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1
Chang, Chao, Liang Ling, Zhaoling Han, Kaiyun Wang, and Wanming Zhai. "High-Speed Train-Track-Bridge Dynamic Interaction considering Wheel-Rail Contact Nonlinearity due to Wheel Hollow Wear." Shock and Vibration 2019 (October 31, 2019): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5874678.
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Wheel hollow wear is a common form of wheel-surface damage in high-speed trains, which is of great concern and a potential threat to the service performance and safety of the high-speed railway system. At the same time, rail corridors in high-speed railways are extensively straightened through the addition of bridges. However, only few studies paid attention to the influence of wheel-profile wear on the train-track-bridge dynamic interaction. This paper reports a study of the high-speed train-track-bridge dynamic interactions under new and hollow worn wheel profiles. A nonlinear rigid-flexible coupled model of a Chinese high-speed train travelling on nonballasted tracks supported by a long-span continuous girder bridge is formulated. This modelling is based on the train-track-bridge interaction theory, the wheel-rail nonelliptical multipoint contact theory, and the modified Craig–Bampton modal synthesis method. The effects of wheel-rail nonlinearity caused by the wheel hollow wear are fully considered. The proposed model is applied to predict the vertical and lateral dynamic responses of the high-speed train-track-bridge system under new and worn wheel profiles, in which a high-speed train passing through a long-span continuous girder bridge at a speed of 350 km/h is considered. The numerical results show that the wheel hollow wear changes the geometric parameters of the wheel-rail contact and then deteriorates the train-track-bridge interactions. The worn wheels can increase the vibration response of the high-speed railway bridges.
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Fang, Chao, Piao Dong, Yi-Ping Fang, and Enrico Zio. "Vulnerability analysis of critical infrastructure under disruptions: An application to China Railway High-speed." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part O: Journal of Risk and Reliability 234, no. 2 (November 29, 2019): 235–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1748006x19889149.
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Considerable attention has been paid to the vulnerability of critical infrastructures because of the increasing occurrence of disruptive events, such as man-made or natural disasters. Even small disruptions could eventually affect the normal function of infrastructure systems. Enhancing the reliability of these systems and their robustness to disruptions is necessary and urgent. High-speed rail is a critical infrastructure that is subject to various disruptions, including component aging, malicious attacks, natural disasters, and demand surges. In this study, we analyze the topological centrality indicators of China Railway High-speed network using network theory and take real train flow information for assessing the importance of network components in terms of vulnerability to disruption. By Monte Carlo simulation, we analyze the risk of the China Railway High-speed network under random attacks and spatially localized failures. The significance of taking pre-actions for protecting critical infrastructures by mitigating its vulnerability to disruptions is emphasized.
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Djordjević, Boban, and Evelin Krmac. "Evaluation of Energy-Environment Efficiency of European Transport Sectors: Non-Radial DEA and TOPSIS Approach." Energies 12, no. 15 (July 28, 2019): 2907. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12152907.
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Transport is recognized as a major energy consumer and environment pollutant. Recently scholars have paid considerable attention to the evaluation of transport energy and environmental efficiency (EEE). In this paper, the non-radial Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) model was employed to evaluate EEE on a macro level—i.e., of European road, rail and air sectors. The evaluation was conducted under the joint production framework, which considers energy and non-energy inputs, and desirable and undesirable outputs for the last ten years period. To rank decision-making units and check the aptness of this non-radial DEA model in transport EEE evaluation, the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method has been proposed. An empirical study has been conducted for as many European countries as possible, depending on availability of data. Based on the non-radial DEA model, it could be said that the level of EEE is improving for the road sector, while many evaluated countries have low EEE for the rail transport sector. Additionally, results have indicated that the TOPSIS method is more suitable than the non-radial DEA model in transport EEE evaluation and for identification of best practices.
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Knežević, Mirjana. "Passenger transport: The challenges in the modern world." Ekonomika 67, no. 2 (2021): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/ekonomika2102023k.
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In this paper, the author examines the domestic and international legal framework for the contract of carriage of passengers and its presence in different transport modes and offers a response to the current challenges. The purpose of the paper is to analyze the international and domestic regulations and present the rights and obligations of contracting parties in order to facilitate its application in the emerging practice. The author recognizes passenger transport as a field full of modern challenges caused by novel, still under-researched risks to passengers' health. Special attention is paid to the contract of passenger carriage by rail. The advantages of this transport mode are examined, the obligations of railway carriers and passengers are presented, while the obligation of the railway carrier to accept transporting any interested person if they have vacancies is underlined. The analysis focuses on the significance of the contract of passenger transport in the modern environment where risks to passengers' healthcare present. The author recognizes passenger transport by rail as a convenient and perspective branch of passenger transport for both international and domestic passenger transport. This sort of passenger transport already has the potential to respond to the challenges of preserving and strengthening the protection of passenger's rights, above all the right to safe and secure transportation.
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McKay, Tracey, Zach Simpson, and Naeem Patel. "Spatial politics and infrastructure development: Analysis of historical transportation data in Gauteng - South Africa (1975–2003)." Miscellanea Geographica 21, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mgrsd-2017-0003.
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Abstract If South Africa’s Gauteng Province is to become a more ‘sustainable’, urbanised region, attention needs to be paid to building a transportation network that aligns with sustainable development principles. Currently, public transport passenger levels are low, whilst the geographical area it serves is large and becoming larger. This study analysed the long term, historical transportation trends of Gauteng by comparing four transport studies undertaken between 1975 and 2003. It reveals that an adherence to the ‘predict and provide’ transportation planning model has systematically enhanced road infrastructure over rail, and private over public transport. Effective, efficient and low cost public transport has been systematically under-provisioned; while a reliance on private vehicles is now entrenched and systemic. Racial segregation, spatial apartheid and weak urban land use planning, has resulted in an entrenched, low-density urban sprawl. Lastly, there is the need to collect comparable, longitudinal transportation data, if the successes and failures of policies are to be monitored.
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Guo, Beibei, and Jinchuan Ke. "The Impacts of High-speed Rail on Sustainable Economic Development: Evidence from the Central Part of China." Sustainability 12, no. 6 (March 19, 2020): 2410. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12062410.
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To give full play to the role of high-speed rail (HSR) in promoting sustainable economic development, the models that can calculate and describe the impacts of HSR on the sustainable economy are required. However, little attention has been paid so far to building such models. To address this, the paper puts forward the definition of sustainable economic development, especially that of China. Based on the definition, the paper proposes the indicators of sustainable economic development for China from industry and labor force perspectives. Compared with the previous literature, these indicators take into account the behavior of enterprises and labor forces as individuals rather than as groups, which is more explanatory. HSR, as the main factor to improve the level of transportation technology and accessibility, is incorporated into the analytical framework. Then, we build decision-making behavior models of single enterprise and labor force under market equilibrium to get the relationship between HSR and indicators. Compared with the previous literature, the methods within the paper not only fully consider the interests of enterprises and labor forces, but also considers the interaction between industries and the trade of commodities in different cities/regions. The evidence from the central part of China shows that the model can effectively reveal the relationship between HSR and indicators. The paper gives new perspectives to study the relationship between HSR and sustainable economic development. Based on the findings herein, we offer recommendations for how HSR can promote sustainable economic development effectively.
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Petrykin, Nikolai N. "Gendarme railway police: experience of mass transportation in the territory of the Kursk Governorate (1896–1914)." Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities, no. 187 (2020): 110–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1810-0201-2020-25-187-110-119.
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We contribute to the discussion of the results of a significant resettlement policy, the role of the gendarme railway police in its implementation and the role of the gendarme structure in the history of the Russian Empire. For the first time, we make an attempt to disclose the mechanism of the gendarme railway police in implementing the state’s resettlement policy in the area of migration flows on the materials of the Kursk Governorate, taking into account the existing rail-way network and the structure of the gendarme police departments. Based on the materials of the State Archive of the Russian Federation and local archives, the issues of legal regulation of mass railway transportation by the gendarme railway police are considered. An analysis of the gen-darme’s paperwork based on the materials of the Kursk branch of the gendarme police department of the Moscow-Kursk railway is given, aspects of interaction with the railway administration, local authorities, and the general police are highlighted. We trace the change and expansion of the duties of the railway gendarmes in connection with changes in the resettlement policy during the period under review and highlight the main stages. Particular attention is paid to issues of public safety in the context of criminalization on the railways. We show the role of the gendarme railway police in ensuring the sanitary and epidemiological welfare of passengers, taking into account the situation in the Kursk Governorate. Particular attention is paid to the influence of resettlement processes on the internal organizational, personnel aspects of the activities of the railway police, the dependence of the employee’s spiritual and moral condition on personal choice. We draw conclusions on the significance, scale, diversity of the gendarme railway police activities during the implementation of the resettlement policy.
