Journal articles: 'Underground garage parking'

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Xu, Meng, Xiao Dong Pan, Long Xi Sun, Gang Yan, and Feng Chen. "Intelligent Traffic System Design Research of Urban Complex Underground Garage." Applied Mechanics and Materials 743 (March 2015): 715–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.743.715.

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Reasonable traffic system design and management has vital significance to ensure the safe and smooth traffic operation of urban complex and urban traffic system. Based on the characteristics of urban complex, this paper analyzed intelligent traffic system design of underground garage of urban complex. The paper proposed a reasonable traffic system design method to ensure the smoothness and safety of urban complex traffic. Meanwhile the full-video intelligent parking garage management system with advantages of safe and advanced technology was adopted to realize user-friendly, intelligent and automation traffic management. Through intelligent traffic system design research of urban complex underground garage proposed in this paper, the operation efficiency of the underground garage was improved and the parking function and evacuation capacity of underground garage was brought into full play.

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Han, Fan Yuan. "The Study on Fire Control Facilities Problems of Large Underground Garage." Applied Mechanics and Materials 638-640 (September 2014): 1614–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.638-640.1614.

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With the development of social economy, the car has been gradually into the ordinary families. Now Chinese car ownership are increasing year after year and simultaneously the shortage of parking lot are increasingly prominent, so we need to construct large underground garage to better solve the problem of parking space nervous, and then the fire safety of underground garage will be a problem. According to the characteristics of the underground garage fire, the paper analyzes the application conditions of several kinds of fire control facilities commonly used in practice and puts forward the integrated design concept of fire control system and by promoting the combined automatic sprinkling and foam system, the paper also provides some useful reference for city fire protection design of underground garage.

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Ciaburro, Giuseppe. "Sound Event Detection in Underground Parking Garage Using Convolutional Neural Network." Big Data and Cognitive Computing 4, no. 3 (August 17, 2020): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bdcc4030020.

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Parking is a crucial element in urban mobility management. The availability of parking areas makes it easier to use a service, determining its success. Proper parking management allows economic operators located nearby to increase their business revenue. Underground parking areas during off-peak hours are uncrowded places, where user safety is guaranteed by company overseers. Due to the large size, ensuring adequate surveillance would require many operators to increase the costs of parking fees. To reduce costs, video surveillance systems are used, in which an operator monitors many areas. However, some activities are beyond the control of this technology. In this work, a procedure to identify sound events in an underground garage is developed. The aim of the work is to detect sounds identifying dangerous situations and to activate an automatic alert that draws the attention of surveillance in that area. To do this, the sounds of a parking sector were detected with the use of sound sensors. These sounds were analyzed by a sound detector based on convolutional neural networks. The procedure returned high accuracy in identifying a car crash in an underground parking area.

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Kim, Young-Jin, Bum-Sick Lee, Dong-Sub Choi, Hyo-Keon Oh, and Chang-Bum Kang. "Structural Analysis of Underground Parking Garage Under Vehicle Load." Journal of the Korean Society for Advanced Composite Structures 4, no. 4 (December 31, 2013): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.11004/kosacs.2013.4.4.022.

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Alianto, Beline, Nabila Astari, Darendra Nareshwara, and Yulianto Sulistyo Nugroho. "Modeling of Smoke Control in Underground Parking-garage Fires." International Journal of Technology 8, no. 7 (December 26, 2017): 1296. http://dx.doi.org/10.14716/ijtech.v8i7.779.

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Knyazeva, Natalia, and Anastasia Kolosova. "Automation of the one-storey underground parking space organization." E3S Web of Conferences 284 (2021): 06012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128406012.

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With the growing car population in big cities, the problem of its keeping in conditions of a compact urban area has happened. The organisation of parking space in a different way has resolved this issue. Underground parking was in demand in many countries even in the XX century. By the way, they are becoming more and more popular now. The design of car parking is based on legal documents, which regulate the size of car parking seats and the width of the passage inside the garage. It is expedient to use evolutionary algorithms as one of the tools of algorithmic modelling for automation of design the car parking lots and for identifying the most effective and profitable way of the car parking space planning. So, the process of looking for the most optimal solution in underground car parking designing.

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Li, Ningbo, Yanbin Gao, Ye Wang, Zhejun Liu, Lianwu Guan, and Xin Liu. "A Low-Cost Underground Garage Navigation Switching Algorithm Based on Kalman Filtering." Sensors 19, no. 8 (April 18, 2019): 1861. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19081861.

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Modern parking lots have gradually developed into underground garages to improve the efficient use of space. However, the complex design of parking lots also increases the demands on vehicle navigation. The traditional method of navigation switching only uses satellite signals. After the Position Dilution Of Precision (PDOP) of satellite signals is over the limit, vehicle navigation will enter indoor mode. It is not suitable for vehicles in underground garages to switch modes with a fast-response system. Therefore, this paper chooses satellite navigation, inertial navigation, and the car system to combine navigation. With the condition that the vehicle can freely travel through indoor and outdoor environments, high-precision outdoor environment navigation is used to provide the initial state of underground navigation. The position of the vehicle underground is calculated by the Dead Reckoning (DR) navigation system. This paper takes advantage of the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) algorithm to provide two freely switchable navigation modes for vehicles in ground and underground garages. The continuity, robustness, fast response, and low cost of the indoor and outdoor switching navigation methods are verified in real-time systems.

