Relevant bibliographies by topics / Unemployment, germany

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Unemployment, germany'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Unemployment, germany"

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Кудайберген and Pirimkul Kudaybergen. "Functions and the role of labor agency in social welfare and personnel management in Germany (through the example of immigrants)." Management of the Personnel and Intellectual Resources in Russia 3, no. 3 (June 17, 2014): 16–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/4872.

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The paper considers functions of the Labor Agency (Agency), which is an important mechanism for workforce management processes and procedures in the context of socially-oriented German economy. Agency activities are analyzed and how it practically implements social welfare principles (as exemplified by immigrants from CSI, Asian and African countries). The author operates based on his research and personal experience, gained while working in various German universities and companies. Special attention is given to how the Agency’s Center of Employment provide unemployed with unemployment relief and workplaces. Practical measures conducive to unemployment reduction are highlighted. It is emphasized that while Germany has powerful system of social welfare and sufficient unemployment reliefs, payroll taxes are also relatively high. Consequently, many immigrants try their hard to avoid working and prefer to live on the dole. Along with that the author reveals the reasons and ways through which German state officials discriminate immigrants thus favoring natives of Germany. Nevertheless, given one million vacancies to be filled throughout the country, many Germans reject the German tax system, emigrate and work successfully abroad (e.g., 65% of doctors in Switzerland are expatriate Germans). The paper specially emphasizes, that the majority of immigrants to Germany are poorly educated, poorly civilized Asians and Africans with extra families, while among native Germans single-child families prevail and highly qualified specialists do prevail among emigrants. Such social discrepancy arose discontent among German burghers which results in annual neo-Nazi anti-German marches in towns and villages. In conclusion the author provides recommendations for immigrants and Russians, willing to work in German, on how to integrate in the German society and adapt to labor market conditions of Germany.
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González Trujillo, Gerardo, and Deyanira Cruz Manzano. "Covid 19 and unemployment in Germany: Corporate and government strategies." Sapienza: International Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 3, no. 1 (February 14, 2022): 86–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.51798/sijis.v3i1.218.

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This article provides the guidance and literature on the benefits of German corporate and Government decisions through a correlational analysis between Covid 19 and unemployment rate, therefore, it was necessary to test the hypothesis that there is a low correlation between the above variables and show that the unemployment rate is low due to German corporate and government policies and strategies. The methodology which was used, is descriptive and correlational, because it was required to know the influence of COVID 19 and the unemployment rate of German companies and describe the German corporate and government strategies due the pandemic. It was concluded that COVID 19 phenomena in Germany doesn’t affect unemployment rate significatively. The German government and corporate policies, as well as, guidelines in companies have been efficiently.
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Kajuth, Florian. "NAIRU Estimates for Germany: New Evidence on the Inflation–Unemployment Tradeoff." German Economic Review 17, no. 1 (February 1, 2016): 104–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/geer.12055.

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Abstract Meaningful estimates of the non-accelerating inflation rate of unemployment (NAIRU) within a Phillips curve framework require an identified tradeoff between inflation and unemployment. However, observations of inflation and unemployment are equilibrium points giving rise to a simultaneity problem. We assess conventional identifying assumptions in the literature on the German NAIRU in a general bi-variate equations system of inflation and unemplyoment. We use a data-driven method for identification based on shifts in the relative volatility of shocks to unemployment and inflation to identify the tradeoff for Germany. Our results support models which estimate a contemporaneous effect of unemployment on inflation and those which model inflation and unemployment jointly.
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Silvia, Stephen J. "The Elusive Quest for Normalcy: The German Economy since Unification." German Politics and Society 28, no. 2 (June 1, 2010): 82–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/gps.2010.280206.

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This article investigates the progress that the eastern German economy has made since unification in two areas: unemployment and output. It finds that unemployment has remained persistently higher in eastern than in western Germany and output levels have remained extremely uniform across the eastern states. Keynesian and neoclassical economists have proposed differing explanations for the endurance of high unemployment in the East. The latter have the more convincing argument, which blames high initial wages in eastern Germany for producing a labor "trap," but this account is not without flaws. The best explanation for output uniformity is the content and volume of public investment in eastern Germany since unification. Public policy in the years immediately following unification is in large part responsible for both outcomes. Economic modeling indicates that wage subsidies targeted at low-income employment would be the most effective means to break the current high-unemployment equilibrium in eastern Germany, but the political barriers to adopting such a policy are just as formidable as they were a decade ago, when such a policy was briefly considered.
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Hunt, Jennifer. "The Effect of Unemployment Compensation on Unemployment Duration in Germany." Journal of Labor Economics 13, no. 1 (January 1995): 88–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/298369.

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Hall, John, and Udo Ludwig. "Explaining persistent unemployment in eastern Germany." Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 29, no. 4 (July 1, 2007): 601–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/pke0160-3477290404.

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Rahn, Daniela, and Enzo Weber. "PATTERNS OF UNEMPLOYMENT DYNAMICS IN GERMANY." Macroeconomic Dynamics 23, no. 1 (October 30, 2017): 322–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100516001358.

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Using a structural vector autoregressive (SVAR) model, this paper provides deeper insight into unemployment dynamics in Germany. We identify a technology shock and two policy shocks that play a central role in business cycle research. Accordingly, we enrich the discussion on the sources of unemployment dynamics by considering demand-side impulses. The worker reallocation process varies substantially with the identified shocks. The job-finding rate plays a larger role after a technology shock and a monetary policy shock, whereas the separation rate appears to be the dominant margin after a fiscal policy shock. Technology shocks turn out to be relatively important for variations in the transition rates. Regarding policy shocks, our results point toward fiscal interventions as a promising instrument but with several limitations.
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Burda, Michael C., and Jeffrey D. Sachs. "Assessing High Unemployment in West Germany." World Economy 11, no. 4 (December 1988): 543–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9701.1988.tb00148.x.

