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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Underestimated costs

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Academic literature on the topic 'Underestimated costs'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2025

Last updated: 1 August 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Underestimated costs"

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Blaiklock, M. "Costs of PFI and PPP have been underestimated." BMJ 327, no. 7411 (2003): 395—a—395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.327.7411.395-a.

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Novoa, Ana, Desika Moodley, Jane A. Catford, et al. "Global costs of plant invasions must not be underestimated." NeoBiota 69 (October 13, 2021): 75–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.69.74121.

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Hoffmann, F., and T. Grobe. "Outpatient costs in patients with atrial fibrillation are underestimated." Europace 13, no. 12 (2011): 1801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/europace/eur239.

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Alvarez sabin, J., J. Masjuan, M. Yebenes, et al. "PCV61 are Hospital Costs for Stroke Underestimated in Spain?" Value in Health 14, no. 7 (2011): A375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2011.08.782.

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Novoa, Ana, Desika Moodley, Jane A. Catford, et al. "Global costs of plant invasions must not be underestimated." NeoBiota 69 (October 13, 2021): 75–78. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.69.74121.

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Wagner, Bradley, and Sally Blower. "Costs of eliminating HIV in South Africa have been underestimated." Lancet 376, no. 9745 (2010): 953–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(10)61442-0.

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Watari, Yuya, Hirotaka Komine, Elena Angulo, Christophe Diagne, Liliana Ballesteros-Mejia, and Franck Courchamp. "First synthesis of the economic costs of biological invasions in Japan." NeoBiota 67 (July 29, 2021): 79–101. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.67.59186.

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Despite the large body of knowledge recognising the impact of biological invasions on biodiversity, their economic impact has been less evaluated. However, the associated economic costs ought to provide useful information on many different aspects to prevent and manage invasions. Here, we describe the economic costs of biological invasions in Japan using InvaCost, a recently-published global database on monetary costs extracted from English and non-English sources, as well as a complementary search, thereby filling a gap in regional knowledge. We focused on the following four dimensions when a

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Wheeler, Mikaela, Karen Abbey, and Sandra Capra. "Costing Foodservices in Aged Care Is More Than Food Alone: The Development of the FCT." Nutrients 14, no. 14 (2022): 2910. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14142910.

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Foodservices in residential aged-care homes (RACHs) play a vital role in providing meals and maintaining residents’ health through good nutrition. However, foodservices are often required to work within a budget, and the costs involved in foodservices are often misunderstood and underestimated. The aim of this work was to design a costing tool that included all relevant costs of a foodservice. A systems approach was used to inform the development of the Foodservice Costing Tool (FCT). Eight domains were identified, including costs that are both directly and indirectly associated with foodservi

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Skamris, Mette K., and Bent Flyvbjerg. "Accuracy of Traffic Forecasts and Cost Estimates on Large Transportation Projects." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1518, no. 1 (1996): 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196151800112.

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Little research has been carried out on before-and-after studies of traffic and construction costs in large transportation infrastructure projects. The few studies that do exist show that forecasts of construction costs tend to be underestimated and those of traffic, overestimated. An examination of construction costs and traffic in seven large Danish bridge and tunnel projects indicates that, on average, construction costs were underestimated and traffic was overestimated in the initial phases of planning. This pattern is also found for similar projects in other countries. When the results of

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Wilson, Rory P., and Boris M. Culik. "Activity-Specific Metabolic Rates from Double Labeled Water Studies: Are Activity Costs Underestimated?" Ecology 74, no. 4 (1993): 1285–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1940497.

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Books on the topic "Underestimated costs"

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Yu, Echo. Investigating Reasons for Underestimated Costs and Time in Public Works Projects. GRIN Verlag GmbH, 2013.

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Rose, David C. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199330720.003.0009.

