 (2019): 190–227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ngs-2018-0039.
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AbstractThis article investigates interwar internationalism from the perspective of the highest personnel of the first large-scale international administration, the League of Nations Secretariat. It applies a prosopographical approach in order to map out the development of the composition of the group of the section directors of the Secretariat over time in terms of its social and cultural characteristics and career trajectories. The analysis of gender, age, nationality, as well as educational and professional backgrounds and careers after their service for the League’s Secretariat gives insight on how this group changed over time and what it tells us about interwar internationalism. I have three key findings to offer in this article: First, the Secretariat was far from being a static organization. On the contrary, the Secretariat’s directors developed in three generations each with distinct characteristics. Second, my analysis demonstrates a clear trend towards professionalization and growing maturity of the administration over time. Third, the careers of the directors show a clear pattern of continuity across the Second World War and beyond. Even though the careers continued in different organizational contexts, the majority of the directors remained closely connected to the world of internationalism of the League, the UN world and its surrounding organizations. On a methodological level, the article offers an example of how prosopographical analysis can be used to study international organizations.
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Dijkstra, Hylke. "Efficiency versus Sovereignty: Delegation to the UN Secretariat in Peacekeeping." International Peacekeeping 19, no. 5 (2012): 581–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13533312.2012.721993.
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Nay, Olivier. "How do policy ideas spread among international administrations? Policy entrepreneurs and bureaucratic influence in the UN response to AIDS." Journal of Public Policy 32, no. 1 (2012): 53–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x11000183.
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AbstractThis paper focuses on the circulation of policy ideas within international administrations. Based upon a study of UNAIDS, the Joint UN Programme on HIV/AIDS, it shows how bureaucracies can capitalise on policy-oriented information and knowledge to strengthen their influence within their own environment. Using a policy transfer approach as its analytical framework, the paper draws particular attention to the UNAIDS Secretariat, considered as a “transfer entrepreneur”. It argues that, in the 2000s, the Secretariat has demonstrated a capacity to collect, develop and disseminate policy ideas and, consequently, has gradually participated in UN policy development on AIDS. It thus suggests that the Secretariat has extended its authority within the UN system despite limited resources. In conclusion, the paper points out the need to examine policy transfer among international administrations through actors, interests and strategies, as a complement to holistic approaches.1
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Makdisi, Karim, and Coralie Pison Hindawi. "Exploring the UN and OPCW Partnership in Syrian Chemical Weapons Disarmament." Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations 25, no. 4 (2019): 535–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19426720-02504003.
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Abstract After reviewing recent literature on international organizations’ autonomy and cooperation, this article explores the unprecedented partnership between the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons—implementing body for the Chemical Weapons Convention—and the UN Secretariat during the 2013–2014 chemical weapons disarmament in Syria. The article explores how this collaboration, embodied on the ground through the creation of a Joint Mission, evolved from hesitant, bureaucratic rivalry to an increasingly intense relationship in the aftermath of a large-scale attack near Damascus in August 2013. The research is based on wide-ranging interviews with senior OPCW and UN staff, and relevant state officials. The article shows how international shocks, high-level support from key Member States, and leadership at the Secretariat level produced requisite intra- and interorganizational consensus to mitigate turf wars. Relative autonomy of mission staff and bureaucratic flexibility further allowed skilled boundary spanners to build trust and increase the mission’s leeway, allowing it to navigate complex political challenges.
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Balint, Tim, Sarah Schernbeck, and Simone Schneider. "Performance accountability in the UN Secretariat - The conflictual way toward more flexibility." Public Administration and Development 29, no. 5 (2009): 352–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pad.548.
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Haack, Kirsten, Margaret P. Karns, and Jean-Pierre Murray. "The United Nations at Seventy-Five: Where Are the Women in The United Nations Now?" Ethics & International Affairs 34, no. 3 (2020): 361–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s089267942000043x.
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AbstractFollowing the unsuccessful attempt to get a woman appointed as UN secretary-general in 2016 and the drop in women in senior posts in 2015, it appeared that gender equality at the UN was as distant as ever. Yet, gender equality within the Secretariat and UN system has been on the organization's agenda since 1970, with goals and target dates set for the level of women's participation and achievement. These have been met in some issue areas (for example, in so-called feminine portfolios) and organizations, but not others. As part of the special issue on “The United Nations at Seventy-Five: Looking Back to Look Forward,” this essay traces the evolution of efforts to increase the representation of women in the UN system and takes stock of their current representation therein, analyzing the data on the Secretariat and appointments to senior posts as well as in various operations and programs.
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Gifkins, Jess. "Beyond the Veto." Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations 27, no. 1 (2021): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19426720-02701003.
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Abstract The formal rules governing the UN Security Council offer little insight into how negotiations are conducted on a day-to-day basis. While it is generally assumed that permanent members dominate negotiations, this article investigates avenues for influence for elected members and the UN Secretariat. Institutional power is used to show how permanent members adopt dominant positions in negotiations extending far beyond their Charter-given privileges. Dominance of permanent members is moderated, however, by the legitimacy that support from elected members brings to a resolution. Similarly, the UN Secretariat can use its legitimated authority to influence decisions. The article argues that informal practices are key in understanding how power and influence are allocated in the Council and it forms a building block for future analyses of Security Council practices. This argument also has implications for the perennial reform debates and the prospects for informal reform.
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Schimmel, Noam. "Dangerous diplomacy: bureaucracy, power politics, and the role of the UN Secretariat in Rwanda." International Affairs 94, no. 2 (2018): 459–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiy013.
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McLaren, Robert I. "Fifty Years of Staffing the UN Secretariat: Three Stages in the Quest for Merit." International Review of Administrative Sciences 62, no. 1 (1996): 63–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002085239606200104.
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Brovelli, M. A., K. J. Li, and K. S. Eom. "MOVING TOWARD OPEN GEOSPATIAL SYSTEMS: THE UN OPEN GIS INITIATIVE." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B4-2021 (June 30, 2021): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b4-2021-183-2021.
