Journal articles: 'Underrun protection'

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Xie, Jin Fa, and Yan Qiang Cheng. "Analysis and Collision Simulation Research of the Latest Underrun Protective Device." Applied Mechanics and Materials 590 (June 2014): 534–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.590.534.

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For a truck rear guard device connections is weak, the height from the ground does not meet the national standard. Used CATIA to design the latest kind of swinging truck rear underrun protector. The size of the latest protective frame meet the requirements of Chinese standard GB1567.2-2001. Used the finite element simulation of analysis software LS-DYNA, make the simulation experiment of rear end collision between a car and the truck. Analysis of the curve about the transient dynamic response, displacement, velocity and acceleration of protective frame in the process of collision, Clearly show the deformation process in the rear-end collision process of the protection frame. it proved the effectiveness of the protective frame. Analysis and collision simulation research of the latest underrun protective device.

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Langwieder, Klaus, Johann Gwehenberger, and Martin Kandler. "Rear underrun protection system in commercial vehicles." ATZ worldwide 103, no. 5 (May 2001): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03226779.

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Rao, T. Ramamohan. "Design and Optimization of Front Underrun Protection Device." IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering 8, no. 2 (2013): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/1684-0821925.

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Jaju, Satish, and Sahil Pandare. "Rear Underrun Protection Test (ECE R58) using CAE Simulation." SAE International Journal of Commercial Vehicles 9, no. 2 (September 27, 2016): 276–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2016-01-8098.

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Pooudom, S., S. Chanthanumataporn, S. Koetniyom, and J. Carmai. "Design and Development of Truck Rear Underrun Protection Device." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 501 (April 9, 2019): 012017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/501/1/012017.

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Schram, R., F. J. W. Leneman, C. D. van der Zweep, J. S. H. M. Wismans, and W. J. Witteman. "Assessment criteria for assessing energy-absorbing front underrun protection on trucks." International Journal of Crashworthiness 11, no. 6 (June 2006): 597–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1533/ijcr.2006.0154.

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Forsberg, J., and L. Nilsson. "The optimisation process of an energy absorbing frontal underrun protection device." International Journal of Vehicle Design 46, no. 3 (2008): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijvd.2008.019087.

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Feng, Shiyuan, Zhanfeng Liu, Yunlong Zhao, and Geli Shi. "Collision simulation and design optimization of rear underrun protection device of lorry." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 189 (November 6, 2018): 042008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/189/4/042008.

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Mayank Laddha et al.,, Mayank Laddha et al ,. "The FEA Validation of Side Underrun Protection Device (SUPD) for Heavy Commercial Vehicles." International Journal of Mechanical and Production Engineering Research and Development 9, no. 4 (2019): 263–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.24247/ijmperdaug201927.

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Balta, Berna, Onur Erk, H. Ali Solak, and Numan Durakbasa. "Pareto Optimization of Heavy Duty Truck Rear Underrun Protection Design for Regulative Load Cases." SAE International Journal of Commercial Vehicles 7, no. 2 (October 1, 2014): 726–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-9027.

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Balta, Berna, H. Ali Solak, Onur Erk, and Numan M. Durakbasa. "A response surface approach to heavy duty truck rear underrun protection device beam optimisation." International Journal of Vehicle Design 71, no. 1/2/3/4 (2016): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijvd.2016.078762.

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Carrera, M., L. Castejon, R. Miralbes, and D. Valladares. "Behaviour of rear underrun protection system on car-to-tank vehicle impact used for fuel transportation." International Journal of Heavy Vehicle Systems 17, no. 3/4 (2010): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijhvs.2010.035987.

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Xie, Jin Fa, and Yan Qiang Cheng. "A Kind of Swinging Bumper in the Rear of a Truck and its Performance Research." Applied Mechanics and Materials 578-579 (July 2014): 736–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.578-579.736.

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Using three-dimensional modeling software to design a kind of swinging rear underrun protective device, using the Ansys finite element analysis software, in accordance with the provisions of GB11567.2-2001, the rear underrun protective device applied static load analysis. The results show that the protective device and the body in the welding and bolt connecting two different cases, connected by bolts can effectively avoid the connection of stress concentration, and support as the main part of the force. But by welding, the connections exist obvious stress concentration, may to cause the protective frame dropping.

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Toros, Karmen. "Child protective workers’ reflections on principles underpinning the assessment of children in need: The case of Estonia." International Social Work 60, no. 5 (February 25, 2016): 1255–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020872815620261.

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This article presents the findings of a small-scale, qualitative study that included 20 child protective workers from different regions in Estonia. The research question guiding this study was as follows: What principles underpin child protective workers’ assessment activities in cases with child protection concerns? The respondents provided examples of assessment principles through in-depth semi-structured interviews. The results indicate that workers’ assessments are adopted from a deficit view rather than from the needs and possibilities. The majority of the participants underscored the importance of child involvement and partnership in the decision-making process; nevertheless, their case reflections showed that only five of them included the child in the assessment.

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Bilecen, Başak. "A Personal Network Approach in Mixed-Methods Design to Investigate Transnational Social Protection." International Review of Social Research 6, no. 4 (October 1, 2016): 233–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/irsr-2016-0025.