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Iskander, Magued, Walid Aboumoussa, and Pierre Gouvin. "Instrumentation and Monitoring of a Distressed Multistory Underground Parking Garage." Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities 15, no. 3 (August 2001): 115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0887-3828(2001)15:3(115).

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Liu, Min, Suli He, and Ruibin Liu. "Research on Vehicle Positioning Method Based on Underground Garages." E3S Web of Conferences 233 (2021): 01107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123301107.

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With the continuous development of urbanization, the number of vehicles has increased year by year. In order to solve the hard-to-park problem, underground garages have been built on a large scale in many cities. However, due to the fact that GPS signals are kept out in the underground garage, GPS technology does not work. As a consequence, drivers cannot use navigation equipment to search for the parking space. In view of this, vehicle positioning technique for vehicles in underground garages has hold the public attention and relevant research has been done. In this paper, we propose an efficient method of accurate vehicle positioning. First, use the low-power Bluetooth device, then use Gaussian filter to optimize the RSSI ranging algorithm, and then use the maximum likelihood method to improve the three-loop positioning algorithm. Finally, a comparison is made between the algorithm and the traditional algorithm. A large number of experiments have proved that this method can be used to determine the positions of vehicles in underground garages.

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Matysek, Piotr, and Michał Witkowski. "Analysis of the causes of damage to the RC floor slab in the underground garage." MATEC Web of Conferences 284 (2019): 06004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201928406004.

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The article presents the results of testing a damaged reinforced concrete slab, which is located in the underground garage constituting the two lowest floors of a residential and service building. During the tests numerous cracks in the slab were inventoried. Some cracks covered the entire thickness of the RC slab and floor layers made of synthetic resin. The result of these damages was penetration through the slab of water from molten slush and the need to limit the parking places on the lower level of the garage. Conducted analysis of technical documentation, analysis of damage morphology, control material tests and structure computations allowed assessment of the causes of existing damages to the floor slab and ability to develop recommendations regarding the methods of its repair.

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Xijian, Liang, Sun Qiuyan, and Huang Xingxing. "The influence of vehicles load on structural bearing capacity of underground parking garage." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 267 (June 8, 2019): 032010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/267/3/032010.

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Li, Ningbo, Lianwu Guan, Yanbin Gao, Zhejun Liu, Ye Wang, and Hanxiao Rong. "A Low Cost Civil Vehicular Seamless Navigation Technology Based on Enhanced RISS/GPS between the Outdoors and an Underground Garage." Electronics 9, no. 1 (January 8, 2020): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9010120.

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Vehicles have to rely on satellite navigation in an open environment. However, satellite navigation cannot obtain accurate positioning information for vehicles in the interior of underground parking lots, as they comprise a semi-enclosed navigation space. Therefore, vehicular navigation needs to take into consideration both outdoor and indoor environments. Actually, outdoor navigation and indoor navigation require different positioning methods, and it is of great importance to choose a reasonable navigation and positioning algorithm solution for vehicles. Fortunately, the integrated navigation of the Global Positioning System (GPS) and the Micro-Electro-Mechanical System (MEMS) inertial navigation system could solve the problem of switching navigation algorithms in the entrance and exit of underground parking lots. This paper proposes a low cost vehicular seamless navigation technology based on the reduced inertial sensor system (RISS)/GPS between the outdoors and an underground garage. Specifically, the enhanced RISS is a positioning algorithm based on three inertial sensors and one odometer, which could achieve a similar location effect as the full model integrated navigation, reduce the costs greatly, and improve the efficiency of each sensor.

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Lilly, J. Robert, and Paul Knepper. "The Corrections-Commercial Complex." Crime & Delinquency 39, no. 2 (April 1993): 150–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128793039002002.

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The current debate about corrections' privatization neglects the extensive overlap of business, political, and private interests that shapes public corrections policy. Based on current developments in the United States it is possible to identify a corrections-commercial complex. As Deep Throat reportedly said to Washington Post writer Bob Woodward in an underground parking garage after he and Carl Bernstein uncovered the Committee for the Re-election of the President's secret fund in 1972: “Follow the money.”

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HORIE, Koh. "The first procedure and construction on the underground parking garage of Hibiya in Tokyo, Japan." HISTORICAL STUDIES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING 17 (1997): 57–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/journalhs1990.17.57.

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Van Brandt, Seppe, Robbe Van Thielen, Jo Verhaevert, Tanja Van Hecke, and Hendrik Rogier. "Characterization of Path Loss and Large-Scale Fading for Rapid Intervention Team Communication in Underground Parking Garages." Sensors 19, no. 11 (May 28, 2019): 2431. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19112431.

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This paper reports the characterization of the 2.45-GHz-ISM-band radio wave propagation channel. Specifically, measurements were performed in an underground parking garage, with the aim of optimizing breadcrumb systems for a Rapid Intervention Team application. The effects of the high penetration loss and large reflections by the concrete reinforced building structure on the path loss and the large-scale fading were studied. Based on the analysis of the wireless channel, critical points for reliable communication between members of a Rapid Intervention Team were identified. In particular, attention was paid to dealing with large, spatially confined signal losses due to shadowing, the anticipation of corner losses and the ability of the system to operate on multiple floors.