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This chapter explains why it is so easy to underestimate the importance of culture. It offers an explanation on what is happening in the West, arguing that many problems in the West can be traced back to falling intergenerational investment into trust-producing moral beliefs. It argues that growing self-absorption and concern for status have exacerbated the problems discussed earlier. The benefits and costs of multiculturalism are discussed. The implications that insufficient investment has for freedom and creativity are discussed. The book ends on a hopeful note. There is ample evidence in ou

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Mother Profession Mother Profession House. Never Underestimate the Power of a Cost Estimators: Blank Lined Notebook Gift for Cost Estimators Women, Friend, Girlfriend Birthday Gift/ Halloween Day Gift for Cost Estimators. Independently Published, 2021.

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Osberg, Lars. Canada’s Middle Class—Forever Further Behind? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807032.003.0005.

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This chapter highlights Canada’s distinctive trajectory of inequality and living standards. Inequality rose markedly because real incomes grew strongly at the very top but stagnated for most of the rest of the income distribution until the resource-led boom of the 2000s. The importance of macroeconomic policy is brought out, in particular the role of monetary policy in choking off growth in order to keep inflation low, at the cost of substantial unemployment. The growth in incomes at the very top may be underestimated by the available estimates, while the weakening of redistribution via the ta

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The Case for Investment in Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases in Jamaica: Evaluating the return on investment of selected tobacco, alcohol, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease interventions. Organización Panamericana de la Salud, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.37774/9789275120545.

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Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are a major driver of morbidity and mortality in Jamaica. Beyond the toll on health, NCDs also impose a significant burden on the national economy since individuals with NCDs are more likely to exit the labor force, miss days of work, and/or work at reduced capacity. In addition, high expenditures to treat NCDs impose a direct economic burden to the health system, the society and to the nation of Jamaica, which can lead to reduced investments in areas like education and physical capital, which increase gross domestic product (GDP) in the long run. Unless urgentl

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Book chapters on the topic "Underestimated costs"

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Liang, Wenquan, Ran Song, and Christopher Timmins. "The Role of Migration Costs in Residential Sorting." In The Urban Book Series. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74544-8_4.

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AbstractEconomistsgenerallyemploytwo ‘revealed preference’ approaches to measure households’ preferences for non-market amenities—the hedonic and equilibrium sorting models. The conventional hedonic model assumes free mobility across space. Violation of this assumption can bias the estimates of household willingness to pay for local amenities. Mobility constraints are more easily handled by the sorting framework. In this chapter, we examine the role of migration costs in household residential sorting and apply these two models to estimate the willingness to pay for clean air in the USAand Chin

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Hennig, Jonas, Thomas Meissner, Marcus Krieg, and Felix Przioda. "Business Analysis and Prognosis Regarding the Shared Autonomous Vehicle Market in Germany." In Acceptance and Diffusion of Connected and Automated Driving in Japan and Germany. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-59876-0_4.

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AbstractDriven by the current advancements in autonomous driving (AD) technology, operations of shared autonomous vehicles (SAVs) are increasingly moved from closed test sites to public roads worldwide. Since the market potential of SAV services in Germany remains largely unexplored, this chapter aims to provide a holistic business analysis and prognosis of the German SAV market. To adequately capture the operational complexity of future SAV fleets, a simulation-based approach is used. The simulation model is created utilizing proprietary operational performance and cost data of actual shared

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Cirrincione, Laura, and Giorgia Peri. "Covering the Gap for an Effective Energy and Environmental Design of Green Roofs: Contributions from Experimental and Modelling Researches." In Future City. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71819-0_8.

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AbstractGreen roofs are components of the building envelope that have become increasingly popular in urban contexts because other than providing numerous environmental benefits they are also capable of reducing building energy consumption, especially in summer. However, despite all these advantages, green roofs are still affected by some limitations. Specifically, there are some gaps affecting the energy modelling consisting in the absence of a proper database, information (growth stage, leaf area index, and coverage ratio) relative to the different green roof plant species, which technicians

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Khan, B. Zorina. "Administered Invention in France." In Inventing Ideas. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190936075.003.0006.

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France presents the closest model of a soi-disant “entrepreneurial state,” including both centralized and decentralized administered innovation institutions. Scholars have argued that these approaches were superior to market transactions. However, their unrepresentative case studies have underestimated or ignored the costs of politically biased economic strategies, including greater uncertainty, incorrect relative prices and the misallocation of resources, and lower incentives for investments in inventive activity. A society based on special privileges for the few provided disproportionate ben

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Glatthaar, Joseph T. "4. The limits of power." In American Military History: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199859252.003.0004.