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AbstractResearch on the cross-border practices that underpin the spatial dimension of personal relationships involves also the study of protective resources (e.g. care, information exchange and financial assistance). However, studies that examine such transnational practices within migrants’ personal networks face methodological challenges at both the data collection level and the data analysis level. For a comprehensive analysis of migrants’ life worlds, new methodological approaches to transnational practices and resource flows within personal networks are essential. Thus, this article aims to illustrate ways to study social protection by empirically capturing such practices. In addition to demonstrating that the combined use of personal network analysis and qualitative interviews is a fruitful approach, this study used a mixed-methods design contributing to capture the interrelationship between transnational social protection patterns and migrants’ strategies, as well as their meanings.

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Zarouali, Brahim, Valerie Verdoodt, Michel Walrave, Karolien Poels, Koen Ponnet, and Eva Lievens. "Adolescents’ advertising literacy and privacy protection strategies in the context of targeted advertising on social networking sites: implications for regulation." Young Consumers 21, no. 3 (August 17, 2020): 351–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/yc-04-2020-1122.

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Purpose This study aims to investigate the development of adolescents’ advertising literacy and privacy protection strategies in the context of targeted advertisements on social networking sites (SNSs). Design/methodology/approach A survey was conducted among 374 adolescents between 12 and 17 years of age, and 469 young adults (18–25 years) served as a comparative benchmark. Findings Results indicate that advertising literacy increases progressively throughout adolescence, and reaches adult-like levels only by the age of 16. In addition, adolescents have an inadequate awareness of commercial data collection practices. This awareness slowly increases as a function of their age until it reaches an adult level around the age of 20. Finally, findings reveal that adolescents take little action to cope with targeted advertisements by means of privacy protection strategies. Practical implications This paper devotes much attention to the formulation of specific recommendations for EU policymakers and regulatory bodies. In addition, it also holds implications for advertisers (e.g. the need for more in-depth data protection impact assessments), social media providers (e.g. adolescent-friendly privacy policy) and social caretakers (e.g. achieving advertising literacy and privacy education). Originality/value This paper fulfills the need to investigate adolescents’ advertising literacy and privacy-protective behaviors on SNSs, and, in turn, directly translates these insights into recommendations that can underpin the rationale of regulatory or policy decisions on a European level.

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Bernardo, Bianca C., Jenny Y. Y. Ooi, Kate L. Weeks, Natalie L. Patterson, and Julie R. McMullen. "Understanding Key Mechanisms of Exercise-Induced Cardiac Protection to Mitigate Disease: Current Knowledge and Emerging Concepts." Physiological Reviews 98, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 419–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00043.2016.

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The benefits of exercise on the heart are well recognized, and clinical studies have demonstrated that exercise is an intervention that can improve cardiac function in heart failure patients. This has led to significant research into understanding the key mechanisms responsible for exercise-induced cardiac protection. Here, we summarize molecular mechanisms that regulate exercise-induced cardiac myocyte growth and proliferation. We discuss in detail the effects of exercise on other cardiac cells, organelles, and systems that have received less or little attention and require further investigation. This includes cardiac excitation and contraction, mitochondrial adaptations, cellular stress responses to promote survival (heat shock response, ubiquitin-proteasome system, autophagy-lysosomal system, endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response, DNA damage response), extracellular matrix, inflammatory response, and organ-to-organ crosstalk. We summarize therapeutic strategies targeting known regulators of exercise-induced protection and the challenges translating findings from bench to bedside. We conclude that technological advancements that allow for in-depth profiling of the genome, transcriptome, proteome and metabolome, combined with animal and human studies, provide new opportunities for comprehensively defining the signaling and regulatory aspects of cell/organelle functions that underpin the protective properties of exercise. This is likely to lead to the identification of novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets for heart disease.

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Moore, Elena, and Jeremy Seekings. "Consequences of social protection on intergenerational relationships in South Africa: Introduction." Critical Social Policy 39, no. 4 (August 18, 2019): 513–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0261018319867582.

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Categorically-targeted social assistance programmes have considerable potential to reduce poverty and buttress the dignity of disadvantaged groups of people, but they can also generate tensions over financial support and care within households and families. This is especially likely in contexts in the global South where landlessness and unemployment combine with historically-rooted norms and practices to underpin complex patterns of interdependency. The articles in this issue examine the case of South Africa, where an unusually broad and generous system of social assistance reduces poverty and enhances dignity, but also reshapes social dynamics of support, care and dependency within households and families, generating new tensions.

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Schmitt, Carina, Hanna Lierse, and Herbert Obinger. "Funding social protection: Mapping and explaining welfare state financing in a global perspective." Global Social Policy 20, no. 2 (February 25, 2020): 143–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468018120906671.

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In this article, we analyze the political sources of cross-national differences in financing social protection around the world. The type of funding is not simply a technical detail but provides insights into the kinds of social contracts that underpin national social protection systems, reflecting different redistributive ambitions, conceptions of solidarity, and legitimacy among societies. Based on International Labour Organization (ILO) data, we explore to what extent past and contemporary political factors such as colonial and communist legacies as well as regime differences and war experiences account for cross-national differences in funding social protection across the globe. Our empirical evidence suggests that historically rooted political differences explain large parts of today’s highly divergent patterns in social security funding systems.

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Dua, Jatin. "Hijacked: Piracy and Economies of Protection in the Western Indian Ocean." Comparative Studies in Society and History 61, no. 3 (June 28, 2019): 479–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417519000215.