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Choi, Jongrak, Nahmkeon Hur, Seongwon Kang, Eun Dok Lee, and Kwang-Bum Lee. "A CFD simulation of hydrogen dispersion for the hydrogen leakage from a fuel cell vehicle in an underground parking garage." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 38, no. 19 (June 2013): 8084–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.02.018.

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Reichman, Rivka, and Yael Dubowski. "Gaseous pollutant transport from an underground parking garage in a Mediterranean multi-story building—Effect of temporal resolution under varying weather conditions." Building Simulation 14, no. 5 (February 25, 2021): 1511–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12273-020-0757-4.

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Lazarenko, O., V. P. Parkhomenko, R. Sukach, B. Bilonozhko, and A. Kuskovets. "DESIGN FEATURES AND HAZARDS OF HYDROGEN FUEL CELL CARS." Fire Safety 37 (January 6, 2021): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.32447/20786662.37.2020.08.

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Introduction. The gradual and relentless development of alternative energy sources and the constant strug-gle of humanity with excess greenhouse gas emissions led to the simultaneous development of vehicles with alternative energy sources. Currently, vehicles that run exclusively on electricity and are virtually safe for the environment are becoming increasingly popular. Among the variety of vehicles running on electricity, it is necessary to single out vehicles that use compressed hydrogen to generate electricity. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (HFCV) are already widely used in the United States, Germany, Japan, and the rest of the world, and their governments are constantly expanding and developing the appropriate infrastructure for them.The purpose and objectives of the study. The paper analyses the basic structure of HFCV and identifies the main scenarios of possible emergencies, namely: fire or explosion of fuel tanks with hydrogen; leakage, flaming of hydrogen from fuel lines (tank) under the high pressure; high-pressure hydrogen jet fire; leakage of hydrogen in the compartment (garage, closed parking) without further combustion.Methods. In the work on the subsequent literature review, the probable dangers for the personnel of the emergency rescue units involved in the elimination of certain emergency scenarios were identified.Results. It is established that: during the combustion of HFCV the most probable jet fire of hydrogen (flame temperature can reach 2000 0C), and also possible explosion of hydrogen cylinders or gas-air mixture with a significant range. Secondly, leakage of hydrogen in the compartment can cause its destruction in a relatively short period (about 15 seconds), and/or poisoning (asphyxia) of people due to a sharp decrease in oxygen concentration.Conclusions. The analysis and generalization of existing knowledge on the potential hazard of HFCV is conducted, electric cars give us reasonable grounds to argue that the regulatory framework for the construction and installation of security systems for land and underground parking, places of accumulation of such vehicles is not adapted to today's realities. At the same time, the following studies should be directed at estimating probablee risks of such emergencies.

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Lazarenko, O., V. P. Parkhomenko, R. Sukach, B. Bilonozhko, and A. Kuskovets. "DESIGN FEATURES AND HAZARDS OF HYDROGEN FUEL CELL CARS." Fire Safety 37 (January 6, 2021): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.32447/20786662.37.2020.08.

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Introduction. The gradual and relentless development of alternative energy sources and the constant strug-gle of humanity with excess greenhouse gas emissions led to the simultaneous development of vehicles with alternative energy sources. Currently, vehicles that run exclusively on electricity and are virtually safe for the environment are becoming increasingly popular. Among the variety of vehicles running on electricity, it is necessary to single out vehicles that use compressed hydrogen to generate electricity. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (HFCV) are already widely used in the United States, Germany, Japan, and the rest of the world, and their governments are constantly expanding and developing the appropriate infrastructure for them.The purpose and objectives of the study. The paper analyses the basic structure of HFCV and identifies the main scenarios of possible emergencies, namely: fire or explosion of fuel tanks with hydrogen; leakage, flaming of hydrogen from fuel lines (tank) under the high pressure; high-pressure hydrogen jet fire; leakage of hydrogen in the compartment (garage, closed parking) without further combustion.Methods. In the work on the subsequent literature review, the probable dangers for the personnel of the emergency rescue units involved in the elimination of certain emergency scenarios were identified.Results. It is established that: during the combustion of HFCV the most probable jet fire of hydrogen (flame temperature can reach 2000 0C), and also possible explosion of hydrogen cylinders or gas-air mixture with a significant range. Secondly, leakage of hydrogen in the compartment can cause its destruction in a relatively short period (about 15 seconds), and/or poisoning (asphyxia) of people due to a sharp decrease in oxygen concentration.Conclusions. The analysis and generalization of existing knowledge on the potential hazard of HFCV is conducted, electric cars give us reasonable grounds to argue that the regulatory framework for the construction and installation of security systems for land and underground parking, places of accumulation of such vehicles is not adapted to today's realities. At the same time, the following studies should be directed at estimating probablee risks of such emergencies.

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Ma, Jin Sheng, Xin Tao Liu, Da Min Zhuang, and Shao Guo Wang. "CFD-Based Design of the Natural Ventilation System of the Traffic Center of T3 in Beijing International Airport." Advanced Materials Research 291-294 (July 2011): 3292–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.291-294.3292.

