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Books on the topic 'Under average'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 2 June 2025
Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Shaffer, Sherrill. Translog bias under declining average costs. Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, Economic Research Division, 1995.

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2

ill, Elliott Mark 1967, ed. About average. Atheneum Books for Young Readers, 2012.

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3

Gregory, Allan W. Estimating equations with combined moving average error processes under rational expectations. Dept. of Economics, University of Western Ontario, 1985.

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4

Clingman, Michael D. Average wages for 1985-90 for indexing under the Social Security Act. Social Security Administration, Office of Chief Actuary, 1992.

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5

Kotlikoff, Laurence J. Comparing average and marginal tax rates under the fairtax and the current system of federal taxation. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2006.

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6

Kotlikoff, Laurence J. Comparing average and marginal tax rates under the fair tax and the current system of federal taxation. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2006.

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7

Albrecht, Clare. Average wages for 1983 for indexing under the Social Security Act and the automatic determinations for 1985. U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Social Security Administration, 1985.

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8

Authority, India Central Electricity, ed. Average rates of electricity supply and electricity duty in India: In fulfillment of CEA's obligation under section 3(1) (iii & iv) of Electricity (Supply) Act, 1948 = Bhārata meṃ vidyuta āpūrti tathā vidyuta śulka ki ausata dareṃ : Vidyut (Āpūrti) Adhiniyam, 1948 ki dhārā 3 (1)(iii) ke tahata Ke. Vi. Pra. ke uttaradāyitva ke anupālana ke lie. Central Electricity Authority, Govt. of India, 2003.

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9

Below average: A life way under the bar. Heliotrope Books, ©2016., 2016.

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10

Co, Teachers Imagining Life. Nacho Average Teacher: Simple Teachers Gift for under 10 Dollars. Independently Published, 2019.

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11

Bachas, Pierre, and Mauricio Soto. Not(ch) Your Average Tax System: Corporate Taxation under Weak Enforcement. World Bank, Washington, DC, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-8524.

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12

Stefan, Vogenauer. Ch.5 Content, third party rights and conditions, s.1: Content, Art.5.1.6. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0089.

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This commentary focuses on Article 5.1.6 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning the determination of the quality of performance. Under Art 5.1.6, where the quality of performance is neither fixed by, nor determinable from, the contract, a party is bound to render a performance of a quality that is reasonable and not less than average in the circumstances. The provision is a specific application of one of the general underlying principles of the PICC: the idea of favor contractus. This commentary discusses the priority of the general rules of contract
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13

Brêtas, Anilce de Araújo. Balanço eletrolítico estratégico na ração de suínos criados em clima quente. Brazil Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-318-3.

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The effect of Dietary Electrolyte Balance (EB) in rations for growing and finished swine under high temperatures ambient was evaluated. Two hundred male castrated pigs with initial average 25,3±1.3 kg were allotted in completely randomized experimental design with five treatments T1 diet without supplemented electrolyte 191 mEq/kg; T2 (supl B) diet supplementd with sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) 250 mEq/kg; T3 (supl B+C) diet supplemented with (NaHCO3) and potassium chloride (KCl) 250 mEq/kg; T4 (supl B) diet supplemented with (NaHCO3) 300 mEq/kg; T5 (supl B+C) diet supplemented (NaHCO3) and (KCl
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14

Gerrard, Michael B. United States Climate Change Law. Edited by Kevin R. Gray, Richard Tarasofsky, and Cinnamon Carlarne. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199684601.003.0027.

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This chapter presents an overview of climate change law in the United States, given the global impact of its domestic and international climate change policies. It traces the evolution of US climate change policy under different presidents, and discusses emerging programs under the Clean Air Act (CAA). Under the CAA, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issues emissions standards, and under the Energy Policy Conservation Act, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) issues Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards. The chapter also describes the protection of endan
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15

Lai, Kar Neng, and Sydney C. W. Tang. Immunoglobulin A nephropathy diagnosis. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0067_update_001.

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The defining histological hallmark of immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy is the presence of IgA in the mesangium as the sole or dominant immunoreactant. Light microscopy appearances vary very widely. The most common appearance is mesangial cell proliferation and an increase in mesangial matrix. However, this is not diagnostic in the absence of immunohistology. Focal segmental proliferative or necrotizing glomerulonephritis may be seen in ‘vasculitic’ disease with or without the skin changes of Henoch–Schönlein purpura. Extracapillary proliferation and crescent formation may occur. Occasionally
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16

Araújo, Ana Cláudia Vaz de. Síntese de nanopartículas de óxido de ferro e nanocompósitos com polianilina. Brazil Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-120-2.