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AbstractFrom 2007–2012, a dramatic upsurge in maritime piracy off the coast of Somalia captivated global attention. Over three hundred merchant vessels and some three thousand seafarers were held hostage with ransom amounts ranging from $200,000 to $10 million being paid to release these ships. Somali piracy operated exclusively on a kidnap-and-ransom model with crew, cargo, and ship held captive until a ransom was secured. Ransom, unlike theft or seizure, requires willing parties and systems of exchange. Ransom economies, therefore, bring together disparate actors and make visible the centrality of protection as a mode of accumulation and jurisdiction. As an analytic, this article proposes an anthropology ofprotectionto undercut divides between legality and illegality, trade and finance, piracy and counter piracy. It argues that protection is key to apprehending processes of mobility and interruption central to global capitalism.

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Madryas, C., and A. Kuliczkowski. "Reliability of Sewage Systems as an Element of Environmental Protection in Urban Areas." Water Science and Technology 27, no. 5-6 (March 1, 1993): 197–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0499.

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This paper discusses some results of research into reliability engineering for urban sewerage networks, and the possibility of parameter estimation for particular reliability functions so as to establish a database which will enable operational control of the network and its renovation programme. A description and classification of the network failures is proposed for the sewers and the mechanism of their effects upon the soil-water environment will be presented. Very serious consequences are indicated for parametric failures of the networks operated without any program of regular technical state supervision, in the first place without network integrity inspection. The paper aims to underpin the theoretical background for optimal coordination of the renovation process, based upon typical technologies applied nowadays.

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Seubert, Sandra, and Carlos Becker. "The Democratic Impact of Strengthening European Fundamental Rights in the Digital Age: The Example of Privacy Protection." German Law Journal 22, no. 1 (January 2021): 31–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/glj.2020.101.

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AbstractIn times of digital pervasion of everyday life, the EU has strengthened a normative idea of European fundamental rights, especially by referring to a strong notion of privacy protection. A normative corridor is evolving with the “right to privacy” at its heart, a right that will be instrumental in shaping the European legal architecture’s future structure. In this Article we argue that the constitutional protection of privacy rights is not only of individual relevance but also of major democratic significance: it protects the integrity of the communication structures that underpin democratic self-determination. The debate on privacy protection, however, often lacks a democratic understanding of privacy and misses its public value. Following an interactionist understanding of privacy and a discourse-theoretical model of democracy, our argument puts forward a conceptual link between privacy and the idea of communicative freedom. From this perspective, the substantiation of a European fundamental right to privacy can be seen as a possible contribution to promoting European democracy in general.

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METGE, JENS, and PIA WEISS. "PROTECTING THE DOMESTIC MARKET: INDUSTRIAL POLICY AND STRATEGIC FIRM BEHAVIOR." Singapore Economic Review 56, no. 02 (June 2011): 159–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590811004183.

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Asian firms frequently have to undercut domestic prices and subsidize switching costs in order to obtain a positive market share when entering European and the US markets. Such practices constitute dumping under Article VI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. We demonstrate that the mere existence of an administratively set minimum price, which is frequently used in assessing dumping allegations, protects domestic firms and has the effect of an additional entrance barrier for Asian firms. Consequently, competition policy should reassess GATT's antidumping regulation in order to keep markets open and domestic competition healthy.

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Ziouzios, Dimitris, Nikolaos Baras, Minas Dasygenis, and Constantinos Tsanaktsidis. "Envisioning IoT applications in a smart city to underpin an effective municipal strategy: The smartbin project." SHS Web of Conferences 102 (2021): 04020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202110204020.

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Due to the Earth’s population rapid growth and the modern lifestyle, the urban waste creation rate constantly increases.Organic waste, which forms a significant part of municipal solid waste, has caused increasing environmental concerns. Recycling is the only way to make a sustainable environment. According to estimations from the United States Environmental Protection Agency, around 24 percent of the total waste can be composted. Instead, most of it is land filled and incinerated. By composting organic waste,we can preserve resources and produce a valuable by-product that can be used as a locally produced fertilizer. In this paper, we propose a solution: a low-cost and effective Smart Compost Bin that utilizes modern technologies, such as environmental sensors and the LoRaWAN protocol to assist with the compost process.A centralized Information System collects measurements from smart bins that can be deployed anywhere and can further assist with the waste collection process. We have performed several experiments with our smart bin prototype, evaluated its efficiency and concluded that it is a feasible solution.

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Zhong, Hui. "Underwater cultural heritage and the disputed South China Sea." China Information 34, no. 3 (February 17, 2020): 361–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0920203x20905302.

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Due to unsolved maritime delimitations, the protection of underwater cultural heritage (hereafter underwater heritage) in the South China Sea demands coordinated action by neighbouring states. However, the suspicion that China uses underwater heritage to justify its interests has tempered the general enthusiasm of its neighbours to cooperate in the issue of heritage protection. In the face of such concerns, this article examines the role of underwater heritage in China’s South China Sea claims, and it argues that underwater heritage provides little support to underpin China’s territorial or maritime claims. In addition, China’s initiatives in maritime archaeology have long been misinterpreted. Instead of being entirely driven by its South China Sea claims, China’s approach to underwater heritage is a natural result of its general policy on cultural heritage and nation-building philosophy.

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Banda, Limbikani C., Michael O. Rivett, Anold S. K. Zavison, Sydney Kamtukule, and Robert M. Kalin. "National Stable Isotope Baseline for Precipitation in Malawi to Underpin Integrated Water Resources Management." Water 13, no. 14 (July 13, 2021): 1927. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13141927.

