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Journal articles on the topic 'Underground Research Laboratory (Canada)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 14 February 2022

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1

Young, R. P., and D. S. Collins. "Seismic studies of rock fracture at the Underground Research Laboratory, Canada." International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 38, no. 6 (September 2001): 787–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1365-1609(01)00043-0.

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2

Nguyen, Thanh Son. "Progressive Damage of a Canadian Granite in Laboratory Compression Tests and Underground Excavations." Minerals 11, no. 1 (December 24, 2020): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11010010.

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The crystalline rock formations of the Canadian Shield are currently one candidate rock type for the geological disposal of radioactive waste in Canada. This article starts with a critical review of past research results on the geomechanical behaviour of Lac du Bonnet granite, a rock type found at an Underground Research Laboratory (URL) in Pinawa, Manitoba, Canada. Based on the published data, a constitutive model was developed, based on Mohr-Coulomb plasticity, which includes the concept of asynchronous degradation of cohesion and mobilization of friction with progressive damage, as well as time-dependent degradation of strength. The constitutive model was used to simulate laboratory compression tests. It was then implemented in a coupled hydro-mechanical model to simulate the response of the rock mass induced by excavation of a test tunnel at 420 m depth at the URL.

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3

Šı´lený, J., I. Pšenčı´k, and R. P. Young. "Point-source inversion neglecting a nearby free surface: simulation of the Underground Research Laboratory, Canada." Geophysical Journal International 146, no. 1 (July 2001): 171–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.0956-540x.2001.01433.x.

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4

Fairhurst, C. "Nuclear waste disposal and rock mechanics: contributions of the Underground Research Laboratory (URL), Pinawa, Manitoba, Canada." International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 41, no. 8 (December 2004): 1221–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2004.09.001.

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5

Iwata, Takaki, and R. Paul Young. "Tidal Stress/Strain and the b-values of Acoustic Emissions at the Underground Research Laboratory, Canada." Pure and Applied Geophysics 162, no. 6-7 (June 2005): 1291–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00024-005-2670-2.

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6

Brown, A., N. M. Soonawala, R. A. Everitt, and D. C. Kamineni. "Geology and geophysics of the Underground Research Laboratory site, Lac du Bonnet Batholith, Manitoba." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 26, no. 2 (February 1, 1989): 404–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e89-037.

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The lease area of the Atomic Energy of Canada Limited Underground Research Laboratory covers 3.8 km2 and is located 2.5 km north of the south contact of the Lac du Bonnet Batholith. A shaft to 255 m and 130 boreholes up to 1100 m deep expose the third dimension.The underlying granite is largely of two types: (i) pink porphyritic, which may be biotite rich, gneissic, and (or) xenolithic; and (ii) grey homogeneous and equigranular. Composition layering, including xenolith-rich zones, outlines domes along an antiform trending north-northeast through the western part of the lease area. The southeast-dipping flank underlies the eastern half of the site, including the shaft. Axes of folding trend 065 °and 140°. Homogeneous grey granite, being relatively fresh and unfractured, is associated with a magnetic field that is about 100 nT higher and with a resistivity that is up to 5000 Ω∙m higher than those of other units. A pattern of highs in the magnetic field, caused by the high magnetite content of some xenoliths, can be used to map the antiform.Three thrust faults that dip 10–30° east-southeast are partly controlled by the compositional layering. Anomalies in the very low frequency electromagnetic (VLF-EM) field occur at the surface projections of faults. One fault has been mapped at depth by a high-resolution seismic reflection survey. A suite of downhole geophysical methods, including cross-hole seismic, has been used to map discontinuities in boreholes.Subvertical penetrative foliations and pegmatitic dykes are part of the late crystallization fabric, providing (with filled fractures) a continuous deformation history in response to north- to northeast-trending compressive stress.

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7

Gascoyne, M. "High levels of uranium and radium in groundwaters at Canada's Underground Research Laboratory, Lac du Bonnet, Manitoba, Canada." Applied Geochemistry 4, no. 6 (November 1989): 577–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0883-2927(89)90068-1.

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8

Kamineni, D. C., C. F. Chung, J. J. B. Dugal, and R. B. Ejeckam. "Distribution of uranium and thorium in core samples from the Underground Research Laboratory lease area, southeastern Manitoba, Canada." Chemical Geology 54, no. 1-2 (January 1986): 97–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(86)90074-4.

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9

Hayles, J. G., R. A. Everitt, and D. R. Woodcock. "A 15 kHz cross-hole seismic survey across a fracture at the AECL Underground Research Laboratory." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 36, no. 9 (September 1, 1999): 1517–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e99-047.

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A 15 kHz cross-hole seismic tomography survey was completed between two boreholes that cross a well-known subvertical fracture called the "Room 209 fracture" on the 240 Level of the Atomic Energy of Canada Limited Underground Research Laboratory. This survey measured in situ P- and S-wave velocity and amplitude relations across the fracture between the two boreholes. A velocity anisotropy of about 1.5% (peak-to-peak) exists in the rock mass for both P and S waves. Consistently faster velocities were observed for rays oriented roughly parallel to the Room 209 fracture. This anisotropy is consistent with geological and geotechnical models of microcrack populations for the region. Tomographic velocity images for both the P- and S-waves show a distinct change across the fracture. Higher velocities occur east of the fracture, whereas lower velocities occur to the west. The velocity differences indicate minor changes in the rock structure from one side of the fracture to the other which correlate with observed differences in alteration and fracture frequency. There is a slight reduction in velocity at the fracture itself. A study of seismic amplitudes was also completed. A weak anisotropy also exists in the amplitude data, with higher amplitudes for rays that parallel the fracture direction. The P-wave attenuation ranges between 0.03 and 0.7 dB/m across the survey panel. The region of the fracture shows a subtle increase in the P-wave attenuation of about 0.04 dB/m above the local background. These measurements provide a useful demonstration of the sensitivity of the technique. The results correlate well with geological models and simple physical models for seismic wave propagation in sparsely fractured granite.