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In this work magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles were synthesized through the precipitation method from an aqueous ferrous sulfate solution under ultrasound. A 23 factorial design in duplicate was carried out to determine the best synthesis conditions and to obtain the smallest crystallite sizes. Selected conditions were ultrasound frequency of 593 kHz for 40 min in 1.0 mol L-1 NaOH medium. Average crystallite sizes were of the order of 25 nm. The phase obtained was identified by X-ray diffractometry (XRD) as magnetite. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed polydisperse particles with dimensions
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17

Bockenhauer, Detlef, and Robert Kleta. Approach to the patient with salt-wasting tubulopathies. Edited by Robert Unwin. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0031_update_001.

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Sodium is the main ion of the extracellular compartments, and it is through control of sodium reabsorption that the kidneys maintain volume homoeostasis and systemic blood pressure. The amount of sodium that is first filtered by the glomerulus and then reabsorbed in the tubule is quite staggering: assuming a glomerular filtration rate of 100 mL/min and a serum sodium concentration of 140 mmol/L, an average-sized person filters about 20,000 mmol of sodium per day, equivalent to the amount in 1.2 kg of cooking salt. In the steady state, the amount of sodium excreted is equal to the amount ingest
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18

Bender, David A. 2. Energy nutrition. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199681921.003.0002.

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Apart from water, the body’s first requirement under all conditions is for an energy source to perform physical and chemical work. ‘Energy nutrition’ explains that the metabolic fuels to provide this energy are derived from fats, carbohydrates, protein, and alcohol in the diet. The constituents of a meal provide these fuels directly for a few hours. Simultaneously, reserves of fat and carbohydrate are laid down for use during fasting between meals. Only about one-third of the average person’s energy expenditure is for voluntary activity; two-thirds is required for maintenance of the body’s fun
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19

Moreiras, Alberto. Uncanny Rest. Translated by Camila Moreiras. Duke University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/9781478023654.

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In Uncanny Rest Alberto Moreiras offers a meditation on intellectual life under the suspension of time and conditions of isolation. Focusing on his personal day-to-day experiences of the “shelter-in-place” period during the first months of the coronavirus pandemic, Moreiras engages with the limits and possibilities of critical thought in the realm of the infrapolitical—the conditions of existence that exceed average understandings of politics and philosophy. In each dated entry he works through the process of formulating a life’s worth of thought and writing while attempting to locate the natu
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20

Gilmore, Sir Ian, and William Gilmore. Alcohol. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0339.

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Alcohol has been used for thousands of years and, indeed, in very different ways. Two thousand years ago, the occupying Romans sipped wine regularly but reasonably moderately, and marvelled at the local English serfs who celebrated bringing in their crops with brief episodes of unrivalled drunkenness. The use of alcohol was not only tolerated but sometimes encouraged by the ruling classes as a way of subjugating the population and dulling their awareness of the conditions in which they had to live and work. The adverse impact of gin consumption was famously recorded by Hogarth’s painting of ‘G
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21

King, Elisabeth, and Cyrus Samii. Diversity, Violence, and Recognition. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197509456.001.0001.

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When considering strategies to address violent conflict, an enduring debate concerns the wisdom of recognizing versus avoiding reference to ethnic identities. This book asks: Under what conditions do governments manage internal violent conflicts by formally recognizing different ethnic identities? Moreover, what are the implications for peace? Introducing the concept of “ethnic recognition,” and building on a theory rooted in ethnic power configurations, the book examines the merits, risks, and trade-offs of publicly recognizing ethnic groups in state institutions as compared to not doing so,
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22

Heidet, Laurence, Bertrand Knebelmann, and Marie Claire Gubler. Alport syndrome. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0324.

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Management of Alport syndrome has in the past been expectant and supportive. Modern hearing aids have substantially improved the function of affected individuals. However, animal data and more recently observational data from Alport registries strongly suggest a protective effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. There is a suggestion that early commencement of treatment may slow progression substantially. These should now be recommended for all with proteinuria, and possibly even before then for those known to harbour mutations certain to cause end-stage renal failure. A very small
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23

Holmes, Craig. The Individual Benefits of Investing in Skills. Edited by John Buchanan, David Finegold, Ken Mayhew, and Chris Warhurst. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199655366.013.17.

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This chapter considers returns to the individual from investing in skill. It describes the earnings and employment outcomes of people who have completed different levels of formal education across different countries, and goes on to consider the possible causal mechanisms at work. The methodology for estimating wage returns is critically discussed. Whilst much attention has been devoted to considering ability bias, other issues have received less attention. In particular qualifications or amounts of time spent studying are imperfect proxies for skills produced. Furthermore estimates from wage
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24

Krieger, Sari. Incentivizing Injustice. The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc., 2023. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781666994346.

