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Journal articles on the topic 'Underground railroad'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2024

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1

Park, Jong-Woo, and Don-Mook Choi. "A Study on the Scenario of Evacuation Safety Analysis of Wide-Area Railroad Stations." Fire Science and Engineering 36, no. 4 (August 31, 2022): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.7731/kifse.f8f0bf21.

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There are 1,416 railway stations in this country, of which 729 are underground stations. Moreover, more than 50% of the stations are constructed underground. Recently, the deep depth wide-area railroad has being designed and constructed. Railroads are the main means of transportation for the people and confirming evacuation safety in crowded underground spaces is a crucial subject. The functions of urban railroads and wide-area railroad underground stations built in urban underground spaces are the same. Nevertheless, there are differences between the station safety analysis scenario and the method used when they were designed. Through the analysis of evacuation scenarios and methods applied when evaluating the safety of underground stations, we propose procedures and standards for analyzing the safety of underground stations that can be applied to two types of railroads; the urban and wide-area railroads.

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2

Kuchment, Anna. "Underground Railroad." Scientific American 305, no. 1 (June 14, 2011): 62–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0711-62.

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3

Rocks, David. "Underground railroad." Trends in Organized Crime 3, no. 1 (September 1997): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12117-997-1134-8.

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4

Abdow, Maggie Moore. "Underground Railroads: Performance and Community at the Underground Railroad Theater’s Youth Program." Radical Teacher, no. 89 (February 24, 2011): 56–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/radicalteacher.89.0056.

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5

Abdow, Maggie Moore. "Underground Railroads: Performance and Community at the Underground Railroad Theater’s Youth Program." Radical Teacher 89, no. 1 (2010): 56–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/rdt.2010.0017.

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6

Toughill, Eileen, Cathi L. Breslin, Barbara Smith, Sandra VanSant, Robert S. White, and Maryanne Christopher. "Celebrating the Underground Railroad." AJN, American Journal of Nursing 105, no. 12 (December 2005): 81–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000446-200512000-00040.

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7

Collins, Sheila D. "The New Underground Railroad." Monthly Review 38, no. 1 (May 1, 1986): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.14452/mr-038-01-1986-05_1.

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8

Martin-Salvan, Paula. "Narrative Structure and the Unnarrated in Colson Whitehead’s The Underground Railroad." ES Review. Spanish Journal of English Studies, no. 41 (October 26, 2020): 11–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.24197/ersjes.41.2020.11-33.

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This paper analyzes the narrative structure of Colson Whitehead’s The Underground Railroad against the grain of traditional slave narrative conventions. The novel may be categorized as a neoslave narrative, telling the story of a slave girl, Cora, and her escape from a Georgia plantation using the “Underground Railroad” mentioned in the title. My working hypothesis takes cue from the explicit, literal rendering of the Underground Railroad in the text, which may be considered as symptomatic of Whitehead’s approach to the slave narrative convention, in that his novel discloses or makes visible aspects which, in slave narratives, were left unnarrated.

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9

Berrier, Galin. "The Underground Railroad in Michigan." Annals of Iowa 70, no. 2 (April 2011): 167–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17077/0003-4827.1534.

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10

Brinks, Daniel M., Renny Golden, and Michael McConnell. "Sanctuary: The New Underground Railroad." Michigan Law Review 85, no. 5/6 (April 1987): 1035. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1289029.

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11

Khapchaev, S. T. "The Underground Railroad: main aspects of operation." Vestnik Majkopskogo Gosudarstvennogo Tehnologiceskogo Universiteta, no. 4 (January 10, 2024): 38–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.47370/2078-1024-2023-15-4-38-45.

