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Journal articles on the topic 'Unbalanced sex ratio'
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1
Paini, Dean R., and Winston J. Bailey. "Seasonal sex ratio and unbalanced investment sex ratio in the Banksia bee Hylaeus alcyoneus." Ecological Entomology 27, no. 6 (November 13, 2002): 713–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2311.2002.00459.x.
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XING, Cai, Xi ZHANG, and Jian-Lin NIU. "The Effect of Unbalanced Sex Ratio on Human Behavior." Advances in Psychological Science 20, no. 10 (June 14, 2013): 1679–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1042.2012.01679.
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Manzur, A., I. Cárdenas, R. Macaya, C. Almendra, G. Gajardo, M. Bianchi, and G. Durruty. "Unbalanced sex ratio in newborns obtained by intrauterine inseminations." International Congress Series 1271 (September 2004): 341–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ics.2004.06.021.
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Poston, Dudley L., Eugenia Conde, and Bethany DeSalvo. "China's unbalanced sex ratio at birth, millions of excess bachelors and societal implications." Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies 6, no. 4 (December 2011): 314–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17450128.2011.630428.
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Kempenaers, Bart. "Polygyny in the blue tit: unbalanced sex ratio and female aggression restrict mate choice." Animal Behaviour 47, no. 4 (April 1994): 943–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/anbe.1994.1126.
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Janzen, Fredric J., David M. Delaney, Timothy S. Mitchell, and Daniel A. Warner. "Do Covariances Between Maternal Behavior and Embryonic Physiology Drive Sex-Ratio Evolution Under Environmental Sex Determination?" Journal of Heredity 110, no. 4 (April 15, 2019): 411–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhered/esz021.
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Abstract Fisherian sex-ratio theory predicts sexual species should have a balanced primary sex ratio. However, organisms with environmental sex determination (ESD) are particularly vulnerable to experiencing skewed sex ratios when environmental conditions vary. Theoretical work has modeled sex-ratio dynamics for animals with ESD with regard to 2 traits predicted to be responsive to sex-ratio selection: 1) maternal oviposition behavior and 2) sensitivity of embryonic sex determination to environmental conditions, and much research has since focused on how these traits influence offspring sex ratios. However, relatively few studies have provided estimates of univariate quantitative genetic parameters for these 2 traits, and the existence of phenotypic or genetic covariances among these traits has not been assessed. Here, we leverage studies on 3 species of reptiles (2 turtle species and a lizard) with temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD) to assess phenotypic covariances between measures of maternal oviposition behavior and thermal sensitivity of the sex-determining pathway. These studies quantified maternal behaviors that relate to nest temperature and sex ratio of offspring incubated under controlled conditions. A positive covariance between these traits would enhance the efficiency of sex-ratio selection when primary sex ratio is unbalanced. However, we detected no such covariance between measures of these categories of traits in the 3 study species. These results suggest that maternal oviposition behavior and thermal sensitivity of sex determination in embryos might evolve independently. Such information is critical to understand how animals with TSD will respond to rapidly changing environments that induce sex-ratio selection.
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Servan, J., P. Zaborski, M. Dorizzi, and C. Pieau. "Female-biased sex ratio in adults of the turtle Emys orbicularis at the northern limit of its distribution in France: a probable consequence of interaction of temperature with genotypic sex determination." Canadian Journal of Zoology 67, no. 5 (May 1, 1989): 1279–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z89-182.
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Adult sex ratio in the turtle Emys orbicularis was determined in populations from seven ponds in Brenne (Indre, France). In all populations, the sex ratio was biased toward females. Among 290 captured animals, the male:female ratio was close to 0.5. Among different demographic factors that could affect the adult sex ratio, the most influential was probably the sex ratio of hatchlings. In Emys orbicularis, a ZZ male/ZW female system of genotypic sex determination has been postulated. Moreover, gonad differentiation is dependent on temperature and sex-reversed individuals can occur. To evaluate the importance of sex reversal among adult females, the blood of 78 animals was typed for the serologically detectable H-Y antigen, used as a tool to identify sexual genotype. In 73 of them, the H-Y phenotype was positive, conforming with female genotype, but in the other 5 females, it was negative (as in genotypic males), revealing that the sexual phenotype of these animals had been inverted. As the percentage of these sex-reversed genotypic males is low, the influence of temperature would appear not to be the sole cause of the observed unbalanced sex ratio. The female bias can be partly explained by the interaction of temperature with the ZZ/ZW system of genotypic sex determination. Indeed, in this system, sexual inversion under the influence of an epigenetic factor increases the ratio of genotypic females (ZW and WW) in the progeny.
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de Almeida, João Paulo Felix Augusto, Robson Guimarães dos Santos, and Tamí Mott. "Sex ratios and natal origins of green turtles from feeding grounds in the Southwest Atlantic Ocean." ICES Journal of Marine Science 78, no. 5 (May 19, 2021): 1840–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsab093.
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Abstract Potential effects of climate change on living species are a widely debated topic. Species with temperature-dependent sex determination can be particularly impacted by warmer temperatures because unbalanced sex ratios could threaten population viability. In sea turtles, sex ratio estimates have highlighted the potential feminization of current populations, which tends to increase since warmer temperatures would generate more females. Here, we evaluated temporal variation in sex ratios of green turtles from feeding grounds of the Southwest Atlantic Ocean (SWA) using data from a 7-year time frame, from 2010 to 2016. We also evaluated natal origins of female and male green turtles from SWA based on mitochondrial DNA. Sex ratios of juvenile and adult green turtles were generally female-skewed across collection years. We identified 11 haplotypes in northeast SWA, and the haplotype composition of females and males was slightly different. Likewise, the estimated the natal origins of females and males were divergent. Ascension Island was estimated to be the main source of females while Guinea Bissau was estimated to be the main source of males. Studies evaluating natal origins of females and males independently are rare, this study provides one of the first assessments of the kind for green turtles in the SWA.
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Aryal, Shreyashi, and Balkrishna Kalakheti. "Sex ratio at Birth in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Western Nepal are the Trends Changing?" Journal of Nepal Paediatric Society 36, no. 1 (October 22, 2016): 68–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v36i1.15086.
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Introduction: Sex ratio at birth remains unchanged in absence of human intervention. A tendency of skewing towards males is seen in Asian population attributable to various reasons, foremost being abortions. The decreasing number of female population is a form of gender discrimination and has serious implications for both sexes in the future. The purpose of this study was to analyze the trends of sex ratio at birth among deliveries at Lumbini Medical College Teaching Hospital, Palpa, Nepal over the past eight years.Materials and Methods: A retrospective audit of deliveries from 1st January 2008 to 31st December 2015 was carried out. Sex ratio at birth was calculated and its relationship with maternal age, birth order and number of previous abortions was analyzed.Results: The total number of live-births during the study period was 9394 consisting of 5008 male and 4350 female with an overall sex ratio at birth of 112.6. Every year, there was an increasing trend in total number of live births and sex ratio at birth. The number of male births increased with increase in parity but there was no statistical difference seen between maternal age, parity and number of abortions for male and female births.Conclusion: The sex ratio at birth in hospital deliveries is unbalanced with inclination towards male, more so in women with high parity. Additional research exploring the reason for increase in male births is needed, so that potential programs which can reverse this trend can be implemented.J Nepal Paediatr Soc 2016;36(1):68-71
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Veevers, Jean E. "The “Real” Marriage Squeeze." Sociological Perspectives 31, no. 2 (April 1988): 169–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1389081.
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Among persons in midlife, about one in five is unmarried. The sex ratio in this group is about 80, which is markedly unbalanced. Although changes in fertility and in mortality are contributing factors, the “real” squeeze is due largely to the ubiquitous norm that husbands should be older than their wives. This mating gradient is the most significant determinant of the competition for mates as it is experienced by older unmarried women compared with older unmarried men. The nature and magnitude of this marriage squeeze are demonstrated using Canadian vital statistics and census data. Age differentials of brides and grooms in all marriages registered in 1981 are used to create “availability indices” that estimate the number of unmarried persons of the opposite sex that are potentially available for every 100 unmarried persons. For men, availability indices are low in the 20s, and they increase with advancing age to about one-to-one in the 50s. For women, access to potential grooms is highest in the 20s and decreases with advancing age until, in the 50s, there are only 50 potential grooms per 100 unmarried women. The implications of unbalanced sex ratios are discussed with reference to changes in marriage and the family. Markedly skewed sex ratios may shift the balance of power between the sexes and produce a demographic reaffirmation of the double standard.
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Stoltzfus, M., J. Wayman, R. Stilz, and D. Bresnahan. "144 Sex ratio of in vitro-produced goat embryos." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 31, no. 1 (2019): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv31n1ab144.
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Goats are important livestock species because they produce meat, milk, and fibre and are also easily maintainable on small farms. Although goats provide many products and consumption of goat meat is increasing in the United States, the industry lags compared with many species with regard to IVF techniques to enhance goat production. It has been demonstrated in other species that male IVF embryos tend to develop faster than those of females. This may be due to increased tolerance of male embryos to inadequate conditions, particularly, glucose concentrations in culture media. However, the sex ratio of goat embryos produced utilising IVF remains unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the sex ratio of goat embryos utilising a commercially available media suite (IVF Biosciences, Falmouth, UK). Oocytes were harvested from ovaries obtained from 2 local abattoirs and matured in vitro. Frozen sperm from 1 of 2 billy goats were randomly assigned for each round of IVF. Embryos were evaluated daily from Days (D) 6 through 9 of in vitro culture. On the day an embryo reached the expanded blastocyst stage, it was removed from culture and placed into DNA extraction buffer (PicoPureTM DNA Extraction Kit, Applied Biosystems, Waltham, MA, USA) and stored at −20 for PCR analysis, typically within one month of collection. In all unknown samples, positive male (sperm) and female (uterus) controls, the amelogenin gene was amplified and products were evaluated on a 1.5% agarose gel with ethidium bromide. Embryos with 2 bands (202 and 262bp) were classified as male, and those with 1 band (262bp) were classified as female. Embryos with no bands were not included in analysis. Embryos reached the expanded blastocyst stage on D6 (n=29), D7 (n=39), and D8/9 (n=35, combined for evaluation). A chi-squared analysis comparing the percentage of male and female embryos to the expected 50% was completed for each time point (D6, D7, D8/9), as well as overall ratios (D6-9). In total, 350 oocytes were utilised in 6 rounds of IVF resulting in a mean blastocyst rate of 32% (range 17-47%). There was no significant difference in the number of embryos that were male on D6 (55%) and D7 (46%). However, on D8/9 significantly fewer embryos were male (29% male; P=0.01). Overall, there was no significant difference (P=0.14) in the sex ratio, with 41% male and 59% female embryos. Our findings are somewhat consistent with other species, in that male goat embryos produced via IVF develop more quickly in culture conditions; however, female embryos were still able to tolerate culture conditions. Delayed blastocyst development may not necessarily be an indication of a reduced quality embryo but one that is slower to develop based on its sex. This could be due to expression of X-linked genes being unbalanced during pre-implantation embryo development stages and warrants further study. One influencer of sex ratio we are currently investigating is the impact of glucose during culture, to further understand metabolism in IVF embryos.