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Abstract. The UN Open GIS Initiative is an ongoing Partnership Initiative leaded by the United Nations Geospatial Operations. The Initiative, established in March 2016, is supported by several UN Member States, UN Field Missions, UN Agencies and technology contributing partners (international organizations, academia, NGOs, and the private sector) and takes full advantage of their expertise.The target is the creation of an extended spatial data infrastructure that meets the requirements of the UN Secretariat (including UN field missions and regional commissions), and then expands to UN agencies, UN operating partners and developing countries. The paper presents the activities done in the past year and the status of the Initiative.
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Zakharova, L. I. "MAIN DIRECTIONS OF REGULATING SPORTS ACTIVITIES IN THE UN." Courier of Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)), no. 12 (March 14, 2021): 68–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/2311-5998.2020.76.12.068-082.
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The article outlines main directions of international legal regulation of physical culture and sport in the United Nations system at the present stage. The author analyzes the powers of the UN General Assembly and its subsidiary body — the Human Rights Council, the UN Security Council, and the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the UN Secretariat. The author demonstrates how an unfavourable outcome of a football match can become a catalyst for aggravating an interstate dispute and its subsequent transfer to the International Court of Justice. The article describes the interaction between the Olympic movement and two of the UN specialized agencies — the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization and the World Health Organization.
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Crawford, James, and Simon Olleson. "The Continuing Debate on a un Convention on State Responsibility." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 54, no. 4 (2005): 959–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iclq/lei045.
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At its 59th session in 2004, the General Assembly revisited the question of what should be done with the Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts (‘the Articles’), adopted by the International Law Commission (‘ILC’) in 2001. By Resolution 59/35, adopted by consensus on 2 December 2004 on the recommendation of the Sixth Committee, the General Assembly once again resolved to defer further consideration and any decision on the final form of the Articles, postponing the matter to its 62nd session in 2007. It also asked the Secretariat to prepare a compendium of jurisprudence and State practice to assist the Assembly in its consideration of the topic at that time.
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Kuyper, Jonathan W., and Karin Bäckstrand. "Accountability and Representation: Nonstate Actors in UN Climate Diplomacy." Global Environmental Politics 16, no. 2 (2016): 61–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/glep_a_00350.
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Observer organizations in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) are clustered into nine constituency groups. Each constituency has a “focal point” (representative) to mediate between the Secretariat and the 1800 NGOs admitted during each Conference of the Parties meeting by collating information, coordinating interactions, offering logistical support, and providing collective representation. Drawing upon a series of interviews with constituency groups and other qualitative data, we explore how the focal point of each constituency group remains accountable to the observer organizations he or she represents. We make two major contributions. First, we map the accountability mechanisms that exist between the observer organizations and focal points in each constituency. Second, we argue that variation in the usage of accountability mechanisms across constituencies corresponds to the existence of parallel bodies operating outside the UNFCCC. This article speaks to broader issues of accountability and representation in global climate governance.
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Konecny, G., U. Breitkopf, and A. Radtke. "THE STATUS OF TOPOGRAPHIC MAPPING IN THE WORLD A UNGGIM–ISPRS PROJECT 2012–2015." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B4 (June 14, 2016): 737–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xli-b4-737-2016.
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In December 2011, UNGGIM initiated a cooperative project with ISPRS to resume the former UN Secretariat studies on the status of topographic mapping in the world, conducted between 1968 and 1986. After the design of a questionnaire with 27 questions, the UNGGIM Secretariat sent the questionnaires to the UN member states. 115 replies were received from the 193 member states and regions thereof. Regarding the global data coverage and age, the UN questionnaire survey was supplemented by data from the Eastview database. For each of the 27 questions, an interactive viewer was programmed permitting the analysis of the results. The authoritative data coverage at the various scale ranges has greatly increased between 1986 and 2012. Now, a 30 % 1 : 25 000 map data coverage and a 75 % 1 : 50 000 map data coverage has been completed. Nevertheless, there is still an updating problem, as data for some countries is 10 to 30 years old. Private Industry, with Google, Microsoft and Navigation system providers, have undertaken huge efforts to supplement authoritative mapping. For critical areas on the globe, MGCP committed to military mapping at 1 : 50 000. ISPRS has decided to make such surveys a sustainable issue by establishing a working group.
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Konecny, G., U. Breitkopf, and A. Radtke. "THE STATUS OF TOPOGRAPHIC MAPPING IN THE WORLD A UNGGIM–ISPRS PROJECT 2012–2015." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B4 (June 14, 2016): 737–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b4-737-2016.
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In December 2011, UNGGIM initiated a cooperative project with ISPRS to resume the former UN Secretariat studies on the status of topographic mapping in the world, conducted between 1968 and 1986. After the design of a questionnaire with 27 questions, the UNGGIM Secretariat sent the questionnaires to the UN member states. 115 replies were received from the 193 member states and regions thereof. Regarding the global data coverage and age, the UN questionnaire survey was supplemented by data from the Eastview database. For each of the 27 questions, an interactive viewer was programmed permitting the analysis of the results. The authoritative data coverage at the various scale ranges has greatly increased between 1986 and 2012. Now, a 30 % 1 : 25 000 map data coverage and a 75 % 1 : 50 000 map data coverage has been completed. Nevertheless, there is still an updating problem, as data for some countries is 10 to 30 years old. Private Industry, with Google, Microsoft and Navigation system providers, have undertaken huge efforts to supplement authoritative mapping. For critical areas on the globe, MGCP committed to military mapping at 1 : 50 000. ISPRS has decided to make such surveys a sustainable issue by establishing a working group.
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Montgomery, Tornmie Sue. "Getting to Peace in El Salvador: The Roles of the United Nations Secretariat and ONUSAL." Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 37, no. 4 (1995): 139–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/166249.