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Mazov, Yuriy Nikolaevich, Aleksey Alekseevich Loktev, and Vyacheslav Petrovich Sychev. "Assessing the influence of wheel defects of a rolling stockon railway tracks." Vestnik MGSU, no. 5 (May 2015): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/1997-0935.2015.5.61-72.
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Transfer of the load from the wheels on the rail occurs at a very small area compared with the size of the wheels and rails. The materials near this site have a very large voltage. Determination of contact stresses is complicated by the fact that the magnitude of these stresses in the rails under actually revolving wheel load exceeds the yield and compressive strength of modern rail steel. We should note that the metal of the rail head, experiencing contact stresses, especially when the location of the pads is closer to the middle of the rail head, works in the conditions close to the compression conditions, and therefore can withstand higher voltage without plastic deformation than the standard compressible sample. But, as a rule, the observed hardening of the metal in the zone of contact stresses and lapping at the edges of the rail head indicates the presence of plastic deformation and, consequently, higher stresses in the wheel-rail contact zone than the yield strength of the metal rail even in the conditions of its operation in the rail head.The use of the design equations derived on the basis of the Hertz theory for metal behavior in elastic stage, is valid. The reason is that each individual dynamic application of wheel loads on the rail is very short, and the residual plastic deformation from the individual loads of the pair of wheels on the rail is actually small. This elastic-plastic deformation of the rail becomes visible as a result of gradual gaining of a missed tonnage of rails and wheels respectively. Irregularities on the running surface of the wheels are of two types. The most common are the so-called continuous bumps on the wheel, when due to the uneven wear of rail the original shape of the wheel across the tread surface distorts. But nowadays, more and more often there occur isolated smooth irregularities of the wheel pairs, due to the increased wear of the wheel because of the stopping and blocking of wheels of the vehicles - slides (potholes), etc.The motion of the wheels with irregularities on the surface of the rail leads to vertical oscillation of the wheel, resulting in the forces of inertia, which is an additional load on the rail. In case of movement of the wheel with isolated roughness on the tread surface of the slide there is a strike, having a very large additional impact on the rail. Such attacks can cause kinked rails, especially in the winter months when there is increased fragility of rail steel, because of lowered temperatures. This is an abnormal phenomenon and occurs relatively rarely, at a small number of isolated irregularities on a wheel of the rolling stock. As correlations connecting the contact force and local deformation in the interaction of the wheel-rail system, we use the quasi-static Hertz’s model, linear-elastic model and two elastoplastic contact models: Alexandrov-Kadomtsev and Kil’chevsky. According to the results of Loktev’s studies ratios of the contact Hertz’s theory are quite suitable for modeling the dynamic effects of wheel and rail for speeds up to 90 km/h for engineering calculations. Since the contact surface is homogeneous and isotropic, the friction forces in the contact zone are not taken into account, the size of the pad is small compared to the dimensions of the contacting bodies and characteristic radii of curvature of the undeformed surfaces, the contacting surfaces are smooth.When train is driving, the position of the wheelset in relation to the rails varies con- siderably, giving rise to different combinations of the contact areas of the wheel and rail. Even assuming constant axial load the normal voltage will vary considerably because of the differences in the radii of curvature of the contacting surfaces of these zones. Thus, the proposed method allows evaluating the influence of several types of wheel defects on the condition of the rail and the prospects of its use in the upper structure of a railway track on plots with different speed and traffic volumes. Also the results can be used to solve the inverse of the considered problems, for example, when designing high-speed highways, when setting the vehicle speed and axle load, and the solution results are the parameters of the defects, both wheelsets and the rails, in case of which higher require- ments for the safe operation of railways are observed.
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LU, CHIH-WEN, and CHING-MIN HSIAO. "A COMPACT HIGH-SPEED LOW-POWER RAIL-TO-RAIL BUFFER AMPLIFIER FOR STEP-PULSE SIGNALS." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 19, no. 06 (October 2010): 1181–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126610006815.
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A compact high-speed low-power rail-to-rail buffer amplifier, which is suitable for driving heavy capacitive loads, is proposed. The buffer amplifier is composed of a pair of push-pull output transistors with two feedback loops consisting of a pair of complementary error amplifiers and a pair of complementary common-source amplifiers. The buffer draws little current while static but has a large driving capability while transient. A mutual bias scheme is also proposed to reduce the power consumption and the die area for LCD applications. An experimental prototype buffer amplifier implemented in a 0.35 μm CMOS technology demonstrates that the settling time is 1.5 μs for a voltage swing of 0.1 ~ (VDD–0.1) V under a 600 pF capacitance load. Quiescent current of 4 μA is measured. The area of this buffer is 32 × 109 μm2.
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Liu, Peijie, Yanming Quan, Junjie Wan, and Lang Yu. "Experimental Investigation on the Wear and Damage Behaviors of Machined Wheel-Rail Materials under Dry Sliding Conditions." Materials 14, no. 3 (January 23, 2021): 540. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14030540.
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Rail grinding and wheel turning can effectively remove surface defects and unevenness, which is a crucial process for the safe and smooth operation of trains. Machined surface integrity of wheel/rail materials significantly influences their tribological property. In this study, firstly, the rail blocks were ground via a cylindrical grinding machine, and the wheel rings were turned by a computer numerical control (CNC) lathe with varied parameters. Then, the sliding wear and damage characteristics of the machined wheel/rail samples under dry conditions were studied by virtue of a block-on-ring tribometer. The results show that the surface microhardness of the ground rail blocks is larger than that of wheel rings, while the surface roughness and the thickness of the subsurface plastic deformation layer (SPDL) of rail blocks are much smaller than those of wheel rings. After sliding, the surface microhardness of wheel/rail samples increases remarkably. The thickness of the SPDL, the wear loss, and the increase degree of surface microhardness of rail blocks are larger than those of wheel rings. Surface microhardness, roughness and the SPDL of the machined wheel/rail samples impose a combined influence on the anti-wear property, and the tribological pair with proper initial surface roughness and microhardness engenders the smallest amount of total wear loss.
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Batih, A. "INVESTIGATION THE INDICATORS OF THE MOVEMENT STABILITY OF ROLLING STOCK ON THE RAILWAYS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES." Criminalistics and Forensics, no. 64 (May 7, 2019): 580–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.33994/kndise.2019.64.54.
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The countries of the European Union have a huge territory and a large number of objects of transport infrastructure and rolling stock. In these countries, various methods, complex systems and technologies are offered for the organization and management of the cargo transportation process and passengers with traffic safety. The acceptance and admission of rolling stock to operation is carried out in accordance with the requirements set out in document EN 14363. This document defines the main indicators of railway traffic safety, methods, means and conditions for conducting tests of rolling stock on the definition of its qualitative driving characteristics. In the author’s article, the following safety indicators were studied on the EU railways: the coefficient of stability from rolling the wheel flange of the wheel pair onto the rail head, the value of the turning of the trolley relative to the body of the rolling stock (index X), the indicator of the lateral action of the rolling stock on the rails. The stability of the rolling of the wheel of the wheel pair onto the rail head on the EU railways is investigated on the basis of the Nadal’s criterion. The value of the resistance of the trolley rotation relative to the body of the rolling stock is decisive for proving the safety condition against the derailment wheel pairs on the EU railways. With the help of the indicator of the lateral action of the rolling stock on the rails limited the size of the lateral forces to minimize the risk of shifts of rail-sleeper lattice. The article describes how a rolling stock test on EU railways is being conducted to determine the traffic safety indicators. The author notes that in order to determine the possibility of derailment of rolling stock under the norm EN 14363, it is necessary to have the value of the guiding force. However, determining the direction of the force is a complicated and time-consuming process, since it requires a large number of experimental studies. Key words: railways, rolling stock, indicators of sustainability, European Union.
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Liu, Peijie, Yanming Quan, Junjie Wan, and Lang Yu. "Experimental Investigation on the Wear and Damage Characteristics of Machined Wheel/Rail Materials under Dry Rolling-Sliding Condition." Metals 10, no. 4 (April 3, 2020): 472. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10040472.