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Breitwisch, Randall, Peter G. Merritt, and George H. Whitesides. "Parental Investment by the Northern Mockingbird: Male and Female Roles in Feeding Nestlings." Auk 103, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 152–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/103.1.152.
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Abstract Analysis of 3,293 feeding trips to nestling Northern Mockingbirds (Mimus polyglottos) in the first 11 days of nestling life showed that males and females fed young at similar rates. Young were fed a mixed diet of animal prey and fruits, and males and females fed similar volumes of animal prey and of fruits. Females displayed a monotonic increase in feeding rate during nestling life but did not significantly increase load size. Males significantly increased both feeding rate and load size with age of nestlings, and their feeding rate peaked in the mid-nestling period, when young grow most rapidly. Males and females fed broods of two and three young at similar rates. There was a biased breeding-adult sex ratio in this population, with males outnumbering females. The unbalanced sex ratio may allow females to demand a high level of male parental care in feeding nestlings and in other behaviors included in parental investment.
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Gilmartin, W. G., and L. L. Eberhardt. "Status of the Hawaiian monk seal (Monachus schauinslandi) population." Canadian Journal of Zoology 73, no. 6 (June 1, 1995): 1185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z95-141.
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Restoration of the Hawaiian monk seal (Monachus schauinslandi) population to its former abundance poses a number of problems in managing a complex system. Sharp differences in history and current trend exist among the six major pupping sites. A severely unbalanced adult sex ratio has resulted in deaths from "mobbing" of estrus females at two sites. Some unknown factor apparently severely reduced the numbers of females at three of the sites and thus produced the observed excess of males. Sex ratios subsequently decreased, but losses of adult females continue at two sites. A simple model indicates that sex ratios at the two sites where mobbing is a problem would require more than 10 years to approach an equilibrium value. Data on trends from counts are compared with estimates from reproduction and survival rates and agree closely except at one site (Kure Atoll), where introductions of young females have been made.
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Díaz, Sara Straffon, Luca Carisio, Aulo Manino, Paolo Biella, and Marco Porporato. "Nesting, Sex Ratio and Natural Enemies of the Giant Resin Bee in Relation to Native Species in Europe." Insects 12, no. 6 (June 11, 2021): 545. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12060545.
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Megachile sculpturalis (Smith, 1853) is the first exotic bee species in Europe. Its remarkably fast expansion across this continent is leading to a growing concern on the extent of negative impacts to the native fauna. To evaluate the interactions of exotic bees with local wild bees, we set up trap nests for above-ground nesting bees on a semi-urban area of north-western Italy. We aimed to investigate the interaction in artificial traps between the exotic and native wild bees and to assess offspring traits accounting for exotic bee fitness: progeny sex ratio and incidence of natural enemies. We found that the tunnels occupied by exotic bees were already cohabited by O. cornuta, and thus the cells of later nesting alien bees may block the native bee emergence for the next year. The progeny sex ratio of M. sculpturalis was strongly unbalanced toward males, indicating a temporary adverse population trend in the local invaded area. In addition, we documented the presence of three native natural enemies affecting the brood of the exotic bee. Our results bring out new insights on how the M. sculpturalis indirectly competes with native species and on its performance in new locations.
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DUTRILLAUX, Bernard, Dominique PLUOT-SIGWALT, and Anne-Marie DUTRILLAUX. "Unbalanced sex ratio and triploidy in the genus Cyclocephala (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea: Dynastidae) in the Lesser Antilles: An example of parthenogenesis on islands?" European Journal of Entomology 111, no. 3 (July 14, 2014): 313–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.14411/eje.2014.048.
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McGaugh, Suzanne E., Lisa E. Schwanz, Rachel M. Bowden, Julie E. Gonzalez, and Fredric J. Janzen. "Inheritance of nesting behaviour across natural environmental variation in a turtle with temperature-dependent sex determination." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 277, no. 1685 (December 16, 2009): 1219–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2009.1883.
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Nesting behaviour is critical for reproductive success in oviparous organisms with no parental care. In organisms where sex is determined by incubation temperature, nesting behaviour may be a prime target of selection in response to unbalanced sex ratios. To produce an evolutionary change in response to sex-ratio selection, components of nesting behaviour must be heritable. We estimated the field heritability of two key components of nesting behaviour in a population of painted turtles ( Chrysemys picta ) with temperature-dependent sex determination by applying the ‘animal model’ to a pedigree reconstructed from genotype data. We obtained estimates of low to non-detectable heritability using repeated records across all environments. We then determined environment-specific heritability by grouping records with similar temperatures for the winter preceding the nesting season, a variable known to be highly associated with our two traits of interest, nest vegetation cover and Julian date of nesting. The heritability estimates of nest vegetation cover and Julian date of nesting were qualitatively highest and significant, or nearly so, after hot winters. Additive genetic variance for these traits was not detectable after cold winters. Our analysis suggests that the potential for evolutionary change of nesting behaviour may be dependent on the thermal conditions of the preceding winter, a season that is predicted to be especially subject to climate change.
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Legge Jr., Jerome S., and Zhirong Zhao. "Morality Policy and Unintended Consequences: China's "One-Child" Policy." Chinese Public Administration Review 2, no. 3/4 (November 4, 2016): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22140/cpar.v2i3/4.48.
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The ability of government to change human behavior by altering policy has severe limitations. Nowhere are these limitations more evident than in the area of fertility policy and sexual behavior. This paper considers the impacts of China’s restrictive population policy with regard to two dependent variables. First, we attempt to explain the impact of the “one child” policy on population growth. Secondly, we examine the effect of the policy on an unintended consequence: the sex ratio, or the imbalance between males and women in Chinese society. We utilize a time series, cross-sectional (TSCS) research design for 31 Chinese provinces and municipalities for the years 1996-1999. We consider the Chinese experience within the theoretical framework of morality policy and argue that, while China has been remarkably successful in lowering the growth rate of its still escalating population, the policy has had the unanticipated and harmful effect of an increasingly unbalanced sex ratio. While many Chinese have become convinced of the advantages of smaller families, their preference for sons has created a gender imbalance in the marriage market which potentially may have severe consequences for the future of Chinese society. We discuss these implications and argue that given the strong Chinese preference for sons, especially in rural areas of China, the government is now facing a new challenge in its effort to achieve a gender-balanced society.
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Louiz, Ibtissem, Mossadok Ben Attia, and Oum Kalthoum Ben Hassine. "Some aspects of reproductive biology of Gobius paganellus (Gobiidae) on the north-eastern coasts of Tunisia (Bizerta lagoon)." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 93, no. 8 (August 8, 2013): 2235–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315413000982.
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The rock goby, Gobius paganellus one of the most common gobiid fish in Bizerta lagoon (north-east of Tunisia), is a gonochoric species that belongs to the Gobiidae family. This study provides the first detailed information of its reproductive biology in lagoon environments. Gobius paganellus was sampled monthly from January 2005 to December 2006 involving 1486 specimens. Total length distribution ranged between 38 and 125 mm. The maximum recorded total lengths were, respectively, 122 mm and 125 mm for female and male. Over the entire population, the sex-ratio was unbalanced in favour of females. According to months, a predominance of females sex-ratio was recorded during the spawning period while according to body size, males were dominating among larger size-classes. In both sexes, the variation of the gonadosomatic index (GSI) was independent of size. Macroscopic and microscopic examination of the gonads added to the monthly monitoring of gonadosomatic index and hepatosomatic index showed that gonads development begins in October and spawning period extends from December to March. The cyclic pattern of gonads development was determined by histology. Results indicated that G. paganellus exhibits a group-synchronous oocyte development. The sizes of first sexual maturity related to 50% of mature individuals were 78.3 mm (CI95: 77–84 mm) for males and 79 mm (CI95: 75–85 mms) for females. The discussion part underlined the impacts of some environmental factors and antropization of this lagoon on sexual cycle of G. paganellus.
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Widiyastuti, Heri, Andina Ramadhani Putri Pane, Moh Fauzi, and Thomas Hidayat. "The Biological Aspect of Mackerel Scad (Decapterus Macarellus Cuvier, 1833) In Samudera Hindia (West Sumatera Block)." Omni-Akuatika 16, no. 3 (December 30, 2020): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.oa.2020.16.3.851.
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Mackerel scad (Decapterus macarellus) is one of the important economical caught in the Indian Ocean West Sumatra waters captured using purse seine. Increased production of mackerel scad will lead to increased exploitation, causing population changes. Therefore, research was carried out to find out the biological aspects of the fish so that resource management can be done. The sampling was conducted in Lampulo, Sibolga, and Air Bangis from February to November 2016 with total samples of 716 fishes. This research was conduct to study some biological aspects which consist of size distribution, length-weight relationship, sex ratio, gonad maturity level, the length at first capture, and length of the first maturity in Indian ocean west Sumatera waters. The results showed that the size of the mackerel scad had ranged between 16 - 33.6 cm FL and the average was 24.5 cm. Growth patterns are allometric negative, sex ratio male and female in an unbalanced condition. The mackerel scad is most caught by purse seine in maturity condition. The average length at first captured was 25.08 cm FL and length at first mature was 20.47 cm FL. These were an ideal biological condition and must be maintained because it provides an opportunity for fish to increase the population. The mesh size purse must follow the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries Regulation Number 71/2016 that adjusted for minimum at 1 inch. Keywords: Mackerel scad, Indian Ocean, purse seine
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Fauve-Chamoux, Antoinette. "Collecting and analysing marriage and birth data: Women in pre-revolution Rheims, France." Studies in People's History 7, no. 2 (December 2020): 145–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2348448920951519.
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Based on her earlier work on the city of Rheims in Champagne, France—a Family Reconstitution study covering all social scales—the article proposes a new comprehensive classification of reconstructed female life courses from the author’s existing and refreshed nominative database (1668–1802). This fresh scrutiny of digital files will allow series of qualitative and quantitative approaches, making hopefully preindustrial urban women at last visible along their individual life-trajectory. Thanks to rich archival sources, socio-demographic trends are better known, including a general early shift to contraceptive behaviour in pre-1789 Rheims. At the end of the Ancien Régime, there was growing individual female labour migration to this major town of Western Europe. It was attracted by domestic service and the textile sector. The sex ratio became so unbalanced that many women remained single, and only a few widows remarried. Numerous women managed their living without a husband, through the many economic and sanitary crises which characterised the period.
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Moretti, Charlotte, Mélina Blanco, Côme Ialy-Radio, Maria-Elisabetta Serrentino, Clara Gobé, Robin Friedman, Christophe Battail, et al. "Battle of the Sex Chromosomes: Competition between X and Y Chromosome-Encoded Proteins for Partner Interaction and Chromatin Occupancy Drives Multicopy Gene Expression and Evolution in Muroid Rodents." Molecular Biology and Evolution 37, no. 12 (July 13, 2020): 3453–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msaa175.