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During 1995, the 50th anniversary year of the United Nations (UN), news of the failure of its peacekeeping missions in Bosnia, Somalia, and Rwanda dominated the media and political rhetoric. In El Salvador, however, a UN mission with a legitimate claim to success was able to close its doors on 30 April 1995. How is this remarkable achievement to be explained? And, what are the lessons — positive and negative — that can be learned from the 45 months during which the United Nations Observer Mission in El Salvador (Misión de Obseruadores de las Naciones Unidas en El Salvador or ONUSAL) oversaw a transition from war to peace and verified a lengthy set of peace accords?The success of ONUSAL was anything but assured when it began in July 1991, some six months before there was even a cease-fire.
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Kaasa, Stine Madland. "The UN Commission on Sustainable Development: Which Mechanisms Explain Its Accomplishments?" Global Environmental Politics 7, no. 3 (2007): 107–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/glep.2007.7.3.107.
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The UN Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD) has been criticized for lack of effectiveness since its establishment in 1993. The main objective of this article is to describe and explain the mechanisms that affect the work of the CSD, in order to understand how it would be possible to enhance the potential for effectiveness. The study aims to apply the perspectives of “distribution of capabilities” and “institutional design” to evaluate the CSD's accomplishments during its fırst ten-year period. I conclude that the CSD has achieved some results in monitoring and reviewing the process on the implementation of Agenda 21 and promoting dialogue and building partnerships for sustainable development, due to the role of the secretariat and nongovernmental organizations. However, the member states' positions and interests have contributed to the CSD's low goal attainment, especially in the area of policy guidance.
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Peñaherrera Cabezas, Jorge Eduardo. "La planificación nacional en Ecuador: planes de desarrollo y ordenamiento territorial, y el sistema de seguimiento y evaluación SIGAD / National planning in Ecuador: development and territorial planning plans, and the SIGAD monitoring and evaluation system." CIENCIA UNEMI 9, no. 21 (2017): 168–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.29076/issn.2528-7737vol9iss21.2016pp168-179p.
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La Secretaría Nacional de Planificación y Desarrollo (SENPLADES), establece los mecanismos, metodologías y procedimientos aplicables a la generación y administración de la información para la planificación, así como sus estándares de calidad y pertinencia; además define los procedimientos y estándares, para el reporte de los Planes de Desarrollo y Ordenamiento Territorial (PDOT) al Sistema de Información para los Gobiernos Autónomos Descentralizados (SIGAD). Con el fin de optimizar las intervenciones públicas y de aplicar el numeral 3 del Art. 272 de la Constitución los Gobiernos Autónomos descentralizados (GAD), reportan anualmente a la Secretaría Nacional de Planificación y Desarrollo (SENPLADES) el cumplimiento de las metas propuestas en sus respectivos planes. El propósito de este estudio es analizar aspectos esenciales de la guía metodológica de elaboración de los PDOT aplicada entre 2014 -2015, y el sistema de evaluación SIGAD, con el fin de diagnosticar sus puntos débiles, e intentar plasmar recomendaciones y alternativas para su mejor desempeño. En primer lugar se realizará un diagnóstico de los puntos más representativos de la elaboración de los PDOT, para seguidamente abordar las cuestiones del sistema de evaluación SIGAD. ABSTRACTThe National Secretariat of Planning and Development (SENPLADES) develops mechanisms, methodologies and procedures applicable to the generation and management of information for planning, and quality standards for it; further defines the procedures and standards for reporting the Plans PDOT into an evaluation System for Decentralized Autonomous Governments SIGAD. In order to optimize public interventions and to implement paragraph 3 of Article 272 of the Constitution; the autonomous governments report annually to the National Secretariat of Planning and Development the accomplishment of the goals set out in their respective plans. The purpose of this study is to analyze key aspects of the methodological development guide of PDOT applied between 2014 -2015 and the evaluation system SIGAD, in order to diagnose their weaknesses, and try to capture recommendations and alternatives for better performance. First a diagnosis of the most representative points of the development of PDOT will be held, to then address the issues of the evaluation system SIGAD.
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Well, Mareike, Barbara Saerbeck, Helge Jörgens, and Nina Kolleck. "Between Mandate and Motivation." Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations 26, no. 1 (2020): 99–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19426720-02601006.
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Abstract International public administrations (IPA s) play a significant role for the success of multilateral negotiations. As the bureaucratic bodies of international organizations, they are deeply involved in international negotiations, but receive little credit for their outcomes. By studying the administrative styles of the Secretariat of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), this article arrives at an understanding of how this IPA aims at contributing to the outcome of multilateral climate change negotiations. Administrative styles can be conceived of, ideal typically, as being entrepreneurial or servant-like. The article observes that, despite a prohibitively strict mandate as a technocratic facilitator, the UNFCCC Secretariat adopts an entrepreneurial style at the policy initiation stage and a cautiously entrepreneurial style during the policy formulation phase. It has acquired a distinctive actor quality in the climate regime, motivated by a strong commitment to furthering meaningful cooperation and driving the UNFCCC process toward ambitious climate policies.
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Dionigi, Filippo. "Dag Hammarskjöld's Religiosity and Norms Entrepreneurship: A Post-secular Perspective." Politics and Religion 9, no. 1 (2016): 162–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755048315000930.
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AbstractIn 1953, the United Nations (UN) General Assembly elected a low-key and relatively unknown personality as the second Secretary General of the UN. Dag Hammarskjöld, nonetheless, turned out to be one of the most entrepreneurial and innovative Secretary Generals that the UN has ever had. He invented peacekeeping, radically reformed the administrative structure of the UN, and promoted a crucial multi-lateral diplomatic role for the UN Secretariat. Behind this innovative approach to the politics of the UN, there was a personality with a deep and complex religious discernment that emerged occasionally in public speeches, as well as in private writing. This article interprets Hammarskjöld's norms entrepreneurship through the lens of post-secular theory and the concept of Habermasian institutional translation. It shows how — in contrast with merely secularist assumptions — Hammarskjöld's religiosity shaped and advanced international political processes consistently with the principles of the UN Charter.