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At the end of World War II, America was in a uniquely strong position which it was not always able to leverage. “The limits of power” details the deterioration of America’s relationship with the Soviet Union into weapons stockpiling, brinkmanship, and the threat of mutually assured destruction. The Vietnam War lost popularity over time and while wars in the Gulf captured the public imagination, they fueled anti-American sentiment in those territories. During the War on Terror, strategists first overestimated the effectiveness of technology and then underestimated numbers and costs required for

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Beaumont, Nicholas. "Offshoring." In IT Outsourcing. IGI Global, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-770-6.ch006.

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This chapter describes the emergence of offshoring. It defines relevant concepts, and documents its rapid growth. The factors differentiating offshoring from outsourcing are discussed, especially access to markedly lower costs, extra risks, and cultural differences. A methodology for deciding what processes to offshore, and establishing, maintaining, and renewing offshoring projects is proposed. Offshoring is no longer the preserve of organizations; individuals can obtain an increasing variety of services from overseas. Offshoring is contentious because it threatens to replace high-paid jobs i

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Horder, Jeremy. "11. Financial crime." In Ashworth's Principles of Criminal Law. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198777663.003.0011.

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This chapter examines three major examples of financial crime: fraud, bribery, and money laundering. The importance of financial crime, and of vigorous prosecution policies in relation to it, should not be underestimated. Fraud accounts for no less than one third of all crimes captured by the Crime Survey for England and Wales. The European Union Parliament has estimated that corruption costs the EU between €179 and €990 billion each year. Finally, the Home Office estimates that the impact of money laundering on the UK economy is likely to exceed £90 billion. An understanding of these crimes,

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Quint, Jennifer, and Kieran Rothnie. "Epidemiological relationships between respiratory and cardiovascular diseases." In ESC CardioMed. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784906.003.0251.

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Cardiovascular and respiratory diseases are common and becoming increasingly more so due to improved availability worldwide of diagnostics and an ageing population. While the true coexistence of both sets of diseases is probably underestimated, multimorbidity is increasingly recognized as a problem with over 70% of people over the age of 65 years having at least two conditions and a correlation between increasing age and one of the diseases being cardiovascular. Multimorbidity increases healthcare costs due to a combination of multiple medications, and longer and more frequent hospital stays,

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Autor, David. "Some Assumptions in Labor Economics." In Core Assumptions in Business Theory. Oxford University PressOxford, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1093/9780198944249.003.0006.

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Abstract This chapter examines the foundational assumptions of neoclassical economics, focusing on labor economics. The standard economic model of homo economicus (Homie) assumes a hyper-rational, selfish utility maximizer who always makes optimal decisions and lacks inconsistencies or emotional influences. Despite its parsimony and predictive utility, the model’s application in labor economics reveals significant shortcomings. It unrealistically assumes that work is inherently undesirable and, further, that displaced workers transition seamlessly into new roles without psychological or econom

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Möhlenkamp, Stefan. "Coronary computed tomography." In The ESC Textbook of Sports Cardiology, edited by Antonio Pelliccia, Hein Heidbuchel, Domenico Corrado, Mats Börjesson, and Sanjay Sharma. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198779742.003.0017.

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Coronary computed tomography (CCT) allows high resolution imaging of coronary atherosclerosis, coronary artery stenosis, and other coronary pathology or anomaly, such as abnormal origin of coronary arteries or myocardial bridging. Coronary artery calcium (CAC) imaging to quantify calcified plaque or CT angiography (CTA) to detect calcified, mixed, or non-calcified plaque may help to improve risk stratification and exclusion of coronary artery disease, especially in master athletes with present or past cardiovascular risk factors or athletes with atypical chest pain. Initial data suggest that t

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Conference papers on the topic "Underestimated costs"

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Aldren, Cameron, Nilay Shah, and Adam Hawkes. "Optimisation Under Uncertain Meteorology: Stochastic Modelling of Hydrogen Export Systems." In The 35th European Symposium on Computer Aided Process Engineering. PSE Press, 2025. https://doi.org/10.69997/sct.191427.