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Abstract Transmission distorters (TDs) are genetic elements that favor their own transmission to the detriments of others. Slx/Slxl1 (Sycp3-like-X-linked and Slx-like1) and Sly (Sycp3-like-Y-linked) are TDs, which have been coamplified on the X and Y chromosomes of Mus species. They are involved in an intragenomic conflict in which each favors its own transmission, resulting in sex ratio distortion of the progeny when Slx/Slxl1 versus Sly copy number is unbalanced. They are specifically expressed in male postmeiotic gametes (spermatids) and have opposite effects on gene expression: Sly knockdown leads to the upregulation of hundreds of spermatid-expressed genes, whereas Slx/Slxl1-deficiency downregulates them. When both Slx/Slxl1 and Sly are knocked down, sex ratio distortion and gene deregulation are corrected. Slx/Slxl1 and Sly are, therefore, in competition but the molecular mechanism remains unknown. By comparing their chromatin-binding profiles and protein partners, we show that SLX/SLXL1 and SLY proteins compete for interaction with H3K4me3-reader SSTY1 (Spermiogenesis-specific-transcript-on-the-Y1) at the promoter of thousands of genes to drive their expression, and that the opposite effect they have on gene expression is mediated by different abilities to recruit SMRT/N-Cor transcriptional complex. Their target genes are predominantly spermatid-specific multicopy genes encoded by the sex chromosomes and the autosomal Speer/Takusan. Many of them have coamplified with not only Slx/Slxl1/Sly but also Ssty during muroid rodent evolution. Overall, we identify Ssty as a key element of the X versus Y intragenomic conflict, which may have influenced gene content and hybrid sterility beyond Mus lineage since Ssty amplification on the Y predated that of Slx/Slxl1/Sly.
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Reis, Josafá José Do Carmo, Kátia Meirelles Felizola Freire, Leonardo Cruz Da Rosa, Thaíza Maria Rezende Da Rocha Barreto, and Daniel Pauly. "Population dynamics of Atlantic seabob Xiphopenaeus kroyeri (Decapoda: Penaeidae) off the state of Sergipe, north-eastern Brazil." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 99, no. 1 (December 13, 2017): 143–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315417001916.
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The aim of this study was to analyse the population dynamics of Xiphopenaeus kroyeri in Sergipe, Brazil. Four samples were collected monthly from shrimp trawlers based in the municipality of Pirambu from March 2015 to May 2016. Carapace length (CL), total length (TC), live weight (LW), sex and maturity stages were obtained for each specimen. A total of 13,035 individuals were analysed with an overall sex ratio of 1:1. However, this ratio favoured females in larger sizes, which reflects a reproductive strategy, as their larger size allows for larger gonads, higher fertility and production of more eggs. An inflexion point was observed in the relationship between total and carapace length, probably related to reproduction, as this occurred after first maturity. A reproduction peak was observed in August–September, which does not correspond to the closed season. The parameters estimated for a seasonally oscillating version of the von Bertalanffy growth function were CL∞ = 33 mm and K = 1.5 year−1 for females, and CL∞ = 31 mm and K = 1.7 year−1 for males (C = 0.6 and WP = 0.8 for both sexes). These estimates do not support the latitudinal rule in terms of larger sizes in higher latitudes, which may be associated to methodological differences, occurrence of more than one species along the South-western Atlantic coast, sampling bias, exploitation status and unbalanced availability of studies. The instantaneous total mortality rate was high and should be further investigated to allow for the definition of the exploitation status of seabobs in Sergipe.
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Zettler, Marjorie, Bruce A. Feinberg, Jonathan Kish, and Ajeet Gajra. "Gender-based disparities in clinical trials supporting FDA approval of oncology drugs." Journal of Clinical Oncology 38, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2020): 2058. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2020.38.15_suppl.2058.
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2058 Background: Adequate gender representation in clinical trials of new drugs is critical in order to accurately detect possible differences in response and toxicity (Özdemir et al, JCO 2018). The under-representation of women in oncology clinical trials has been previously described, however data on registrational trials, which are the basis for drug approval and inform the prescribing information, is lacking. We conducted an analysis of the trials supporting Food and Drug Administration approval of oncology drugs over a 5-year period to evaluate the representation of women vs. men. Methods: Prescribing information for novel new drugs approved from 2014-2018 was reviewed for the proportions of men and women in the evaluable population of the supporting clinical trials. Sex-specific cancers were excluded. Prevalence estimates for the indications were obtained from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results database and the published literature. A participation to prevalence ratio (PPR) was calculated for each trial by dividing the percentage of women in the trial by the percentage of women in the disease population. A PPR value closer to unity represents even gender distribution and the range 0.8-1.2 is considered to reflect an acceptable representation of women. Data are presented using descriptive statistics. Results: A total of 46 oncology drugs were approved based on 56 trials enrolling 13,862 patients (7941 [57%] men; 5,921 [43%] women). Of the 56 trials, 38 (68%) had a PPR within the 0.8-1.2 range, 15 (27%) fell between 0.4-0.7, and 3 (5%) had a PPR of 1.3. The proportion of trials with unbalanced gender representation was comparable for hematological malignancy and solid tumor indications and did not improve over time. Fewer unbalanced trials were Phase III or employed a randomized design. Nine of the 18 (50%) unbalanced trials enrolled <100 subjects, compared to 3 of the 38 (8%) balanced trials. Conclusions: A third of registrational trials for oncology drugs lacked balanced gender distribution. Of the trials lacking balance, the vast majority (80%) had under-representation of women. Phase I-II trials and smaller trials had greater gender disparity, a concerning finding in a precision medicine environment where an increasing number of registration trials have double digit accrual. Further research is needed to understand the implications of unbalanced gender accrual in registrational trials, and to develop strategies for preventing disparities.
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Montalvo, Ryan N., Vivian Doerr, Branden L. Nguyen, Rachel C. Kelley, and Ashley J. Smuder. "Consideration of Sex as a Biological Variable in the Development of Doxorubicin Myotoxicity and the Efficacy of Exercise as a Therapeutic Intervention." Antioxidants 10, no. 3 (February 25, 2021): 343. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10030343.
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Doxorubicin (DOX) is an anthracycline antibiotic used to treat a wide variety of hematological and solid tumor cancers. While DOX is highly effective at reducing tumor burden, its clinical use is limited by the development of adverse effects to both cardiac and skeletal muscle. The detrimental effects of DOX to muscle tissue are associated with the increased incidence of heart failure, dyspnea, exercise intolerance, and reduced quality of life, which have been reported in both patients actively receiving chemotherapy and cancer survivors. A variety of factors elevate the probability of DOX-related morbidity in patients; however, the role of sex as a biological variable to calculate patient risk remains unclear. Uncertainty regarding sexual dimorphism in the presentation of DOX myotoxicity stems from inadequate study design to address this issue. Currently, the majority of clinical data on DOX myotoxicity come from studies where the ratio of males to females is unbalanced, one sex is omitted, and/or the patient cohort include a broad age range. Furthermore, lack of consensus on standard outcome measures, difficulties in long-term evaluation of patient outcomes, and other confounding factors (i.e., cancer type, drug combinations, adjuvant therapies, etc.) preclude a definitive answer as to whether differences exist in the incidence of DOX myotoxicity between sexes. This review summarizes the current clinical and preclinical literature relevant to sex differences in the incidence and severity of DOX myotoxicity, the proposed mechanisms for DOX sexual dimorphism, and the potential for exercise training to serve as an effective therapeutic countermeasure to preserve muscle strength and function in males and females.
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ABDALLAH, C., M. GHORBEL, and O. JARBOUI. "Reproductive biology of the Golden grey mullet Liza aurata, in the Gulf of Gabes (central Mediterranean, Tunisia) in the Gulf of Gabes (central Mediterranean, Tunisia)." Mediterranean Marine Science 14, no. 2 (June 19, 2013): 409. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mms.367.
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In spite of its high commercial value, very few information are available on the biological feature of the Golden grey mullet in Tunisian waters (central Mediterranean). These data would be of great help in identifying the current stock state. In this study, Gonado Somatic Index (GSI), Hepato Somatic Index (HSI), condition factor (K), Length at first sexual maturity TL50 was calculated and the fecundity was estimated using the volumetric method. The Gonado Somatic Index (GSI) indicated that the spawning season of the Golden grey mullet extends from October to December. The monthly variation of Hepato-Somatic Index (HSI) indicates that L. aurata saves lipid reserves in liver. The species is sexually mature at 23.73, 23.84 and 23.79 cm TL respectively for female, male and combined sexes. In the present study the sex-ratio was unbalanced, with females dominating among large size individuals (TL > 24 cm). Absolute fecundity with a mean value of 286564 varied from a minimum of 210400 eggs for age 4 and a maximum of 533600 for age 7+.
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Araújo, Francisco G., Aparecida A. Nascimento, Iracema D. Gomes, Armando Sales, and Beatriz A. Chagas de Oliveira. "Gonadal development and reproductive period of the characin Astyanax aff. bimaculatus (Characiformes: Characidae) in a tropical reservoir in southeastern Brazil." Zoologia 36 (October 30, 2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.36.e30610.
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The gonadal development of the characin Astyanax aff. bimaculatus from Funil Reservoir, an impoundment in the middle reaches of the Paraiba do Sul River in southeastern Brazil was analysed through histological, histochemical and histometric techniques, and the spawning season was determined. Unbalanced sex ratio was found, with females outnumbering and reaching larger sizes than males. The following stages of oogenic cell development were identified for females: primary growth, pre-vitellogenic (cortical alveolar) and vitellogenic. In males, the following stages were determined: spermatogonia primary and secondary, spermatocyte primary and secondary, spermatid and spermatozoa. The spawning occurs most of the year, peaking in January-February, as indicated by the gonadosomatic index. In the peak of the spawning period, the condition factor and hepatosomatic indices decreased suggesting use of stored body energy reserves during the reproduction. Spawning in batches, small-sized oocytes and a long reproductive season suggest that Astyanax aff. bimaculatus fits to an opportunist strategy. Such strategy may facilitate the use of a wide range of lentic and lotic body waters in the Neotropical region.
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Chodrijah, Umi, and Ria Faizah. "BEBERAPA ASPEK BIOLOGI UDANG WINDU (Penaeus monodon (Fabricus, 1789) DI PERAIRAN TARAKAN, KALIMANTAN UTARA." BAWAL Widya Riset Perikanan Tangkap 10, no. 1 (April 4, 2018): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/bawal.10.1.2018.49-55.
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Udang windu merupakan salah satu komoditas ekonomis di Indonesia dan sudah dimanfaatkan serta dikembangkan cukup lama di perairan Tarakan sehingga perlu upaya pengelolaan dengan salah satu dasar kajian biologinya. Penelitian ini membahas beberapa aspek biologi udang windu, meliputi hubungan panjang-berat, nisbah kelamin, kematangan kelamin, serta ukuran rata-rata tertangkap dan matang kelamin. Penelitian dilakukan pada selama bulan Januari-November 2016. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan, dari 2208 ekor contoh udang windu yang dianalisa, ukuran yang tertangkap berkisar antara 21,9-63 mmCL serta hubungan panjang-bobot menyatakan pola pertumbuhan isometrik. Musim pemijahan diduga terjadi sepanjang tahun dengan puncak pemijahan pada bulan Maret-April dan September. Nisbah kelamin udang berada dalam kondisi tidak seimbang dan didominasi oleh betina. Rata-rata ukuran pertama kali tertangkap (Lc) adalah pada panjang karapas 40,69 mmCL serta rata-rata ukuran matang gonad (Lm) udang betina adalah 33,58 mmCL. Tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon, Fabricus, 1789) was one of economic commodity of shrimp in Indonesia and had been exploited and developed for long time so that necessary management measure based on biology study. The aim of the research was to study of biology aspects of tiger shrimp such as length-weigth relationship, sex ratio, maturity stage and length of first capture (Lc) and length of first maturity (Lm). The research were carried out from January to November 2016 using survey method and the enumeration programme. The result of 2.208 sample of tiger shrimp analyzed showed that size of tiger shrimp between 21.9-63 mmCL with the growth follows a isometric trend. Spawning season occurs throughout the year with peak season in March-April and September. Sex ratio was in an unbalanced condition dominated by females. The length of first capture (Lc) was 40.69 mmCL and length of first maturity (Lm) was 33.58 mmCL.