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According to the ventilation and heat issues of Beijing Capital International Airport T3 Terminal Station Transportation Center (GTC), based on the actual conditions of the building structure, geographical location, climate and other characteristics, the internal environment of temperature and other issues are analyzed and researched. And the relationship of indoor air flow and interior space of the building is established. With methods of CFD, and from the perspective of the Energy Saving and Environmental Protection, natural wind and related technology are utilizes, and natural ventilation and heat transferring guidance systems are designed, so that the internal temperature is reduced and the indoor comfort is improved. Introduction Beijing Capital International Airport is located on a piece of land of Chaoyang District on the northeast of Beijing, 25.35 km from Tiananmen Square. It is the busiest transportation and production major international airports of China, on the most important location, with the largest and most complete equipment. Beijing Capital International Airport T3 Terminal Station Transportation Center (GTC) is located to the south of the T3 Terminal Building, with total construction area of more than 34,000 square meters. 1,2-floors underground are open-large parking garage, the first floor has multi-hub facilities supporting the airport, and the second floor is suburban railway stations. The roof is a glass dome, and used long-span structures. The main functional area is a large space, and the external structure for large area is glass walls. The form is determined by functional requirements of the terminal station and visual and psychological demands of people. More precisely, the form not only is a concrete manifestation of humanized design, but also brings the problem of high energy consumption.

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Yang, Mi, Bo Ai, Ruisi He, Liang Chen, Xue Li, Jianzhi Li, and Zhangdui Zhong. "V2V channel characterization and modeling for underground parking garages." China Communications 16, no. 9 (September 2019): 93–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/jcc.2019.09.007.

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Bamonte, Patrick, and Roberto Felicetti. "Fire Scenario and Structural Behaviour in Underground Parking Garages." Journal of Structural Fire Engineering 3, no. 3 (September 2012): 199–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/2040-2317.3.3.199.

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Kofanova, Olena, and Oleksii Kofanov. "ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF UNDERGROUND AND TERRESTRIAL URBANISTICS." JOURNAL of Donetsk mining institute, no. 1 (2021): 119–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.31474/1999-981x-2021-1-119-134.

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Purpose. The aim of the study is to predict the potential risk of urban air pollution by toxic components of exhaust gases of vehicles in terms of the underground and terrestrial urban planning, in particular, street canyons, underground pedestrian crossings, underground parking lots, etc. Methods. The following research methodology was used in the work: on the basis of space-time field observations of the intensity, density and speed of traffic flows, as well as using mathematical modeling methods it was proved that urban air pollution (of the roadside space, adjacent territories of well-type yards, underground infrastructure, etc.) by toxicants, which are components of vehicle engine emissions, remains at a high, often environmentally hazardous level, and therefore requires urgent development and implementation of the appropriate precautionary measures. Results. The analysis of problems of ecological safety of city objects of terrestrial (high-traffic roads, adjacent territories) and underground (underground pedestrian crossings, garages, parking lots) urbanistics allowed to reveal direct and indirect negative influences on air environment from emissions of motor vehicles; using mathematical modeling methods to predict the fields of concentration of major toxicants and identify areas of local emergency pollution in different weather conditions, identify the most unfavorable directions and wind speeds and assess the level of environmental hazards to human health (residents of houses located in the well-type yards, pedestrians, owners of underground garages (parking lots), tenants of parking spaces, etc.). Scientific novelty. The study revealed direct and indirect negative effects of the motor transport complex on the air environment of urban territories (objects of terrestrial and underground urbanistics), in particular, based on the use of mathematical modeling methods. The level of environmental danger to the health of urban residents has been assessed. Practical significance. The results of the study can be used in the design and construction of urban infrastructure, as well as to reduce the technogenic load on the environment and human health in existing objects of terrestrial and underground urbanistics and other city areas.

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Trushko, Olga Vladimirovna, Vladimir Leonidovich Trushko, and Petr Alexeevich Demenkov. "Arrangement of Multistory Underground Parking Garages in Complex Engineering and Geological Environment." International Journal of Mathematical, Engineering and Management Sciences 5, no. 5 (October 1, 2020): 897–912. http://dx.doi.org/10.33889/ijmems.2020.5.5.069.

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This article discusses possible variants of underground parking lot in complex engineering and geological environment of St Petersburg, namely: soil excavation in open pit and excavation with solid supports. These methods were analyzed with regard to reasonability for preset construction conditions. A series of predictions were performed using Plaxis 2D software, two variants were described in this article: excavation with the bottom elevation of +0.560 m and excavation with the bottom elevation of -2,500 m and adjacent building (at the distance of 2.5 m). The formulated problems were solved using 2D models. The model was based on the Mohr–Coulomb theory which facilitated estimation of geotechnical environment in the vicinity of the construction. Predictions of retaining wall according to the two considered variants have demonstrated that maximum soil settlement near the excavation is 20 mm and the maximum additional settlement of building at the distance of 2 m from the excavation is 30 mm, which in both cases corresponds to predetermined specifications.

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Yang, Feng, Shikun Zhu, Linheng Du, and Changdong Zhang. "The Research on the Intergration of Individual Parking Garages into Underground System." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 631 (November 7, 2019): 032034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/631/3/032034.

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Baltrenas, Pranas, Danguole Kaziukoniene, and Mindaugas Kvasauskas. "AIR POLLUTION AT PARKING‐LOTS OF VILNIUS." JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT 12, no. 1 (March 31, 2004): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16486897.2004.9636813.