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10

Radhakrishna, H. S., A. M. Crawford, B. Kjartanson, and K. C. Lau. "Numerical modelling of heat and moisture transport through bentonite–sand buffer." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 29, no. 6 (December 1, 1992): 1044–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t92-122.

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A computer code TRUCHAM developed to model the coupled heat and moisture flow through a porous medium is used to assess the thermohydraulic performance of the clay-based engineered barrier encapsulating nuclear waste containers in a deep geological disposal vault in the borehole emplacement concept. This paper contains an overview of the development of the numerical model and its application to the buffer–container experiment at the Underground Research Laboratory of Atomic Energy of Canada Limited Research. The thermohydraulic transport parameters required for the analysis were determined by specially designed laboratory experiments. The needs for further development of the model and the material properties are identified. Key words : buffer, clay barrier, coupled heat and moisture, heater experiment, numerical model, nuclear waste disposal, thermal diffusivity, unsaturated soil.

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11

Dixon, D., N. Chandler, J. Graham, and M. N. Gray. "Two large-scale sealing tests conducted at Atomic Energy of Canada's underground research laboratory: the buffer-container experiment and the isothermal test." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 39, no. 3 (June 1, 2002): 503–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t02-012.

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Two large-scale sealing experiments were conducted at Atomic Energy of Canada Limited's Underground Research Laboratory at Lac du Bonnet, Manitoba. The rate of water uptake in densely compacted sandclay buffer materials proposed for use in a deep geologic repository for spent nuclear fuel was monitored. The buffercontainer experiment examined the influence of heat on the performance of a large mass of buffer. Temperatures, water contents, and total and hydraulic pressures within and surrounding the installation were monitored for approximately 2.5 years. Local groundwater pressures increased as a result of rising temperatures. Water uptake and redistribution occurred in the buffer due to drying shrinkage close to the heater and counter-acted swelling due to an increase in water content near the rockbuffer interface. The isothermal test (ITT) allowed natural groundwater uptake from the surrounding rock mass under isothermal conditions. It was monitored for a period of 6.5 years and is the first, and longest running test of its kind yet conducted in the world. During its operation, the ITT (for as yet unconfirmed reasons) experienced a 35% decrease in the rate of water supply relative to that measured prior to experiment installation. This decrease impacts on the time required for saturation to be achieved.Key words: buffer, bentonite, underground research laboratory, instrumentation.

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12

Vazaios, I., N. Vlachopoulos, and M. S. Diederichs. "Mechanical analysis and interpretation of excavation damage zone formation around deep tunnels within massive rock masses using hybrid finite–discrete element approach: case of Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL) Underground Research Laboratory (URL) test tunnel." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 56, no. 1 (January 2019): 35–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2017-0578.

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The construction of an underground opening leads to changes in the in situ stress regime surrounding the excavation. The opening influences the rock mass owing to the redistribution of the stresses and results in the disturbance of the surrounding ground. At great depths, massive to slightly or moderately fractured rock masses are usually encountered, and under high stresses, they are more likely to behave in a brittle manner during an excavation. While constitutive models have been developed and proposed for the numerical simulation of such excavations using continuum mechanics, this brittle response cannot be simulated accurately enough, since the material behaviour is governed by fracture initiation and propagation. On the contrary, discontinuum approaches are more suitable in such cases. For the purposes of this paper, the brittle behaviour of hard, massive rock masses and the associated spalling failure mechanisms were simulated by employing a finite–discrete element method (FDEM) approach using Irazu software. The generated numerical model was utilized to replicate field conditions based on the observations at the Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL) Underground Research Laboratory (URL) test tunnel located in Pinawa, Manitoba, Canada. The model results are compared with field observation data to explicitly demonstrate the suitability of the method.

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13

Eberhardt, E., D. Stead, B. Stimpson, and R. S. Read. "Identifying crack initiation and propagation thresholds in brittle rock." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 35, no. 2 (April 1, 1998): 222–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t97-091.

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Recent work at the Underground Research Laboratory of Atomic Energy of Canada Limited in Pinawa, Manitoba, has shown that high compressive stresses near the tunnel face significantly contribute to the loss of strength, and eventual failure of the rock, through stress-induced brittle fracturing. A program of laboratory testing has been undertaken to investigate the effects of brittle fracture on the progressive degradation of rock mass strength. The work carried out in this study involves a detailed analysis of the crack initiation and propagation thresholds, two key components in the brittle-fracture process. This paper describes new techniques developed to enhance existing strain gauge and acoustic emission methodologies with respect to the detection of these thresholds and their effects on the degradation of material strength.Key words: tunnel, rock failure, brittle fracture, crack initiation, crack propagation.

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14

Hagan, T. N., G. W. Kuzyk, J. K. Mercer, and J. L. Gilby. "Design, implementation and monitoring of full-face blasts to extend a shaft at Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd.'s underground research laboratory." International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts 27, no. 2 (April 1990): A100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(90)95153-r.