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The relevance of the research topic. Wherever slavery existed, people attempted to escape, and American history is no exception. Sometimes such efforts took on organized and institutionalized forms, a notable example of which is the so-called Underground Railroad, a secret and organized system of resistance to enslavement by facilitating the escape of African Americans to northern states and other territories. In the chosen context of the research, the Underground Railroad can rightfully be considered one of the first mass movements for human rights not only in the United States, but also in the world.The purpose of the research is to reveal the main aspects of the functioning of the Underground Railroad, since this problem is extremely poorly covered by domestic science.The research is based on a scientific analysis of biographical data, literary sources, legal documents, materials from periodicals and has been carried out by applying the principle of historicism, comparative historical, problem-chronological, biographical and descriptive methods.The research results demonstrate that, in order to prevent human trafficking, individuals, families, and communities with anti-slavery attitude created preconditions for the formation of a large-scale institutionalized system that stretched from the Canadian provinces of Quebec and Ontario east to the Atlantic coast, south to Florida and the Caribbean, and west to the border enclaves of Kansas, Texas, and Mexico.On the basis of the research results, it has been concluded that the term «Underground Railroad», although it does not reflect the specifics of its activities, denotes a very real historical phenomenon. The organization and activities of the Underground Railroad became an important component in the difficult task of eradicating slavery in the United States.

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12

Sullivan, Michele. "African American Abolitionists in Chester County: Finding New Stories." Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies 90, no. 1 (2023): 48–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/pennhistory.90.1.0048.

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ABSTRACT Historians have traditionally recounted the history of the Underground Railroad in Chester County and elsewhere in Pennsylvania as the work of heroic Quakers. When African Americans are included, for example, in R. C. Smedley’s History of the Underground Railroad in Chester and Neighboring Counties of Pennsylvania, they are nearly always mentioned only by their first names or have often been reduced to the role of “assistants.” Smedley overlooked the important function of free Black churches and residential communities. This article illuminates the stories of African American abolitionists in Chester County, including their part in assisting fugitives escape and the various forms of resistance in which they engaged. Utilizing original documents, letters, archival records, census data, newspapers, and the perspectives of recent historians, this article provides a frame and a context by which to understand the contributions of local Blacks to the larger story of abolition and the Underground Railroad.

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13

McPherson, James M., John Hope Franklin, and Loren Schweninger. "The Passengers on the Underground Railroad." Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, no. 26 (1999): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2999183.

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14

Berrier, Galin. "The Underground Railroad in Western Illinois." Annals of Iowa 67, no. 2 (April 2008): 224–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17077/0003-4827.1229.

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15

Shull, Carol D. "The Underground Railroad: Refining Eligibility Criteria." Public Historian 24, no. 2 (2002): 89–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/tph.2002.24.2.89.

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16

GASKINS, ADRIAN. "The National Underground Railroad Freedom Center." Public Historian 28, no. 2 (January 1, 2006): 105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/tph.2006.28.2.105.

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17

Broekhoven, Deborah Bingham Van, Randolph Paul Runyon, and William Albert Davis. "Delia Webster and the Underground Railroad." Journal of Southern History 63, no. 3 (August 1997): 657. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2211672.

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18

Jackson, Kellie Carter. "The Violence of the Underground Railroad." Reviews in American History 49, no. 2 (2021): 246–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/rah.2021.0025.

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19

Le Melle, Stacy Parker. "The Underground Railroad by Colson Whitehead." Callaloo 39, no. 4 (2017): 936–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cal.2017.0027.

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20

Simpson, Tyrone. "The Underground Railroad by Colson Whitehead." Callaloo 40, no. 2 (2017): 183–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cal.2017.0110.

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21

Okur, Nilgun Anadolu. "Underground Railroad in Philadelphia, 1830-1860." Journal of Black Studies 25, no. 5 (May 1995): 537–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002193479502500502.

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22

Meldon, Perri. "Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad State Park." American Quarterly 72, no. 4 (2020): 979–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/aq.2020.0055.

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23

Finkenbine, Roy E., John Overlan, and Ann Spurling. "Flight to Freedom: The Underground Railroad." Journal of American History 83, no. 3 (December 1996): 1117. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2945810.

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24

Berrier, Galin. "Encyclopedia of the Underground Railroad/John Todd and the Underground Railroad: Biography of an Iowa Abolitionist." Annals of Iowa 65, no. 2 (April 2006): 259–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17077/0003-4827.1054.