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To guarantee the smooth operation of trains, rail grinding and wheel turning are necessary practices to remove surface defects. Surface integrity of machined wheel/rail materials is significant to affect their tribological performance. In this paper, firstly, the wheel specimens were turned by a CNC lathe and the rail specimens were ground by a cylindrical grinding machine with various machining parameters. Then, the wear and damage behavior of the machined wheel/rail discs was systematically investigated via a twin-disc wear testing apparatus under dry rolling-sliding condition. The experimental results show that the surface hardness of rail discs after machining is slightly higher than that of wheel discs, while the surface roughness and plastic deformation layer of wheel discs are much larger than those of rail discs. The surface hardness increase degree of rail discs and their thickness of plastic deformation layer are greater than those of wheel discs after the rolling-sliding test. The wear loss of wheel discs is much larger than that of rail discs. Surface roughness, hardness and plastic deformation layer of wheel/rail discs after machining exert a comprehensive effect on the wear behavior, and friction pair with appropriate original surface hardness and roughness generates the smallest amount of wear loss.
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Sherbakov, Sergei, Aliaksandr Bahdanovich, Aleh Nasan, Daria Podgayskaya, Liudmila Shemet, Ze Feng Wen, Xin Zhao, Regita Bendikiene, Antanas Ciuplys, and Audrius Jutas. "Comparison of Stress-Strain States of Rail-Wheel Pair Made of Steel and MoNiCa." Solid State Phenomena 320 (June 30, 2021): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.320.14.
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Contact interaction in a wheel-rail pair and its corresponding stress-strain state for various combinations of materials of this pair and the weights of passenger and freight cars were considered. The materials under study were steel and high-strength cast iron based structural material MoNiCa with strength and wear-fatigue characteristics close to steel ones.The load on each wheel was: 53.9 and 294.3 kN for an empty and loaded freight car, 146.8 kN and 230.5 kN for an empty and loaded passenger car. The bottom surface of the rail was rigidly fixed.Young's modules were adopted as follows: 200 GPa for steel and 165 for MoNiCa. The results of finite element calculations of the three-dimensional stress-strain state showed that the largest von Mises stresses of 613.08 MPa occur in the wheel (steel)-rail (steel) pair of the loaded freight car. For all types of loading, the lowest stresses (15.8 % – 16.7 % less than in the steel-steel pair) are observed in the wheel (MoNiCa)-rail (MoNiCa) pair. This indicates the appropriateness of using MoNiCa for the manufacturing elements of the wheel-rail system.
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Kolykhalin, Vitaly. "ABOUT OF THE METHOD OF DECREASE RAIL TRANSPORT IMPACT NOISE IN LOW FREQUENCY RANGE." Akustika 34 (November 1, 2019): 166–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.36336/akustika201934166.
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The method of decrease impact noise between of wheel pairs rail transport and rail joints being main sources of noise is analyzed. The spectrum of such noise reaches a maximum in an octave strip of 31,5 Hz and sharply decreases in a strip of 1 kHz. The practical implementation dipole effect can be received by formation a pair of the knock impulse sources when the direction of acoustical axes is along the railway under small angle. The compensatory effect when one rail joint for example right moves according left joint in other rail on the distance d having half of wave length of the basic low-frequency range of shock impulses is reached. The system of standing waves in the interval d by an antiphase pair of sources with coherent components in the basic frequency 31,5 Hz and odd harmonics is formed. The new additional effect to noise reduction by replacement the rectangular rail joint edges on the oblique-angled rail joints having 45 degree edge angle is carried out.
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Antropova, T. A., and M. I. Glushko. "Analysis of the stability control of the car with the admission to the infrastructure." Vestnik of the Railway Research Institute 77, no. 1 (February 28, 2018): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21780/2223-9731-2018-77-1-49-57.
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The rolling stock and the railway track are a single stant tendency of the development of rail transport in relation to mechanical system. The running parts of the rolling stock and the the interaction of the power wheel-to-rail friction pair consists in track are interacting under difficult dynamic conditions. The con-increasing the axle load on the rails for freight rolling stock and further increasing the speed of the passenger trains. It takes a qualified approach to traffic safety issues and special attention to the stability of rolling stock to achieve these goals. An analysis of the stability control of the car with an admission to the infrastructure was carried out based on the regulatory documents that establish the main provisions and procedures for the operation of railways and railway workers. Authors proposed the elimination of existing shortcomings and ensuring the stability of the carriage motion by optimizing parameters of the placement of goods in the car. Calculations were made on the rollover stability conditions (stability loss) of the body and the criterion of the critical speed at which the carriage derailed due to the loss of contact of the wheels with the internal rail line of the curve. A method for controlling the stability of a car with a load by means of two-position weighing is proposed. The results obtained also make it possible to determine the height of the common center of gravity (CG), the magnitude of the longitudinal and lateral displacement of the center of gravity of the freight.
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Hamad, Mohammad. "Symbolism of Water in Classic and Modern Arabic Literature." International Journal of Language and Literary Studies 2, no. 4 (December 26, 2020): 258–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.36892/ijlls.v2i4.367.
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Water in Arabic literature has literal and symbolic meanings. Water is one of the four elements in Greek mythology; life would be impossible without water and it is a synonym for life; life originated in water. Springs, wells, rain, seas, snow, and swamps are all associated with water. Each form of water may take on a different manifestation of the original from which it comes about. Arabic literature employs the element of water in poetry, the short story, and the novel. We find it in titles of poems: Unshudat al-matar (Hymn of the Rain) and Waj’ al-ma’ (The Pain of Water); and novels: Dhakirat al-ma’ (The Memory of Water); Taht al-matar (Under the Rain); Matar huzayran (June Rain); Al-Bahr khalf al-sata’ir (The Seas Behind the Curtains); Rahil al-bahr (Departure of the Sea); and many others. This study aims to answer the following questions: How does the element of water manifest in Arabic literature? What are the semantics and symbolism of the different forms of water in the literary imaginary? The study refers to six different significations for water in classical and modern Arabic literature: water as synonymous with life, purity and the revelation of truth, separation and death, fertility and sex, land and homeland, and talent and creativity.
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Lin, Shih Han, Shu Jung Chen, and Chih Hsiung Shen. "A New Architecture of LCD Driver of Rail-to-Rail Buffer with High Gain Wide Range." Advanced Materials Research 97-101 (March 2010): 3765–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.97-101.3765.
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A new modified CMOS buffer amplifier with rail-to-rail input and output range is proposed by TSMC 0.35μm 2P4M process at 3.3V supply. The technique adds dummy pairs to sense the common mode range of the input differential pair and adjusts the output current accordingly. The amplifier provides high gain for a wider range of output voltages. Design considerations for reducing the impact of the additional circuitry on the core are provided. The technique described can be adapted for use with traditional fully-differential rail-to-rail amplifiers, which performs 86.9dB ~92dB dc gain, 15 MHz unit-gain bandwidth, high driving ability with high slew rate under a 100pF capacitance and a 3kΩ series resistance loading. The simulation results indicate that the settling times of rising and falling edge are within 3.5μs. It is effective for a high resolution and high speed LCD driver.
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Harušinec, Jozef, Andrej Suchánek, Pavol Šťastniak, and Peter Strážovec. "Brake actuator optimization of the brake test stand as a tool for improvement railway safety." MATEC Web of Conferences 235 (2018): 00028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201823500028.
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In recent years have been the speed, comfort and safety of rail transport significantly increased. This asks for higher demands on reliability and safety of rail vehicles parts meeting. The important is research the properties of brake pair, therefore build specialized test equipment, where it is possible to programmatically load wheels, wheelset, bogie or complete vehicles. Tests on the friction test stand brake represent a special group, which replace the expensive tests of complete vehicles, that are more costly. The test stand brake allows the implementation of experimental tests of the actual brake units and components under simulated conditions.
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Sun, Li Ping, and Xiao Ping An. "Green Ecological Principles in Cultural Architecture Design under the Background of Low Carbon." Applied Mechanics and Materials 330 (June 2013): 768–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.330.768.
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In the background of low carbon economy,the necessity of green ecology for cultural buildings is stated briefly and some principles are put forward about the green ecological design of cultural buildings. That is, specific culture inheritance should be paid attention to; specific building should adapt to specific local conditions; location and layout should be decided scientifically and reasonably; and even energy saving technology should be applied to each monomer building. In the monomer building design, reasonable shape coefficient should be used; energy saving design for enclosure structure should be preceded; effective sunshade design should be adapted; solar energy should be made full use of; green design should be three-dimensional; collection and storage equipment of rain should be popularized in the little rain areas and so on to realize the harmony of building, environment, and the people.