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Deriving accurate cost projections associated with producing hydrogen within the context of an energy-export paradigm is a challenging feat due to non-deterministic nature of weather systems. Many research efforts employ deterministic models to estimate costs, which could be biased by the innate ability of these models to �see the future�. To this end we present the findings of a multistage stochastic model of hydrogen production for energy export (using liquid hydrogen or ammonia as energy vectors), the findings of which are compared to that of a deterministic programme. Our modelling found t

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Gagné, M. "Modeling the Service Life of Corrosion Protection Coatings." In CONFERENCE 2023. AMPP, 2023. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2023-19068.

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Abstract Life-cycle cost modeling can be used to compare expected performance of corrosion protection systems over the entire life of a steel structure. Life-cycle models consider not only initial application costs, but also future maintenance costs. Critical, however, to the value and validity of the model are the assumptions used for the longevity of various corrosion protection systems and the timing for maintenance interventions. Coating durability guidelines for corrosion protection coatings estimates the time to first maintenance and also provides a schedule for subsequent maintenance ac

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Chen, T. Y., M. R. Godfrey, D. P. Workman, and D. M. Bloom. "Development of a Novel Condensate Corrosion Sensor for Boiler Systems." In CORROSION 1993. NACE International, 1993. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1993-93394.

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Abstract An electrochemical sensor for on-line corrosion monitoring in boiler condensate systems has been developed. Linear polarization was used with a three-electrode electrochemical probe to determine the polarization resistance and the corrosion rate. An ionically conductive film was placed between the reference and the working electrodes to reduce the apparent solution resistance. Without this conductive film the corrosion rate will be underestimated in low-conductivity media because of the high solution resistance. Compared to other techniques, such as electrochemical impedance spectrosc

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Wrangham, Jodi B., Joseph E. Penkala, Seth D’Imperio, Brent M. Peyton, and Kenneth G. Wunch. "Utilization of a 16S rRNA Gene Microarray to Analyze the Efficacy of Oil and Gas Industry Bacteria Culture Media." In CORROSION 2010. NACE International, 2010. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2010-10408.

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Abstract It is widely recognized that bacteria and archae are frequently contained within production fluids and can cause numerous problems and cost countless dollars to the oil and gas industries. Current techniques commonly employed to detect and enumerate these microorganisms and to test the efficacy of microbiocides focus on serial dilution culture methods. Unfortunately, culture-dependent methods allow for the growth of only a fraction of the field population present and do not support the growth of numerous potentially significant species. Currently, it is estimated that less than 15% of

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Sublette, Kerry, Richard Eckert, Dora Ogles, Brett Baldwin, and Katherine Clark. "Molecular Analysis of Aramid Polymer Film Impressions of Corrosion Coupon Biofilms." In CORROSION 2014. NACE International, 2014. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2014-4477.

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Abstract Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) is a serious problem that impacts nearly all industries and exacts a severe toll in terms of operating costs, loss of production, deterioration of capital equipment and the consequences of corrosion related failures. While a proactive step, monitoring for MIC-associated microorganisms is often hindered by the fact that sampling methods may not capture key members of the microbial community involved in MIC (sampling biases) and current reliance on conventional culture-dependent methods may underestimate and oversimplify the problem (cultivat

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Zhu, Xiangyang, and Abdullah H. Wadei. "Microbial Corrosion Diagnosis Using Molecular Microbiology Methods: Case Studies." In MPWT 2019. NACE International, 2019. https://doi.org/10.5006/mpwt19-14427.

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Abstract Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) is one of the leading causes of equipment and pipeline failure in oil and gas industries. Cost-effective MIC management requires routine monitoring of microbial activities, periodic assessment of microbial risks in various operational systems, and accurate diagnosis of MIC failure. Traditionally, MIC diagnosis has been dependent on cultivation-based methods by inoculating liquid samples containing live bacteria into selective growth media, followed by incubation at a certain temperature for a pre-determined period of time. The conventional

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Clarke, Ann E., Megan RW Barber, Yvan St Pierre, et al. "56 Self-reported indirect costs are underestimated in a canadian cohort of patients with SLE." In 13th International Congress on Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (LUPUS 2019), San Francisco, California, USA, April 5–8, 2019, Abstract Presentations. Lupus Foundation of America, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/lupus-2019-lsm.56.