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Carbognani, M., A. Piotti, S. Leonardi, L. Pasini, I. Spanu, G. G. Vendramin, M. Tomaselli, and A. Petraglia. "Reproductive and genetic consequences of extreme isolation in Salix herbacea L. at the rear edge of its distribution." Annals of Botany 124, no. 5 (July 31, 2019): 849–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcz129.
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Abstract Background and Aims At the rear edge of the distribution of species, extreme isolation and small population size influence the genetic diversity and differentiation of plant populations. This may be particularly true for Arctic-alpine species in mid-latitude mountains, but exactly how peripherality has shaped their genetic and reproductive characteristics is poorly investigated. The present study, focused on Salix herbacea, aims at providing new insights into the causes behind ongoing demographic dynamics and their consequences for peripheral populations of Arctic-alpine species. Methods We performed a whole-population, highly detailed sampling of the only two S. herbacea populations in the northern Apennines, comparing their clonal and genetic diversity, sex ratio and spatial genetic structure with a reference population from the Alps. After inspecting ~1800 grid intersections in the three populations, 563 ramets were genotyped at 11 nuclear microsatellite markers (nSSRs). Past demography and mating patterns of Apennine populations were investigated to elucidate the possible causes of altered reproductive dynamics. Key Results Apennine populations, which experienced a Holocene bottleneck and are highly differentiated (FST = 0.15), had lower clonal and genetic diversity compared with the alpine population (RMLG = 1 and HE = 0.71), with the smaller population exhibiting the lowest diversity (RMLG = 0.03 and HE = 0.24). An unbalanced sex ratio was found in the larger (63 F:37 M) and the smaller (99 F:1 M) Apennine population. Both were characterized by the presence of extremely large clones (up to 2500 m2), which, however, did not play a dominant role in local reproductive dynamics. Conclusions Under conditions of extreme isolation and progressive size reduction, S. herbacea has experienced an alteration of genetic characteristics produced by the prevalence of clonal growth over sexual reproduction. However, our results showed that the larger Apennine population has maintained levels of sexual reproduction enough to counteract a dramatic loss of genetic and clonal diversity.
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Davis, Johnathan G., Kaycee Cash, Brittany Henry, and Sydnee Weaver. "Associated habitat and population characteristics of the Hiwassee headwater crayfish, Cambarus parrishi, in north Georgia." Freshwater Crayfish 21, no. 1 (December 31, 2015): 83–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5869/fc.2015.v21-1.83.
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Abstract Cambarus parrishi is a rare, stream-dwelling crayfish endemic to the upper Hiwassee River watershed in northeastern Georgia and western North Carolina. A two year survey of C. parrishi at 22 sites across 4 streams was conducted to identify microhabitat associations and population characteristics, and represents the most comprehensive study of this species within Georgia. Field sampling expanded the range of C. parrishi to four separate streams in Georgia and resulted in the capture of 141 individuals. Generalized linear modeling of C. parrishi density demonstrated strong associations near stream banks with rough substrates composed of abundant cobbles and small boulders. Cambarus parrishi were reproductively active from September through October and reached sexual maturity earlier than indicated by historical data. Five possible age classes were defined with an unbalanced 1.7:1 (females:males) sex ratio. Cambarus parrishi exists mostly on federally-managed lands at high elevations. However, development activities that introduce fine substrates and eliminate heterogeneous habitats preferred by most stream-dwelling crayfishes could threaten this species. Although this study increased knowledge of the range of C. parrishi, additional data on population, habitat use, life history, and occurrences in other tributaries within the watershed are still needed.
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Mellon-Duval, Capucine, Mireille Harmelin-Vivien, Luisa Métral, Véronique Loizeau, Serge Mortreux, David Roos, and Jean Marc Fromentin. "Trophic ecology of the European hake in the Gulf of Lions, northwestern Mediterranean Sea." Scientia Marina 81, no. 1 (March 27, 2017): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/scimar.04356.01a.
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The European hake, Merluccius merluccius, is an important resource for Mediterranean fisheries. This study focuses on juvenile and adult hake feeding ecology in the Gulf of Lions, using information from scientific surveys carried out during two seasons and three years (2004-2006). Stomach content and stable isotope (δ15N, δ13C) analyses were performed, and the main factors explaining variations in δ15N were investigated using GLMs. In the Gulf of Lions, hake mostly fed on crustaceans and fish and a dominant piscivorous regime was reached at 15 cm total length. Pelagic fish (sardine, anchovy and small blue whiting) were the main source of prey (40%-80%) and cannibalism was low (< 5%). The results confirmed that hake is an opportunistic feeder and also showed that the size and diversity of prey vary among hake size classes, probably as a result of the different spatial distribution and/or foraging migrations. The present study finally postulates that the unbalanced sex ratio (80% female against 20% male) observed at the adult stage could be related to the combination of growth pattern differences, diet and exploitation rate on the continental shelf, where the males spend a longer period of time.
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ELHASNI, K., P. VASCONCELOS, M. GHORBEL, and O. JARBOUI. "Reproductive cycle of Bolinus brandaris (Gastropoda: Muricidae) in the Gulf of Gabès (southern Tunisia)." Mediterranean Marine Science 14, no. 1 (February 20, 2013): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mms.325.
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The reproductive cycle of the purple dye murex (Bolinus brandaris) from the Gulf of Gabès was studied through gonad histology and calculation of bio-physiological indices (general condition index - K and gonadosomatic index - GSI). The shell length at first sexual maturity (SL50) of B. brandaris was also investigated using a macroscopic maturation scale. The population sex ratio was statistically unbalanced (M:F = 1:1.5), with a significant dominance of females. Monthly variation in gonad maturation stages, K and GSI revealed that B. brandaris has an annual reproductive cycle, long period of gonadal activity and slight asynchrony between sexes. The spawning season extended between April and July, with a clear spawning peak from May to June. The SL50 was reached at 56.4 mm in females and 54.6 mm in males. At present, B. brandaris has no commercial value in Tunisia, but it is predictable that it will become a fishery-exploited species in the near future. The present data, particularly the timing of spawning season and the size at first sexual maturity, constitute baseline information for the proposal of fishery management measures, aiming to ensure sustainable exploitation and long-term preservation of this alternative fishing resource.
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Suraud, J. P., J. Fennessy, E. Bonnaud, A. M. Issa, H. Fritz, and J. M. Gaillard. "Higher than expected growth rate of the Endangered West African giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis peralta: a successful human–wildlife cohabitation." Oryx 46, no. 4 (October 2012): 577–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605311000639.
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AbstractThe West African giraffe is a genetically unique population represented only by the subspecies Giraffa camelopardalis peralta, categorized as Endangered on the IUCN Red List. These giraffes live outside protected areas, without natural predators and share their habitat with local people and their livestock. This study provides demographic data on this poorly studied megaherbivore and documents its recovery. We analysed the results of photo-identification censuses from 1996 to 1999 (count data) and from 2005 to 2008 (count and demographic data). From 1996 to 1999 the annual growth rate was c. 19% because of an unbalanced population structure after a period of severe poaching. From 2005 to 2008 an annual growth rate of c. 12–13% was estimated from both count data and demographic parameters. This value fits with the maximum growth rate calculated for a browser species based on the allometric relationship linking growth rate and body mass. During the period 2005–2008 adult and subadult females had a constant survival rate of 0.94 and a constant recapture rate of 0.97. Annual calf survival rate was 1. Observed sex ratio at birth was 0.57 and mean reproductive success was 0.257. Generation time was estimated to be 9.66 years. This spectacular population growth was mostly attributed to the absence of predators and the ongoing monitoring to limit illegal hunting.
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Huang, Yanzhong, and Dali L. Yang. "China's Unbalanced Sex Ratios: Politics and Policy Response." Chinese Historical Review 13, no. 1 (March 2006): 10–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1547402x.2006.11827229.
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Carballo, Arkaitz, Trevor Williams, Rosa Murillo, and Primitivo Caballero. "Iflavirus Covert Infection Increases Susceptibility to Nucleopolyhedrovirus Disease in Spodoptera exigua." Viruses 12, no. 5 (May 5, 2020): 509. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12050509.
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Naturally occurring covert infections in lepidopteran populations can involve multiple viruses with potentially different transmission strategies. In this study, we characterized covert infection by two RNA viruses, Spodoptera exigua iflavirus 1 (SeIV-1) and Spodoptera exigua iflavirus 2 (SeIV-2) (family Iflaviridae) that naturally infect populations of Spodoptera exigua, and examined their influence on susceptibility to patent disease by the nucleopolyhedrovirus Spodoptera exigua multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (SeMNPV) (family Baculoviridae). The abundance of SeIV-1 genomes increased up to ten-thousand-fold across insect developmental stages after surface contamination of host eggs with a mixture of SeIV-1 and SeIV-2 particles, whereas the abundance of SeIV-2 remained constant across all developmental stages. Low levels of SeIV-2 infection were detected in all groups of insects, including those that hatched from surface-decontaminated egg masses. SeIV-1 infection resulted in reduced larval weight gain, and an unbalanced sex ratio, whereas larval developmental time, pupal weight, and adult emergence and fecundity were not significantly affected in infected adults. The inoculation of S. exigua egg masses with iflavirus, followed by a subsequent infection with SeMNPV, resulted in an additive effect on larval mortality. The 50% lethal concentration (LC50) of SeMNPV was reduced nearly 4-fold and the mean time to death was faster by 12 h in iflavirus-treated insects. These results suggest that inapparent iflavirus infections may be able to modulate the host response to a new pathogen, a finding that has particular relevance to the use of SeMNPV as the basis for biological pest control products.
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Giuffrida, Gaetano, Maria Rocca Cingari, Nunziatina Parrinello, Alessandra Romano, Anna Triolo, Magda Franceschino, and Francesco Di Raimondo. "Bone Turnover Markers In Gaucher Disease Patients." Blood 116, no. 21 (November 19, 2010): 3780. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v116.21.3780.3780.