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Lebid, Iryna, Irina Kravchenya, Tatyana Dubrovskaya, Nataliia Luzhanska, Mykola Berezovyi, and Yevhen Demchenko. "Identification of the railway reconstruction parameters at imposition of high speed traffic on the existing lines." MATEC Web of Conferences 294 (2019): 05003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201929405003.
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The problems of railroad design technical reconstruction aimed at ensuring train protection in introduction of high-speed traffic on the rail lines have been addressed. The description of railroad technical system with certain specific features has been proposed. The pair of mutually dual problems regarding the optimal reconstruction of railway curves for raising train speeds at minimal capital investments has been addressed. The problem of determining the optimal speeds of trains of each category under optimum outer rail cant, increase of the unbalanced acceleration value, compliance with the condition of uniform load on rail tracks, comfortable carriage of passengers, in which reduced costs on increased speeds in curved tracks will be minimal has been formulated. To achieve the goals of the study, mathematical optimization techniques and algorithms of analysis of the rail lines of different nature are used. This, by finding and value engineering optimization, allows to minimize high-value and lengthy procedures of physical simulation. As a problem-solving technique, Lagrange multiplier method and its applicability have been proposed. Numeral solution to the problem of selection of certain stretches for increasing rolling stock speeds on operating lines without reconstruction or with minimum expenses on reconstruction of contour of track has been reviewed.
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Ushkalov, V. F., T. F. Mokrii, I. Yu Malysheva, and N. V. Bezrukavyi. "Analysis of the effect of wheel–rail pair contact surface wear on the oscillations of a freight car with an increased axle load." Technical mechanics 2020, no. 4 (December 10, 2020): 117–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/itm2020.04.117.
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At present, nearly all countries of the world develop and implement measures aimed to increase the competitiveness and efficiency of their railways. One of the priority lines is to increase the carrying capacity of freight trains. In Ukraine, 18-9817 trucks of axle load 25 tf were developed and adopted as basic ones for new-generation freight cars, and the ITM-73-03 wear-resistant wheel profile of flange thickness 32 mm was developed for them too. The aim of this paper is to study the effect of in-service variation in the wheel and rail profile shape on the spatial oscillations of a freight car with 18-9817 trucks and the ITM-73-03 wheel profile. The paper estimates the effect of in-service variation in the wheel and rail profile shape on the dynamic stability and ride performance of the car under consideration. The wear of wheels with the new profile is predicted by solving the geometrical problem of wheel–rail interaction with account for the mutual horizontal lateral displacements of the wheel and the rail, the wheelset angle of attack and angle of roll, the nonlinearity of the contacting surfaces, and the possibility of their conformal contact. The results of calculation of the spatial oscillations of the car in tangents and curves are presented. It is shown that wear-caused variation in the wheel and rail profile shape has little effect of the dynamic performance of a new-generation freight car with 18-9817 trucks with an increased axle load and the ITM-73-03 wear-resistant wheel profile, its dynamic stability and ride performance remaining at a high level. The use of the above car on the Ukrainian railways fully meets the objectives of home rolling stock renewal: vehicle ride performance improvement, running gear life extension, and vehicle and track wear reduction
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Liu, Yuhang, Jianxiao Ma, Yuchen Wang, and Chenhong Zong. "A Novel Algorithm for Detecting Pedestrians on Rainy Image." Sensors 21, no. 1 (December 27, 2020): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21010112.
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Pedestrian detection is widely used in cooperative vehicle infrastructure systems. Traditional pedestrian detection methods perform sufficiently well under sunny scenarios and obtain trustworthy traffic data. However, the detection drastically decreases under rainy scenarios. This study proposes a pedestrian detection algorithm with a de-raining module that improves detection accuracy under various rainy scenarios. Specifically, this algorithm determines the density information of rain and effectively removes rain streaks through the de-raining module. Then the algorithm detects pedestrians as a pair of keypoints through the pedestrian detection module to solve the problem of occlusion. Furthermore, a new pedestrian dataset containing rain density labels is established and used to train the algorithm. For the scenarios of light, medium, and heavy rain, extensive experiments on synthetic datasets demonstrate that the proposed algorithm increases AP (average precision) of pedestrian detection by 21.1%, 48.1%, and 60.9%. Moreover, the proposed algorithm performs well on real datasets and achieves improvements over the state-of-the-art methods, which reveals that the proposed algorithm can significantly improve the accuracy of pedestrian detection in rainy scenarios.
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Kuzyshyn, A. "INVESTIGATION THE INFLUENCE DIFFERENCE OF THE WAGON’S WHEELS DIAMETERS ON ITS DERAILMENT BY QUASI-DYNAMICS METHOD." Criminalistics and Forensics, no. 64 (May 7, 2019): 608–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.33994/kndise.2019.64.57.
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In the article the author notes that the horizontal forces arising in the process of pressing the wheel flanges to the working edge of the rail, under certain conditions can be very significant. These forces, in combination with the wheel unloading, caused by the geometric deviation of the track in the plan and profile, can lead to rolling the wheel of the wheelset onto the rail head and, as a consequence, to the stock derailment. Such pressing of the wheel to the rail head in the straight part of the track can occur when faults in the running gears of the wagons: non-parallelism of the axles of the wheel pairs of the bogie frame by the difference in the bases of the side frames, wear of the guide axle-box openings; the difference of the flanges on one wheel pair is more than permissible, wear of the body and bogie bolster center plates, step bearing; a significant difference in the diameters of the wheels of the wheelset caused by the intense wear of the rolling surface of one of them, etc. The article deals with the investigation of the influence of the wheels’ diameters difference of the wheelset on the amount of lateral force for the empty and loaded state of the rolling stock wagon. The results obtained made it possible to conclude that an increase in the wheels’ diameters difference of the wheelset of a loaded wagon of rolling stock leads to more intensive growth of the lateral force, as compared with the exhaust. This is caused by the linear dependence of the lateral force on the mass of the wagon of the rolling stock. However, for both the empty and the loaded wagon, the increase in the lateral force value has a negative effect. In conjunction with the unloading of the wheel it increases the probability of rolling in the wheel of the wheelset on the rail head. Also, an increase in the action of the lateral force from the wheelset on the rail, causes increased wear of the rail, the wheel flange, which is pressed. At the same time, rolling surfaces of an irregular shape are formed on the surface of the other wheel. Therefore, it is important to ensure the maintenance of the wheels of a wheel pair with the smallest difference in its diameters. Key words: rolling stock, diameter difference of wheels, quasi-dynamics method.
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Kumar, Yogesh, Sandeep Panchal, Amit Ashish, and Bhanu Pratap Singh. "Feasibility Study of Railway Line in Hilly Region using GIS." International Journal of Online Engineering (iJOE) 13, no. 08 (August 4, 2017): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijoe.v13i08.7186.
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Aim of this study is to demonstrate the potential of GIS and multi-criteria decision approach (MCDA) as a tool for the selection of alignment of rail route in Hilly region. In the present study, Geographic information system (GIS) and multi-criteria decision approach (MCDA) is used to plan the alignment of railway route from Bhuntar to Kullu in Himachal Pradesh (HP), India. The various factors which affect the alignment of rail route are identified in this study. The factors considered in this study are topography, land-use, distance from power line, drainage pattern and road network of the area. The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) is used to determine the ranking of the relative parameters. The determined ranking is used in pair-wise comparison to find the weights of these relative parameters. The maps with weighted parameters are overlaid and resultant map is created in GIS for route finding, station location and alignment of railway. The final map shows the cumulative effect of all the factors which affect the rail route alignment. The final map is divided into four parts based on feasibility index. It is found that 55% area is highly feasible for route alignment while 25% of the total area comes under category of low feasibility.
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Kang, Xian Min, and Lin Wang. "Experimental Analysis of Axial Load Internal Circulation Ball Screw Pair of Friction Torque and the Impact." Applied Mechanics and Materials 401-403 (September 2013): 139–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.401-403.139.
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According to the working principle of the ball in and out of the race in inner circulation and external loop, analyzed under the action of axial force of the ball in and out of the influence of the raceway for the ball screw friction resistance, due to ball in rail friction drag is small, that the inner loop no loss as external loop ball friction energy in the circulation pipe, friction torque variation of the ball in and out is small. Experimental results show that the inner loop of the ball screw's friction torque increases with the increase of rotational speed, but the amount of friction torque fluctuation is small, under the screw speed, the axial force has certain influence for inner loop ball screw's friction torque fluctuation and ball impact, but under the relatively high speed is not obvious of on the two.