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Sedlak, Sabina, and Marjetka Jelenc. "Interdisciplinarnost na področju ekonomskega bremena demence." In Interdisciplinarity Counts. University of Maribor, University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/um.fov.3.2023.75.

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The number of elderly people is increasing, which represents a major public health and financial challenge, as Slovenia is a country with a long-lived society. Dementia represents one of the greatest challenges. National Institute of Public Health collaborates with experts from various fields to assess the economic burden of dementia. We analyzed the burden for Slovenia from 2015 to 2020 based on the calculation of indirect and direct costs. The burden is high but underestimated, cooperation with various institutions is important. Linking different sources of data would contribute to a more ac

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Jansing, Steffen, Roman Moehle, Barbara Brockmann, and Jochen Deuse. "The hybrid analysis as a disseminator in the field of motion economics studies through machine learning methods and rule-based knowledge." In 14th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2023). AHFE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1003573.

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Manufacturing companies are increasingly confronted with the challenges of market globalisation, a shortening of product life cycles and a growing diversity of variants. New and flexible approaches to optimizing production processes and their planning ability are therefore needed to secure competitiveness in a sustainable way. Manual assembly in particular is a cost factor in the manufacturing industry and takes up a high proportion of the total production time. In addition to the efficient design of assembly processes, the ergonomic assessment and optimisation of work systems to avoid health

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Kaya, Fadime, Martin van den Berg, Roel Wieringa, and Marc Makkes. "The Banking Industry Underestimates Costs of Cloud Migrations." In 2020 IEEE 22nd Conference on Business Informatics (CBI). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cbi49978.2020.00039.

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Reports on the topic "Underestimated costs"

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Corrigan, E. Gerald. Building Effective Banking Systems in Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008919.

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This study discusses staple reforms in banking systems in Latin America and the Caribbean to improve their effectiveness. The paper identifies the main problems countries have been experiencing with banking systems, triggered by large credit losses. The direct and indirect costs of banking sector crises have been astonishingly high. The author holds that while the symptoms and costs of banking sector problems are widely recognized, the magnitude of the remedial task is often significantly underestimated. The author then makes a series of observations to keep in mind: First, the acute and costl

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Fu, Gongkang. Evaluation of Illinois Bridge Deterioration Models. Illinois Center for Transportation, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-029.

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The National Bridge Inventory bridge inspection system ranks the condition of bridge components on a scale of zero to nine. The resulting condition ratings represent an important element considered in deciding measures for bridge maintenance, repair, and rehabilitation. Thus, forecasting future condition ratings well is critical to reliable planning for these activities and estimating the costs. The Illinois Department of Transportation currently has deterministic models for this purpose. This study’s objective is to review the current models using condition rating histories gathered from 1980

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Carraro, Ludovico. Disability-related costs and poverty measures in Tanzania. Data and Evidence to End Extreme Poverty, 2024. https://doi.org/10.55158/deepwp27.

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People with disabilities and their families tend to be at disadvantage compared to other households: they are likely to have lower incomes, experience higher poverty rates, and have lower participation outcomes. However, it is argued that current poverty measures underestimate the real poverty levels experienced by people with disabilities. This is because part of their incomes needs to be spent on disability-related goods and services, which inevitably reduces the consumption of other welfare-enhancing items. The implication is that persons with disabilities need to incur higher expenditure t

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Duma, Daniel, and Miquel Muñoz Cabré. Risk mitigation and transfer for renewable energy investments: a conceptual review. Stockholm Environment Institute, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.51414/sei2023.042.