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25

Pan, Jianying. "Research and Practice of Rebar Engineering Quantity Calculation for Underground Diaphragm Wall of Intercity Railway Based on BIM and Planar Representation Method of Rebar." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2425, no. 1 (February 1, 2023): 012033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2425/1/012033.

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Abstract Underground diaphragm wall is a typical form of deep foundation support for intercity railroad, which has the characteristics of high wall strength, high stiffness and large amount of steel reinforcement. In the process of quantity calculation, there are problems such as unreasonable calculation method of reinforcement quantity and inaccurate and non-uniform calculation results. This paper briefly discusses the research on quantity calculation based on BIM model by combining the classification form of underground diaphragm wall, sorting out the rules of quantity calculation and steel flat method labeling. It also discusses the functions of the rebar information extraction system based on the rebar flat method labeling and the flow structure of the rebar quantity calculation process of intercity railroad underground diaphragm wall based on BIM and rebar flat method labeling. Finally, the accuracy of the calculation results of the diameter, length and number of longitudinal bars, hoop bars and tension bars of the underground diaphragm wall of the intercity railroad is compared with the traditional calculation mode by combining the calculation model. The data showed that the accuracy rate of calculation based on BIM and steel flat marking method was higher than that of traditional calculation mode, and the accuracy rate of BIM and steel flat marking method reached 97.9% on average, while the accuracy rate of traditional calculation mode was only about 85% on average. Therefore, it is verified that the calculation of intercity railroad underground diaphragm wall reinforcement based on BIM and steel flat method has good effect.

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26

Erickson, Brad. "NORTH LA CROSSE UNDERGROUND FUEL OIL SPILL." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1985, no. 1 (February 1, 1985): 273–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1985-1-273.

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ABSTRACT In July 1978, several homes near the Burlington Northern Railroad yards in North La Crosse reported fuel oil in their basements. High water tables and flooding along the La Crosse River caused seepage into the basements. The nearby railroad refueling depot was the only likely source of the product. A review of railroad activities indicated several likely sources for fuel oil leakage into the soil. A contractor was hired and a recovery system was installed. The recovery system removed about 300 gallons of fuel oil per day. Because of several operational problems, this recovery system was abandoned in November 1978 (after recovering about 20,000 gallons of fuel oil). A consultant's report issued in February 1979 indicated there remained about 157,000 gallons of fuel oil underground. Because recovery operations had ceased, the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources issued an order to the Burlington Northern Railroad in May 1979 to resume recovery operations. This order was superceded by a second order in July 1979. After reviewing several alternatives, a “cone of depression” recovery system was given approval, installed, and began operation in November 1979. As of November 1983, a total of 137,000 gallons of fuel oil had been recovered using the “cone of depression” method. In spring 1984, inspection showed that the recovery system needed a considerable amount of maintenance work. Additional tests are necessary to determine if recoverable amounts of the fuel oil still remain. If further recovery effort is necessary, further refinements may have to be made to the recovery apparatus.

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27

Neumann, Maureen D. "Freedom Quilts: Mathematics on the Underground Railroad." Teaching Children Mathematics 11, no. 6 (February 2005): 316–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/tcm.11.6.0316.

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Examine the geometric properties involved in making different quilt patterns and the cultural significance these quilts hold for Africans on southern plantations escaping to freedom. Lesson ideas with mathematical and multicultural connections are provided for classroom teachers.

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28

Williamson, Jane. "The Underground Railroad in the Midwestern Borderlands." Public Historian 36, no. 3 (August 1, 2014): 154–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/tph.2014.36.3.154.

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29

Gillespie, Michael Boyce. "Thinking about The Underground Railroad." Film Quarterly 75, no. 2 (2021): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/fq.2021.75.2.19.

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On the occasion of the Amazon Studios release of Barry Jenkins’s The Underground Railroad, a ten-episode adaption of Colson Whitehead’s 2016 novel, FQ board member and frequent contributor Michael Gillespie convened a roundtable with scholars whose work is deeply attentive to the art of blackness, especially regarding literature, television, and cinema. Walton M. Muyumba, Samantha N. Sheppard, and Kristen J. Warner each offers a distinct assessment of the series as critical provocation and aesthetic practice while also posing necessary and difficult questions about conceptions of history, culture, visuality, narrative form, temporality, and—not least—the media industries. Together, these scholars share their thoughts on the complications and import of the series as part of what is sure to be an ongoing consideration of its meanings and methods.