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Xia, Yan, Yi Wan, Hongwei Wang, and Zhanqiang Liu. "Dynamic characteristics analysis of locomotive traction gear pair system under internal and external excitations." Engineering Computations 37, no. 8 (March 27, 2020): 2587–617. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ec-03-2019-0083.
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Purpose As the transmission component of a locomotive, the traction gear pair system has a direct effect on the stability and reliability of the whole machine. This paper aims to provide a detailed dynamic analysis for the traction system under internal and external excitations by numerical simulation. Design/methodology/approach A non-linear dynamic model of locomotive traction gear pair system is proposed, where the comprehensive time-varying meshing stiffness is obtained through the Ishikawa formula method and verified by the energy method, and then the sliding friction excitation is analyzed based on the location of the contact line. Meantime, the adhesion torque is constructed as a function of the adhesion-slip feature between wheelset and rail. Through Runge–Kutta numerical method, the system responses are studied with varying bifurcation parameters consisting of exciting frequency, load fluctuation, gear backlash, error fluctuation and friction coefficient. The dynamic behaviors of the system are analyzed and discussed from bifurcation diagram, time history, spectrum plot, phase portrait, Poincaré map and three-dimensional frequency spectrum. Findings The analysis results reveal that as control parameters vary the system experiences complex transition among a diverse range of motion states such as one-periodic, multi-periodic and chaotic motions. Specifically, the significant difference in system bifurcation characteristics can be observed under different adhesion conditions. The suitable gear backlash and error fluctuation can avoid the chaotic motion, and thus, reduce the vibration amplitude of the system. Similarly, the increasing friction coefficient can also suppress the unstable state and improve the stability of the system. Originality/value The numerical results may provide a systemic understanding of dynamic characteristics and present some available information to design and optimize the transmission performance of the locomotive traction system.
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Li, Bing, Kang Rong, Haifeng Cheng, and Yongxin Wu. "Fatigue Assessment of Monopile Supported Offshore Wind Turbine under Non-Gaussian Wind Field." Shock and Vibration 2021 (August 3, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6467617.
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The vibration of offshore wind turbines caused by external loads is significant, which will cause fatigue damage to offshore wind turbines. Wind load is the main load during the operation period of the wind turbine, and available studies have shown that the external wind field often exhibits certain non-Gaussian characteristics. This article aims to obtain the fatigue assessment of the monopile foundation of the wind turbine under the non-Gaussian wind fields. A 5 MW wind turbine is selected in this article, and OpenFAST is applied to simulate the wind load. By comparing the Mises stress time histories of the pile foundation at a different depth, the fatigue analysis of the critical spots of the pile foundation is obtained. In the analysis of fatigue damage, the rain flow counting method is adopted, and the two-segment S-N curve is selected to analyze the fatigue life of the critical spots. The results show that, by taking the non-Gaussian characteristic of the wind field into account, the fatigue life of the monopile foundation decreases. Therefore, attention should be paid to the influence of non-Gaussian characteristics of wind fields on the fatigue life of monopile-supported wind turbines.
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Dong, Lin, Hui Ping Jiang, and He Shun Wang. "Finite Element Simulation on Temperature Field Couple under Contact Resistor Thermal and Friction Thermal in Friction and Wear." Advanced Materials Research 383-390 (November 2011): 2578–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.383-390.2578.
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Based on finite element simulation, the temperature field model for the frictional pair of third rail and collector shoe under the coupling of contact resistor thermal and friction thermal was established. The method of coupling the two kinds of thermal was given in detail, the temperature field was calculated, and the maximum coupled temperature changing under different electric current, velocity, and displacement of the model was studied. The results show that the temperature raising effect of friction thermal and contact resistor thermal is different. In the process of mechanical friction without electric current, the highest temperature is in the contact center line, the temperature distribution expands around the contact zone in descending tendency. But in couple condition, the temperature distribution with electric current expands around the contact point in descending tendency. In the two conditions, the temperature gradients are all becoming smaller. The maximum coupled temperature increases with the increasing of the electric current, and decreases with the increasing of the velocity under the constant displacement and normal force. The maximum coupled temperature increases linearly with the increasing of displacement under constant electric current, velocity and normal force.
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Shi, Yan, Miao Li, Weihua Ma, and Kang Chen. "Dynamic of Friction Coupling Independently Rotating Wheels for High Speed." Shock and Vibration 2017 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/7456598.
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A new lateral coupling structure with independently rotating wheels (IRW) is proposed, and longitudinal creepage is obtained by replacing the gear pair with the friction pair to synchronize the rotation speed of left and right wheels. The auxiliary wheelset made up of two friction wheels can be placed either under the primary suspension or on the frame. Vehicles dynamics models with three different kinds of bogies are developed, including friction coupling bogie with independently rotating wheels (FCIRW-bogie), bogie with independently rotating wheels (IRW-bogie), and bogie with rigid wheelsets, and their guiding and resetting capability when negotiating large-radius curves are compared and analyzed. Results show that FCIRW has the advantages of both IRW and rigid wheelset. On the straight track, FCIRW has sufficient wheel-rail longitudinal creep force to assist the reset; its critical speed is much higher than that of the rigid wheelset. On the curved track, the whole vehicle wear power of FCIRW-bogie vehicle is about 2/3 of the rigid axle level.
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Chen, J., and M. B. Beck. "Operational control of storm sewage at an activated sludge process." Water Science and Technology 43, no. 7 (April 1, 2001): 131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0407.
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Operational control of storm sewage at a wastewater treatment plant has attracted intensive concern over the last decade in the context of river basin management. The focus is on the exploitation of the full capacity of the wastewater treatment plant in attenuating storm sewage, and minimizing a direct storm sewage bypass to the river. Attention is particularly paid to the surge of storm water on the activated sludge process. Based on two typical rain events, this paper discusses the performance of several practical controllers in achieving an optimal effluent performance under storm loadings, without risking internal biomass stability and sludge overflow. The control algorithms tested include various controls of recycle rate, step-feed and step-sludge. Prediction errors of influent characteristics and process responses are also under consideration in the assessment. The results illustrate well the desirability, effectiveness and robustness of the tested controllers.
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Kirk, Ashlynn, and Kurt Vogel. "PSV-3 Detection of Bruising in Holstein Slaughter Cows with Infrared Thermography." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_3 (November 2, 2020): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa054.278.
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Abstract Identifying severe bruising in livestock before slaughter is valuable because bruises are likely a source of pain for the animal that cannot be seen by visual inspection. This bruising may result in major trim losses because bruised tissue is considered unfit for human consumption. The objective of this study was to determine if bruising could be detected under the hide of live Holstein cull cows with infrared thermal imaging technology. A FLIR E8 thermal imaging camera was utilized to capture heat emission images pre-hide removal and post hide removal for 36 Holstein cull cows. Images were collected approximately 2 m from each cow and associated carcass images were examined on FLIR Tools software to determine if and where inflammation was detected on the carcass. Trimming occurs throughout the slaughter process, but carcasses may be ‘railed out’ if additional trimming is necessary. Trim loss was collected from railed out carcasses and weighed. The impact of rail-out status on trim loss was significant (P < 0.0001). Carcasses that were railed out (n = 15) yielded 16.2 ± 2.0 kg of trim loss. Carcasses that were not railed out (n = 21) did not experience additional trim loss. Carcasses railed out for additional trimming where inflammation suggested bruising existed (n = 7) yielded 21.0 ± 4.8 kg of trim loss. Carcasses railed out for trimming where thermography did not detect bruising (n = 4) yielded 12.6 ± 6.4 kg of trim loss. The relationship between thermographic detection of bruises and trim loss among railed-out carcasses was not significant (P = 0.3200). Inflammation that predicted rail-out events was 63.64% while carcasses in which rail-out was not detected by thermography was 36.36%. It appears that infrared thermography has potential to identify carcass bruising but additional investigation is warranted to understand its limitations.
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Leclerc, Christian, Caroline Mwongera, Pierre Camberlin, and Vincent Moron. "Cropping System Dynamics, Climate Variability, and Seed Losses among East African Smallholder Farmers: A Retrospective Survey." Weather, Climate, and Society 6, no. 3 (July 1, 2014): 354–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/wcas-d-13-00035.1.