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Bello, Daniela. "Matemática Discreta UTN FRBA: estudio de habilidades cognitivas y evaluación del desempeño en las modalidades virtual vs. presencial / UTN FRBA discrete mathematics: the study of cognitive skills and performance evaluation in virtual modalities vs. face." Revista Internacional de Tecnologías en la Educación 4, no. 2 (2017): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.37467/gka-revedutech.v4.577.
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RESUMENEn el año 2008 la cátedra de Matemática Discreta de la carrera Ingeniería en Sistemas de Información de la Facultad Regional Buenos Aires de la Universidad Tecnológica Nacional fue convocada por la Secretaría Académica para poner en marcha la modalidad de cursado semipresencial como espacio de formación para alumnos que recursan. El objetivo de este trabajo es dar a conocer un análisis cuantitativo y cualitativo entre las distintas modalidades de dictado de la materia: presencial y a distancia. La guía del mismo es analizar el desempeño del alumno en una u otra modalidad. La actualidad obliga a pensar en el avance constante de la tecnologia y la demanda del estudiante, como así también la plena inclusión e integración de las TICs en la currícula en pos de un resultado satisfactorio, a través de un entorno virtual convertido en “aula virtual”. ABSTRACTIn 2008, Discrete Mathematics of the Information Systems Engineering Course of the Regional Buenos Aires school, National Technological University was summoned by the Academic Secretariat to implement the blended learning as an educational framework for students who are attending the course for the second time. The aim of this paper is to provide a quantitative and qualitative analysis between different teaching approaches, classroom and distance. The guide is to analyze student performance in one form or another. At present, we are urged to think about the steady advance of technology and student demand, as well as full inclusion and integration of ICT in the curriculum towards a successful outcome through a virtual environment which has derived in a "virtual classroom".
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Manakov, Andrey, Pavel Suvorkov та Saulius Stanaitis. "Simulation of Migration and Forecast of Population in the Baltic Countries by the Year 2096 / Имитационное моделирование миграций и прогноз численности населения в странах Балтии до 2096 года". Geografija ir edukacija mokslo almanachas / Geography and Education Science Almanac 5 (6 листопада 2017): 19–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.15823/ge.2017.2.
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The aim of the study is the forecast of the migration and population to 2096 in Baltic States (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania). This article is prepared on the basis of several Bayesian probabilistic projection according to the Population Division of the Department of economic and social Affairs of the UN Secretariat. The main research method is a simulation of multifactor modeling. In general, migration in the Baltic States adversely affecting the projected population. However, the influence of net migration differs between the countries. It is necessary to take into account what according to the main provisions of UN and Eurostat net migration should be minimized until 2035. If the expected minimization of net migration will not happen, decrease in population of the Baltic States could be catastrophic.
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Khalil, Mona Ali. "Immunity Is Not Impunity." Journal of International Peacekeeping 24, no. 1-2 (2021): 143–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18754112-20210002.
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Abstract The Chapter seeks to dispel the myth that the immunity of the United Nations amounts to impunity. Accountability is, in fact, required by the applicable law and established policy and practice of the Organization. Immunity and accountability are two co-equal pillars of the 1946 Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations and the Status of Forces Agreement. While the UN does enjoy immunity from legal process, it is obliged to provide appropriate modes of settlement of private law disputes to which it is a party. In the case of Cholera in Haiti, the UN Secretariat, the other UN principal organs and UN Member States all failed to ensure respect for the obligations of the United Nations. If even one of them had fulfilled its role properly, then justice could have been done. Thus far, with the notable exception of the human rights special rapporteurs, all have failed to do so.
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Piiparinen, Touko. "The Rise and Fall of Bureaucratic Rationalization: Exploring the Possibilities and Limitations of the UN Secretariat in Conflict Prevention." European Journal of International Relations 14, no. 4 (2008): 697–724. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354066108097558.
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Lopez Trejo, Maricela. "competividad de las empresas turísticas de guerrero con base en el sistema nacional de certificación turística." Revista Relayn - Micro y Pequeñas empresas en Latinoamérica 3, no. 3 (2019): 34–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.46990/relayn.2019.3.3.27.
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Resumen 5 empresas turísticas en Guerrero, dos hoteles y tres restaurantes con el propósito de buscar ser más competitivas en el mercado, integraron sus certificaciones, sellos, y reconocimientos nacionales e internacionales , además de sus altos estándares de calidad, innovando e implementando acciones continuas en materia de capacitación, promoción, calidad del servicio, certificación laboral, cultura turística y normatividad ambiental participaron en la convocatoria para obtener el Distintivo Nacional de Calidad Turística, que otorgo por primera vez la Secretaria de Turismo Federal, logrando el nivel Diamante con un rango de 1850 a 1954 cumpliendo con el 70% de los 13 factores requeridos por el Sistema.
 Palabras claveDiamante Distintivo Empresas Guerrero Turísticas.Abstract In Guerrero, 5 touristic enterprises, two hotels and three restaurants, with the purpose of becoming more competitive in the market, achieved their national and international certifications, seals and acknowledgements, also their high quality standards, innovating and implementing continuous improvements in the subject of training, promotion, service quality, labor certification, environmental standards and culture of tourism, took part in the National Quality Distinction for Tourism, given for the first time by the Federal Secretariat of Tourism, achieving the Diamond Level ranking at 1850 to 1954 complying with 70% of the 13 factors required by the system.
 KeywordsDistinctive Diamond Tourist Warrior Companies.
 
 
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Thakur, Ramesh. "The United Nations and the North-South Partnership: Connecting the Past to the Future." Ethics & International Affairs 34, no. 3 (2020): 305–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0892679420000507.