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With the resurgence of water-isotope tracing applications for Integrated Water Resource Management in developing countries, establishing a stable isotopic baseline is necessary. Developing countries, including Malawi, continue to struggle with the generation of consistent and long-term isotopic datasets due to non-existent or inadequate in-country water-isotope capacity. Malawi has made significant advances in its quest to establish a stable isotopic baseline through the establishment of the Malawi Network of Isotope in Precipitation. This study provides the first results for the isotopic characterization of precipitation in Malawi with a view to reinforcing understanding of the country’s hydrological cycle. Error-in-variables regression defined a Local Meteoric Water Line as δ2H = 8.0 (±0.3) δ18O + 13.0 (±2.0) using stable isotopic records of 37 monthly samples from 5 stations between 2014 and 2019. Local precipitation (isotopic composition) is consistent with global precipitation expectations, its condensation-forming process occurring under equilibrium conditions and a higher intercept (d-excess) above the 10‰ for Global Meteoric Water Line, implying that air moisture recycling significantly influences local precipitation. Wider variations observed in local precipitation isotopic signatures are largely attributed to different moisture-bearing systems and diverse geographic factors across the country. Additional stations are recommended to improve spatial coverage that, together with longer temporal records, may help understanding and resolving uncertainties such as the altitude effect. This pioneering study is expected to facilitate Malawi’s ambition to achieve integrated use and improved protection of its surface water and groundwater resources in response to mounting climate change, growing population and land-development concerns.

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Mantouvalou, Virginia. "The Protection of the Right to Work Through the European Convention on Human Rights." Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies 16 (2014): 313–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1528887000002639.

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AbstractThe right to work was until recently under-explored in academic literature and judicial decision-making. Classified often as a social right, it was viewed as a non-justiciable entitlement. Today, as the right to work is sometimes used as a slogan in favour of deregulation of the labour market, as well as a slogan against immigration and unionisation, the analysis of the right to work as part of a labour law agenda is crucial. Against this background, this chapter examines the right to work in the European Convention on Human Rights. Even though the right to work is not explicitly protected in the ECHR, the chapter identifies in the case law of the European Court of Human Rights certain principles that underpin the right to work, which can serve as guidance in the interpretation of existing provisions of the Convention.

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Warner, Jo. "Social work legitimacy: democratising research, policy and practice in child protection." British Journal of Social Work 51, no. 4 (February 16, 2021): 1168–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcab021.

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Abstract This article analyses the concept of legitimacy as applied to the use of power in statutory social work with children and families in the UK. It draws on literature from police studies and criminology, in which the concept is a stable one that continues to be heavily researched and analysed. Police and social workers bear comparison in respect of legitimacy because of the significant powers they use on behalf of the state with direct implications for the civil and human rights of their fellow citizens. The article defines legitimacy in theoretical terms before applying the concept to social work. Here, perceptions of fairness in the distribution of resources, the quality of treatment people receive, and the quality of decision-making are critically examined. The article then proposes a democratising agenda across the three domains of social work research, policy, and practice. Through challenging social work’s legitimacy and analysing its relationship to social democracy, it is argued that new ways may be found to realign practice with the values of human rights and social justice that are said to underpin the profession. Given the severe socioeconomic impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on many families, these questions acquire a particular urgency.

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Barari, H. "Biocontrol of Tomato Fusarium wilt by Trichoderma Species under in vitro and in vivo Conditions." Cercetari Agronomice in Moldova 49, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cerce-2016-0008.

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AbstractTrichodermaspp. have long been used as biological control agents against plant fungal diseases, but the mechanisms by which the fungi confer protection are not well understood. Our goal in this study was to isolate species ofTrichoderma, that exhibit high levels of biocontrol efficacy from natural environments and to investigate the mechanisms by which these strains confer plant protection. In this study, efficacy of the native isolates ofTrichodermaspecies to promote the growth and yield parameters of tomato and to manageFusariumwilt disease underin vitroandin vivoconditions were investigated. The dominant pathogen, which causesFusariumwilt of tomato, was isolated and identified asFusarium oxysporumf. sp.lycopersici(FOL). Twenty eight nativeTrichodermaantagonists were isolated from healthy tomato rhizosphere soil in different geographical regions of Mazandaran province, Iran. Underin vitroconditions, the results revealed thatTrichoderma harzianum, isolate N-8, was found to inhibit effectively the radial mycelial growth of the pathogen (by 68.22%). Under greenhouse conditions, the application ofT. harzianum(N-8) exhibited the least disease incidence (by 14.75%). Also, tomato plants treated withT. harzianum(N-8) isolate showed a significant stimulatory effect on plant height (by 70.13 cm) and the dry weight (by 265.42 g) of tomato plants, in comparison to untreated control (54.6 cm and 195.5 g). Therefore, the antagonistT. harzianum(N-8) is chosen to be the most promising bio-control agent forF. oxysporumf. sp.lycopersici. On the base of present study, the biocontrol agents of plant diseases might be exploited for sustainable disease management programs to save environmental risk.

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LOVEJOY, PAUL E., and DAVID RICHARDSON. "THE BUSINESS OF SLAVING: PAWNSHIP IN WESTERN AFRICA, c. 1600–1810." Journal of African History 42, no. 1 (March 2001): 67–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700007787.

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The use of people as pawns to underpin credit was widespread in western Africa during the era of the trans-Atlantic slave trade. This study examines where and when pawns were used in commercial transactions involving European slave merchants in the period c. 1600–1810. It is shown that European merchants relied on pawnship as an instrument of credit protection in many places, though not everywhere. Europeans apparently did not hold pawns at Ouidah (after 1727), at Bonny or on the Angolan coast. Nonetheless, the reliance on pawnship elsewhere highlights the influence of African institutions on the development of the slave trade.