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Abstract Climate variability directly affects traditional low input and rain-fed farming systems, but few studies have paid attention retrospectively to the cropping system’s ability to mitigate climate risk. This study analyzes the impacts of rainfall variability on farmers’ seed variety losses over time, considering changes in smallholder farming systems. The cropping system dynamics, in favoring maize at the expense of sorghum and pearl millet, have induced an increasing risk of seed loss during drought. Combining ecological anthropology and climatology, a retrospective survey asking farmers about the period 1961–2006 was carried out at three altitudinal levels (750, 950, and 1100 m) on the eastern slope of Mount Kenya. Over that period, based on 3204 seed loss events reported orally and independently by 208 farmers, the probability to lose sorghum seed (0.056–0.065) was significantly lower than the probability to lose maize seed (0.071–0.087). All crops were more impacted by droughts than by very wet years. Seed loss probability increased for rainy seasons shorter than 50 days, with less than 28 rain days, and with a precipitation amount under 400 mm. Losses are almost linearly related to the frequency of rain days. Logistic regression confirmed that a change in cropping systems, favoring maize at the expense of sorghum and pearl millet, increased the risk of seed losses due to drought over the 46-yr period.
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PAWELEC, Zbigniew. "THE INFLUENCE OF THE FRICTION PAIR LOAD ON TRIBOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF POLYMER COMPOSITES IN RECIPROCATING MOTION." Tribologia 266, no. 2 (April 30, 2016): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.7571.
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This paper presents the influence of the friction pair load on the wear and friction coefficient of polymer composites in reciprocating motion. The tested polymer composites are used in regeneration purposes of supports in cutting tools. Tribological characteristics were evaluated for composites modified with graphite and molybdenum disulphide as the additives (modifiers). The tests were performed by the use of T-17 tribotester under conditions of various loads (100, 150, 200 N), with a frequency of 1 Hz, and the 20 000 cycles of 25 mm amplitude. The friction pairs were lubricated with standard machine oil. For comparison purposes, the tribological characteristics of steel-steel configuration were performed. The mechanism of friction pair wear was evaluated by the analysis with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results have shown that the increase in the load of friction pair affects the friction coefficient only restrainedly. The polymer regeneration composites designed for flat guide rails in cutting machines proved to be more useful and resistant than the steel-steel combination.
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Dabiri, N., C. W. Holmes, S. N. McCutcheon, W. J. Parker, and S. T. Morris. "Resistance to cold stress in sheep shorn by cover comb or standard comb." Animal Science 60, no. 3 (June 1995): 451–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800013321.
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AbstractThe cover comb has been developed in New Zealand as a means of increasing residual fleece depth after shearing and so increasing the resistance of shorn sheep to cold stress.The effects of shearing by cover comb and standard comb were studied over 2 days pre-shearing and 10 days post-shearing in eight pairs of non-pregnant, non-lactating 2-year-old ewes. Animals were housed and given a maintenance level of chaffed lucerne hay. One member of each pair was shorn with a cover comb, the other with a standard comb. Each pair was exposed to ‘cold plus wind’ (7°C ambient temperature, 7 km/h air movement) followed by ‘cold plus wind plus rain’ (10°C ambient temperature, 7km/h air movement, wetting at a rate equivalent to 25 mm/h rain from overhead sprinklers) in a calorimetry chamber on days S –3, S –2, SO (day of shearing), S2, S6 and S10. Heat production immediately after shearing (SO) was proportionately 0·22 greater in ewes shorn by the standard comb under conditions of ‘cold plus wind’ and 0·38 greater under conditions of ‘cold plus wind plus rain’ than in their cover comb-shorn cohorts. Circulating concentrations of non-esterifiedfatty acids were substantially elevated on the day of shearing and 2 days thereafter in ewes shorn by the standard comb, indicating increased rates of body fat mobilization to support heat production in these ewes compared with those shorn by the cover comb. This was reflected in a 1·4 kg weight loss in the standard comb-shorn ewes compared with a 0·4 kg live-weight gain in the cover comb-shorn group over the 10 days of the experiment. It was concluded that use of a cover comb will significantly reduce the risk of death from hypothermia in sheep shorn during winter and spring, and should facilitate an increase in the productivity of animals by allowing a greater proportion of food energy to be used for productive purposes.
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Gruner, Wolf. "The Factory Action and the Events at the Rosenstrasse in Berlin: Facts and Fictions about 27 February 1943 — Sixty Years Later." Central European History 36, no. 2 (June 2003): 179–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156916103770866112.
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On 27 February 1943 in Nazi Germany the Gestapo brutally arrested more than ten thousand Jewish men and women. Martin Riesenburger, later the Chief Rabbi of the German Democratic Republic, recalled that day as “the great inferno.” This large-scale raid marked the beginning of the final phase of the mass deportations, which had been under way since October 1941. Also interned in Berlin were people who, according to NS terminology, lived in so-called mixed marriages. But new documents show that no deportation of this special group was planned by the Gestapo. In the past decade, in both the German as well as the American public, quite a bit of attention has been paid to the fact that non-Jewish relatives publicly demonstrated against the feared deportation of their Jewish partners. The scholarly literature as well has pictured this protest as a unique act of resistance that prevented the deportation of these Jews living in mixed marriages. The fact that during this raid an untold number of Jews, both women and men, fled and went underground has so far been ignored. Since we still know much too little, the following article will discuss all the events of the spring of 1943 and their background.
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Zhou, Chao, Li Li, and Yibing Liu. "Characteristics of Rainfall in Wind Field of a Downburst and Its Effects on Motion of High-Voltage Transmission Line." Shock and Vibration 2017 (2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/7350369.
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Despite most weather-related failures of high-voltage transmission lines (HVTLs) being attributed to the downbursts accompanied by heavy rainfall, research works mainly focused on the behaviors of the high-voltage transmission tower-line structures under dry downburst winds. This paper thus presents a preliminary study to discuss the characteristics of rainfall in the downbursts and their effects on responses of HVTLs. Based on Vicroy model, the velocities of raindrops and their loads and pressure ratios of downburst wind-driven rain and only downburst wind on the surface of HVTLs per unit length are obtained. A downburst wind-rain induced vibration model is established to calculate the effects of the rainfall intensity and wind velocities on the motions of HVTLs. To verify the feasibility and accuracy of the model, the model is applied to evaluate responses of HVTLs with measured aerodynamic coefficients. The responses of HVTLs from the evaluated (the model) and the field observation results are compared. The results indicated that the model is feasible and can capture main features of the rainfall acting on HVTLs in the downbursts. Furthermore, the effects of rainfall cannot be neglected, and more attention should be paid to the wet downbursts and their effects on aerodynamic property of HVTLs.
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Owusu, Emmanuel Yaw, Richard Akromah, Nicholas Ninju Denwar, Joseph Adjebeng-Danquah, Francis Kusi, and Mohammed Haruna. "Inheritance of Early Maturity in Some Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) Genotypes under Rain Fed Conditions in Northern Ghana." Advances in Agriculture 2018 (2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8930259.
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A field experiment was conducted at Savanna Agricultural Research Institute in 2015 cropping season to examine the inheritance of early maturity among an extra-early maturing landrace Sanzi and a medium maturing variety Padi-Tuya and their progenies. The results indicated highly significant (P<0.01) genetic variations for the maturity indices, namely, days to first flower initiation (DFFI), days to 50% flowering (DFF), days to first pod maturity (DFPM), days to 90% pod maturity (DNPM), and plant height (P_PLT), seed per pod (S_Pod), and hundred seed weight (H_SWT). Heritability estimates for these traits varied from 74% to 99%. No significant differences (P>0.05) were observed between F1 and RF1, implying absence of maternal effect. The segregation ratio in the F2 population for early and medium maturity fitted into the ratio 3 : 1, indicating single dominant gene mode of inheritance. Significant positive correlations were found between DNPM, DFFI, DFF, and DFPM; hence selection criteria to improve early maturity of cowpea should focus on these traits. Grain yield also had significant positive correlations with maturity indices indicating high grain yield is associated with late maturity; therefore, high grain yield should be considered alongside early maturity when selecting progenies for earliness.
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Huo, Junzhou, Jianjun Zhou, Tao Li, Zhichao Meng, and Wei Sun. "Thermal EHL Characteristics Investigation on Axle Box Bearings of Railway Vehicle Based on Slicing Method." Shock and Vibration 2019 (April 2, 2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6981482.