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In a time of painful economic and legal inequities, we are still plagued by a gnawing question: Why did no major bank executive face any meaningful consequences for the 2008 financial crisis? Meanwhile, average Americans lost 8.8 million jobs and $19.2 trillion in household wealth, with the crisis’ impacts still reverberating throughout society. Moving beyond the popular narrative that the rich simply play by different rules, Incentivizing Injustice focuses not on the potential perpetrators, but on the powerful prosecutors deciding who faces charges and who goes home with a fine. In the years
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25

Hass, Jeffrey K. Wartime Suffering and Survival. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197514276.001.0001.

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This book explores how people survive in the face of incredible odds. When our backs are against the wall, what are our interests, identities, and practices? When are we self-centered, empathetic, altruistic, or ambivalent? How much agency do the desperate have—or want? Such was the situation in the Blockade of Leningrad, nearly 900 days from 1941 to 1944, in which over one million civilians died—but more survived due to gumption and creativity. How did they survive, and how did survival reinforce or reshape identities, practices, and relations under Stalin? Using diaries, recollections, polic
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26

Waltman, Max. Pornography. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197598535.001.0001.

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This book assesses American, Canadian, and Swedish legal challenges to the explosive spread of pornography and its contribution to violence against women within their significantly different democratic systems and constructs a political and legal theory for effectively challenging the sex industry under law. The obstacles are exposed as more ideological and political than strictly legal, although they often play out in the legal arena. The pornography industry is documented to exploit vulnerable populations in making its materials. A thorough analytical review of empirical studies that use com
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27

Galderisi, Maurizio, and Sergio Mondillo. Assessment of diastolic function. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199599639.003.0009.

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Modern assessment of left ventricular (LV) diastolic function should be based on the estimation of degree of LV filling pressure (LVFP), which is the true determinant of symptoms/signs and prognosis in heart failure.In order to achieve this goal, standard Doppler assessment of mitral inflow pattern (E/A ratio, deceleration time, isovolumic relaxation time) should be combined with additional manoeuvres and/or ultrasound tools such as: ◆ Valsalva manoeuvre applied to mitral inflow pattern. ◆ Pulmonary venous flow pattern. ◆ Velocity flow propagation by colour M-mode. ◆ Pulsed wave tissue Doppler
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28

Davidson, James. Asymptotics for Fractional Processes. Oxford University PressOxford, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1093/9780198955207.001.0001.

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Abstract The object of this book is to develop an approach to the large-sample analysis of fractional partial-sum processes, featuring long memory increments. Long memory in a time series, equivalently called strong dependence, is defined to mean that the autocovariance sequence is nonsummable. The processes studied have a linear moving average representation with a single parameter, denoted $d$, to measure the degree of long-run persistence. Long memory means that $d \gt 0$, while $d \lt 0$ defines a special type of short memory known as antipersistence. Antipersistent processes are treated in
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29

Mellette, Justin. Peculiar Whiteness. University Press of Mississippi, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496832535.001.0001.

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Peculiar Whiteness argues for deeper consideration of the complexities surrounding the disparate treatment of poor whites throughout southern literature and attests to how broad such experiences have been. While the history of prejudice against this group is not the same as the legacy of violence perpetrated against people of color in America, individuals regarded as ‘white trash’ have suffered a dehumanizing process in the writings of various white authors. Poor white characters are frequently maligned as grotesque and anxiety-inducing, especially when they are aligned in close proximity to b
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30

Rangarajan, C., and D. K. Srivastava. Federalism and Fiscal Transfers in India. 2nd ed. Oxford University PressOxford, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1093/9780198930426.001.0001.

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Abstract India’s Constitution provides for a federal framework consisting of central, state, and local governments. By constitutional design, the collection of revenues is relatively more centralized while expenditure responsibilities are relatively more decentralized. In India, states differ widely in their fiscal capacities and initial conditions relating to the size and composition of the population and their relative needs. A sound system of fiscal transfers should be able to resolve both the vertical and horizontal imbalances. Under constitutional provisions, this task has been entrusted
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31

Hill, Alice C., and Leonardo Martinez-Diaz. Building a Resilient Tomorrow. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190909345.001.0001.

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Even under the most optimistic scenarios, significant global climate change is now inevitable. Although we cannot tell with certainty how much average global temperatures will rise, we do know that the warming we have experienced to date has already caused significant losses, and that the failure to prepare for the consequences of further warming may prove to be staggering. This book does not dwell on overhyped descriptions of apocalyptic climate scenarios, nor does it travel down well-trodden paths surrounding the politics of reducing carbon emissions. Instead, it starts with two central fact
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32

Browning, Edgar K. Stealing from Each Other. Praeger, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216018735.