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The expansion of Vilnius creates the need for the installation of new parking facilities. This problem could be solved by establishing guarded parking‐lots or modern underground and multi‐storey garages, in order to economize useful land and comply with the requirements of environmentalists. Investigation was carried out on parking‐lots of Vilnius. All the guarded parking‐lots are divided into three types in accordance with the size of the lot and the type of vehicles parked on it. Measurements were carried out at a lot of each type. The concentrations of hydrocarbons, nitric oxide, carbon monoxide and dust were measured. Guarded parking‐lots located at the crossroad of Ateities and L. Giros streets, on Architektu and Č. Sugiharos streets were selected for the investigation. The parking‐lot located at the crossroad of Ateities and L. Giros streets had the highest concentration of nitric oxide overrunning the permitted concentration up to 1,9 times. Besides, the concentration of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons also overran the permitted norms. The lowest concentrations were found after measuring dust concentration in the air.

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Palevičius, Vytautas, Gražvydas Mykolas Paliulis, Juratė Venckauskaitė, and Boleslovas Vengrys. "EVALUATION OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR PASSENGER CAR PARKING SPACES USING MULTI-CRITERIA METHODS." Journal of Civil Engineering and Management 19, no. 1 (January 16, 2013): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2012.727463.

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The present situation shows that the parking infrastructure in residential areas of Vilnius does not satisfy the existing level of motorization. Every evening people come home from work and end up parking cars on lawns, cycle and pedestrian paths, playgrounds, fire accesses and etc. In Lithuania, this problem emerged with the growing number of cars. There have been attempts to address parking shortage issues 20–30 years ago by building metal above-ground garages and underground car parks; but such solutions focused on existing burning needs alone. As a result, the current parking situation in residential areas is chaotic. This problem stems from the ineffectiveness of responsible institutions, which maintain the status quo. Consequently – as no car parking development projects are planned and implemented as well as no required statistical data is collected regarding conditions of car parking and etc. – people are forced to look for a solution by themselves, thus end up parking on lawns or playgrounds. This article aims to apply multi-criteria solutions (Multiple Criteria Decision Making – MCDM), which would allow indicating the worst passenger car parking conditions in residential areas from the social, economic and environmental points of view. Besides, it pursues identifying and substantiating the choice of territories that require the development of car parking solutions.

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Glorennec, P., N. Bonvallot, C. Mandin, G. Goupil, V. Pernelet-Joly, M. Millet, L. Filleul, Y. Le Moullec, and R. Alary. "Is a quantitative risk assessment of air quality in underground parking garages possible?" Indoor Air 18, no. 4 (August 2008): 283–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.2008.00529.x.

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Кукарина, Е. Е. "Применения бентонитовых матов в качестве гидроизоляционных материалов в строительстве." ТЕНДЕНЦИИ РАЗВИТИЯ НАУКИ И ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ 70, no. 2 (2021): 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/lj-02-2021-48.

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Modern trends in construction in large cities and megacities, lack of available land, rising land prices and the need for its rational use lead to the active development of underground space. Construction of underground garages, Parking lots, shopping centers, pedestrian crossings and transport tunnels requires the use of reliable (waterproof) and durable waterproofing Bentonite slabs are widely used in construction, for example, in waterproofing. The material has been in use for a long time, because its main component is clay. One of the famous and already outdated varieties of material is found under the name "clay castle". It is a compacted paremata in plate raw material, whose thickness was 30-40 cm Today, technology has leaped forward, incorporating the best of old techniques and modern developments. So there were bentonite mats, which will be discussed further.

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Hà, Võ Thị Lệ, Nguyễn Thu Hương, Nguyễn Thị Thu Hằng, Nguyễn Thị Thu Hiền, Nghiêm Trung Dũng, and Minoru Yoneda. "EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT OF BTEX COMPOUNDS AMONG SAFEGUARDS IN UNDERGROUND PARKING GARAGES IN HIGH BUILDINGS IN HANOI." Tạp chí Khoa học và Công nghệ - Đại học Thái Nguyên 225, no. 02 (February 29, 2020): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.34238/tnu-jst.2020.02.2692.

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Hệ thống đỗ xe nhiều tầng có khả năng phát sinh các chất có nồng độ cao BTEX ( Benzene (B), Toluene (T), Ethyl benzene (E) và Xylene (X)), là những chất gây ảnh hưởng xấu đến sức khỏe con người. Mục đích của nghiên cứu này là xác định nồng độ BTEX, nguồn phát sinh và đánh giá rủi ro sức khỏe đối những người bảo vệ làm việc tại các bãi đỗ xe hầm tại một số tòa nhà cao tầng Hà Nội. 27 mẫu khí được lấy chủ động và phân tích bằng GC/FID. Mô hình đánh giá rủi ro sức khỏe được sử dụng dựa trên liều lượng hấp thụ hàng ngày (CDI) và hệ số ung thư (SF). Benenze, Toluene, Xylene đã được phát hiện tại các hệ thống đỗ xe tầng hầm được khảo sát, loại trừ Ethyl Benenze. Nồng độ trung bình được phát hiện là 16,99 µg/m3, 200,36 µg/m3 and 625,22 µg/m3 đối với B, T và X, tương ứng. Phát thải từ xăng dầu và khí thải động cơ là hai nguồn chính đóng góp vào phát sinh BTEX. Rủi ro không ung thư đối với Toluene và Xylene là thấp do HQ <1. Rủi ro ung thư đối với Benzene là trung bình do hệ số ung thư trọn đời vượt qua giá trị ngưỡng của EPA (10-6).