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Abstract Abstract 3780 Background: Gaucher Disease (GD) is an autosomal recessive hereditary disorder of glycosphingolipid metabolism, characterized by accumulation of glucosylceramide in cells of the reticulo-endothelial system, due to the deficient activity of the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase. Bone manifestations are frequent in GD; nevertheless the pathophysiology of skeletal involvement is still not well understood. Aim: to investigate the role of the bone turnover biochemical markers in GD. In particular we evaluated markers involved in bone formation: Osteoprotegerin (OPG), carboxyterminal propeptide of type I procollagen (PICP), osteocalcin (OST) and in bone resorption: receptor activator of nuclear factor (NF)-kb ligand (RANKL), tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP5b). Methods: Bone turnover biochemical markers were evaluated on sera obtained from 5 GD patients and 5 healthy subjects matched for age and sex, by Elisa commercial available kits according to the manufacturers‘ instructions. Results: In GD patients we observed an increase of RANKL and a significant reduction of OPG, with a consequent significantly lower OPG/RANKL ratio. Despite of higher levels of TRAP5b and lowest levels of PICP in GD compared to healthy subjects the differences did not achieve statistical significance, likely due to the small number of subjects involved in the study. No differences we observed in serum levels of OST compared with controls. Data (means ± DS) are reported in Table 1. Conclusions: Our data confirm the presence of unbalanced bone turnover in GD patients, characterized by an altered modulation of the OPG/RANKL system (due mainly to reduced expression of OPG, besides increased production of RANKL), an increased resorption phase (TRAP5b) and a decreased neoformation phase (PICP), all of them contributing to skeletal alterations characteristics of these patients. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Pratama, Candrika, Retno Hartati, and Sri Redjeki. "Biologi Ikan Kembung Rastrelliger spp, (Actinopterygii : Scombridae) : Ditinjau dari aspek Panjang Berat dan Indeks Kematangan Gonad Di Perairan Semarang." Journal of Marine Research 8, no. 2 (May 1, 2019): 189–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jmr.v8i2.25102.
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Ikan kembung (Rastrelliger spp) merupakan salah satu ikan pelagis yang hidup di perairan bersalinitas tinggi dan suka hidup bergerombol. Semakin meningkatnya permintaan akan ikan membuat semakin tinggi penangkapan ikan yang dilakukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui tingkat kematangan gonad ikan kembung (Rastrelliger spp) dan mengetahui hubungan antara panjang dengan berat, hubungan antara berat dengan fekunditas, dan hubungan antara berat gonad dengan IKG (Indeks Kematangan Gonad) dari ikan kembung (Rastrelliger spp).Sebanyak 80 ekor Ikan Kembung yang didapatkan dari pasar kobong diukur panjang total dan ditimbang beratnya. Kemudian dilakukan pembedahan untuk diamati jenis kelamin dan tingkat kematangan gonadnya. Penelitian ini meliputi: Indeks Kematangan Gonad, Tingkat Kematangan Gonad, fekunditas dan rasio kelamin. Pengamatan tingkat kematangan gonad dilakukan untuk menentukan indeks kematangan gonad (IKG). Tingkat kematangan gonad ikan kembung (Rastrelliger spp) terdiri dari TKG I sampai TKG V. Nilai IKG yang didapatkan untuk ikan jantan berkisar 0,14-6,42% dan betina berkisar 0,64-7,25%, hal tersebut menunjukkan bahwa nilai tersebut bervariasi antara ikan jantan dan betina. Hasil penelitian dengan 80 sampel ikan kembung menunjukkan rasio kelaminnya tidak seimbang yaitu 42,5:57,5 dimana angka jantan lebih tinggi. Pertambahan ukuran panjang memberikan pengaruh yang nyata terhadap fekunditas, pertambahan ukuran panjang ikan kembung betina memberikan pengaruh yang nyata terhadap berat, pertambahan ukuran panjang ikan kembung jantan memberikan pengaruh yang nyata terhadap berat. Sedangkan berat ikan betina tidak memberikan pengaruh yang nyata terhadap IKG dan berat ikan jantan memberikan pengaruh yang nyata terhadap IKG Rastrelliger spp is one of the pelagic fish that live in high salinity and like to live in groups. The increasing demand for this fish, makes the catching activity of this fish grow higher. The aim of the research is to know the Gonad Maturation Stage (GMS) of Rastrelliger spp to know the relationship between length and weight, the relationship between weight with fecundity, and relationship between gonad weight and Gonad Maturation Index from Rastrelliger spp. 80 samples of Rastrelliger spp that were obtained from the market were measured, the measurement included were length and weight. And then a surgery was performed to examine their sex and their Gonad Maturation Stage. In the end to obtain the results of its fecundity, its gonad were taken and the weight was measured. GMI. Gonad maturation stage of Rastrelliger spp fish was I-V. the range of GMI for male fish was 0,14-6,42% and female 0,64-7,25%. That were indicated a various values of GMI male and female fishes. The result of research with 80 samples of Rastrelliger spp showed unbalanced sex ratio 42,5: 57,5 where male number was higher. The addition of length measure gave a real effect to fecundity, the increase of length of female gave a significant effect on the weight, the increase of length of male gives a real effect on the weight. While the weight of female fish did not give a real effect on GMI and the weight of male fish gives a real effect on GMI
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de Medeiros, Sebastião Freitas, Raymond Joseph Rodgers, and Robert John Norman. "Adipocyte and steroidogenic cell cross-talk in polycystic ovary syndrome." Human Reproduction Update 27, no. 4 (March 25, 2021): 771–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dmab004.
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Abstract BACKGROUND Metabolic and endocrine alterations in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) affect adipose tissue mass and distribution. PCOS is characterised by hyperandrogenism, obesity and adipocyte dysfunction. Hyperandrogenism in PCOS drives dysfunctional adipocyte secretion of potentially harmful adipocytokines. Glucocorticoids and sex-steroids modulate adipocyte development and function. For their part, adipocyte products interact with adrenal and ovarian steroidogenic cells. Currently, the relationship between adipocyte and steroidogenic cells is not clear, and for these reasons, it is important to elucidate the interrelationship between these cells in women with and without PCOS. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE This comprehensive review aims to assess current knowledge regarding the interrelationship between adipocytes and adrenal and ovarian steroidogenic cells in animal models and humans with or without PCOS. SEARCH METHODS We searched for articles published in English and Portuguese in PubMed. Keywords were as follows: polycystic ovary syndrome, steroidogenesis, adrenal glands, theca cells, granulosa cells, adipocytes, adipocytokines, obesity, enzyme activation, and cytochrome P450 enzymes. We expanded the search into the references from the retrieved articles. OUTCOMES Glucocorticoids and sex-steroids modulate adipocyte differentiation and function. Dysfunctional adipocyte products play important roles in the metabolic and endocrine pathways in animals and women with PCOS. Most adipokines participate in the regulation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal and ovarian axes. In animal models of PCOS, hyperinsulinemia and poor fertility are common; various adipokines modulate ovarian steroidogenesis, depending on the species. Women with PCOS secrete unbalanced levels of adipocyte products, characterised by higher levels of leptin and lower levels of adiponectin. Leptin expression positively correlates with body mass index, waist/hip ratio and levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, luteinising hormone, oestradiol and androgens. Leptin inhibits the production of oestradiol and, in granulosa cells, may modulate 17-hydroxylase and aromatase enzyme activities. Adiponectin levels negatively correlate with fat mass, body mass index, waist–hip ratio, glucose, insulin and triglycerides, and decrease androgen production by altering expression of luteinising hormone receptor, steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, cholesterol-side-chain cleavage enzyme and 17-hydroxylase. Resistin expression positively correlates with body mass index and testosterone, and promotes the expression of 17-hydroxylase enzyme in theca cells. The potential benefits of adipokines in the treatment of women with PCOS require more investigation. WIDER IMPLICATIONS The current data regarding the relationship between adipocyte products and steroidogenic cells are conflicting in animals and humans. Polycystic ovary syndrome is an excellent model to investigate the interrelationship among adipocyte and steroidogenic cells. Women with PCOS manifest some pathological conditions associated with hyperandrogenism and adipocyte products. In animals, cross-talk between cells may vary according to species, and the current review suggests opportunities to test new medications to prevent or even reverse several harmful sequelae of PCOS in humans. Further studies are required to investigate the possible therapeutic application of adipokines in women with obese and non-obese PCOS. Meanwhile, when appropriate, metformin use alone, or associated with flutamide, may be considered for therapeutic purposes.
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Palmieri-Smith, Riann M., Scott G. McLean, James A. Ashton-Miller, and Edward M. Wojtys. "Association of Quadriceps and Hamstrings Cocontraction Patterns With Knee Joint Loading." Journal of Athletic Training 44, no. 3 (May 1, 2009): 256–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-44.3.256.
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Abstract Context: Sex differences in neuromuscular control of the lower extremity have been identified as a potential cause for the greater incidence of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries in female athletes compared with male athletes. Women tend to land in greater knee valgus with higher abduction loads than men. Because knee abduction loads increase ACL strain, the inability to minimize these loads may lead to ACL failure. Objective: To investigate the activation patterns of the quadriceps and hamstrings muscles with respect to the peak knee abduction moment. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Neuromuscular research laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Twenty-one recreationally active adults (11 women, 10 men). Main Outcome Measure(s): Volunteers performed 3 trials of a 100-cm forward hop. During the hop task, we recorded surface electromyographic data from the medial and lateral hamstrings and quadriceps and recorded lower extremity kinematics and kinetics. Lateral and medial quadriceps-to-hamstrings (Q∶H) cocontraction indices, the ratio of medial-to-lateral Q∶H cocontraction, normalized root mean square electromyographic data for medial and lateral quadriceps and hamstrings, and peak knee abduction moment were calculated and used in data analyses. Results: Overall cocontraction was lower in women than in men, whereas activation was lower in the medial than in the lateral musculature in both sexes (P < .05). The medial Q∶H cocontraction index (R2 = 0.792) accounted for a significant portion of the variance in the peak knee abduction moment in women (P = .001). Women demonstrated less activation in the vastus medialis than in the vastus lateralis (P = .49) and less activation in the medial hamstrings than in the lateral hamstrings (P = .01). Conclusions: Medial-to-lateral Q∶H cocontraction appears to be unbalanced in women, which may limit their ability to resist abduction loads. Because higher abduction loads increase strain on the ACL, restoring medial-to-lateral Q∶H cocontraction balance in women may help reduce ACL injury risk.
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Chodrijah, Umi, Agus Arifin Sentosa, and Prihatiningsih Prihatiningsih. "PARAMETER PERTUMBUHAN HIU MACAN (Galeocerdo cuvier Peron & Lesuer, 1822) DI PERAIRAN SELATAN NUSA TENGGARA BARAT." Jurnal Penelitian Perikanan Indonesia 24, no. 4 (March 15, 2019): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/jppi.24.4.2018.253-261.