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Almost all Americans would be better off if none of the federal welfare-state policies of the last century—including Social Security—had ever been enacted. So argues economist Edgar Browning, and with good reason: In 1900, government played a very small role in the day-to-day activities of American citizens. There was no income tax. No Social Security. No federal welfare programs. No minimum wage laws. No federal involvement in education. Government was small, spending well under 10 percent of our incomes. But now, federal, state, and local governments spend more than 33 percent of our incomes
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33

Ricciardi, Victor. The Psychology of Speculation in the Financial Markets. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190269999.003.0026.

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This chapter discusses the role of speculation in the financial markets that influences individual and group behavior in the form of bubbles and crashes. The chapter highlights behavioral finance issues associated with bubbles, such as overconfidence, herding, group polarization, groupthink effect, representativeness bias, familiarity issues, grandiosity, excitement, and the overreaction and underreaction to prices. These issues are important for understanding past financial mistakes because history often repeat itself. The chapter also examines the aftermath of the financial crisis of 2007–20
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34

Hwang, Jihwan. North Korea, Nuclear Risk-Taking, and the United States. Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, 2023. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781978720909.

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Jihwan Hwang analyzes Pyongyang’s nuclear policy changes over the last three decades under Kim Il Sung, Kim Jong Il and Kim Jong Un. Why did a weaker North Korea take the risk of standing up against the much stronger U.S. with its nuclear weapons program, even escalating the crisis to the point of a war? Later, why did North Korea change its course of action amid the crisis even though the security environment remained essentially the same? Hwang draws on the main tenets of prospect theory in international relations and argues that Pyongyang becomes either risk-acceptant or risk-averse toward
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35

Zebregs, Bas, and Victor de Serière. Efforts to Strengthen the Clearing and Settlement Framework of the Capital Markets Union. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813392.003.0024.

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This chapter discusses the EU's efforts to strengthen the European clearing and settlement framework for securities and derivatives transactions. That exercise is pa should promote access and therefore competitrt of the EU's plans to establish an integrated European Capital Markets Union. Important steps have already been undertaken, and more legislation is now under construction, designed to lead to a comprehensive robust market infrastructure in the EU. These include the EU Commission's proposals to update the segregation provisions in the European Market Infrastructure Regulation and the pr
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36

Taliaferro, Jeffrey W. Prospect Theory and Foreign Policy Analysis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.281.

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Prospect theory is one of the most influential behavioral theories in the international relations (IR) field, particularly among scholars of security studies, political psychology, and foreign policy analysis. Developed by Israeli psychologists Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky, prospect theory provides key insights into decision making under conditions of risk and uncertainty. For example, most individuals are risk averse to secure gains, but risk acceptant to avoid losses (loss aversion). In addition, most people value items they already posses more than they value items they want to acquire
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37

Horing, Norman J. Morgenstern. Thermodynamic Green’s Functions and Spectral Structure. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791942.003.0007.

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Multiparticle thermodynamic Green’s functions, defined in terms of grand canonical ensemble averages of time-ordered products of creation and annihilation operators, are interpreted as tracing the amplitude for time-developing correlated interacting particle motions taking place in the background of a thermal ensemble. Under equilibrium conditions, time-translational invariance permits the one-particle thermal Green’s function to be represented in terms of a single frequency, leading to a Lehmann spectral representation whose frequency poles describe the energy spectrum. This Green’s function
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38

Kennedy, Robert. Of Knowledge and Power. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400692703.

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This work examines the labyrinth of complexities that confronts the Intelligence Community in its efforts to provide accurate and timely intelligence in support of American foreign policy and national security interests. Kennedy begins with an analysis of the collection processes and the obstacles that must be overcome if accurate and meaningful information is to be obtained. He addresses such issues as the need for strategic vision and clarity in setting priorities, as well as constraints imposed by the executive branch and the complexities associated with translating priorities into collecti
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39

Skiba, Grzegorz. Fizjologiczne, żywieniowe i genetyczne uwarunkowania właściwości kości rosnących świń. The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22358/mono_gs_2020.

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Bones are multifunctional passive organs of movement that supports soft tissue and directly attached muscles. They also protect internal organs and are a reserve of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium. Each bone is covered with periosteum, and the adjacent bone surfaces are covered by articular cartilage. Histologically, the bone is an organ composed of many different tissues. The main component is bone tissue (cortical and spongy) composed of a set of bone cells and intercellular substance (mineral and organic), it also contains fat, hematopoietic (bone marrow) and cartilaginous tissue. Bones a
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