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30

Boyce, B. Ann, and Tracy D. Nelson. "The Underground Railroad: A Multicultural, Interdisciplinary Project." Strategies 8, no. 2 (October 1994): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08924562.1994.10592015.

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31

Mundim, Isabella Santos. "Representatividade e empoderamento nas narrativas de escravidão: da literatura à série televisiva." Aletria: Revista de Estudos de Literatura 28, no. 4 (December 28, 2018): 87–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.17851/2317-2096.28.4.87-101.

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Este trabalho investiga como criadores pertencentes a grupos minoritários traduzem experiências de subjugação e violência em narrativas de representatividade e empoderamento. O foco são duas narrativas de escravidão lançadas em 2016 – o romance The Underground Railroad, de Colson Whitehead, e a série televisiva Underground, de Misha Green e Joe Pokaski – que se propõem o desafio de reelaborar criticamente o passado. Nelas, Whitehead e a dupla Green e Pokaski lembram o que a América esqueceu, retratam a experiência da servidão do ponto de vista de quem a viveu e a experiência do senhor branco do ponto de vista de quem ele escravizou. Nessa perspectiva, The Underground Railroad e Underground superam o mero registro e apontam para acontecimentos e pessoas ausentes dos relatos dominantes. Para além disso, as duas narrativas inauguram espaços e tempos de resistência, já que que assumem o compromisso com a construção da memória dos Estados Unidos a partir do viés da margem e da exclusão.

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32

Cohen, Lara Langer. "Going Underground: Race, Space, and the Subterranean in the Nineteenth-Century US." American Literary History 33, no. 3 (August 5, 2021): 510–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alh/ajab053.

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Abstract This essay examines the emergence of the underground as a figure for being in but not of a rotten world. First popularized by newspaper coverage of the Underground Railroad in the 1840s, the underground offered a metaphor for subversive activity that has remained central to our political vocabulary. My forthcoming book, Going Underground: Race, Space, and the Subterranean in the Nineteenth-Century US, excavates the long history of this now-familiar idea, but most of all, it seeks out versions of the underground that got left behind along the way. To do so, it traces images of the subterranean from David Walker’s Appeal (1829) to Pauline Hopkins’s Of One Blood (1902–03), and from anarchist periodicals and exposés of the urban underworld to the initiation rites of secret societies and manuals for sex magic. In this essay, an adaptation of the book’s introduction, I focus on how early visions of the underground were shaped by literal subterranean spaces and associations with racialized Blackness. I argue that nineteenth-century undergrounds can expand our thinking about political agitation outside the familiar framework of resistance and suggest some new—which is to say old—modes of world-making and world-breaking for a time when this world feels increasingly untenable. At times going underground is an effect of subjugation, but at other times it is an act of refusal. Some undergrounds are sites to carve out other worlds … and some are sites to prepare the destruction of this one.

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33

Rüdenauer, Ulrich, and Colson Whitehead. "Durch die Falltür." Literaturblatt für Baden-Württemberg, no. 6 (June 20, 2024): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.53458/litbw.vi6.12287.

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34

Masur, Jenny. "Building a National Underground Railroad Network to Freedom." Practicing Anthropology 26, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.26.1.n7601364k2106823.

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Many cultural anthropologists have studied networks and how people reinterpret and attach symbols to these networks, pulling symbols from a grab-bag of collectively significant events and personages. As an ethnographer working for a new National Park Service program, I find myself involved in creating "networks" and affecting construction of "meanings," rather than studying the process as an outside observer. In the National Underground Railroad Network to Freedom, created by Congress, my colleagues and I affect and effect relationships between groups previously unfamiliar with one another or previously not considered to fit under one umbrella. It would it be putting on blinders to analyze "transformations of popular concepts of the Underground Railroad" without considering the National Park Service and other cultural resource managers' role in public education, historic preservation, and use of memory in exhibits and publications.