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15

Blatz, J. A., J. Graham, and N. A. Chandler. "Influence of suction on the strength and stiffness of compacted sandbentonite." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 39, no. 5 (October 1, 2002): 1005–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t02-056.

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This paper examines the constitutive behaviour of unsaturated mixtures of compacted sand-bentonite material. Two different techniques have been used to modify soil suction in laboratory specimens to examine the influence of suction on the behaviour of compacted materials. The two methods generated inherent differences in material fabric and therefore in stress-strain behaviour. The difference in microstructure generated by these two preparation techniques created different properties for the two series of specimens. This paper compares the behaviour of the two series of specimens and relates the observed mechanical behaviour to the initial soil fabric created by the two different preparation techniques. Specimens of similar compacted material were taken from two full-scale in-ground experiments conducted at Atomic Energy of Canada Limited's Underground Research Laboratory at Lac du Bonnet, Manitoba and sheared using the same triaxial equipment. The results are compared to the results of shearing laboratory compacted specimens. The research program demonstrates the need to understand the initial volume and suction states of plastic clays in order to predict the change in mechanical behaviour following a change in water content.Key words: constitutive relationships, unsaturation, laboratory tests, expansive soils, clays, shear strength.

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16

Vlachopoulos, Nicholas, and Ioannis Vazaios. "The Numerical Simulation of Hard Rocks for Tunnelling Purposes at Great Depths: A Comparison between the Hybrid FDEM Method and Continuous Techniques." Advances in Civil Engineering 2018 (2018): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3868716.

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Tunnelling processes lead to stress changes surrounding an underground opening resulting in the disturbance and potential damage of the surrounding ground. Especially, when it comes to hard rocks at great depths, the rockmass is more likely to respond in a brittle manner during the excavation. Continuum numerical modelling and discontinuum techniques have been employed in order to capture the complex nature of fracture initiation and propagation at low-confinement conditions surrounding an underground opening. In the present study, the hybrid finite-discrete element method (FDEM) is used and compared to techniques using the finite element method (FEM), in order to investigate the efficiency of these methods in simulating brittle fracturing. The numerical models are calibrated based on data and observations from the Underground Research Laboratory (URL) Test Tunnel, located in Manitoba, Canada. Following the comparison of these models, additional analyses are performed by integrating discrete fracture network (DFN) geometries in order to examine the effect of the explicit simulation of joints in brittle rockmasses. The results show that in both cases, the FDEM method is more capable of capturing the highly damaged zone (HDZ) and the excavation damaged zone (EDZ) compared to results of continuum numerical techniques in such excavations.

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17

Abdi, H., D. Labrie, T. S. Nguyen, J. D. Barnichon, G. Su, E. Evgin, R. Simon, and M. Fall. "Laboratory investigation on the mechanical behaviour of Tournemire argillite." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 52, no. 3 (March 2015): 268–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2013-0122.

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This paper presents the results of a laboratory testing program that was designed to investigate the mechanical behaviour of the Tournemire argillite. Eighty rock samples were obtained from boreholes drilled at different angles in the walls and floor of an existing gallery at the Tournemire Underground Research Laboratory (URL), France. The experimental program consists of the measurement of the physical properties of the argillite and its mechanical response to loading during uniaxial tests, triaxial tests with various confining pressures, unconfined and confined cyclic tests, and Brazilian tests. Since the Tournemire argillite is characterized by the presence of closely spaced bedding planes, the rock specimens were loaded in different directions to bedding planes (i.e., loading orientation angle, θ = 0°, 30°, 45°, 60°, and 90°). Acoustic emission data were also recorded to detect the initiation and propagation of micro-cracks during the uniaxial tests. Most of the tests were performed at the natural moisture content of the rock specimens as delivered to CANMET Laboratories in Ottawa, Canada, where the experiments were conducted. The main objective of the testing program is to identify the mechanical properties of the Tournemire argillite. This paper mainly focuses on the description and interpretation of the test results. The development of an elastoplastic-damage model to describe the mechanical behaviour of the Tournemire argillite is the subject of another paper.

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18

Li, Zhenze, Thanh Son Nguyen, Grant Su, Denis Labrie, and Jean Dominique Barnichon. "Development of a viscoelastoplastic model for a bedded argillaceous rock from laboratory triaxial tests." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 54, no. 3 (March 2017): 359–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2016-0100.

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Argillaceous rocks are candidate host and (or) cap formations for the geological disposal of nuclear wastes in many countries, including Canada, France, and Switzerland. The understanding of the long-term mechanical behaviour of such rocks is an essential requirement for the assessment of their performance as a barrier against radionuclide migration. The French Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN) operates an Underground Research Laboratory (URL) in Tournemire, France, in a rock formation known as the Tournemire shale. Many types of experiments are conducted at the Tournemire URL to better understand the physical and chemical behaviour of this shale and its interaction with seal materials intended to be used in the geological disposal of radioactive wastes. The Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission (CNSC) collaborates with the IRSN and CanmetMINING laboratories to perform experimental and theoretical research on the mechanical behaviour of the Tournemire shale. Using data from creep tests, and monotonic and cyclic triaxial tests performed at CanmetMINING Laboratories, we developed constitutive relationships for the mechanical behaviour of the Tournemire shale. The model is based on the theory of plasticity, and takes into consideration the inherent anisotropy due to the existence of bedding planes, hardening behaviour before the peak strength, and viscosity.