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Hagger, Lynn. "Current Environmental Enforcement Issues: Some International Developments and Their Implications for the UK." Environmental Law Review 2, no. 1 (March 2000): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/146145290000200103.

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This article will examine enforcement possibilities available in the UK and the domestic implications of some international developments. This will involve an evaluation of the regulatory system in relation to environmental protection, followed by an overview of alternative methods of enforcement which include opportunities for the individual and/or non-governmental organisation (NGO) to use EC law, judicial review and the common law as well as the prospects provided by expanded statutory civil liability and any developments that take place in relation to human rights. While the locus of the human rights discourse seems to have moved from a substantive to a procedural perspective, this article will argue that, given the shortcomings of current (and proposed) methods of enforcement, there should be a realignment of the debate. It is advanced that such a right would underpin environmental protection to the extent that it would need to be considered within all aspects of enforcement and be in a position to override other rights.

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Aga, Aniket. "Environment and its Forms of Knowledge: The Regulation of Genetically Modified Crops in India." Journal of Developing Societies 37, no. 2 (June 2021): 167–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0169796x211001235.

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A fierce controversy over genetically modified (GM) crops has been raging in India for over two decades. Analyzing India’s regulatory regime for GM crops, this article focuses on the modes through which state bureaucracies know the environment. It argues that two epistemologies - scientific and legal-administrative – underpin environment protection. By unraveling the course of regulatory disputes, I demonstrate that bureaucracies are not just hierarchically divided but are also segmented by horizontal, functional specializations. There is thus an inherent ambiguity lodged between environment as a technical discourse and as statecraft. This ambiguity both fosters and constrains democratic participation in policy decisions and can even partially disrupt power relations in unanticipated ways.

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de Vrij, Nicky, Pieter Meysman, Sofie Gielis, Wim Adriaensen, Kris Laukens, and Bart Cuypers. "HLA-DRB1 Alleles Associated with Lower Leishmaniasis Susceptibility Share Common Amino Acid Polymorphisms and Epitope Binding Repertoires." Vaccines 9, no. 3 (March 17, 2021): 270. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9030270.

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Susceptibility for leishmaniasis is largely dependent on host genetic and immune factors. Despite the previously described association of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) gene cluster variants as genetic susceptibility factors for leishmaniasis, little is known regarding the mechanisms that underpin these associations. To better understand this underlying functionality, we first collected all known leishmaniasis-associated HLA variants in a thorough literature review. Next, we aligned and compared the protection- and risk-associated HLA-DRB1 allele sequences. This identified several amino acid polymorphisms that distinguish protection- from risk-associated HLA-DRB1 alleles. Subsequently, T cell epitope binding predictions were carried out across these alleles to map the impact of these polymorphisms on the epitope binding repertoires. For these predictions, we used epitopes derived from entire proteomes of multiple Leishmania species. Epitopes binding to protection-associated HLA-DRB1 alleles shared common binding core motifs, mapping to the identified HLA-DRB1 amino acid polymorphisms. These results strongly suggest that HLA polymorphism, resulting in differential antigen presentation, affects the association between HLA and leishmaniasis disease development. Finally, we established a valuable open-access resource of putative epitopes. A set of 14 HLA-unrestricted strong-binding epitopes, conserved across species, was prioritized for further epitope discovery in the search for novel subunit-based vaccines.

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Horscroft, James A., Aleksandra O. Kotwica, Verena Laner, James A. West, Philip J. Hennis, Denny Z. H. Levett, David J. Howard, et al. "Metabolic basis to Sherpa altitude adaptation." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 24 (May 22, 2017): 6382–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1700527114.

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The Himalayan Sherpas, a human population of Tibetan descent, are highly adapted to life in the hypobaric hypoxia of high altitude. Mechanisms involving enhanced tissue oxygen delivery in comparison to Lowlander populations have been postulated to play a role in such adaptation. Whether differences in tissue oxygen utilization (i.e., metabolic adaptation) underpin this adaptation is not known, however. We sought to address this issue, applying parallel molecular, biochemical, physiological, and genetic approaches to the study of Sherpas and native Lowlanders, studied before and during exposure to hypobaric hypoxia on a gradual ascent to Mount Everest Base Camp (5,300 m). Compared with Lowlanders, Sherpas demonstrated a lower capacity for fatty acid oxidation in skeletal muscle biopsies, along with enhanced efficiency of oxygen utilization, improved muscle energetics, and protection against oxidative stress. This adaptation appeared to be related, in part, to a putatively advantageous allele for the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor A (PPARA) gene, which was enriched in the Sherpas compared with the Lowlanders. Our findings suggest that metabolic adaptations underpin human evolution to life at high altitude, and could have an impact upon our understanding of human diseases in which hypoxia is a feature.

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Rosenthal, Erika. "Who's Afraid of National Laws?: Pesticide Corporations Use Trade Negotiations to Avoid Bans and Undercut Public Health Protections in Central America." International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health 11, no. 4 (October 2005): 437–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/oeh.2005.11.4.437.

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Swamy, Arun R. "Can Social Protection Weaken Clientelism? Considering Conditional Cash Transfers as Political Reform in the Philippines." Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs 35, no. 1 (April 2016): 59–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/186810341603500103.