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AbstractAs part of the special issue on “The United Nations at Seventy-Five: Looking Back to Look Forward,” this essay connects the past of the United Nations to its future from the perspective of the Global South. When the UN was created, most developing countries were colonies that played no role in writing the rules and designing the architecture of the post-1945 UN-centric global multilateral order. Today, countries in the Global South command a majority of the UN membership, but still mostly function as norm takers and are severely underrepresented in the UN Security Council—which functions as the geopolitical cockpit—and also in the senior ranks of the UN system, in the key posts in the Secretariat, and in the UN's funds and agencies. Gradually, however, these countries are using their numerical strength to give voice to their distinctive preferences, priorities, and values. This essay provides a broad-brush sketch of the changing nature of the North-South partnership on the UN's four overarching normative mandates of security, development, environment, and human rights. It includes a brief comment on the coronavirus pandemic within the framework of its main narrative of the continuing need for a UN-centric North-South partnership.
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Dulce Fernández, Juan Manuel, Laura Pimienta Carbonell, and Rodolfo Mosquera Navarro. "Diseño y Construcción de un Cojín Prototipo, Controlado a Través de Sensores Mecánicos, para Evaluar la Postura de Trabajadoras de Oficina." Revista Colombiana de Salud Ocupacional 5, no. 4 (2015): 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.18041/2322-634x/rcso.4.2015.4937.
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Ésta investigación va orientada al campo de la ergonomía ocupacional, específicamente al análisis de puestos de trabajo de oficina donde se requiere estar sentado la mayor parte de la jornada laboral (más de 4 horas por día). Se desarrolló un prototipo que reduzca los efectos y riesgos musculoesqueléticos resultantes del sedentarismo en puestos de trabajo y que permitiera evaluar la postura de las usuarias en una jornada laboral de 8 horas durante un mes. Metodología: De tipo exploratorio experimental, con el fin de implementar el prototipo y evaluar la funcionalidad en 8 secretarías de la facultad de ingeniería de una universidad en la ciudad de Cali. Resultados: Una secretaria mantiene cerca del 24% del tiempo de pie o fuera de su puesto de trabajo, se obtiene un promedio del 18%, es decir que, en una jornada de 8 horas una secretaria de la facultad está de pie en promedio 1 hora 30 minutos, la postura más frecuente entre las secretarias es la postura sentada e inclinada hacia adelante sin reposar la parte alta y media de la columna sobre el espaldar de la silla, solo el 28% del tiempo las secretarias tienen una postura de sentado ideal, lo que significa que de una 1 hora en su silla están 43 minutos con malas posturas. Conclusiones: Este proceso de desarrollo de tecnologías blandas, nos permite contar con una herramienta completa y eficaz en la investigación de hábitos posturales asociada a puestos de trabajo con altos índices de sedentarismo para tomar medidas preventivas en relación a enfermedades laborales asociadas a sintomatología dolorosa musculoesquelética.
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Schemper, Lukas. "Science Diplomacy and the Making of the United Nations International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction." Diplomatica 1, no. 2 (2019): 243–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/25891774-00102006.
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The article discusses the creation of the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (idndr, 1990–1999), a global observance event that emanated neither from within the United Nations – for whom until then disaster management or rights of disaster victims had not been a real priority – nor from within civil society organizations or governments. In actuality, it was primarily a scientist-led initiative. This article suggests that this episode is a rare example of a joint effort on the part of a scientific community to create international scientific institutions to deal with the issue of disaster risk. The framing of the issue as “scientific” by earth scientists led the UN Secretariat and governments to embrace an issue that they had hitherto neglected. However, archival evidence also suggests that the eventual takeover of the project by the UN bureaucracy weakened the role of earth scientists in the idndr and changed its orientation.
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Luxembourg, Caritas, and Norry Schneider. "Letters to leaders: Comments on the Zero Draft of Rio+20 outcome document." Regions and Cohesion 2, no. 2 (2012): 112–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/reco.2012.020207.
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The first version of the declaration (“Outcome Document”) for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (UNCSD or ”Rio+20”), the “Zero Draft”, was released by the UNCSD Secretariat in January 2012. The 19-page document is based on a compilation of inputs received from United Nations (UN) member States and other stakeholders, and it outlines a vision for building a sustainable world. This piece is part of a Caritas Luxembourg position paper sent early February 2012 to the Ministry for sustainable development and infrastructure of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (Ministère du Développement Durable et des Infrastructures, or MDDI), in order to inform Luxembourgish government’s position on sustainable development prior to the Rio+20 conference.
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Bin, Yao. "The origins and early developments of the UN Training Program for Interpreters and Translators in Beijing." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 65, no. 3 (2019): 445–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.00100.yao.
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Abstract This paper fills the missing the link in the research on the history of interpreter and translator training in the P. R. China. After the restoration of China’s seat in the United Nations on October 25, 1971, the UN Secretariat suggested, as early as in 1972, to the P. R. C. Permanent Mission in New York, that a training course be established to train interpreters and translators. But it was not until 1979 that the UN Training Program for Interpreters and Translators (译训班) was established at Beijing Foreign Studies University. What happened during the period of 1972–1978 and how the first cohort of students were recruited and trained remain, to a large extent, unexplored areas. By combining newly-discovered historical materials and interviews with former staff members and students of the program, this paper presents details about the preparatory work carried out in mid-1970s that laid the foundations for the establishment of the program, the month-long negotiations between Chinese and the UN representatives in 1978 that led to the founding of the program, as well as the recruitment and training of the first cohort of students.
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Daugirdas, Kristina. "Reputation and Accountability." International Organizations Law Review 16, no. 1 (2019): 11–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15723747-01601002.