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The trillions of dollars needed to achieve global climate goals are more than an abstract number. They need to be channeled through viable projects that result in desirable outcomes, such as renewable energy infrastructure in developing countries. The complexity and barriers faced in the project development and finance process are often underestimated. The perception of risk is an important barrier to private investment in developing countries, hence one of the most relevant interventions is to reduce or transfer risk faced by investors. Renewable energy has benefited from this approach, yet i

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Corum, Zachary, Ethan Cheng, Stanford Gibson, and Travis Dahl. Optimization of reach-scale gravel nourishment on the Green River below Howard Hanson Dam, King County, Washington. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/43887.

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The US Army Corps of Engineers, Seattle District, nourishes gravel downstream of Howard Hanson Dam (HHD) on the Green River in Washington State. The study team developed numerical models to support the ongoing salmonid habitat improvement mission downstream of HHD. Recent advancements in computing and numerical modeling software make long-term simulations in steep, gravel, cobble, and boulder river environments cost effective. The team calibrated mobile-bed, sediment-transport models for the pre-dam and post-dam periods. The modeling explored geomorphic responses to flow and sediment regime ch

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Quak, Evert-jan. Lessons Learned from Market Shaping Interventions to Stimulate Vaccine Production in LMIC. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.009.

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This rapid review synthesises the literature from academic, policy, and knowledge institution sources on the lessons learned on how market shaping tools can be used to stimulate vaccine production in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) with a focus on Africa. The purpose is to learn from these interventions in the context of shaping the vaccine markets in Africa to become less dependent on imports and to stimulate local production of vaccines. The rapid review concludes that it is the combination of market shaping tools (supply and demand sides) with efforts to mobilise resources and a cl

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Kaffenberger, Michelle, and Lant Pritchett. Women’s Education May Be Even Better Than We Thought: Estimating the Gains from Education When Schooling Ain’t Learning. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2020/049.

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Women’s schooling has long been regarded as one of the best investments in development. Using two different cross-nationally comparable data sets which both contain measures of schooling, assessments of literacy, and life outcomes for more than 50 countries, we show the association of women’s education (defined as schooling and the acquisition of literacy) with four life outcomes (fertility, child mortality, empowerment, and financial practices) is much larger than the standard estimates of the gains from schooling alone. First, estimates of the association of outcomes with schooling alone can

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Stampini, Marco, Nadin Medellín, and Pablo Ibarrarán. Cash Transfers, Poverty, and Inequality in Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005235.

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We assess the non-contributory cash transfer systems in 17 Latin American and Caribbean countries to identify factors that keep them from reducing poverty and inequality. To perform this assessment, we analyze three dimensions of size (number of beneficiaries, size of transfer per beneficiary, and size of total budget) and three dimensions of targeting (coverage, leakage, and quality of demographic targeting). We identify 67 programs, which fall into three broad categories: conditional cash transfers, non-contributory pensions, and other transfers. We use an international poverty line of 6.85

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Lunn, Pete, Marek Bohacek, Jason Somerville, Áine Ní Choisdealbha, and Féidhlim McGowan. PRICE Lab: An Investigation of Consumers’ Capabilities with Complex Products. ESRI, 2016. https://doi.org/10.26504/bkmnext306.

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Executive Summary This report describes a series of experiments carried out by PRICE Lab, a research programme at the Economic and Social Research Institute (ESRI) jointly funded by the Central Bank of Ireland, the Commission for Energy Regulation, the Competition and Consumer Protection Commission and the Commission for Communications Regulation. The experiments were conducted with samples of Irish consumers aged 18-70 years and were designed to answer the following general research question: At what point do products become too complex for consumers to choose accurately between the good ones

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Jalkanen, Jukka-Pekka, Erik Fridell, Jaakko Kukkonen, et al. Environmental impacts of exhaust gas cleaning systems in the Baltic Sea, North Sea, and the Mediterranean Sea area. Finnish Meteorological Institute, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.35614/isbn.9789523361898.

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Description: Shipping is responsible for a range of different pressures affecting air quality, climate, and the marine environment. Most social and economic analyses of shipping have focused on air pollution assessment and how shipping may impact climate change and human health. This risks that policies may be biased towards air pollution and climate change, whilst impacts on the marine environment are not as well known. One example is the sulfur regulation introduced in January 2020, which requires shipowners to use a compliant fuel with a sulfur content of 0.5% (0.1% in SECA regions) or use

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