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Lubrication failures of axle box bearings can lead to accidents, such as bearing burnout and hot axle cutting. Presently, the modeling of the vehicle-track system dynamics rarely considers the nonlinear contact load of axle box bearings, and this leads to imperfection in the vehicle-track system dynamics calculation. And then, the load distribution and lubrication characteristics of axle box bearings are difficult to obtain. Therefore, in this paper, we fully consider the time-varying nonlinear contact load of bearings and track irregularity in establishing the bearing-wheel-rail system coupling-dynamics model. The dynamic response of axle box bearings is obtained by taking the vertical, strong impact-time-varying load on the carrying saddles as the external excitation. The load-balance equation of dynamic pressure lubrication is then obtained, according to the slicing method of bearing rollers. Finally, the elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) model of axle box bearings is established considering thermal and scale effects. The results show that the central film thickness under thermal EHL was decreased by 13.61% compared with that under isothermal EHL. As the velocity of the contact pair increases, the thickness difference between thermal and isothermal EHL became larger. Thermal effects should be considered in the EHL model, in order to truly reflect the characteristics of EHL under a high speed.
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STEUR, LUISA. "An ‘Expanded’ Class Perspective: Bringing capitalism down to earth in the changing political lives of Adivasi workers in Kerala." Modern Asian Studies 48, no. 5 (July 1, 2014): 1334–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x14000407.
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AbstractFollowing the police raid on the ‘Muthanga’ land occupation by Adivasi (‘indigenous’) activists in Kerala, India, in February 2003, intense public debate erupted about the fate of Adivasis in this ‘model’ development state. Most commentators saw the land occupation either as the fight-back of Adivasis against their age-old colonization or the work of ‘external’ agitators. Capitalist restructuring and ‘globalization’ was generally seen as simply the latest chapter in the suffering of these Adivasis. Little focused attention was paid to the recent class trajectory of their lives under changing capitalist relations, the exact social processes under which they were having to make a living, and what had only recently—and still largely ambiguously—made them ready to identify themselves politically as ‘Adivasi’. Demonstrating the usefulness of ethnographic curiosity driven by an ‘expanded’ class analysis, as elaborated in Marxian anthropology, this article provides an alternative to the liberal-culturalist explanation of indigenism in Kerala. It argues instead that contemporary class processes—as experienced close to the skin by the people who decided to participate in the Muthanga struggle—were what shaped their decision to embrace indigenism.
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Poujol, Basile, Andreas F. Prein, and Andrew J. Newman. "Kilometer-scale modeling projects a tripling of Alaskan convective storms in future climate." Climate Dynamics 55, no. 11-12 (September 26, 2020): 3543–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-020-05466-1.
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Abstract Convective storms produce heavier downpours and become more intense with climate change. Such changes could be even amplified in high-latitudes since the Arctic is warming faster than any other region in the world and subsequently moistening. However, little attention has been paid to the impact of global warming on intense thunderstorms in high latitude continental regions, where they can produce flash flooding or ignite wildfires. We use a model with kilometer-scale grid spacing to simulate Alaska’s climate under present and end of the century high emission scenario conditions. The current climate simulation is able to capture the frequency and intensity of hourly precipitation compared to rain gauge data. We apply a precipitation tracking algorithm to identify intense, organized convective systems, which are projected to triple in frequency and extend to the northernmost regions of Alaska under future climate conditions. Peak rainfall rates in the core of the storms will intensify by 37% in line with atmospheric moisture increases. These results could have severe impacts on Alaska’s economy and ecology since floods are already the costliest natural disaster in central Alaska and an increasing number of thunderstorms could result in more wildfires ignitions.
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White, Stephanie. "Performance and Memory." Ethnologies 24, no. 1 (May 23, 2003): 251–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/006539ar.
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Résumé The Trans-Canada Highway (1949-1962) was a major postwar Canadian nationalist project. It is also a real roadway, originally constructed to standards acceptable in 1949, and paid for by the provinces and the federal government. It is a clear case of a material object designed under a set of conditions that evolve, adapt and persist through changing circumstances. The highway’s physical materiality and usefulness ensures its continued presence; its political and social readings are more ephemeral. Its ambitions of sovereignty were a response to American concerns over geopolitical security. Its routing was a response to American tourism. Its structures — bridges, overpasses, guard rails, verges, signage — are at once intensely local, sited in very particular landscapes, and at the same time follow the lineaments of abstract expressionism — overtly the quantifiable universalism of the modern movement. The Trans-Canada Highway is a case of modernism coming to ground in a local geography.
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Kuzyshyn, Andriy, Andriy Batig, Sergei Kostritsa, Julia Sobolevska, Vitalii Kovalchuk, Stepan Dovhanyuk, and Oleg Voznyak. "Research of safety indicators of diesel train movement with two-stage spring suspension." MATEC Web of Conferences 234 (2018): 05003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201823405003.
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The problem of the interaction of rolling stock with the rail track has been analyzed in the present paper. It has been established that in the process of transport science development a number of methods for determining the causes of wheel pairs derailment are developed, which, in a varying degree, take into account the peculiarities of their interaction. The problem of choosing the most accurate method for estimating the causes of rolling stock derailment becomes more complicated because of the lack of sufficient experimental data that would allow us to verify the adequacy of the models. The indicators of stability of the wheel against derailment, which are used on the railways of Ukraine and Europe, have been examined. Their dependences on the speed of movement were derived. It has been established that the increase of the speed of motion leads to the increase of the interaction power of the rolling stock with the rail track, which may, under certain operational parameters, provoke its derailment. As a result of the calculations, it has been shown that the use of norms for car design and calculation used on Ukrainian railways can lead to an inadequate estimation of traffic safety parameters, since it does not take into account the unevenness of the railway track. It has been established that the requirements of BS EN 14363: 2005 European norms are stricter in comparison with the norms for calculation and evaluation of the bearing elements strength and dynamic qualities of motor-vehicle rolling stock used on Ukrainian railways. A comparison of the experimentally and theoretically calculated values of the stability margin coefficient against wheel derailment of the first wheel pair of the diesel train car was carried out.
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Yang, Weichao, E. Deng, Chenghua Shi, Ning Liu, Ruizhen Fei, and Huan Yue. "Lining Fatigue Test and Influence Zoning of Tridimensional Cross-Tunnel under High-Speed Train Loads." Applied Sciences 10, no. 16 (August 17, 2020): 5694. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10165694.
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Tridimensional cross tunnels usually manifest the vulnerable components of a high-speed railway caused by the sophistication of the structural pattern and the continuous shock from the train. The frequent defect of tunnel lining at the intersection would affect the safe operation of the two rails. As a result, attention has been paid to fatigue damage caused by the long-term dynamic load from a running train, in order to ensure the safety and serviceability of the cross tunnel lining. However, an influence zoning method with respect to tunnel crossing for the direct estimation of whether the lining structure is damaged due to the train load, and to what extent, is unavailable. In this paper, a systematic study that consists of numerical simulation and fatigue damage experiment is conducted to develop an approximate method to enable practicing engineers to evaluate reasonable design parameters. The initial static stress, which corresponds to the static tensile stress of secondary lining under the stratum load, and the maximum dynamic stress, which refers to the maximum dynamic tensile stress under the train load, are estimated according to the numerical simulation. A simplified damage evolution model and its parameters are identified on the basis of a systematic fatigue damage experiment. Finally, the influence zoning method is conducted on the basis of two criteria, namely (1) that initial stress level should not exceed 0.6, and (2) that load cycles should not exceed N = 2 × 106 times. Thus, the practicing parameters during the cross tunnel design, such as surrounding rock mass, cross angle, rock pillar thickness between two tunnels, and train speed can be utilized conveniently by using the proposed calculation charts, according to the identification of initial stress level and the magnitude of dynamic stresses caused by the train load.
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Xu, Chen, Zaohong Liu, Guanjun Cai, and Jian Zhan. "Experimental study on the selection of common adsorption substrates for extensive green roofs (EGRs)." Water Science and Technology 83, no. 4 (January 8, 2021): 961–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2021.012.