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Since poverty is often believed to be a root cause of clientelism, government policies to reduce poverty should also help to reduce clientelism. However, scholars studying clientelism are more likely to view social policy as a potential resource for clientelist politicians. This article examines this paradox in the Philippine context by offering a general framework to identify when social welfare policies are likely to reduce clientelism, and by applying this framework to the Philippines, focusing on the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino conditional cash transfer programme, or Pantawid. I argue that the policies that are most likely to undercut clientelism are universal social protection policies that provide poor families with security, although these are the least acceptable to middle-class taxpayers. This is exemplified by the Philippines, which has tended to introduce social policies that increase the scope for clientelism by making discretionary allocation more likely, rather than policies that offer income security to the poor. The Pantawid programme attempts to overcome these problems by introducing a centralised targeting mechanism to identify beneficiaries and by guaranteeing the benefit to all eligible families, but like all conditional cash transfer programs falls short of guaranteed and universal social protection.

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Jaworske, D., K. de Groh, G. Podojil, T. McCollum, and J. Anzic. "Leveling Coatings for Reducing Atomic Oxygen Defect Density in Graphite Fiber-Epoxy Composites." Journal of the IEST 37, no. 3 (May 1, 1994): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17764/jiet.2.37.3.l4133w17742570j2.

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Pinholes or other defect sites in a protective oxide coating provide pathways for atomic oxygen in low-Earth orbit to reach underlying material. Onc concept for enhancing the lifetime of materials in low-Earth orbit is to apply a leveling coating to the material prior to applying any reflective and protective coatings. Using a surface-tension-leveling coating concept, a low-viscosity epoxy was applied to the surface of several composite coupons. A protective layer of 1000 Å of SiO2 was deposited on top of the leveling coating, and the coupons were exposed to an atomic oxygen environment in a plasma asher. Pinhole populations per unit area were estimated by counting the number of undercut sites observed by scanning electron microscopy. Defect density values of 180,000 defects/cm2 were reduced to about 1000 defects/cm2 as a result of the applied leveling coating. These improvements occur at a mass penalty of about 2.5 mg/cm2.

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Harrison, Karen, and Bernadette Rainey. "Suppressing human rights? A rights-based approach to the use of pharmacotherapy with sex offenders." Legal Studies 29, no. 1 (March 2009): 47–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-121x.2008.00111.x.

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The use of pharmacotherapy (more emotively known as chemical castration) is the use of drugs to treat and help manage the risk that sex offenders, and in particular paedophiles, pose to society. Due to the increased climate of public fear of this risk, the government recently published aReview of the Protection of Children from Sex Offenders(the Review). This Review, published in June 2007, sought to explore how the protection of children could be improved and how greater reassurance to the public on the management of sex offenders could be provided. The Review makes several proposals with regard to managing high-risk sex offenders. Amongst the list of 20 actions, the trialling of polygraph tests, satellite tracking technology and the use of anti-libidinal suppressants is included. This paper examines the latter, pharmacotherapy, and assesses how concepts such as dignity and consent underpin the human rights' implications of its use. The paper will also assess the recent changes to mental health legislation and evaluate whether such treatment for incompetent or competent offenders is a viable option given the UK's obligations under the European Convention on Human Rights.

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Martínez-Fortún, Jorge, Dylan W. Phillips, and Huw D. Jones. "Potential impact of genome editing in world agriculture." Emerging Topics in Life Sciences 1, no. 2 (November 10, 2017): 117–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/etls20170010.

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Changeable biotic and abiotic stress factors that affect crop growth and productivity, alongside a drive to reduce the unintended consequences of plant protection products, will demand highly adaptive farm management practices as well as access to continually improved seed varieties. The former is limited mainly by cost and, in theory, could be implemented in relatively short time frames. The latter is fundamentally a longer-term activity where genome editing can play a major role. The first targets for genome editing will inevitably be loss-of-function alleles, because these are straightforward to generate. In addition, they are likely to focus on traits under simple genetic control and where the results of modification are already well understood from null alleles in existing gene pools or other knockout or silencing approaches such as induced mutations or RNA interference. In the longer term, genome editing will underpin more fundamental changes in agricultural performance and food quality, and ultimately will merge with the tools and philosophies of synthetic biology to underpin and enable new cellular systems, processes and organisms completely. The genetic changes required for simple allele edits or knockout phenotypes are synonymous with those found naturally in conventional breeding material and should be regulated as such. The more radical possibilities in the longer term will need societal engagement along with appropriate safety and ethical oversight.

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Ranchordás, Sofia. "Public Values, Private Regulators: Between Regulation and Reputation in the Sharing Economy." Law & Ethics of Human Rights 13, no. 2 (November 18, 2019): 203–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lehr-2019-2005.

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Abstract In traditional sectors, the intervention of private parties in the regulatory system tends to be justified by their enhanced expertise, government cuts or efficiency gains. In the sharing economy (e.g., home-sharing services offered by Airbnb), quality control and regulatory tasks (e.g., inspections) are to, a great extent, informally delegated to online platforms and peer-to-peer communities that rate and review performance. These communities consist of users that do not have more than their personal experience and the guidance of online platforms to underpin their assessments. Existing literature has extensively criticized the reliability of these online reputational mechanisms, but it has overlooked other far-reaching effects of outsourcing regulatory tasks to private parties. This Article offers a more complete analysis of the regulatory value of online reputation. I argue that reputational mechanisms have the potential of creating democratic spaces where users can provide unique, regular, and first-hand insights that would otherwise be disregarded in a traditional regulatory system. Nevertheless, in their current form, these mechanisms still offer inadequate protection to the public values that typically underlie the regulation of certain services. This Article explains this problem by comparing the protection of public values in the sharing economy to that of traditional regulated sectors. This Article contributes to the literature by reflecting on whether the sharing economy is inviting us to rethink the broader involvement of citizens in the protection of public values and the challenges thereof. It suggests a framework to improve online reputational mechanisms and a better dialogue between traditional regulation and online reputation.