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19

Didry, Olivier, Malcolm N. Gray, André Cournut, and James Graham. "Modelling the early age behaviour of a low heat concrete bulkhead sealing an underground tunnel." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 27, no. 1 (February 15, 2000): 112–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l99-055.

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A major experiment - the tunnel sealing experiment, related to the disposal of heat generating radioactive wastes in geological formations and supported by government organizations from Japan, France, U.S.A., and Canada, is being carried out at the Underground Research Laboratory of Atomic Energy of Canada Limited in Manitoba, Canada. Through a systematic process, the results from the experiment will be used to validate numerical models for the early age behaviour of high mass concrete bulkheads. A numerical model, based on the CESAR-LCPC finite element code equipped with the modules TEXO and MEXO, has been developed and used to predict the behaviour of a concrete bulkhead which will be built as part of the experiment. The TEXO-based component of the model which describes temperature changes has been validated. A maximum temperature rise in the concrete of 19°C is calculated. This will occur about 4 days after the concrete is cast. The temperature rise is low. This arises from the use of a specially developed low cement content concrete. Despite uncertainties in the MEXO-based model, which is used to describe the chemo-mechanical behaviour of the system, results indicate that it is unlikely that the concrete will crack, but a gap of 0.5 mm or more will develop between the bulkhead and the rock. Water leakage around the bulkhead through this gap could be significant and measures to seal this gap are advised. The modelling results recorded here will be tested against measurements made in the experiment. Thus, the numerical model will be formally validated and bounds to its use will be defined. Key words: concrete, bulkhead, sealing, early age behaviour, heat of hydration, autogenous shrinkage, underground repository, modelling.

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20

Corthésy, Robert, Denis E. Gill, Maria Helena Leite, and Paul M. Thompson. "Stress measurements in high-stress zones using the modified doorstopper technique." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 30, no. 6 (December 1, 1993): 991–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t93-096.

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Of the existing in situ stress-measurement techniques, the doorstopper is particularly suited for use in highly stressed zones where core discing may occur. The main reason is that the doorstopper requires a very short intact core length to obtain a valid measurement in comparison with other techniques that use overcoring to perform stress relief, such as borehole-deformation gauges, CSIR (Council for Scientific and Industrial Research), and CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization) gauges. The paper presents stress-measurement results obtained with the modified doorstopper technique in highly stressed granite, at the Underground Research Laboratory (URL) of Atomic Energy of Canada Limited. A brief description of the modified doorstopper technique and of a stress-calculation model that includes the nonlinear anisotropic behaviour found in highly stressed rocks is made. Stress-measurement results obtained at the URL with different techniques are compared with those obtained with the modified doorstopper cell. Key words : doorstopper, high stresses, anisotropy, nonlinear elasticity, core discing.

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21

Jain, D. K., M. Providenti, C. Tanner, I. Cord, and S. Stroes-Gascoyne. "Characterization of microbial communities in deep groundwater from granitic rock." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 43, no. 3 (March 1, 1997): 272–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m97-038.

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The microbial characteristics of deep granitic nutrient-poor groundwater from two boreholes at the Underground Research Laboratory of Atomic Energy of Canada Limited were studied. Scanning electron microscopy of the groundwater samples revealed significant numbers of bacteria of various sizes and shapes, including spherical, rod, and curved shaped. A few bacteria with appendages were also observed. Significant numbers of bacteria (~105/mL) were enumerated using acridine orange (AO) staining. An active microbial population was detected with three direct methods and it ranged from 1 to 83% of the AO count, depending on the method used. Culturable aerobic and anaerobic (including facultative) heterotrophic bacteria ranged from 0.06 to 10.2% and 0.008 to 7.35%, respectively, of the AO count. Denitrifying, N2-fixing, sulphate-reducing, and iron-precipitating bacteria were present, but no iron-oxidizing bacteria or methanogens could be detected. Tentative identification of 160 isolates using the Biolog® system showed a predominance of three Pseudomonas species, P. fluorescens, P. marginalis, and P. corrugata. Phospholipid fatty acid analysis showed that the bacteria in the groundwater samples faced starvation stress. However, laboratory studies showed that these bacteria can efficiently uptake and mineralize organic substrates when supplied.Key words: deep groundwater, microbial communities, characterization.

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22

Gascoyne, M. "The geochemical environment of nuclear fuel waste disposal." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 42, no. 4 (April 1, 1996): 401–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m96-056.

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The concept for disposal of Canada's nuclear fuel waste in a geologic environment on the Canadian Shield has recently been presented by Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL) to governments, scientists, and the public, for review. An important part of this concept concerns the geochemical environment of a disposal vault and includes consideration of rock and groundwater compositions, geochemical interactions between rocks, groundwaters, and emplaced vault materials, and the influences and significance of anthropogenic and microbiological effects following closure of the vault. This paper summarizes the disposal concept and examines aspects of the geochemical environment. The presence of saline groundwaters and reducing conditions at proposed vault depths (500–1000 m) in the Canadian Shield has an important bearing on the stability of the used nuclear fuel, its container, and buffer and backfill materials. The potential for introduction of anthropogenic contaminants and microbes during site investigations and vault excavation, operation, and sealing is described with examples from AECL's research areas on the Shield and in their underground research laboratory in southeastern Manitoba. Keywords: nuclear waste disposal, geochemistry, Canadian Shield, groundwater chemistry.