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Hiu macan (Galeocerdo cuvier Peron & Lesuer, 1822) merupakan predator puncak yang ditandai dengan sebaran yang luas dan ukurannya lebih besar. Spesies hiu ini masuk dalam famili Carcharhinidae yang banyak tertangkap di perairan Samudera Hindia. Status konservasi jenis ini masuk dalam Daftar merah IUCN dan hampir terancam (NT) serta informasi tentang biologi khususnya parameter pertumbuhan spesies ini masih sangat terbatas.Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mendapatkan informasi parameter pertumbuhan hiu macan di perairan Samudera Hindia bagian Selatan Nusa Tenggara Barat. Penelitian dilakukan di tempat pendaratan ikan Tanjung Luar, Lombok Timur pada bulan Januari sampai dengan Desember 2016. Pengamatan meliputi panjang total tubuh dan jenis kelamin yang dilakukan dengan pengukuran dan pengamatan langsung secara visual di lapangan. Hasil penelitian terhadap 808 ekor ikan contoh menunjukkan bahwa kisaran panjang total untuk hiu macan (Galeocerdo cuvier) terdistribusi pada ukuran antara 116 - 400 cmTL dengan panjang rata-rata 242,8 cm TL serta modus pada ukuran 240 cmTL. Perbandingan kelamin ikan hiu macan jantan dan betina dalam keadaan tidak seimbang, dengan jumlah jantan lebih besar. Estimasi panjang asimtotik (L∞) sebesar 420 cmTL dengan laju pertumbuhan (K) 0,260/tahun, laju kematian total (Z) 1,10/tahun, laju kematian alamiah (M) 0,35/tahun serta laju kematian akibat penangkapan (F) 0,75/tahun. Estimasi laju eksploitasi sudah mengarah kepada penangkapan yang berlebih (E = 0,68) oleh karena itu perlu dilakukan tindakan pengelolaan agar pemanfaatannya tetap lestari.Tiger sharks (Galeocerdo cuvier Peron & Lesuer, 1822) were widely held in the depths of the Indian Ocean. Its conservation status was on the IUCN Red List and was near threatened (NT). The purpose of this study was to obtain the parameters of growth in the South off West Nusa Tenggara waters. The study was conducted at Tanjung Luar landing site, East Lombok in January until December 2016. The observation included total length and sex with visual measurement and observation in the field. The results of the study showed the number of 808 individues that the total length range for tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier) caught in Indian Ocean waters landed on Tanjung Luar was distributed on a size between 116-400 cmTL with an average length of 242.8 cmTL and a mode at 240 cmTL. The sex ratio of male and female tiger sharks was in an unbalanced state, with larger females. Estimation of asymptotic length (L∞) of 420 cmTL with growth rate (K) 0.260 / year, total mortality rate (Z) 1.10 / year, natural mortality rate (M) 0.35 / year and mortality rate due to arrest (F) 0.75 / year. Estimation of the rate of exploitation has led to overfishing (E = 0.68) therefore it was necessary to take regulatory and management measures to ensure sustainable utilization.
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Lindawati, Lindawati, Achmad Fahrudin, and Mennofatria Boer. "KARAKETRISTIK PERTUMBUHAN DAN BIOLOGI REPRODUKSI IKAN KUNIRAN (Upeneus sulphureus, Cuvier 1829) DI PERAIRAN SELAT SUNDA." Jurnal Biologi Tropis 19, no. 2 (October 2, 2019): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jbt.v19i2.1293.
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Abstrak : Ikan kuniran termasuk jenis ikan demersal yang memiliki nilai ekonomis. Tingginya permintaan terhadap ikan kuniran akan menyebabkan intensitas penangkapan terhadap ikan tersebut semakin meningkat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis aspek pertumbuhan dan biologi reproduksi ikan kuniran. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan di Pelabuhan Perikanan Pantai (PPP) Labuan, Banten dan dilakukan pada bulan Mei-Oktober 2018. Metode pengumpulan sampel dilakukan melalui pendekatan penarikan contoh acak sederhana. Total ikan contoh yang diperoleh selama penelitian berjumlah 620 ekor yang terdiri dari 297 ekor ikan jantan dan 323 ekor ikan betina. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pola pertumbuhan ikan kuniran bersifat allometrik negatif dengan nilai b sebesar 2,9109 dan panjang berkisar antara 71-188 mm. Hasil analisis nisbah kelamin menunjukkan bahwa ikan jantan dan betina dalam kondisi yang tidak seimbang (dengan nilai perbandingan 1:1,09) atau didominasi ikan betina. Musim pemijahan diduga terjadi selama periode pengamatan dengan puncak pemijahan terjadi pada bulan Juli dan Oktober. Tipe pemijahan ikan kuniran adalah total spawner. Ikan kuniran diduga pertama kali matang gonad pada ukuran panjang 130,35 mm untuk ikan jantan dan 138,69 mm untuk ikan betina. Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan dapat menjadi salah satu pertimbangan untuk merumuskan pengelolaan sumber daya ikan kuniran yang tepat dan berkelanjutan.Kata Kunci : Ikan Kuniran (Upeneus sulphureus), Pertumbuhan, Reproduksi, Selat Sunda Abstract : Sulphur goatfish is considered a demersal fish with economic value. The high demand for sulphur goatfish will increase the fishing intensity for this fish. This study aims to analyze growth and reproductive biology aspects of sulphur goatfish. Sampling was carried out at the Coastal Fishing Port (PPP) at Labuan, Banten in May-October 2018. Sample collection was done through a simple random sampling approach. Total fish samples collected during the study are 620, consisted of 297 males and 323 females. Results showed that the growth patterns of sulphur goatfish were negative allometric with b value of 2,9109 and lengths ranging from 71-188 mm. Sex ratio analysis showed that male and female were in an unbalanced condition (with a ratio of 1: 1.09), dominated by female fish. The spawning season is suspected to occur during the observation period with spawning peaks occurring in July and October. The spawning type of sulphur goatfish is total spawner. Sulphur goatfish was suspected to reach first gonads maturity at a length of 130.35 mm for male fish and 138.69 mm for female fish. The results of this study could be considered to formulate appropriate and sustainable management of sulphur goatfish resources.Keywords : Sulphur Goatfish (Upeneus sulphureus), Growth, Reproduction, Sunda Strait
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Pane, Andina Ramadhani Putri, and Reza Alnanda. "DINAMIKA POPULASI DAN TINGKAT PEMANFAATAN KEPITING MERAH (Scylla olivacea) DI PERAIRAN MERAUKE DAN SEKITARNYA, PAPUA." Jurnal Penelitian Perikanan Indonesia 25, no. 1 (March 5, 2019): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/jppi.25.1.2019.55-65.
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Penangkapan kepiting merah (Scylla olivacea) di Merauke berlangsung sangat intensif dan dikuatirkan akan mengancam kelestariannya. Untuk itu perlu pengelolaan yang didasarkan hasil kajian ilmiah. Dinamika populasi dan tingkat pemanfaatan merupakan informasi komponen penting dalam pengelolan perikanan secara efektif. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui dinamika populasi dan tingkat pemanfaatan kepiting merah di Merauke dan sekitarnya. Penelitian dilakukan selama 2 (dua) tahun yaitu Februari hingga Desember 2017 dan Maret hingga Desember 2018 dengan metode survey. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan struktur ukuran kepiting merah diatas 99 % berukuran dibawah 145 mm dan ukuran pertama kali tertangkap (CWc) adalah 110.52 mm (2017) dan 112,5 mm (2018). Pola pertumbuhan kepiting merah bersifat allometrik negatif dengan nisbah kelamin tidak seimbang antara jantan dan betina. Laju pertumbuhan (K) adalah 0,6 per tahun dengan tingkat kematian alamiah (M) lebih kecil daripada kematian karena penangkapan (F). Tingkat pemanfaatan (E) 0,68 menjadi indikasi telah terjadi overfishing dari nilai optimum penangkapan kepiting. Upaya pelestarian sumberdaya kepiting dapat dilakukan dengan mengurangi upaya penangkapan sebesar 36 % dari yang sudah dilakukan saat ini.The capture of red mud crabs (Scylla olivacea) in Merauke is very intensive and threat its sustainability. For this reason, management needs to be based on the results of scientific studies. Population dynamics and exploitation rates are information about important components in fisheries management effectively. The purpose of this study was to determine population dynamics and exploitation of red mud crabs in Merauke and its adjancent. The study was conducted for 2 (two) years, February to December 2017 and March to December 2018 with the survey method. The results showed that the structure of the size of red mud crabs above 99% was under 145 mm and the first size caught (CWc) was 110.52 mm (2017) and 112.5 mm (2018). The growth pattern of red mud crabs is allometric negatif with an unbalanced sex ratio between male and female. The growth rate (K) is 0.6 per year with a natural death rate (M) smaller than death due to arrest (F). The utilization rate (E) of 0.68 indicates an overfishing of the optimum value of crab capture. Efforts to preserve crab resources can be done by reducing fishing efforts by 36% from what has been done today.
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Cappellari, Manuel, Giovanni Pracucci, Stefano Forlivesi, Valentina Saia, Sergio Nappini, Patrizia Nencini, Domenico Inzitari, et al. "General Anesthesia Versus Conscious Sedation and Local Anesthesia During Thrombectomy for Acute Ischemic Stroke." Stroke 51, no. 7 (July 2020): 2036–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/strokeaha.120.028963.
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Background and Purpose: As numerous questions remain about the best anesthetic strategy during thrombectomy, we assessed functional and radiological outcomes in stroke patients treated with thrombectomy in presence of general anesthesia (GA) versus conscious sedation (CS) and local anesthesia (LA). Methods: We conducted a cohort study on prospectively collected data from 4429 patients enrolled in the Italian Registry of Endovascular Treatment in Acute Stroke. Results: GA was used in 2013 patients, CS in 1285 patients, and LA in 1131 patients. The rates of 3-month modified Rankin Scale score of 0–1 were 32.7%, 33.7%, and 38.1% in the GA, CS, and LA groups: GA versus CS: odds ratios after adjustment for unbalanced variables (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]), 0.811 (95% CI, 0.602–1.091); and GA versus LA: aOR, 0.714 (95% CI, 0.515–0.990). The rates of modified Rankin Scale score of 0–2 were 42.5%, 46.6%, and 52.4% in the GA, CS, and LA groups: GA versus CS: aOR, 0.902 (95% CI, 0.689–1.180); and GA versus LA: aOR, 0.769 (95% CI, 0.566–0.998). The rates of 3-month death were 21.5%, 19.7%, and 14.8% in the GA, CS, and LA groups: GA versus CS: aOR, 0.872 (95% CI, 0.644–1.181); and GA versus LA: aOR, 1.235 (95% CI, 0.844–1.807). The rates of parenchymal hematoma were 9%, 12.6%, and 11.3% in the GA, CS, and LA groups: GA versus CS: aOR, 0.380 (95% CI, 0.262–0.551); and GA versus LA: aOR, 0.532 (95% CI, 0.337–0.838). After model of adjustment for predefined variables (age, sex, thrombolysis, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, onset-to-groin time, anterior large vessel occlusion, procedure time, prestroke modified Rankin Scale score of <1, antiplatelet, and anticoagulant), differences were found also between GA versus CS as regards modified Rankin Scale score of 0–2 (aOR, 0.659 [95% CI, 0.538–0.807]) and GA versus LA as regards death (aOR, 1.413 [95% CI, 1.095–1.823]). Conclusions: GA during thrombectomy was associated with worse 3-month functional outcomes, especially when compared with LA. The inclusion of an LA arm in future randomized clinical trials of anesthesia strategy is recommended.
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Audoglio, Monica, Felicita Scapini, and Fulvia Campacci. "VARIATION AMONG NATURAL POPULATIONS OF TALITRUS SALTATOR (AMPHIPODA): MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS." Crustaceana 72, no. 7 (1999): 659–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854099503708.