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Kutsevych, Vadym. "Parking places built-into the lower ground floors of public buildings and structures. Architectural-planning and functional-technological requirements." Research and methodological works of the National Academy of Visual Arts and Architecture, no. 29 (December 17, 2020): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.33838/naoma.29.2020.5-11.

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The rapid processes of global motorization, which Ukraine has not avoided, have a growing impact on various aspects of modern society, on the formation of a new urban environment and transport system. At the same time, to create favorable conditions for Ukraine's integration into the EU needs to address infrastructural issues: the systematic organization of facilities for storing cars in general in cities with the provision of their architecture- accessibility, versatility, economy, energy efficiency and more. First of all, this applies to the largest cities, where about 45% of the total urban population of the state live. An acute urban and transport problem is the problem associated with the allocation of areas for transport facilities: parking lots (garages), gas stations, service stations and other car service facilities. In the absence of free space, the cost of urban land increases. Based on this, there is an urgent need to develop modern methods and techniques that allow more efficient use of land resources. One of the possible methods of solving the problem of organizing parking lots is to build them into the lower floors of public buildings for various purposes. The generalization of foreign and domestic design and construction practices made it possible to determine that one of the first examples of built-in parking lots (garages) are two 60-storey residential and office centers in Chicago (USA) on the shores of Lake Michigan, called Marina City (1964). The construction of these centers gave impetus to the architectural and planning organization of buildings and structures for the rational solution of parking in the lower above-ground floors of residential buildings and public buildings and structures. The article summarizes foreign and domestic practice of designing and building such parking lots. It is determined that with a high density of buildings in Ukrainian cities, the method of embedding in the lower floors of public buildings and structures is developing. This reception will be in demand especially in the transition of vehicles to electric vehicles. At the same time, the analysis of domestic regulations on the placement of parking lots revealed the absence of provisions on the possibility of embedding them in the lower above-ground floors of public buildings and structures. However, in the CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States) countries and in the developed countries of the world, such provisions exist, which helps to increase the level of comfort of public services and allows rational and intensive use of the city. Based on the results of research and suggestions, it should be noted that the practice of design and construc- tion reveals the possibility of applying the existing requirements of current state building codes of Ukraine for underground garages, which should be extended and for car parks (garages) located on the lower above-ground floors of other buildings, in particular public buildings. This requires changes and additions to the current urban planning, typological and fire regulations, which are planned to be developed on the basis of this study.

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Andreeva, Ludmila, and Ivan Muzykin. "MODERN ARRANGEMENT OF PARKING SPACE ON TRANSFER HUBS FROM THE VIEWPOINT OF UTILIZATION EFFICIENCY OF URBAN AREAS." Bulletin of scientific research results, no. 1 (March 17, 2017): 7–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.20295/2223-9987-2018-1-7-17.

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Objective: To analyze the efficiency of building multilevel automated garages on transfer nodes, to reveal problems, connected with normative-technical control of automated parking design. Methods: The comparison of fixed and variable costs on construction and maintenance of different types of multilevel parking – automated and ramp, built-in and detached, underground and located at ground level, consideration of foreign and long-term domestic experience of multilevel parking lots in transfer hubs. Results: The value of transfer hubs in the system of urban and passenger transport was discovered as well as, classification of transfer hubs was specified, from the viewpoint of urban planning, the emphasis was made on the significance of proper arrangement on the territory of transfer hubs, taking into account space economy principle and whether the transfer hub harmoniously fits into urban environment, the spheres of application of different types of car-parks were specified, the advantages of automated car-parks over the conventional flat and multilevel ramp car-parks were revealed, the analysis of costs on construction and maintenance of different multilevel car-parks was carried out, the conclusions were made on the use of automated car-parks in the conditions of transfer hubs, functional area of automated car-parks in transfer hubs was presented as well as the documents, reflecting the normativetechnical control of automated parking design, recommendations were given on implementation of automated parking construction technology in Russia. Practical importance: The obtained conclusions may be applied in the design of transfer hubs in the cities of Russia, especially in restrained urban conditions. The given normative-technical control documents will make it possible to improve automobile parking convenience. Propagation of mechanization and application of intelligence systems in parking facilities will provide considerable economic benefit.

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Yoo, Bok-Hee. "Evaluation of Applicability and Level of Illumination According to the Elapsed Year for Apartment underground Parking Garages." Journal of the architectural institute of Korea planning & design 31, no. 8 (August 30, 2015): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5659/jaik_pd.2015.31.8.121.

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Yoo, Bok-Hee. "The Characteristics of Luminance Level and Application of Automatic Lighting Control System in Apartment Underground Parking Garages." Journal of the architectural institute of Korea planning & design 32, no. 11 (November 30, 2016): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5659/jaik_pd.2016.32.11.29.

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Zhang, Liyuan, Jianyue Wang, Xinyu Hu, Jieting Zhou, Min Zhao, Jie Zhang, Yanan Bo, Yuyan Huang, and Yue Zhang. "VOCs and PM concentrations in underground parking garages of the commercial center and high-rise residential buildings." Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health 14, no. 7 (March 1, 2021): 1117–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11869-021-01003-z.

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Oh, Hyeon-Ju, Jong-Ryeul Sohn, Jae-Seung Roh, and Jongbok Kim. "Exposure to respirable particles and TVOC in underground parking garages under different types of ventilation and their associated health effects." Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health 13, no. 3 (January 10, 2020): 297–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11869-020-00791-0.