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23

Carswell, Allan, and Wooil M. Moon. "Application of multioffset vertical seismic profiling in fracture mapping." GEOPHYSICS 54, no. 6 (June 1989): 737–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1442701.

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Multioffset vertical seismic profiling (VSP) combines the improved vertical resolution of VSP with the lateral resolution of the conventional seismic method. In this study, the multioffset VSP technique was employed to map the fracture zones in a granite batholith in which the Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd.’s Underground Research Laboratory (URL) is located. With shotpoints along a vertical shaft and receiver arrays on the surface (cemented to outcrops), six 2-D seismic sections were obtained. The upcoming and downgoing events were separated using a Radon transform wave‐field separation method. For the given multioffset experimental configuration, the VSP-CDP transformation converted the VSP section into conventional type seismic sections. The results indicate that the multioffset configuration is an effective method for mapping deep fracture zones, in this case with respect to the URL shaft. However, the VSP-CDP transformation method used in this study tends to stretch the shallow reflection events, resulting in reduced resolution.

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24

Eberhardt, E., D. Stead, and B. Stimpson. "Effects of sample disturbance on the stress-induced microfracturing characteristics of brittle rock." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 36, no. 2 (September 25, 1999): 239–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t98-109.

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The effects of sampling disturbance on the laboratory-derived mechanical properties of brittle rock were measured on cored samples of Lac du Bonnet granite taken from three different in situ stress domains at the Underground Research Laboratory of Atomic Energy of Canada Limited. A variety of independent measurements and scanning electron microscope observations demonstrate that stress-induced sampling disturbance increased with increasing in situ stresses. The degree of damage was reflected in laboratory measurements of acoustic velocity and elastic stiffness. Examination of the stress-induced microfracturing characteristics during uniaxial compression of the samples revealed that the degree of sampling disturbance had only minor effects on the stress levels at which new cracks were generated (i.e., the crack initiation stress threshold). Crack-coalescence and crack-damage thresholds, on the other hand, significantly decreased with increased sampling disturbance. The presence of numerous stress-relief cracks in the samples retrieved from the highest in situ stress domains was seen to weaken the rock by providing an increased number of planes of weakness for active cracks to propagate along. A 36% strength decrease was seen in samples retrieved from the highest in situ stress domain (sigma1 - sigma3 approximate 40 MPa) as compared with those taken from the lowest in situ stress domain (sigma1 - sigma3 approximate 10 MPa).Key words: sample disturbance, brittle fracture, crack initiation, crack propagation, material properties, rock failure.

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25

Andreiev, V. "Solidago canadensis L. — potential bioremeditor of contaminated soil." Karantin i zahist roslin, no. 2-3 (March 19, 2020): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.36495/2312-0614.2020.2-3.24-28.

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Goal. To determine the patterns of contamination adjacent to the motor road Kyiv — Odesa territories of the soil and the specificity of uptake by wild plants (zolotarnica canadian Solidagoсanadensis L.) pollutants. Methods. Field and laboratory studies. Results. The products of combustion of car engines moving along the freeway, there are a variety of chemical compounds, including metals — lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), and others. In soil samples taken at a distance of 5 m from the motorway, the presence of lead compounds was 11.401 mg/ kg, chromium — 19.361 mg/kg. At a distance of 1280 m from the roadway of the motorway in the soil was lead compounds 6,845 mg/kg, chromium — 5.376, cobalt — 0.271 mg/kg In the aboveground parts of plants of the canadian goldenrod (leaves, stems) high concentrations of the compounds were recorded in the samples that were selected at a distance of 5 m from the road: lead — 5.136 mg/kg, chromium — 6.366, cobalt — 3.158 mg/kg. At a distance of 5 m from the motorway in the underground parts of plants that are perennial organs, the concentration of lead compounds reached 2.763 mg/kg, chromium — 3.642, cobalt — 2.034 mg/kg. the distance from the motorway 1280 m recorded in the leaves of Canada goldenrod concentration of lead compounds in an average of 2.675 mg/kg, compared with the figures from the motorway (distance 5 m) 1.92 times, chromium — 1.614 (3.94 times less compared to the maximum accumulation in the experiments), compounds of cobalt — 0.165 mg/kg (in 19.1 times less). Conclusions. Accumulation of heavy metals in aerial parts of plants (leaves and stems) Canada goldenrod that grows near the road above (lead 1.86 times, 1.75 chromium, cobalt 1.55 times) compared with perennial underground parts of plants. The research results prove the feasibility of practical use of the canadian goldenrod as bioremediator contaminated soils of areas adjacent to roads with heavy traffic, and its sound practical economic use.

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26

Scott, J. S., and R. A. Gibb. "Results of geoscience research in the Canadian Nuclear Fuel Waste Management Program: Introduction." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 26, no. 2 (February 1, 1989): 341–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e89-032.