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Ni Loideain, Nora. "EU Law and Mass Internet Metadata Surveillance in the Post-Snowden Era." Media and Communication 3, no. 2 (September 30, 2015): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/mac.v3i2.297.

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Legal frameworks exist within democracies to prevent the misuse and abuse of personal data that law enforcement authorities obtain from private communication service providers. The fundamental rights to respect for private life and the protection of personal data underpin this framework within the European Union. Accordingly, the protection of the principles and safeguards required by these rights is key to ensuring that the oversight of State surveillance powers is robust and transparent. Furthermore, without the robust scrutiny of independent judicial review, the principles and safeguards guaranteed by these rights may become more illusory than real. Following the Edward Snowden revelations, major concerns have been raised worldwide regarding the legality, necessity and proportionality standards governing these laws. In 2014, the highest court in the EU struck down the legal framework that imposed a mandatory duty on communication service providers to undertake the mass retention of metadata for secret intelligence and law enforcement authorities across the EU. This article considers the influence of the Snowden revelations on this landmark judgment. Subsequently, the analysis explores the significance of this ruling for the future reform of EU law governing metadata surveillance and its contribution to the worldwide debate on indiscriminate and covert monitoring in the post-Snowden era.

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Leach, Jim. "Citizens United: Robbing America of Its Democratic Idealism." Daedalus 142, no. 2 (April 2013): 95–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_00206.

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The 2010 Citizens United ruling has been widely reviewed from the lens of legal precedent. In this critique, the author suggests the need to examine the logic and effects of the ruling from a historical, philosophical, and linguistic perspective. He challenges the Court's basis for providing inanimate entities First Amendment protection to “invest” in politics by equating corporations with individuals and money with speech. He holds that Citizens United employs parallel logic to the syllogism embedded in the most repugnant ruling the Court ever made, the 1857 Dred Scott decision. To justify slavery, the Court in Dred Scott defined a class of human beings as private property. To magnify corporate power a century-and-ahalf later, it defines a class of private property (corporations) as people. The effect is to undercut the democratic basis of American governance.

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van der Riet, Mary, Dumisa Sofika, Jacqueline Akhurst, and Harry Daniels. "Young people’s investments in sexual relationships: A different prioritization of self in the negotiation of safe sex practices in South Africa." Sexualities 22, no. 7-8 (November 21, 2018): 1035–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1363460718780865.

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In the South African context of high HIV prevalence, sexual relationships are entwined with risk. This qualitative study in a rural context examined how young people negotiate sexual practices and engage with this risk. Data was gathered from men and women (aged 15 to 33) in eight focus groups and 11 individual interviews. Abdication of self-care and deprioritization of self in the negotiation of safe sexual practices are reformulated into an understanding of the varied investments that young people make in particular kinds of sexual relationships. Sexual activity was found to underpin social reputation and identity production. In the trade-off between health protection and group membership, identity was related to investments in relationships that secured status for both genders. Future health-related interventions would need to work with other constructions of self in sexual relationships.

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Chapdelaine-Feliciati, Clara. "Feminicides of Girl Children in the Family Context: An International Human Rights Law Approach." Brill Research Perspectives in Family Law in a Global Society 1, no. 3 (November 27, 2016): 1–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24058386-12340003.

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AbstractThis monograph examines the issue of feminicide, more specifically female infanticide, in the family context, and the extent to which it is addressed under international law. For this purpose, it explores the phenomenon of feminicide, the origins of son preference and ‘daughter devaluation’ and the myriad factors that underpin female infanticide. Legal semiotics is employed to assess whether the provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR 1966), the main international treaty enshrining the right to life, sufficiently tackle female infanticide. Throughout its analysis, this monograph examines several factors that constitute obstacles to the protection of girl children in the family context, as well as relevant legislation and case law. Amendments to the ICCPR are proposed to clarify States parties’ duty of due diligence and ensure that the crime of female infanticide is effectively prohibited, investigated, and prosecuted.

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Barton, Chris. "Worker protection in the Migration Act and Regulations: illusion or reality in the offshore oil and gas industry?" APPEA Journal 53, no. 2 (2013): 465. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj12076.

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Reforms to the Migration Act and Regulations in 2008 were designed to prevent the subclass 457 visa program from being used to exploit migrant workers and undercut Australian conditions. Stakeholder consultation, market-rate requirements, and ongoing compliance obligations extending to workplace and occupational health and safety laws were intended to restore confidence in the integrity of the temporary skilled migration scheme. The application of Australia’s migration laws to the offshore oil and gas industry is complicated by issues surrounding the definition of the migration zone and confusion about the circumstances in which employees may or may not require a visa to work. The recent Federal Court decision in Allseas Construction SA and the Minister for Immigration and Citizenship found that overseas employees working on vessels engaged in laying gas field pipelines are not working in the Australian migration zone and therefore are not required to have working visas. Recent changes to the employer sanctions regime were intended to discourage employers from breaching the rules and encourage strict compliance. Some overseas workers, however, are excluded altogether from regulation under the Migration Act and Regulations, even though the skills shortages in the resources sector have created strong demand for overseas workers. Unions and others have, therefore, expressed renewed concerns about the potential for overseas workers to be exposed to underpayment, abuse, and substandard working conditions.