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AbstractThe talitrid amphipod Talitrus saltator has a wide distribution along European Atlantic and Mediterranean sandy shores. Previous research had estimated genetic differences among populations with iso-enzyme electrophoresis, as well as differences in behavioural adaptation related to ecological features. In this study morphometric differences among four Mediterranean (Italian coasts) and three Atlantic (Portuguese and Welsh coasts) populations were estimated, which may give information on population dynamics and adaptability to environmental constraints. The localities chosen differed with regard to the following characteristics: sheltered/exposed shorelines, tidal/non-tidal shores, presence/absence of detritus, Atlantic/Mediterranean climate, high/low human frequentation. Samples of each population were collected in a standardized way and fresh individuals were weighed, their body lengths and eye diameters were measured, and the number of eggs in the female brood-pouches and the articles of each antenna were counted. The results were as follows: (i) an unbalanced sex ratio in each population studied, females being more abundant than males; (ii) significant differences between Mediterranean and Atlantic population groups as to weight and body length distributions, the Atlantic talitrids being larger than the Mediterranean ones; (iii) differences in eye colour, normally black in this species, but one Mediterranean and two Atlantic populations presented a certain proportion of blue-eyed individuals; (iv) right-left asymmetry of eye surface areas (right eye bigger than left one) in all populations, with one exception. The differences found among populations do not seem to follow a geographic cline, but could depend on ecological features of the localities. L'amphipode talitride Talitrus saltator a une large distribution le long des cotes sableuses de l'Atlantique europeen et de la Mediterranee. Des recherches anterieures ont evalue les differences genetiques parmi les populations par electrophorese iso-enzymatique, ainsi que les differences de comportement adaptatif en relation avec les facteurs de l'environnement. Dans cette etude, les differences morphometriques parmi quatre populations mediterraneennes (cotes italiennes) et trois populations atlantiques (cotes portugaises et galoises) ont ete evaluees, ce qui peut donner des informations sur les dynamiques de population et sur l'adaptabilite aux contraintes de l'environnement. Les localites choisies different en ce qui concerne les caracteristiques suivantes: lignes cotieres abritees/exposees, cotes a maree ou non, presence/absence de detritus, climat atlantique/mediterraneen, haute/basse frequentation humaine. Les echantillons de chaque population ont ete preleves suivant un meme standard et les individus frais ont ete peses, la longueur du corps et le diametre de l'oeil mesures, le nombre d'oeufs dans la poche incubatrice et les articles de chaque antenne comptes. Les resultats ont ete les suivants: (i) une sex ratio non equilibree dans toutes les populations etudiees, les femelles etant plus nombreuses que les males; (ii) des differences significatives entre les groupes de populations atlantiques et mediterraneens, quant a la distribution des poids et des longueurs du corps, les individus atlantiques etant plus grands que les mediterraneens; (iii) des differences dans la couleur de l'oeil, normalement noir chez cette espece, mais une population de l'Atlantique et deux de Mediterranee presentaient une certaine proportion d'individus a yeux bleus; (iv) une asymetrie droite-gauche de la surface de l'oeil (oeil droit plus gros que le gauche) dans toutes les populations, avec une exception. Les differences observees entre les populations ne semblent pas suivre un gradient geographique, mais pourraient dependre des caracteristiques ecologiques des localites.
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Notarfranchi, Laura, Rosanna Vescovini, Roberta Segreto, Sabrina Bonomini, Paola Storti, Valentina Marchica, Federica Costa, et al. "Short-Term Risk for Progression in Patients with Smoldering Multiple Myeloma: The Impact of CD56 Expression." Blood 136, Supplement 1 (November 5, 2020): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2020-139214.
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The identification of risk factors for progression is critical in the clinical management and appropriate follow up of patients with Smoldering Multiple Myeloma (SMM). The early identification of patients with possible short-term progression to Multiple Myeloma (MM) could lead to anticipate the treatment. Several prognostic score identify in SMM patients the main risk factors for progression to MM. The two most used risk stratification models in SMM are the Mayo Clinic model, based on the tumor burden and the free light chains ratio, and the Spanish PETHEMA group model based on the immunophenotyped to identify abnormal plasma cells (PCs) and the reduction of the unevolved immunoglobulins. However, significant discrepancies between these two clinical models currently used in clinical practice has been recently underlined. For this reason, new parameters to identify possible new parameters for progression in SMM need to be defined. The aim of this study was to validate the main prognostic score and to investigate the possible role of the immunphenotype as risk factor for progression in a monocentric cohort of patients with SMM. We retrospectively evaluated a cohort of SMM patients admitted to a single haematological center (Hematology and BMT Unit, University Hospital of Parma) between 2014 and 2018. We analyzed a total cohort of 80 patients diagnosed with SMM according to the IMWG recently updated diagnostic criteria. All patients analysed underwent to Bone Marrow (BM) examination and imaging evaluation was performed in order to exclude the presence of bone disease and/or focal lesions. Both immunophenotypic and FISH analysis were performed of BMPCs. The median age of the SMM patients analysed was 68 years (range 36-93 years). Median percentage of BMPCs was 15% (range 10-40%) in the entire population. Median serum M-protein was 2 g/dL (range: 0.17-4.5). FLC ratio value was available in 66 patients: in 47 (71%) the ratio was unbalanced, 26 (39%) had a FLC ratio ≤ 0.125 or ≥ 8 and in 6 (9%) it was > 20. The presence of a reduction of one or two uninvolved immunoglobulins occurred in 61% of the entire population. The median follow up time was 27 months (range 0 - 76 months) for whole population. Overall 22 patients of the entire cohort progressed to MM with a median the time to progression (TTP) of 22 months. Firstly, we validated the currently score of progression in our cohort of SMM patients. By univariate analysis we found that percentage of BMPCs, abnormal FLC ratio and presence of immunoparesis were significantly correlated with progression to active MM (p<0.005 for each variable). Any significant correlation was not observed with age, sex, Ig isotype and light chain's type (p=NS). Afterwards, we study and confirm the significance of the risk stratification models. "Pethema" (p=0.0002), "20-2-20" Mayo score (p=0.0005) and also the "Danish score" (p= 0.0173) turned out statistically significant. Then, we investigate the possible role of immunophenotype in the risk of progression. Dividing the population-based on CD56 expression, we found that the median TTP in CD56- SMM patients was 21 months as compared to 34 months in CD 56+ SMM patients (p= 0.08). Moreover CD56- patients progressed without a significant increase of the monoclonal component (p=0.48) as compared to those CD56+ SMM patients (p=0.023). Finally, a relationship between CD56 expression and the hyperdiploidy was wound finding that CD56- SMM patients had a significant lower presence of hyperdiploidy as compared to those with CD56+ BMPCs (p=0.024) In conclusion, our data indicate that in SMM patients the factors, which mostly impact on the short-term risk of progression to active MM, are the entity of the PCs infiltrate, the immunoparesis and abnormal FLC ratio. Therefore, we identified the absence of CD56 expression by BMPCs as a possible factor for a more aggressive disease regardless to the tumoral burden. Disclosures Giuliani: Celgene: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: Participation in congresses, Research Funding; Janssen Pharmaceutical: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: Clinical study sponsorship; participation in congresses, Research Funding; Millennium Pharmaceutical: Other: Clinical study sponsorship, Research Funding; GSK: Other: Clinical study sponsorship, Research Funding; Takeda: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Other: Participation in congresses.
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Dalla Palma, Anna Benedetta, Laura Notarfranchi, Jessica Crosara, Mario Pedrazzoni, Fabrizio Accardi, Valentina Marchica, Denise Toscani, Emanuela Vicario, Paola Storti, and Nicola Giuliani. "Short-Term Risk of Progression of Patients with Asymptomatic Monoclonal Gammopathies to Active Multiple Myeloma: The Critical Impact of the Tumoral Mass." Blood 134, Supplement_1 (November 13, 2019): 1795. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2019-128252.
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The identification of risk factors for progression is critical in the clinical management and appropriate follow up of patients with pre-malignant Asymptomatic Monoclonal Gammopathies (AMG) including Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance (MGUS) and Smoldering Multiple Myeloma (SMM). The development of prognostic score and consequently the early identification of patients with possible short-term progression to Multiple Myeloma (MM) could lead to anticipate the treatment. In this study, we retrospectively evaluated possible risk factors of short-term progression to active MM in a large cohort of MGUS and SMM patients admitted to a single haematological center (Hematology and BMT Unit, University Hospital of Parma) between 2010 and 2018. We analysed a total cohort of 235 patients diagnosed with AMG (81 MGUS and 154 SMM) according to the IMWG recently updated diagnostic criteria. All patients analysed underwent to Bone Marrow (BM) examination; moreover, imaging evaluation was performed in 22 MGUS and 123 SMM patients, in order to exclude the presence of bone disease. In a subgroup of AMG patients (n=50), bone mineral density (BMD) evaluation by Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) was also available. Median age of the AMG patients analysed was 68 years (range 35-93 years). Median percentage of BM plasma cells (BMPCs) was 12% (range 2-55%) in the entire population, 7% (range 2-9) in MGUS and 15% (range 10-55) in SMM patients. Median serum M-protein was 1.7 g/dL (range: 0.17-4.5), 1.5 g/dL (range 0.17-4.5) in MGUS and 1.8 g/dL (range 0.4-2.7) in SMM patients. An abnormal free light chain (FLC) ratio was found in 70% of AMG patients, among the ones that performed the analysis; regarding SMM patients, FLC ratio value was available in 97 patients: in 72 (76%) the ratio was unbalanced, 37 (39%) had a FLC ratio ≤ 0.125 or ≥ 8 and in 14 (15%) it was > 20; among MGUS patients, value was collected in 41 patients and in 21 (51%) it was <0.26 or >1.65. The presence of immunoparesis in one or two uninvolved immunoglobulins occurred in 59% of the entire population. The median follow up time was 18 months (range 0 - 111 months) for whole population. Overall 44 patients of the entire cohort progressed to MM (41 SMM and 3 MGUS) with a median TTP of 14.5 months. By univariate analysis we found that percentage of BMPCs, entity of M-protein and presence of immunoparesis were significantly correlated with progression to active MM (p<0.001 for each variable). On the other hand, abnormal FLC ratio did not reach a statistical significance, as well as value of the involved FLC (p=0.059). Nevertheless, the presence of a FLC ratio < 0.125 or > 8 (as used in Mayo scoring system for SMM) showed a relationship at the limit of statistical significance in this subgroup of patients (p=0.052). Any significant correlation was not observed with age, sex, Ig isotype, light chain's type and the BMD values (p=NS). Afterwards, we applied Kaplan Meier method on risk factors resulted significant in univariate analysis demonstrating that they also significantly influenced the time to progression to MM. Finally, through a binomial logistic regression, we developed a new prognostic score for whole population. By combining the values of M-protein (< 2, score=0 or ≥ 2 g/dL, score=1) and the percentage of BMPC (<10%, score=0, 10-20%, score=1 and >20%, score=2), we obtained six groups at different probability of progression to active MM (Table 1). Given that result, we stratified patients in 3 groups: low-risk (score=0), intermediate-risk (score=1) and high-risk (score≥2); log-rank test confirmed that high-risk patients had a significantly shorter time to progression to symptomatic MM as compared to intermediate and low-risk patients (p<0.001). In conclusion, our results show that in patients with AMG the clinical factors, which mostly impact on the short-term risk of progression to active MM, are the entity of the PCs infiltrate and the MC related to the tumoral mass. The development of a clinical score based on BMPCs and M-protein will permit to overcome the traditional distinction between MGUS and SMM in the evaluation of the progression of AMG patients to active MM. Disclosures Giuliani: Janssen: Research Funding.