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Liu, Zhijian, Hang Yin, Shengyuan Ma, Gaungya Jin, Jun Gao, and Wenjun Ding. "On-site assessments on variations of PM2.5, PM10, CO2 and TVOC concentrations in naturally ventilated underground parking garages with traffic volume." Environmental Pollution 247 (April 2019): 626–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.01.095.

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Oh, Hyeon-Ju, and Jongbok Kim. "Monitoring Air Quality and Estimation of Personal Exposure to Particulate Matter Using an Indoor Model and Artificial Neural Network." Sustainability 12, no. 9 (May 7, 2020): 3794. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12093794.

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Exposure to particulate materials (PM) is known to cause respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Respirable particles generated in closed spaces, such as underground parking garages (UPGs), have been reported to be a potential threat to respiratory health. This study reports the concentration of pollutants (PM, TVOC, CO) in UPGs under various operating conditions of heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems using a real-time monitoring system with a prototype made up of integrated sensors. In addition, prediction of the PM concentration was implemented using modeling from vehicle traffic volumes and an artificial neural network (ANN), based on environmental factors. The predicted PM concentrations were compared with the level acquired from the real-time monitoring. The measured PM10 concentrations of UPGs were higher than the modeled PM10 due to short-term sources induced by vehicles. The average inhalable and respirable dosage for adult was calculated for the evaluation of health effects. The ANN predicted PM concentration showed a close correlation with measurements resulting in R2 ranging from 0.69 to 0.87. This study demonstrates the feasibility of the use of the air quality monitoring system for personal-exposure to vehicle-induced pollutant in UPGs and the potential application of modeling and ANN for the evaluation of the indoor air quality.

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Janusz, Renata, and Krzysztof Janus. "Buildings constructed in the system OWT- 67 in urban layout of residential settlement "Maki" in Lublin." Budownictwo i Architektura 13, no. 3 (September 11, 2014): 299–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/bud-arch.1833.

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“Maki” residential settlement was established in the mid-70s, in the quarter of construction it was limited by Droga Męczennikow majdanka, Krańcowa, Lotnicza and Gluska Streets, as the subsequent stage of development of minicipal housing stock. A crucial issue concerned the location of a new building in a previous urbanized area – the so called Kosminek. As a result, a mixed system was created, where simple, tall and parallely situated to each other 5-story multifamily buildings and an 11-storey point tower of an evident modernistic form and the way of their location are accomposed by a simple-family housing placed along the streets. The urban and funtional conditions in 5-storey buildings constructed in OWT-67 system were presented. The urban changes of settlement over nearly 40 years (parking sevice, greenery) were discussed. The analysis of the needs and possibilities in terms of next steps which can improve the living quality of residents in aspect of restrictions consequent upon ownership, economic and construction determinants was complited. Justified steps refer to the continuation of building termomodernization. The improvement of space quality between building is the highest priority. Not to mention, further exchange of paved surface, the enhancement of greenery quality concerning the needs of divers age groups of residents in the arrangement of problem indicating the necessity to build underground garages.

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Li, Hongmin, and Lu Yan. "Research on Wuhan Sponge City Construction and Water Resumption System." E3S Web of Conferences 143 (2020): 01038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202014301038.

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Pocket parks are small public spaces between building entities which are available to the public. It can be located in a city, suburb, or country. It has a small area and is relatively flexible. According to the characteristics of China's cities, this article puts forward methods and measures for the landscape reconstruction design of existing urban communities in China. The thesis takes a Residential area of a certain district in Wuhan as a design case. It discusses how to combine the landscape design of the existing community with the rainwater problem, the goals, principles and measures of the landscape reconstruction design of the existing community based on the sponge city concept are proposed. Using rainwater as a resource to collect, purify, store, and recycle, alleviate water shortages and urban flood disasters, and it summarizes the methods and strategies for landscape reconstruction design of existing communities. Finally, according to the problems in the residential area and the actual needs of residents, combined with the current conditions of the site, following the design principles of people-oriented and local conditions, the use of sponge city technology measures on the green landscape, roads and parking lots, rooftop landscape of underground garages, plants Matching and other specific reconstruction designs provide theoretical and design references for the application of the "sponge city" concept in the design of urban residential quarters.

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Ayasrah, Mo'men, Hongsheng Qiu, Xiedong Zhang, and Mohammad Daddow. "Prediction of Ground Settlement Induced by Slurry Shield Tunnelling in Granular Soils." Civil Engineering Journal 6, no. 12 (November 30, 2020): 2273–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2020-03091617.

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Underground structures play an important role in achieving the requirements of rapid urban development such as tunnels, parking garages, facilities, etc. To achieve what is needed, new transportation methods have been proposed to solve traffic congestion problems by using of high-speed railway and subway tunnels. One of the issues in urban spaces due to tunnel excavation is considerable surface settlements that also induce problems for surface structures. There are a variety of published relationships concerned with field measurements and theoretical approaches to evaluating the amount of the maximum surface settlement value due to tunneling. This paper studies the ground surface settlement caused by the Greater Cairo Metro – Line 3 - Phase-1. This project was constructed by a slurry shield Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM). Therefore, this work consists of two parts. The first part presents the details of the project and monitoring results field and laboratory geotechnical investigations in order to determine the soil properties. The second part is to the comparison between the field measurements and theoretical approaches for surface settlement due to tunneling construction. At the end of the works, the results show that the more convenient methods which approach the field measurements, and the major transverse settlement occurs within the area about 2.6 times the diameter of the tunnel excavation. Doi: 10.28991/cej-2020-03091617 Full Text: PDF

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Tеtiana Kuzmenko, Tеtiana, and Andrii Dmytrenko. "APPROACHES TO INCREASING THE LANDSCAPE CAPACITY OF A BIG CITY." Current problems of architecture and urban planning, no. 60 (April 26, 2021): 226–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2077-3455.2021.60.226-236.