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The cholera outbreak in Haiti offers a useful case study of reputation as a disciplinarian of international organizations. On the one hand, UN officials and member states alike have emphasized the need to repair the organization’s damaged reputation. On the other hand, the UN secretariat declined to take certain steps that might have averted—or at least mitigated—that reputational damage in the first place. This contribution argues that the United Nations’ response to cholera in Haiti showcases some important limitations and complications of reputation as a disciplinarian. Reputation will function as a less effective disciplinarian of organizations in the context of uncertainty about the facts or about what the law requires. Notably, international organizations have some capacity to perpetuate factual uncertainty through their control over key sources of information. Reputation will also serve as a less effective disciplinarian when organizations have multiple audiences that are not evaluating the organization against the same standards.
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Deen-Racsmány, Zsuzsanna. "The Status and Criminal Accountability of Members of Formed Police Units: Conflicting Positions, Current Status Quo and Future Prospects." Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law Online 20, no. 1 (2017): 170–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13894633_02001008.
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Introduced in 1999, formed police units (FPUS) constitute a relatively recent invention in the history of UN peacekeeping. Yet, currently more than 10,000 individuals are deployed in such units. Their members are un civilian police officers but – like military personnel – they may be given executive mandates. Consequently, (the optimal regulation of) their legal position (i.e. whether equivalent to that of military members of national contingents or of UN experts on mission) and (of) their criminal accountability (i.e. exclusive contributing State jurisdiction and/or permissibility of host State criminal jurisdiction) have been a subject of prolonged disagreement. The legal-political struggle between the UN Secretariat (Office of Legal Affairs) and the Special Committee on Peacekeeping Operations concerning these issues has triggered important clarifications of the existing rules and led to revisions of legal instruments, including the most recent amendments to the UN Model Memorandum of Understanding. Through a study of this process, the present article aims to clarify the legal status and criminal accountability of FPU officers, as well as to predict the stability of the current legal status quo. In addition, the analysis of these issues provides valuable insights into the relevant practice of and priorities within the UN and among troop and police contributing countries. It thus even helps assess chances that military members of national contingents may in the future be subjected to the criminal jurisdiction of host States. Last but not least, the study highlights the importance of accurate and up-to-date information.
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Ramirez Perez, Edwin Alejandro. "Percepción del usuario en la utilización del servicio en el programa de ocio y tiempo libre de la secretaria de deportes y recreación de Itagüí Colombia." SPORT TK-Revista EuroAmericana de Ciencias del Deporte 10, no. 2 (2021): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/sportk.347831.
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Esta investigación se desarrolló en la ciudad de Itagüí, es un Municipio ubicado en el sur del departamento de Antioquia-Colombia, el estudio que se realizó fue transversal, y pretendía conocer la percepción del usuario frente a los servicios prestados por el ente deportivo de esta ciudad. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo determinar el nivel de satisfacción de los usuarios del programa “Ocio, tiempo libre y recreación” de la Secretaría de Deportes y Recreación de Itagüí por medio del instrumento EPOD de Nuviala (2008). Está herramienta está conformada por cuatro dimensiones, las cuales se adaptaron al medio, la escala fue validada en su contenido por medio del Alpha de Cronbach con un valor de 0,826. Los ítems mejor valorados fueron los técnicos o instructores y actividades. Dentro de los grandes hallazgos se demostró que hay más participación del sexo femenino que masculino en los programas que oferta el ente Municipal. This research was developed in the city of Itagüí, it is a Municipality located in the south of the department of Antioquia-Colombia, the study that was carried out was cross-sectional, and it sought to know the user's perception of the services provided by the sports entity of this city. The objective of this work was to determine the level of satisfaction of the users of the program "Leisure, free time and recreation" of the Secretariat of Sports and Recreation of Itagüí by means of the EPOD instrument of Nuviala (2008). This tool is made up of four dimensions, which were adapted to the environment, the scale was validated in its content by means of Cronbach's Alpha with a value of 0.826. The best valued items were the technicians or instructors and activities. Among the great findings, it was shown that there is more participation of women than men in the programs offered by the Municipal entity.
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SHINODA, TOMOHITO. "Japan's Top-Down Policy Process to Dispatch the SDF to Iraq." Japanese Journal of Political Science 7, no. 1 (2006): 71–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1468109905002070.
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In July 2003, Prime Minister Koizumi successfully passed the legislation to dispatch ground SDF units to Iraq in the Diet. His top-down policy process was completely different from Japan's traditional bottom-up system, which Aurelia George Mulgan calls the ‘Un-Westminster System’ in which the bureaucrats in the ministries play a central role with the LDP being the only political power to negotiate with them. Mulgan also argues that the system has not changed despite recent institutional changes. On the contrary, this paper illustrates how Koizumi and his Cabinet took advantage of the strengthened authority of the Cabinet Secretariat to initiate policies, and successfully pushed the controversial national security legislation through LDP decision-making organs and the Diet by gaining support first from the coalition partners, presenting a new style of Westminster system.
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Seiderman, Ian. "The UN High Commissioner for Human Rights in the age of global backlash." Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights 37, no. 1 (2019): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0924051918822854.
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Before leaving his post in 2018, the outgoing UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, Zeid Ra’ad al Hussein, made a series of critical remarks, both publicly and internally, regarding what he considered weakening of the integrity and effectiveness of the UN in its human rights mandate. Zeid’s comments highlighted retrogressive tendencies making the task of a strong and independent High Commissioner exceedingly difficult. The post of High Commissioner, established in 1994 following decades of advocacy, to give a high level voice to human rights promotion and protection as well as to manage a secretariat for most UN human rights functions, has enjoyed mostly robust and effective leadership by its post-holders. Any High Commissioner faces challenge inherent to the job in balancing the functions of diplomat, human rights advocate for “the voiceless”, and agency manager working with an insufficient and patently unfair budgetary allotment. The new High Commissioner, Michelle Bachelet, will have her work cut out, as she faces an apparent retreat from prioritizing human rights, particularly by some States that previously championed them; ambivalence by a wider UN bureaucracy; and a wave of authoritarian populist leaders and movements around the globes that take a hostile view to the human rights paradigm. The new High Commissioner would do well to keep her energies squarely focused on independently tackling urgent substantive and possibly existential human rights challenges, rather than any project of administrative restructuring of the OHCHR, even as she may pursue a working methodology that is distinct from the approach of her predecessors.