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35

Hovorukha, Volodymyr. "Studying and improving intermediate rail fastening of rail transport." E3S Web of Conferences 109 (2019): 00028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201910900028.

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Topical problem concerning the improvement of intermediate rail fastening of a railway track of railroad transport as well as industrial and underground rail one has been considered taking into account peculiarities of operation in terms of curved sections of a route with small-radius curvature. Objective of the paper is to improve operational parameters of a railway track with extra small curvature radii in terms of railroad gauge adjustment. Operation of the components of intermediate rail fastening, being subject to intense wear and destruction due to the effect of great transverse and horizontal loading within the curved route sections with small-radius curvature, has been and analysed. Innovative engineering solutions to improve intermediate rail fastening have been proposed. Such peculiarity of the device of intermediate rail fastening provides increased durability and working capacity of rail fastening components in terms of considerable transverse loading within the route sections with small-radius curvature. The obtained results may be applied for underground and industrial rail transport as well as for railroad one.

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36

Bordewich, Fergus M. "The Broad Route Map of the Underground Railroad." Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, no. 49 (October 1, 2005): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25073326.

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37

Lee, Deborah A. "Forbidden Fruit: Love Stories from the Underground Railroad." Annals of Iowa 65, no. 4 (October 2006): 372–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.17077/0003-4827.1069.

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38

Doody, William E., and William C. Kashatus. "In Pursuit of Freedom: Teaching the Underground Railroad." History Teacher 39, no. 3 (May 1, 2006): 414. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/30036813.

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39

Glesner, Anthony Patrick. "Laura Haviland: Neglected Heroine of the Underground Railroad." Michigan Historical Review 21, no. 1 (1995): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20173491.

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40

Blackett, R. "The Underground Railroad and the Struggle Against Slavery." History Workshop Journal 78, no. 1 (August 8, 2014): 275–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hwj/dbu012.

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41

Wellman, Judith. "[The Underground Railroad: Refining Eligibility Criteria]: Author's Response." Public Historian 24, no. 2 (April 2002): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3379526.

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42

Marc, Stephen. "Passage on the Underground Railroad and Recent Works." Afterimage 39, no. 1-2 (July 1, 2011): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aft.2011.39.1-2.97.

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43

Brown, William. "Black (W)hole Foods: Okra, Soil and Blackness in The Underground Railroad (Barry Jenkins, USA, 2021)." Philosophies 7, no. 5 (October 14, 2022): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/philosophies7050117.

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This essay analyses the role played by okra in The Underground Railroad, together with how it functions in relation to the soil that sustains it and which allows it to grow. I argue that okra represents an otherwise lost African past for both protagonist Cora and for the show in general and that this transplanted plant, similar to the transplanted Africans who endured the Middle Passage on the way to ‘New World’ slave plantations, survives by going through ‘black holes’, something that is not only linked poetically to the established trope of the otherwise absent Black mother but which also finds support from physics, where wormholes (similar to the holes created by worms in the soil) take us through black holes and into new worlds, realities or dimensions. This is reflected in Jenkins’s series (as well as Whitehead’s novel) by the titular Underground Railroad itself, which sees Cora and others disappear underground only to reappear in new states (the show travels from Georgia to South Carolina to North Carolina to Tennessee to Indiana and so on), as well as specifically in the show through the formal properties of the audio-visual (cinematic/televisual) medium, which, with its cuts and movements, similarly keeps shifting through space and time in a nonlinear but generative fashion. Finally, I suggest that we cannot philosophise the plant or the medium of film (or television or streaming media) without philosophising race, with The Underground Railroad serving as a means for bringing together plants and plantations, soil and wormholes and Blackness and black holes, which, collectively and playfully, I group under the umbrella term ‘black (w)hole foods’.

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44

Stover, Lynne Farrell. "NCSS Notable Trade Book Lesson Plan Unspoken: A Story from the Underground Railroad Written by Henry Cole." Social Studies Research and Practice 9, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 202–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ssrp-01-2014-b0012.