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Szymanski, Ann-Marie. "Child Abuse, Policy Communities, and Frame Contestation During the Progressive Era." Journal of Policy History 31, no. 2 (April 2019): 167–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898030619000010.

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Abstract:Why did child abuse become a less significant problem after 1910? This article focuses on frame contestation, and how child-protection organizations gradually lost control of the narrative about fragile families to a competing set of groups—those that emphasized “family saving.” Like many interest groups, the SPCCs developed an “issue frame” in their efforts to publicize their mission, which sought to define a problem (child abuse), attribute blame for that situation (inadequate parents), propose a solution (the removal of children from parents), and encourage others to support their cause. After 1900, however, “family saving” groups identified a problem related to child abuse (fragile families), portrayed poverty as a cause of family instability, and supported policies that sought to preserve families. While advocating for policies that strengthened families, however, they undercut child protectors’ most crucial weapon against child abuse, namely, the removal of affected children from inadequate parents.

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Rodwell, Lynda D., Edward B. Barbier, Callum M. Roberts, and Tim R. McClanahan. "The importance of habitat quality for marine reserve fishery linkages." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 60, no. 2 (February 1, 2003): 171–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f03-009.

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We model marine reserve fishery linkages to evaluate the potential contribution of habitat-quality improvements inside a marine reserve to fish productivity and fishery catches. Data from Mombasa Marine National Park, Kenya, and the adjacent fishery are used. Marine reserves increase total fish biomass directly by providing refuge from exploitation and indirectly by improving fish habitat in the reserve. As natural mortality of the fish stock decreases in response to habitat enhancement in the reserve, catches increase by up to 2.6 tonnes (t)·km2·year1 and total fish biomass by up to 36 t·km2. However, if habitat-quality improvement reduces the propensity of fish to move out of the reserve, catches may fall by up to 0.9 t·km2·year1. Our results indicate that habitat protection in reserves can underpin fish productivity and, depending on its effects on fish movements, augment catches.

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Poutakidou, Marianna, and Dimitris Gouscos. "Using Wikis for Environmental Education and Awareness of Primary and Secondary Education Students in Greece." International Journal of Civic Engagement and Social Change 2, no. 1 (January 2015): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcesc.2015010101.

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Environmental education (EE) institutions worldwide strive to promote awareness and learning related to the protection of the environment and sustainability issues. In this effort, they take stock of the capabilities of online and social media. This paper briefly overviews characteristic examples for the use of social media for environmental education, as well as basic ideas that underpin the use of wikis in particular in education and learning, and discusses the ways in which wikis can be used, within environmental education programs, for raising environmental awareness of primary and secondary education students. This discussion is based on a research project employing wikis and conducted during 2011-2012 in Athens, Greece. The research questions guiding this project, the design and implementation choices of the research, the difficulties encountered and the revisions decided, as well as the research results and findings, together with proposals for further research work, constitute the contents of the paper.

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Lee, Hee-Jung, and Hugh Wilkins. "Mass tourists and destination interaction avoidance." Journal of Vacation Marketing 23, no. 1 (August 1, 2016): 3–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1356766715617218.

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The concept of the environmental bubble was introduced by Cohen to describe the ‘psychological comfort’ sought by mass tourists. However, there has been little empirical research to investigate the underlying structure of this construct. This study provides insight into the psychological motivations of those who choose mass tourism and provides a scale, named Tourist Interaction Avoidance, which measures the extent to which tourists seek to avoid uncertainty during their trips and can be used as a predictor of travel style. A sequential mixed methods research design was adopted with qualitative data collected through focus group interviews followed by a self-completion survey to collect the quantitative data. The findings identify three underlying components: ‘protection’, ‘food’ and ‘avoidance’. These provide deeper understanding of the needs of tourists from South Korea by identifying the three components that underpin the dimension and provide a means to measure individual tourist preferences.

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Arzamendia, Yanina, Marcelo H. Cassini, and Bibiana L. Vilá. "Habitat use by vicuña Vicugna vicugna in Laguna Pozuelos Reserve, Jujuy, Argentina." Oryx 40, no. 2 (April 2006): 198–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605306000639.

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Vicuña Vicugna vicugna are an emblematic species of one of the major arid ecosystems of the neotropics: the puna or altiplano. Excessive commercial hunting of vicuña for their valuable fleece in the past caused a severe decline in the population, with the vicuña almost becoming extinct by the mid 20th century. Effective protection resulted in the recovery of some populations and, recently, limited vicuña exploitation has been allowed. Research is urgently required to underpin the design of the management systems used for this exploitation. We present the results of a 2-year study on habitat utilization of vicuña in Laguna de Pozuelos UNESCO Biosphere Reserve in Argentina. Vicuña did not use the study area homogeneously but preferred vegetation communities dominated by grasses (known locally as pajonal and esporal) and with high overall plant cover. Vicuña were less selective in 2003, when overall habitat quality decreased, than in 2002. This change is predicted by habitat selection theory. We also found that members of family groups spend more time foraging than members of non-reproductive groups. Solitary vicuña spend more time standing up than members of groups, consistent with the observation that herding behaviour is related to protection against predators. Heterogeneous use and habitat selectivity suggest that exploitation of vicuña needs to take spatial behaviour into account in the establishment of the optimal location of capturing sites.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Underrun protection'

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