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Cassel, Doug. "A History of the UN Human Rights Programme and Secretariat. By Bertrand G. Ramcharan. Leiden, Boston: Brill Nijhoff, 2020. Pp. xvii, 262. Index." American Journal of International Law 115, no. 2 (2021): 348–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ajil.2021.4.
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Ntwaagae, Charles. "Commentary: An African Perspective Services Negotiations." Global Economy Journal 5, no. 4 (2005): 1850062. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1524-5861.1149.
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A commentary on J. Robert Vastine's article "Services Negotiations in the Doha Round: Promise and Reality." Charles T. Ntwaagae is Ambassador-Permanent Representative to the UN and WTO in Geneva. He has served in the Botswana Public Service over the past 28 years, during which he held several senior policy level positions. These include Executive Director of the National Environment Secretariat, Deputy Permanent Secretary in the Ministry of Local Government, Housing and Environment, and Deputy Permanent Secretary in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation. As Ambassador-Permanent Representative, he has served in various capacities, including Chairman of the Africa Group, Co-ordinator of ACP Ambassadors in the WTO and Chairman of Commonwealth Developing countries in the WTO. As of January 2006, he will be serving as Permanent Secretary of Botswana's Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation.
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Boyle, David. "Establishing the responsibility of the Khmer Rouge leadership for international crimes." Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law 5 (December 2002): 167–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1389135900001070.
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Dragged reluctantly into the debate over Khmer Rouge accountability, the United Nations Secretariat has spent the last five years attempting to find a mutually acceptable judicial structure to try the leaders of the former government of Cambodia for international crimes committed between 1975 and 1979.In response to a request for aid from the Cambodian government in June 1997, the UN originally came down in favour of establishing a thirdad hocInternational Criminal Tribunal. Taking that proposal as a starting point, this paper documents the series of events leading the Organisation towards unwilling participation in potentially unjust domestic trials after Cambodia's refusal of the UN proposal. Each time the negotiations seemed to have broken down, the UN and Cambodia came under pressure from certain Member States to return to the negotiating table. Beset with its responsibility in supporting the Khmer Rouge after the Vietnamese invasion in 1979, the UN compromised successively concerning the nature of the court (part 3) and its structure (part 4). A consensus finally seemed to have been reached in July 2000, when a UN negotiating team left Phnom Penh with a draft Memorandum of Understanding concerning ‘significant international co-operation’ in trials before ‘Extraordinary Chambers’ of the Cambodian courts (the ‘draft MOU’). However, the law finally promulgated on 10 August 2001 in order to set up these Chambers (the ‘Tribunal Law’) was not entirely consistent with the terms of the draft MOU, the exact legal status of which then became a bone of contention (part 5).
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Lopes, Dawisson Belém, and Guilherme Casarões. "Can International Organisations Be Democratic? A Reassessment." Contexto Internacional 41, no. 3 (2019): 481–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-8529.2019410300001.
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Abstract This article makes the case for viewing international organisations (IOs) as global polyarchies. Our argument is twofold: on a theoretical level, IOs often meet the criterion of philosophical coherence, as they are based on rules of membership and decision-making that are compatible with those found in democratic institutions. On a practical level, we believe the concerns of IOs about pluralism, inclusiveness and efficacy go far beyond rhetoric, and may decisively influence their activities as well as their outcomes. To this end, the first section explores Robert Dahl’s concept of polyarchy and applies this to global institutions. In the subsequent sections, we advance our empirical argument with the UN as a case study. We reach three main conclusions. The first is that, at the bureaucratic level, the UN Secretariat performs some typically democratic functions, such as multilateral representation and the constitution of international regimes, which turns it into an important channel for feasible democracy in international politics. Second, at the multilateral level, the UN General Assembly (UNGA) represents a specific kind of representative polyarchy by allowing the greatest possible number of countries to have an equal say in global affairs. And third, it also serves as a gateway for multilevelled international representation by including a diversity of non-state actors in what has been called the ‘Third United Nations.’
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Benetti, Keidi Vianna, Celia Regina Da Silva Medeiros, Pedro Miguel Diniz Parreira, Maria yvone Chaves Mauro, Maria Helena Do Nascimento Souza, and Sheila Nascimento Pereira de Farias. "Desempenho dos serviços de saúde na atenção à tuberculose na estratégia de saúde da família [Health service performance in tuberculosis care in the Family Health Strategy] [Rendimiento de los servicios de salud en la atención a la tuberculosis en la estrategia de salud de la familia]." Revista Enfermagem UERJ 26 (September 1, 2018): e31643. http://dx.doi.org/10.12957/reuerj.2018.31643.