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Canada, along with other countries that are considering the permanent disposal of high-level radioactive wastes from nuclear power generation, is undertaking a program of research into deep geological disposal. This program, led by Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL) with support from Energy, Mines and Resources Canada, other federal government departments, universities, and industrial consultants, has been in progress since early in 1973. Geoscience research, the subject of this symposium, complements research on fuel waste immobilization to provide the data and information essential to the design and assessment of a complete disposal concept involving both natural and engineered barriers to the migration of radioactive material from the waste vault.During the early phases of the program, prior to 1975, an evaluation of the potential of Canadian salt deposits for nuclear waste disposal, as well as a preliminary assessment of the suitability of other geological formations, was made. Because the Province of Ontario was, and remains, the principal region in Canada for nuclear power development and because resources available for geoscience research would not permit simultaneous, intensive research on a number of rock types, the decision was taken to direct the main thrust of the geoscience research toward plutonic igneous rocks of the Canadian Shield in Ontario (Scott 1979). Lesser studies of salt and other sedimentary formations, including seabed, are continuing within the Geological Survey of Canada.Because the rock mass surrounding the vault will provide the principal barrier to the migration of radionuclides, should these be released from the emplaced wastes, knowledge and understanding of potential pathways through the rock mass and of the mechanisms of radionuclide transport and retention within the rock mass over the functional lifetime of the vault are fundamental requirements.Accordingly, the objectives of the geoscience research program (Dormuth and Scott 1984) are the following:(1) Develop and apply techniques to define the physical and chemical properties of large rock masses and of fluids within these rock masses.(2) Use these techniques in selected field research areas to calibrate and evaluate models developed to calculate fluid flow and mass transport through a large rock mass containing a hypothetical underground nuclear fuel waste-disposal vault.(3) Establish procedures to evaluate quantitatively rock bodies for their potential as disposal sites and thereby acquire the capability to compare different rock bodies.(4) Determine the long-term stability of plutonic rock masses by assessing the potential disturbance by seismic activity, glaciation, meteorite impact, and other disruptive events and processes.To achieve these objectives it has been necessary to undertake simultaneously a large number of research tasks involving the disciplines of geology, geophysics, hydrogeology, geomechanics, geochemistry, and mathematics. Some of these tasks are concerned primarily with regional aspects of the Canadian Shield, such as stress distribution, glaciation, and tectonic history; others with details of the surface and subsurface geology and hydrogeology of specific field research areas; and still others with the development and application of exploration technology to detect and evaluate the structural characteristics of igneous rock masses of relatively high integrity and uniformity. Field and office studies are supported by laboratory investigations of the physical and chemical properties of plutonic rocks, with specific reference to origin, history, and ability to retard or transmit radionuclides.Deep exploratory drilling and detailed surface mapping are carried out at designated field research areas in the Canadian Shield. Geoscience work at research areas has the two-fold purpose of (i) testing new and existing exploration techniques for the evaluation of rock masses; and (ii) through application of these airborne, surface, and subsurface techniques, providing the field data necessary for the development of concepts and models that form the basis for establishing site-selection criteria and performing safety analyses.The latest research areas have been established at Atikokan, Ontario, an area underlain by granitic rocks, and at East Bull Lake north of Massey, Ontario, where gabbroic rocks are the dominant type. These research areas complement previously established research areas developed on granitic rocks at AECL properties at Chalk River, Ontario, and Pinawa, Manitoba, and at a research area, also on granitic terrane, near White Lake, Ontario, where work was done early in the program to test geophysical exploration and borehole-logging equipment.The ability to predict subsurface geological and hydrogeological conditions at future waste-disposal sites is one of the primary goals of geoscience research in the Canadian Nuclear Fuel Waste Management Program (CNFWMP). One of the most important program elements designed to test this predictive capability was the construction of the Underground Research Laboratory (URL) in the Lac du Bonnet Batholith near the site of the Whiteshell Nuclear Research Establishment. Airborne, surface, and borehole methods were used to develop a geological model on the site, and hydrogeological investigations were carried out to establish preconstruction groundwater characteristics. As the excavation of the URL facilities proceeded, the geological features encountered and the changes in the hydrogeological systems were carefully monitored. These data are being used to assess and improve the geological and hydrogeological models being developed for the rock mass surrounding the URL.The URL provides an excellent opportunity to (i) study the effect of excavation techniques, heat, and stress on a rock mass; (ii) simulate and study the complex systems that may exist in a disposal vault environment; and (iii) develop and test shaft- and drift-sealing techniques. Recently, a bilateral agreement between AECL and the United States Department of Energy was signed for co-operative research on nuclear fuel waste disposal. A substantial part of this co-operative effort will be directed toward extension of the URL shaft beyond its present depth of 240 m and conducting a variety of nonnuclear experiments within the shaft and excavated chambers of the URL.From the time of formalization of CNFWMP over 10 years ago, a concerted effort has been made by AECL and other program participants to ensure both peer review of and widespread accessibility to results of research arising from CNFWMP. This symposium is the third to be sponsored by the Geological Association of Canada (GAC)—the two previous symposiums were held at GAC annual meetings in Winnipeg in 1982 and Toronto in 1978. In addition to these major symposia, general information meetings sponsored by AECL have been held annually at various centres across Canada, and research elements of CNFWMP formed a significant part of the technical program for an international meeting held by the Canadian Nuclear Society in Winnipeg in September 1986.Since 1979 the CNFWMP review process has been further enhanced by the Technical Advisory Committee chaired by L. W. Shemilt, McMaster University. This committee, comprising members nominated by major Canadian scientific and technical societies including the Canadian Geoscience Council, has annually provided a publicly available report of constructive criticism and recommendations for improvement in the research content of CNFWMP.During the second half of 1988 it is expecte

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Tannant, D. D., P. K. Kaiser, and D. H. Chan. "Effect of tunnel excavation on transmissivity distributions and flow in a fracture zone." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 30, no. 1 (February 1, 1993): 155–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t93-014.