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Abstract Adsorption substrate in the substrate layer of an extensive green roof (EGR) is one of the most important factors affecting rainwater retention and pollution interception capacity. However, the contact time between runoff and adsorption substrate is extremely short in actual rainfall, and adsorption substrate cannot show fully rainwater retention and pollution interception capacity. So, selection of adsorption substrate based on its physical properties and theoretical adsorption capacity is unreliable. In this study, eight commonly-used adsorption substrate experimental devices are constructed with the same configuration. The delayed outflow time and runoff reduction rate of each device, along with event measurement concentration (EMC), average EMC, and cumulative pollutant quantity of SS, ammonium (NH4+), nitrate (NO3−), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) in each device outflow under nine simulated rainfall events are measured and evaluated. The results indicate that vermiculite has a significant interception effect on NH4+ and TP with the advantages of low bulk density, high porosity, low cost, and a good rainfall runoff retention capacity under torrential rain and downpour events. In future practical engineering and related studies of EGR, attention should be paid to ameliorating the deficiencies of the adsorption substrates and optimizing their synergistic effects when combined with nutrient substrates.
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Hwang, Taesung. "Assignment of Freight Truck Shipment on the U.S. Highway Network." Sustainability 13, no. 11 (June 3, 2021): 6369. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13116369.
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With the ever-increasing demand for freight movements, nationwide freight shipments between geographical regions by freight trucks need to be investigated since they comprise the largest share of total freight movements in the United States. To this end, the procedures for freight truck shipment demand network assignment on the entire U.S. highway network considering congestion effect are discussed, and the results are explained in detail, with visual illustrations. A fundamental traffic assignment model with a convex combinations algorithm is proposed to solve the nationwide freight truck shipment assignment problem under the user equilibrium principle. A link cost function is modified, considering the traffic volume that already exists on U.S. highways. A case study is conducted using big data including the entire U.S. highway network and freight shipment information in 2007. Total and average freight shipment costs for both truck and rail transportation for a specific origin–destination pair in the database are computed to compare the characteristics of these two major freight transportation modes in the United States. Application of the proposed model could be possible to address many other related problems, such as improvement of highway infrastructure, and reductions in traffic congestion and vehicle emissions.
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Dimitrovová, Zuzana. "Semi-analytical approaches to vibrations induced by moving loads." MATEC Web of Conferences 211 (2018): 11005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201821111005.
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With the evolution of the computational power, there is a tendency to overlook analytical and semi-analytical solutions, despite their inherent obvious advantages. One should, however, be aware of the fact, that these solutions provide the necessary insight into the relevant physical phenomena and are accompanied by highly precise results, quickly obtainable without the necessity of additional numerical convergence tests. The objective of this contribution is to fill the gap in available semi-analytical solutions related to wave propagation induced by moving loads, with practical applications of high-speed rails. The structures that will be considered are composed of a beam and a supporting medium. The beam represents the interface between the structure and the moving object and will be simplified in conformity with the Euler-Bernoulli theory. In this paper the supporting structure will be considered as a two-parameter viscoelastic foundation and the moving object will be simplified by masses carrying constant forces with harmonic components, under assumption of tight contact. Special attention is paid to the proximity of moving masses.
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Kogut, Oleksandra. "THE EMPIRICAL RESEARCH ON STRESS COPING STYLES." PSYCHOLOGICAL JOURNAL 7, no. 3 (March 30, 2021): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.31108/1.2021.7.3.5.
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Problem statement. The article presents the theoretical and empirical research of three stress coping styles: adaptive, relatively adaptive, maladaptive. The special attention is paid to the empirical study on each style components: personal reactions to stress, psychological defence, endurance under aggressive work conditions and threats to life, fast resources recovery after stress, ability to build partnerships, responsibility and determination, a set of adequate reactions to stress. Objective. To carry out an empirical research of police patrol officers’ stress coping styles. Research Methods. The diagnostic base included the following methods: E. Heim’s method examining coping strategies, “Don’t let a person fall” express-diagnostics of A. Smirnova (projective technique), “Assessment of nervous and mental tension” of T. Nemchin, “A person under rain” (projective technique) of A. Romanova and T. Sitko, the inquirer of the social-psychological adaptation of C.Rogers and R.Diamond, “Transactional analysis of communication” of E. Ilyin. Research results. Most respondents with adaptive style of stress overcoming in extreme conditions apply successful coping strategies (66%), they quickly recover lost resources, are prone to partner communication, responsible, show leadership qualities, find a way out of situations and are able to lead others, feel protected in a stressful situation, are able to perform duties under aggressive working conditions, rarely get into critical situations because they always carefully calculate all possible variants of events and try to foresee everything that can happen, in a critical situation they are not confused and can do everything necessary to correct what has happened. Patrol officers with the maladaptive style are unable to work in extreme working conditions, feel unprotected in aggressive conditions, and react to stress naively and timidly.
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Afzali, Daryoush, Ali Reza Mohadesi, Masoumeh Falahnejad, and Behnoosh Bahadori. "Ultrasound-Assisted Ion-Pair Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction of Trace Amounts of Lead in Water Samples Prior to Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Determination." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 96, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 161–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.11-174.
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Abstract A new ion-pair dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction method is described for separation and preconcentration of trace amounts of lead in different water samples. Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry was used for determination of lead. The ion association complex between lead and iodide ions that forms is PbI4–2-tetradecyldimethylbenzylammonium, which is extracted into fine droplets of chlorobenzene. In order to reach the optimized experimental conditions, the influence of different parameters, such as concentration of KI, nature and volume of extraction solvents, pH effect, extraction time, and the period and speed of sonication and centrifugation, were optimized. The LOD was 0.08 ng/mL and the linear dynamic range was 0.20–8.0 ng/mL in initial solution with a correlation coefficient of 0.9985. Under the optimum conditions, the enrichment factor was 555.5. The proposed method was successfully applied for separation and determination of lead in sea, rain, river, and drinking water samples.
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Lunn, Jon. "The Political Economy of Primary Railway Construction in the Rhodesias, 1890–1911." Journal of African History 33, no. 2 (July 1992): 239–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700032229.
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The main trunk lines of the Rhodesian railway system were built under the aegis of Cecil Rhodes' British South Africa Company (BSA Co.) between 1890 and 1911. This article begins with an analysis of the motivations behind railway construction during this period. It argues that interpretations which set up a dichotomy between ‘Rhodes-as-imperialist’ and ‘Rhodes-as-capitalist’ are misconceived. Nevertheless, it shows how the motivations behind railway development took on a more narrowly economic and financial character after the fiasco of the Jameson Raid in 1896 put paid to Rhodes' sub-imperial ambitions.There follows an analysis of the economic and financial foundations of the BSA Co.'s regional railway monopoly. The article charts how railway construction was sustained through the manipulation of the interlocking interests of the BSA Co. and the Witwatersrand; through the creation of a ‘group structure’ of railway companies; and through the triangular relationship which developed between the BSA Co., Paulings, the monopoly contractor, and d'Erlangers, the chief broker and underwriter of railway loan (debenture) capital.Finally, two fundamental allegations made by critics of the railway policy of the BSA Co. are assessed: firstly, that debenture finance was a means of distributing disguised dividends to itself and its friends; secondly, that these disguised dividends were paid for by the settlers through exorbitant railway rates. The nature of debt within the railway monopoly, the functions of debenture finance and the imperatives which shaped rating policy are discussed. The allegations are revealed to be ill-founded. It is argued that the tensions between the settlers and the BSA Co., their interdependence notwithstanding, were rooted in conflicting perceptions of what the priorities and parameters of economic development should be.
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Semchynskiy, K. V. "Problems of war in the writings of Islamic thinkers of the XX century." Ukrainian Religious Studies, no. 31-32 (November 9, 2004): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.32420/2004.31-32.1525.
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The Islamic concept of war has long been the subject of consideration by prominent Muslim theologians and legal scholars who sought to unambiguously outline its doctrines and interpret the contradictory statements of the Qur'an and the hadiths. The conditions of jihad, the requirements for its announcement, the ethical principles of jihad were paid attention in their writings by the scholars of Muslim theology, Al-Shaybani, Al-Shaf'iyah, Ibn Rushd, Ibn Taymiyah and others. The problem of the ambiguity of the Muslim interpretation of the war lies in the different vectors of his interpretation of Shariah: "harb" in the sense of "war as fighting, lack of peace", "gaswat" - meaning "raid", "military campaign" and "jihad" in meaning, first of all, "effort" and "fight, following the path of God." Gradually, the concept of jihad evolved. Some Islamic thinkers focused solely on the military aspect of jihad, some, such as Ibn Rushd, raising the economic ground for the laws of war, developing a system of techniques that could resolve contentious issues with representatives of other religions, and prove the economic benefits of peace. Some thinkers have interpreted who and under what conditions they are the enemy, how to deal with the vanquished enemy, while some, such as Ibn Taymiyah, interpreted the concept of jihad as a spiritual religious term meaning love and devotion to God.