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Objetivo: avaliar o desempenho dos serviços de saúde na atenção à tuberculose, na percepção das equipes da estratégia saúde da família. Método: estudo transversal de abordagem quantitativa, realizado com 210 profissionais das equipes da estratégia de saúde da família de uma área de planejamento do Rio de Janeiro. Foi aplicado o questionário PCATool – tuberculose, no período de agosto a novembro de 2015. Os dados foram tratados e analisados, no programa epi info versão 7.1.5. Projeto aprovado no comitê de ética em pesquisa da Escola de Enfermagem Anna Nery e da Secretaria Municipal de Saúde. Resultados: observou-se que para o diagnóstico de tuberculose o desempenho das unidades foi razoável e para o tratamento o resultado foi satisfatório. Conclusão: o desempenho dos serviços de saúde apresenta fragilidades e atende parcialmente a clientela.ABSTRACT Objective: to evaluate health service performance in tuberculosis care as perceived by family health strategy teams. Methods: in this quantitative, cross-sectional study, the PCATool-tuberculosis was applied between August and November 2015, to 210 professionals from family health strategy teams in a planning area in Rio de Janeiro. Data were processed and analyzed using Epi Info software, version 7.1.5. The project was approved by the research ethics committees of the Anna Nery School of Nursing and Municipal Health Secretariat. Results: the units’ performance was observed to be reasonable in tuberculosis diagnosis, and satisfactory in treatment. Conclusion: health service performance displays weaknesses and meets client needs partially.RESUMENObjetivo: evaluar el rendimiento de los servicios de salud en la atención a la tuberculosis, bajo la percepción de los equipos de la estrategia de salud de la familia. Método: estudio transversal de abordaje cuantitativo, realizado junto a 210 profesionales de los equipos de la estrategia de salud de la familia de un área de planificación de Río de Janeiro. Fue aplicado el cuestionario PCATool –tuberculosis, en el periodo de agosto a noviembre de 2015. Los dados fueron tratados y analizados en el programa epi info versión 7.1.5. Proyecto aprobado en el comité de ética en investigación de la Escuela de Enfermaría Anna Nery y de la Secretaría Municipal de Salud. Resultados: se verificó que, para el diagnóstico de tuberculosis, el rendimiento de las unidades fue adecuado y, para el tratamiento de los resultados, fue satisfactorio. Conclusión: el rendimiento de los servicios de salud presenta fragilidades y atiende parcialmente la clientela.
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García Reyes, Liza. "Mujeres diversas: implicaciones en su desarrollo." La Manzana de la Discordia 4, no. 1 (2016): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.25100/lamanzanadeladiscordia.v4i1.1471.
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Resumen: Partiendo del reconocimiento de unmodelo cultural de mujer basado en la heterosexualidadobligatoria, esta ponencia plantea la necesidad deconstruir una política pública para el sector LGBTI1fundada en un enfoque de derechos humanos. Con baseen la experiencia de la administración distrital deBogotá, que condujo a la creación de la Dirección deDiversidad Sexual, de la Subsecretaría Mujer, Géneros yDiversidad sexual, de la Secretaría de PlaneaciónDistrital de Bogotá, se plantean los siguientes pasospara la construcción de dicha política: adecuacióninstitucional; construcción de lineamientos que reconozcanlas diversas orientaciones sexuales e identidadesde género; construcción participativa de un plan deacción; visibilización de los intereses de las diferentesmujeres; desarrollo de acciones intersectoriales ointerinstitucionales para el desarrollo de la políticapública; acciones específicas para las mujeres encondiciones de mayor vulnerabilidad (las mujeres trans);y desarrollo de acciones específicas para lograr laciudadanía plena de las mujeres, donde juegue unimportante papel la reflexión y acción sobre laheterosexualidad obligatoria y los modelos de mujernaturalizantes.Palabras clave: políticas públicas, mujeres, sectorLGBTI, diversidad sexual, heterosexualidad obligatoriaAbstract: Based on the recognition of a culturalmodel of woman based on compulsory heterosexuality,this presentation affirms the need to build a public policyfor the LGBTI sector grounded on a human rightsapproach. On the grounds of the experience of theadministration for the city of Bogotá, which led to thecreation of the Sexual Diversity Directorate for the UndersecretariatWoman, Gender an Sexual Diversity of theCity Planning Secretariat for Bogotá, the following stepsfor the creation of the policy are detailed: institutionalization;creation of guidelines for therecognition of sexual diversity and gender identities; aparticipatory process for establishing the plan of action;visibilization of the interests of diverse women;development of inter-sectorial actions for the publicpolicy; specific actions for women in situations of extremevulnerability (trans women); and development of actionsto achieve women’s full enjoyment of citizenship, with animportant role for the reflection on compulsoryheterosexuality an naturalizing models of women.Key words: public policy, women, LGBTI, sexualdiversity, compulsory heterosexuality
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Wood, Michael, and Omri Sender. "Identifying the Rules for Identifying Customary International Law: Response From Michael Wood and Omri Sender." AJIL Unbound 108 (2014): 196–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2398772300002154.
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We are grateful to AJIL Unbound for organizing this symposium on the work of the International Law Commission on identification of customary international law. We are particularly grateful to all who have contributed to the symposium for their interest and insights.We shall not here reply comprehensively to everything that has been said. Many points will be addressed in the Special Rapporteur’s third report, to be submitted to the UN Secretariat toward the end of March 2015 in preparation for the Commission’s session beginning in May 2015. We would only say that many of the points made in the symposium thus far seem eminently sensible, and will hopefully be seen as such by the Commission. It has to be noted, however, that the work of the Commission is collegiate, and the eventual output does not belong to the Special Rapporteur (who is just a facilitator) but to the Commission as a whole—and eventually to the General Assembly and the international community.
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Domagała, Arkadiusz. "Powstanie Powszechnej deklaracji praw człowieka. Kontrowersje dotyczące autorstwa i podziału ról w przygotowywaniu i przyjęciu tekstu dokumentu." Wrocławskie Studia Politologiczne 25 (October 31, 2018): 118–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/1643-0328.25.8.
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The creation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Disputes on authorship and roles of individuals concerning preparation and adopting of the DeclarationThe Universal Declaration of Human Right was prepared, revised and finally adopted by many representatives to the United Nations bodies. The study presents the drafting of the Declaration from the perspective of people whose contribution was the most essential. They were members of the Commission of Human Rights and its drafting committee Eleanor Roosevelt, Peng-chun Chang, Charles Malik, René Cassin, the UN Secretariat John P. Humphrey. All of them can be labeled as the authors of the Declaration which seems to be an unnecessary generalisation. The underestimated role of Humphrey and overestimated role of Cassin are presented in detail. The paper concludes that the contribution to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights may be differentiated. Ultimately, the author argues that roles of a sponsor, an initiator, a creator, a redactor, a guard and a reviser can be distinguished.