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During an excavation-response experiment performed at the Underground Research Laboratory (Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, Pinawa, Man.) a decrease in fracture-zone transmissivity was measured as a tunnel intersected the room 209 fracture zone. The decrease in transmissivity was greatest as the pilot and the slash faces passed the fracture zone. The transmissivities increased towards their preexcavation values as the faces proceeded past the fracture zone. This response suggested that shear stresses or displacements controlled the hydraulic behaviour of the fractures. The hydraulic response in the fracture zone was analyzed using finite element models. Predictions of shear-displacement distributions in the fracture zone as a function of face position were obtained from a three-dimensional finite element model using joint elements to represent the fracture zone. A phenomenological relationship between shear displacement and transmissivity change was used to modify the transmissivity distributions in the fracture zone based on shear displacements for different excavation stages. Seepage analyses with these transmissivities provided predictions that matched closely the field measurements obtained from the room 209 fracture zone. These results and the inability of conventional, normal stress dependent, fracture closure to predict consistently the hydraulic response support the concept of shear causing a reduction in fracture-zone transmissivity. Excavation-dependent, shear-induced reduction in transmissivity provides an alternate mechanism for interpreting and understanding the hydraulic response of disturbed fracture zones. Key words : transmissivity, shear displacement, fluid flow, fracture zone, excavation.

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Stroes-Gascoyne, Simcha, Shelley A. Haveman, Connie J. Hamon, Terri-Lynn Delaney, Karsten Pedersen, Johanna Arlinger, Susanne Ekendahl, et al. "Occurrence and identification of microorganisms in compacted clay-based buffer material designed for use in a nuclear fuel waste disposal vault." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 43, no. 12 (December 1, 1997): 1133–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m97-162.

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A full-scale nuclear fuel waste disposal container experiment was carried out 240 m below ground in an underground granitic rock research laboratory in Canada. An electric heater was surrounded by buffer material composed of sand and bentonite clay and provided heat equivalent to what is anticipated in a Canadian nuclear fuel waste repository. During the experiment, the heat caused a mass transport of water and moisture content gradients developed in the buffer ranging from 13% closest to the heater to 23% at the rock wall of the deposition hole. Upon decommissioning after 2.5 years, microorganisms could be cultured from all samples having a moisture content above 15% but not from samples with a moisture content below 15%. Heterotrophic aerobic and anaerobic bacteria were found in numbers ranging from 101to 106cells/g dry weight buffer. Approximately 102, or less, sulphate-reducing bacteria and methanogens per gram of dry weight buffer were also found. Identification of buffer population members was performed using Analytical Profile Index (API) strips for isolated bacteria and 16S rRNA gene sequencing for in situ samples. A total of 79 isolates from five buffer layers were identified with API strips as representing the beta, gamma and delta groups of Proteobacteria and Gram-positive bacteria. Sixty-seven 16S rRNA clones that were obtained from three buffer layers were classified into 21 clone groups representing alpha and gamma groups of Proteobacteria, Gram-positive bacteria, and a yeast. Approximately 20% of the population comprised Gram-positive bacteria. Members of the genera Amycolatopsis, Bacillus, and Nocardia predominated. Among Gram-negative bacteria, the genera Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas predominated. Analysis of lipid biomarker signatures and in situ leucine uptake demonstrated that the buffer population was viable. The results suggest that a nuclear fuel waste buffer will be populated by active microorganisms only if the moisture content is above a value where free water is available for active life.Key words: 16S rRNA, bacteria, bentonite, nuclear fuel waste, phospholipid fatty acids, water activity.

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Stieda, Christian. "A Timber Research Laboratory, Canada." Structural Engineering International 3, no. 2 (May 1993): 77–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/101686693780612501.

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SHIMADA, Jun. "Present situation of Canadian underground research laboratory." Journal of the Atomic Energy Society of Japan / Atomic Energy Society of Japan 28, no. 3 (1986): 232–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3327/jaesj.28.232.

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Tatarinov, V. N., V. N. Morozov, A. I. Manevich, and T. A. Tatarinova. "UNDERGROUND RESEARCH LABORATORY: TO THE PROGRAM OF GEOMECHANICAL RESEARCH." Radioactive waste, no. 2 (2019): 101–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.25283/2587-9707-2019-2-101-118.

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OSAWA, Hideaki, Toshinobu NOGAMI, Masato HOSHINO, Hiroaki TOKUNAGA, and Hidehiko HORIKOSHI. "Risk Communication at Horonobe Underground Research Center, Using the Public Information House and Underground Research Laboratory." Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Environment 26, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 45–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3327/jnuce.26.1_45.

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Martino, J. B., and N. A. Chandler. "Excavation-induced damage studies at the Underground Research Laboratory." International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 41, no. 8 (December 2004): 1413–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2004.09.010.

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Abramov, A. A., L. A. Bolshov, A. N. Dorofeeev, I. M. Igin, K. S. Kazakov, V. Y. Krasilnikov, I. I. Linge, N. N. Trokhov, and S. S. Utkin. "UNDERGROUND RESEARCH LABORATORY IN THE NIZHNEKANSKIY MASSIF: EVOLUTIONARY DESIGN STUDY." Radioactive Waste 10, no. 1 (2020): 9–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.25283/2587-9707-2020-1-9-21.