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Oser, Carrie B., Erin Pullen, Danelle Stevens-Watkins, Brea L. Perry, Jennifer R. Havens, Michele Staton-Tindall, and Carl G. Leukefeld. "African American Women and Sexually Transmitted Infections: The Contextual Influence of Unbalanced Sex Ratios and Individual Risk Behaviors." Journal of Drug Issues 47, no. 4 (November 12, 2016): 543–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022042616678610.
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This study uses data from 564 African American women to examine the correlates of lifetime prevalence of a sexually transmitted infection (STI). Specifically, we test the effects of perceptions about the availability of African American males, five partner characteristics, and drug history. At the bivariate level, women with an STI diagnosis were significantly more likely to have dated a man who was married, older, had sex with another man, involved in concurrent partnerships, and had been incarcerated. About half of the participants stated it was difficult to find an eligible African American male and attributed the limited pool of same-race partners to drug trafficking, a lack of monogamy, and high rates of incarceration. Multivariate analyses revealed having dated a man who had concurrent sexual partnerships or had been incarcerated, as well as drug use during sex were positively associated with ever having an STI. Individual and contextual implications are addressed.
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Kesternich, Iris, Bettina Siflinger, James P. Smith, and Carina Steckenleiter. "Unbalanced sex ratios in Germany caused by World War II and their effect on fertility: A life cycle perspective." European Economic Review 130 (November 2020): 103581. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2020.103581.
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Tirtadanu, Tirtadanu, and Umi Chodrijah. "PARAMETER POPULASI DAN TINGKAT PEMANFAATAN KEPITING BAKAU (Scylla serrata Forsskal, 1775) DI PERAIRAN SEBATIK, KALIMANTAN UTARA." Jurnal Penelitian Perikanan Indonesia 24, no. 3 (October 8, 2018): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/jppi.24.3.2018.187-196.
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Salah satu informasi yang diperlukan untuk merumuskan pengelolaan kepiting bakau (Scylla serrata Forsskal, 1775) yang berkelanjutan adalah parameter populasi dan tingkat pemanfaatannya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji parameter populasi dan tingkat pemanfaatan kepiting bakau di perairan Sebatik. Penelitian dilakukan pada Maret-Desember 2017. Sampel kepiting bakau di peroleh dari hasil tangkapan nelayan dengan alat tangkap bubu di perairan Sebatik. Pertumbuhan dianalisis berdasarkan persamaan Von Bertalanffy dengan mengamati pergeseran struktur ukuran kepiting tiap bulan dan tingkat pemanfaatan diperoleh dari metode kurva konversi panjang dengan hasil tangkapan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kepiting bakau yang tertangkap bubu di perairan Sebatik berukuran lebar karapas (carapace width) antara 84-144 mmCW dengan rata-rata ukuran yang tertangkap adalah 107,05±12,3 mmCW pada kepiting jantan dan 110,2±8,86 mmCW pada kepiting betina. Pertumbuhan berat kepiting bakau jantan lebih cepat dibandingkan ukurannya (b=3,6) sebaliknya pertumbuhan berat kepiting bakau betina lebih lambat dibandingkan ukurannya (b=2,5). Nisbah kelamin kepiting bakau menunjukkan kondisi tidak seimbang (5,5 : 1) dengan proporsi jantan lebih dominan dibandingkan betina. Lebar karapas asimptotik (CW) kepiting bakau jantan adalah 151,2 mmCW dan betina adalah 140,5 mmCW. Laju pertumbuhan (K) kepiting bakau adalah 0,75 tahun-1 pada kepiting jantan dan 0,79 tahun-1 pada kepiting betina. Status pemanfaatan kepiting bakau telah berada dalam tahapan mendekati lebih tangkap (E=0,5-0,55) sehingga disarankan tidak melakukan penambahan upaya penangkapan kepiting bakau di perairan Sebatik. One of the information needed for formulating the sustainable management of mud crab is the availability of information on the population parameters and its exploitation rate. The current research aimed to study the population parameters and the exploitation rate of mud crab in Sebatik Waters. Field research was conducted in March – December 2017. Samples of mud crab were obtained from the catch of fisherman by trap in Sebatik Waters. The Von Bertalanffy growth parameters were constructed through monthly modals progression analysis of the size of carapace width frequencies distributions and the exploitation rate was estimated through the method of length converted catch curve. The results showed that the carapace width of mud crabs caught by trap in Sebatik Waters ranged between 84 to 144 mmCW with the mean size of 107.05±12.3 mmCW for male and 110.2±8.86 mmCW for female. The growth of weights of male crab (b=3.6) is faster than its size, while the growth of weight of female crab was slower than its size (b=2,5). The sex ratio of mud crab was unbalanced (5.5 : 1) that the proportion of male was more dominant than female. Asymptotic carapace width (CW) of mud crab was 151.2 mmCW for male and 140.5 mmCW for female. The growth rate (K) of mud crab was 0.75 year-1 for male and 0.79 year-1 for female. The exploitation status of mud crab was starting to overfishing (E=0,5-0,55) so it suggest to not increase the fishing effort of mud crab fishery in Sebatik Waters.
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Yarmots, L. P., G. A. Yarmots, A. E. Belenkaya, and M. O. Smyshlyaeva. "Digestibility of nutrients and energy metabolism in lactating cows when sapropel is included in the ration." Kormlenie sel'skohozjajstvennyh zhivotnyh i kormoproizvodstvo (Feeding of agricultural animals and feed production), no. 5 (May 1, 2021): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-05-2105-03.
Full textAbstract:
Unbalanced mineral and vitamin nutrition of lactating cows can be a critical factor in the realization of their productive potential. The development and introduction into production of inexpensive, but effective feed additives is the main trend of improving the feeding of modern animal husbandry. Under the conditions of the Tyumen region such natural raw materials can be sapropels, which successfully combine a variety of biologically active substances. The purpose of the research was to study the digestibility of nutrients and energy metabolism in lactating cows when sapropel is included in the ration. Scientifi c and economic experiment in the study of the effectiveness of feeding sapropel lake Nepryak has been carried out in the training and experimental farm of the State Northern Trans-Urals Agrarian University. The animals of the control group have been fed the main diet. Cows of the 1st and 2nd experimental groups have been fed 300 and 500 g of sapropel per head/day, respectively, in addition to the main ration. It has been found as a result of research that the introduction of sapropel into the ration of cows has a positive effect on the digestibility of nutrients. The digestibility coefficients were higher in the animals of the 1st and 2nd experimental groups compared with the cows of the control group. Cows from the experimental groups digested all the organic substances of the ration better. During the experiment period cows of the 1st and 2nd experimental groups in contrast to the control group had higher milk yield by 11,31 and 10,38 %, respectively, milk protein yield by 10,56 and 5,95 %, milk fat yield by 17,18 and 12,99 %. It has been established that the introduction of sapropel into the ration of cows has the positive effect on the digestibility of nutrients, contributes to the increase of milk productivity, normalizes the metabolism in the body.
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Barbui, Tiziano, Arianna Masciulli, Marco Scarano, Gianni Tognoni, Sara Sisti, Alessandra Di Lelio, Alessandro M. Vannucchi, et al. "Towards a Better Understanding of Epidemiology, Survival and Treatment in Myeloproliferative Neoplasms: Results of the European Leukemianet Registry (ERNEST study)." Blood 124, no. 21 (December 6, 2014): 1849. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v124.21.1849.1849.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Background The promising development of perspectives in innovative therapeutic interventions in myelofibrosis (MF) makes the establishment of large collaborative networks ready to assure reliable comparability of cases and increasingly relevant data. This will provide assurance regarding efficiency and consistency in the development of clinical and epidemiological knowledge. We report here the results of the pilot phase of ERNEST, whose acronym defines its purpose: European Registry for Myeloproliferative Neoplasms: towards a better understanding of Epidemiology, Survival and Treatment. This project promoted by the European LeukemiaNet (ELN) collaboration is coordinated by the Fondazione Mario Negri Sud (Italy) and supported by an unrestricted educational grant by Novartis. Patients and Methods In order to test the feasibility of a prospective epidemiological outcome-oriented registry across centers, expected to vary in the characteristics of their populations and care practices, a retrospective analysis was implemented based on a strictly pre-defined protocol. Patients with Primary Myelofibrosis (PMF), Post- Essential Thrombocythemia Myelofibrosis (PET-MF) and Post- Polycythemia Vera Myelofibrosis (PPV-MF) which were diagnosed in the participant centers between January 2001 and December 2012, with available follow-up information, were eligible for inclusion. Chi-square test and Mann-Whitney test were used to compare data at presentation by diagnosis for categorical and continuous variables respectively. Standard time-to-event methods were used for data analysis, including log-rank test, Kaplan-Meier survival graphs, and Cox proportional hazards models to calculate hazard ratios along with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Multivariable analysis was performed adjusting for unbalanced and relevant prognostic covariates. Results From February 2013 to May 2014, we received data of 1209 evaluable patients from 13 centers in 5 European countries (Italy, Germany, Spain, United Kingdom, Sweden): 61% were PMF, 20% PET-MF and 19% PPV-MF (median age: 66 years). 23%, 37% and 40% of diagnosis were performed between 2001-2004, 2005-2008 and 2009-2012 respectively. Variability was found for the presence of constitutional symptoms (from 43% in PET-MF to 49% in PPV-MF); an excess of splenomegaly emerged in PPV-MF cohort (84% vs 74% and 75% in PMF and PET-MF respectively). Mean value + SD of Hb, WBC and PLT were: 13.9 + 16.5 g/dl, 17.4 + 30.8 109/l, 372 + 316 109/l respectively with higher levels of Hb and WBC in PPV-MF patients than PET-MF and PMF (p<0.001). No variability was seen for presence of peripheral blasts and cytogenetic abnormalities. During follow-up (median duration: 2 years) 405 patients (33.5%) died without any differences among diagnosis subtypes. Leukemic transformation was experienced by 8% of the whole cohort (9% in PMF, 7% in PET-MF and 8%in PPV-MF). A multivariable’s Cox analysis was performed on the whole cohort including sex, diagnosis and International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS) as covariates of interest. Besides male sex [Hazard Ratio (HR) 1.49 (95% CI (1.21-1.83), p<0.001] the prognostic significance of IPSS was confirmed with an HR 2.19 [(95% CI (1.64-2.92), p<0.001] for IPSS 2, and HR 4.20 [(95% CI (3.20-5.53), p<0.001] for IPSS >3, as compared with the reference category of patients with IPSS 0-1. As shown in Figure 1, an exploratory analysis documented different patterns of predictivity when the analysis was stratified according to the diagnosis subtypes. The determinants of the prognostic value of IPSS in PPV-MF vs PET-MF (and PMF, data not shown) would certainly deserve fully adjusted analysis in prospective well defined cohorts of patients. Conclusions The intensive quality control needed to assure the reliability, representativeness and the comparability of the data across international centers with expertise in this field confirms both the interest, but also the challenge of a cooperative epidemiological effort capable of representing a knowledge producing shared resource in the area of MF and other rare disease. Based also on the methodological and operational challenge resulting from this pilot study, a prospective study has been activated starting on September 2013. Figure 1 Figure 1. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.