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The article considers the problem of limiting the territory of large cities in terms of expansion and expansion of park areas. The issues of landscape organization of local territories of large cities are raised: arrangement of entrance zones and railway green strips, organization of flat green coverings over platform spaces, arrangement of means of landscaping of semi-underground and underground garages, functional delimitation of pedestrian territories. The concept of semiotic units of landscape design is illustrated: point, line, plane, mass. Methods of distinguishing fragments of the urban environment and examples from foreign experience are given. The high concentration of anthropomorphic activity, creating a number of unconditional advantages, has led to a violation of the optimal balance between natural and artificial components of the landscape. As a result, cities feel an urgent need to maximize the natural component of the urban environment. The urgency of the topic is due to the approach of humanity to a critical limit, beyond which the process of deterioration of the biosphere will be beyond his control. The aim of the article is to generalize the experience of using landscape design tools to create a safe environment, enrich the city with landscaping elements, which are located not in traditional parks, but in local recreation areas, to design pedestrian spaces, create certain barriers between pedestrians and parking lots. favorable microclimate in the territories adjacent to production zones and railways, etc .; as well as developing approaches to increase the landscape potential of a large city and improve the microclimate of the urban environment. Transforming the landscape of large cities using landscaping tools and techniques will lead to a more harmonious relationship between anthropogenic and natural components of the urban environment, and ultimately reduce the factors that adversely affect human health. Attitudes towards the use of landscape design to achieve the artistic expressiveness of the urban environment is increasingly becoming an indicator of the civilization of the country.

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Vodyanova, Maria A., I. A. Kriatov, L. G. Donerian, I. S. Evseeva, D. I. Ushakov, and A. V. Sbitnev. "Ecological hygienic assessment of soils quality in urban areas." Hygiene and sanitation 95, no. 10 (October 28, 2019): 913–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2016-95-10-913-916.

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Assessment of the soil quality is ofprime importance essential for the characterization of the ecological and hygienic condition of the territory, as the soil is the first link of the food chain, the source of secondary air and water pollution, as well as an integral index of ecological well-being of the environment. Herewith the qualitative analysis of soil complicated by the specifics of the soil genesis in the urban environment, in which an important role is played by manmade land bulk and alluvial soils; the inclusion of construction of material debris and household garbage in upper horizons; the growing up of the profile due to the perpetual introduction of different materials and intensive aeolian deposition. It is advisable to consider the currently neglected question of the study of soil vapor containing volatile chemicals. These pollutants penetrate into the building through cracks in the foundation and openings for utilities. Soil evaporation may accumulate in residential areas or in the soil under the building. Because of this, it is necessary to pay attention to the remediation of areas allocated for the built-up area, possessing a large-scale underground parking. Soil contamination is the result of significant anthropogenic impacts on the environment components. In general, about 89.1 million people (62.6% of the population of the country) live in terms of complex chemical load, determined by contamination offood, drinking water, air and soil. The list of microbiological and sanitary-chemical indices of the assessment of soils of urban areas may vary in dependence on the data obtained in pilot studies due to changes and additions to the assigned tasks. Timely forecast for the possibility of the usage of released lands of urban territories for the construction and the creation of new objects for different purposes should become the prevention of chronic non-infectious diseases in the population residing in urban areas.

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Stanković, Jelena, Marc Dijk, and Anique Hommels. "Upscaling, Obduracy, and Underground Parking in Maastricht (1965-Present): Is There a Way Out?" Journal of Urban History, May 21, 2020, 009614422090906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0096144220909068.

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This article reconstructs the history of underground parking in the Dutch city of Maastricht by connecting the model of obduracy (i.e., “resistance to change”) with the concept of upscaling, which offers new insights in historic urban transitions. We discuss how the decision-making process about the building of the first underground parking garage (Vrijthof) in the late 1960s was a starting point of a growing obduracy of the urban practice of car use and parking in the inner city of Maastricht. We argue that this obduracy can be explained by the growing interconnections between the cultural meanings of historic squares and urban car use, expertise of urban planners, traffic experts and parking operators, parking and traffic policies and regulations, and underground parking infrastructures. Ironically, the expansion of underground parking in Maastricht can be seen as a pivotal part of the successful upscaling and increasing obduracy of car mobility in this town, but at the same time significantly affects the upscaling of local sustainable mobility innovations forty years later and beyond.

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Faramarzi, Afshin, Jongki Lee, Brent Stephens, and Mohammad Heidarinejad. "Assessing ventilation control strategies in underground parking garages." Building Simulation, July 27, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12273-020-0677-3.

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"A Lighting Plan and Operation Strategy for Underground Parking Garages in Residential Areas." Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers 19, no. 4 (January 1, 2005): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5207/jieie.2005.19.4.047.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Underground garage parking'

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