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Semba, Takeshi. "Overview of the Results of JAEA’s Underground Research Laboratory Projects." Journal of the Atomic Energy Society of Japan 62, no. 4 (2020): 186–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3327/jaesjb.62.4_186.

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MIZUNO, Takashi, Daisuke AOSAI, Shinya SHINGU, Hiroki HAGIWARA, Yuhei YAMAMOTO, and Akari FUKUDA. "Hydrochemical Changes Associated with Construction of Mizunami Underground Research Laboratory." Transactions of the Atomic Energy Society of Japan 12, no. 1 (2013): 89–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3327/taesj.j12.008.

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Holmes, Gordon M., Stuart Crampin, and R. Paul Young. "Seismic anisotropy in granite at the Underground Research Laboratory, Manitoba." Geophysical Prospecting 48, no. 3 (May 2000): 415–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2478.2000.00195.x.

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Chandler, N. "Developing tools for excavation design at Canada's Underground Research Laboratory." International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 41, no. 8 (December 2004): 1229–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2004.09.002.

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Tsuruta, Tadahiko, Masahiko Tagami, Kenji Amano, Toshiyuki Matsuoka, Arata Kurihara, Yasuhiro Yamada, and Katsuaki Koike. "Geological Investigations for Geological Model of Deep Underground Geoenvironment at the Mizunami Underground Research Laboratory (MIU)." Journal of the Geological Society of Japan 119, no. 2 (2013): 59–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5575/geosoc.2011.0010.

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AJIMA, Shuji, Norifumi TODAKA, Teruki IWATSUKI, and Ryoji FURUE. "Hydrogeochemical Modeling around the Mizunami Underground Research Laboratory using Multivariate Analysis." Journal of the Japan Society of Engineering Geology 47, no. 3 (2006): 120–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5110/jjseg.47.120.

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SATO, Toshinori, Shin-ichiro MIKAKE, Masanori IMAZU, and Masanori SAKAMAKI. "Total Evaluation Method in Bidding of Mizunami Underground Research Laboratory Project." Journal of Construction Management, JSCE 11 (2004): 369–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/procm.11.369.

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Martin, C. D. "Characterizing in situ stress domains at the AECL Underground Research Laboratory." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 27, no. 5 (October 1, 1990): 631–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t90-077.

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The Underground Research Laboratory access shaft was excavated from the surface to about the 185 m depth in jointed pink granite. Below this depth to the 443 m depth the shaft was excavated in massive grey granite. The grey granite is essentially unjointed, except for a major low-dipping thrust fault and associated minor splays. Overcoring, hydraulic fracturing, convergence measurements, microseismic monitoring, and observations of shaft-wall failure and core discing indicate that unusually high in situ stresses can be associated with large volumes of massive, unjointed granite at fairly shallow depth. The database of in situ stress measurements collected at the Underground Research Laboratory indicates that major geological features, such as thrust faults, can act as boundaries for in situ stress domains and that both the magnitude and direction of the in situ stress state can change when these geological features are traversed. Key words: in situ stress, anisotropy, stress domains, thrust faults, overcoring, hydraulic fracturing, convergence measurements, excavation damage zones.

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KUZYK, G. W., D. P. ONAGI, S. G. KEITH, and G. R. KARKLIN. "THE DEVELOPMENT OF LONG BLAST ROUNDS AT AECL’S UNDERGROUND RESEARCH LABORATORY." Mineral Resources Engineering 04, no. 03 (September 1995): 225–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0950609895000230.

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Read, R. S. "20 years of excavation response studies at AECL's Underground Research Laboratory." International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 41, no. 8 (December 2004): 1251–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2004.09.012.

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Tsuruta, Tadahiko, and Shinji Takeuchi. "Geoscientific research of the deep geological environment at the Mizunami Underground Research Laboratory (MIU)." Journal of the Geological Society of Japan 119, no. 2 (2013): III—IV. http://dx.doi.org/10.5575/geosoc.2012.0075.

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Takeuchi, Shinji, Hiromitsu Saegusa, Kenji Amano, and Ryuji Takeuchi. "Hydrogeological characterization of deep subsurface structures at the Mizunami Underground Research Laboratory." Journal of the Geological Society of Japan 119, no. 2 (2013): 75–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5575/geosoc.2011.0013.

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Lee, Jeong-Hwan, Jeong Hyoun Yoon, Soo-Gin Kim, Ki-Yeoul Seong, and Sun-Joung Lee. "The Role of Underground Research Laboratory Contributing to Siting Process in France." Journal of the Korean Society of Mineral and Energy Resources Engineers 54, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 358–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.12972/ksmer.2017.54.4.358.

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Iwatsuki, T., R. Furue, H. Mie, S. Ioka, and T. Mizuno. "Hydrochemical baseline condition of groundwater at the Mizunami underground research laboratory (MIU)." Applied Geochemistry 20, no. 12 (December 2005): 2283–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2005.09.002.

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Delay, Jacques, Agnès Vinsot, Jean-Marie Krieguer, Hervé Rebours, and Gilles Armand. "Making of the underground scientific experimental programme at the Meuse/Haute-Marne underground research laboratory, North Eastern France." Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C 32, no. 1-7 (January 2007): 2–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2006.04.033.

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Cordat, Emmanuelle. "Setting up an Academic Research Laboratory in Canada in 2015." Canadian Journal of Kidney Health and Disease 2 (August 18, 2015): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40697-015-0086-1.

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