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Unspoken: A Story from the Underground Railroad is a remarkable picture book that opens with a young farm girl discovering an unknown person hiding in her family’s barn. What should she do? It’s not legal or safe to assist a runaway slave in the South during the Civil War. Whatever she does, her action (or inaction) will have consequences that may affect the life of another person in a positive or negative manner. This lesson focuses on the costs and benefits of the choices made by the farm girl. Young readers will use the wonderful illustrations to follow the tale’s linear storyline. Older students will be fascinated by the combination of embedded visual clues and unstated communication that defines the Civil War and Underground Railroad. The author’s endnote reveals the inspiration for the book and invites readers to write their own story.

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45

Gillespie, Michael Boyce. "The Train Is Always Leaving." Film Quarterly 75, no. 2 (2021): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/fq.2021.75.2.12.

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Director Barry Jenkins’s body of work to date demonstrates an exquisite devotion to the art of blackness as an aesthetic and cultural practice. On the occasion of Jenkins’ latest work—the television adaptation of Colson Whitehead’s 2016 book, The Underground Railroad—Film Quarterly contributor Michael Gillespie speaks with Jenkins about his craft, his process, and his acutely cinephilic attention to black visual and expressive culture. The series poses a stunningly exacting sense of the slave narrative coupled with an ambitious charting of antebellum nineteenth-century America, at once familiar and uncanny. As visual historiography, The Underground Railroad enacts an irreconcilable challenge to the writing of history and, furthermore, to the political and aesthetic capacities of televisual seriality. Jenkins’s conception of the series resonates as a fantastical and haunting restipulation of the idea of America—and a crucial reimagining of the rendering of blackness.

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46

Hwang, Hyun-Bea, and Se-Hong Min. "Safety Problem of Gaseous Extinguishing System in Underground Subway Station." Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 20, no. 6 (December 31, 2020): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.9798/kosham.2020.20.6.101.

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The gaseous fire extinguishing agents CO<sub>2</sub>, Halon 1301, and HCFC-BLEND A and a clean fire extinguishing agent are installed and operated in 85.5%, 6.19%, 4.14%, and 4.62% of the city railroad subway stations of Korea, respectively. The fire extinguishing halon gases Halon1301 and HCFC-BLEND A currently used in city railroad subway stations are already regulated globally because of global warming and ozone layer destruction.Moreover, the use of Halon 1301 is prohibited because of the development of alternative clean fire extinguishing gas. However, newly installing and operating CO₂, unlike the use of halon gas, has not been sanctioned. In particular, even though a fire extinguishing CO₂ facility has the serious safety problem of choking accidents occurring as a result of operation in a closed space because of the characteristics of a subway station, the situation has not been improved. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development designates CO₂ as the major substance causing global warming and forcibly allocates the reduction of carbon emissions to member countries through a reduction policy. Therefore, overall annual replacement of CO₂ fire extinguishing facilities installed and operated in subway stations is necessary, and the problems of fire extinguishing operation characteristics and maintenance of fire extinguishing gas facilities should be reviewed. The purpose of this work is to presentthe maintenance status of fire extinguishing gas facilities installed and operated in the city railroad subway stations of Korea. Furthermore, the preparation of measures and laws for preventing fatalities resulting from choking caused by fire extinguishing CO₂ facilities and for improving cooperation with the international environmental response is proposed.

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47

Lincove, David. "Sources: Places of the Underground Railroad: A Geographical Guide." Reference & User Services Quarterly 51, no. 1 (September 1, 2011): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/rusq.51n1.81.2.

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48

Pulido, Laura. "Through Darkness to Light: Photographs Along the Underground Railroad." AAG Review of Books 6, no. 4 (October 2, 2018): 251–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/2325548x.2018.1508185.

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49

Ford, Lynette. "Hauntings of the Underground Railroad: Ghosts of the Midwest." Folklore 131, no. 3 (February 27, 2020): 331–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0015587x.2019.1708148.

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Dubek, Laura. "“Fight for It!”: The Twenty-First-Century Underground Railroad." Journal of American Culture 41, no. 1 (March 2018): 68–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jacc.12841.

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