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ERLINGHAGEN, MARCEL, and MATTHIAS KNUTH. "Unemployment as an Institutional Construct? Structural Differences in Non-Employment between Selected European Countries and the United States." Journal of Social Policy 39, no. 1 (September 21, 2009): 71–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279409990390.

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AbstractA comparison of unemployment rates in Germany, the Netherlands, France, Denmark, the UK and the United States suggests poor performance by the German labour market. The present study endeavours to show that a more sophisticated picture of unemployment can be drawn by taking into account additional forms of non-employment (such as incapacity, retirement or labour reserve). For this purpose, data from the ‘European Social Survey’ (ESS) and the survey ‘Citizenship, Involvement and Democracy’ collected in 2004 and 2005 have been analysed. While ‘unemployment’ plays a dominant role in Germany, people with comparable demographic characteristics and similar health status are more likely to identify themselves as ‘permanently sick or disabled’ and hence are classified thus in other countries. The results of this study underline that an international comparison of labour market performance, particularly a comparison of the effectiveness of labour market and social policy reforms, should not rely only on employment and unemployment rates. Taking alternate forms of non-employment into account can enhance one's knowledge and understanding of the functional differences between the labour markets in Europe and the United States.
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Fitzenberger, Bernd, and Ralf A. Wilke. "New Insights into Unemployment Duration and Post Unemployment Earnings in Germany*." Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 72, no. 6 (November 17, 2010): 794–826. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.2010.00597.x.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Unemployment, germany"

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Westerheide, Nina [Verfasser]. "Penalized splines - estimation with longitudinal unemployment data : analyses of unemployment durations and unemployment risks in Germany / Nina Westerheide. Fakultät für Wirtschaftswissenschaften." Bielefeld : Universitätsbibliothek Bielefeld, Hochschulschriften, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1026679915/34.

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Biewald, Anne. "A dynamic life cycle model for Germany with unemployment uncertainty." Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2008. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2009/3311/.

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This work analyzes the saving and consumption behavior of agents faced with the possibility of unemployment in a dynamic and stochastic life cycle model. The intertemporal optimization is based on Dynamic Programming with a backward recursion algorithm. The implemented uncertainty is not based on income shocks as it is done in traditional life cycle models but uses Markov probabilities where the probability for the next employment status of the agent depends on the current status. The utility function used is a CRRA function (constant relative risk aversion), combined with a CES function (constant elasticity of substitution) and has several consumption goods, a subsistence level, money and a bequest function.
Diese Arbeit modelliert das Spar- und Konsumverhalten von Individuen in Deutschland mit einem Lebenszyklusmodell. Dabei hat das Modell zwei Besonderheiten, erstens trifft die Möglichkeit arbeitslos zu werden nicht jeden Agenten des Models mit der gleichen Wahrscheinlichkeit, sondern wird von Bildungsabschluss und dem Beschäftigungsstatus des Agenten beeinflußt und zweitens weicht die verwendete Nutzenfunktion von den Standardnutzenfunktionen ab und implementiert Vererbung, Geld, verschiedene Güter und Subsistenzlevel. Der Optimierungsalgorithmus basiert auf Dynamischer Programmierung.
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Toft, Christian. "Unemployment compensation and unemployment in the United Kingdom, the Federal Republic of Germany and Denmark : an institutional and economic analysis." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1995. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/273024.

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Gangl, Markus. "Unemployment dynamics in the United States and West Germany : economic restructuring, institutions and labor market processes /." Heidelberg : Physica-Verlag, 2003. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0817/2004425129-t.html.

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Davey, Paul C. "The Effects of Unemployment Insurance Duration on Job Quality: Evidence from Post-Hartz Germany." Thesis, Boston College, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:104377.

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Thesis advisor: Andrew Beauchamp
This paper examines the effect of changes in the duration of unemployment insurance on various measures of post-unemployment job quality within the context of Germany after the Hartz reforms. I find a significant positive effect of UI duration on re-employment wage, as well as significant effects for certain demographic groups indicating increased occupational prestige, job satisfaction, and satisfaction with hours of work. I find no significant effect on distance from home to work. I find that the positive relationship between UI eligibility and unemployment duration is based solely on the unemployment durations of those who exit the labor force after unemployment; I find no evidence of a link between UI eligibility and unemployment duration for those who found jobs at the end of their unemployment spells. To understand these results, I propose several possible explanations: heterogenous job search behaviors among those with different UI durations, a psychological burden of impending UI exhaustion, a negotiation advantage of a higher reservation wage for those with longer eligibility, or the possibility that my data simply failed to observe a positive relationship between UI duration and unemployment duration. Finally, I present one possible policy response to these findings, aimed at reducing the problem of free riding
Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2015
Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Departmental Honors
Discipline: Economics
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Lehmann, Hartmut F. "Labour market flows and labour market policies in the British Isles, Poland and Eastern Germany since 1980." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1993. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1345/.

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This thesis utilizes flow analyses of the labour market in order to examine two key issues. First, to asses the effectiveness of active labour market policies in Britain, Ireland and Poland. Secondly, it allows us to characterize and quantify movements between labour market states which have been occurring on an unprecedented scale in economies undergoing transition. Chapters 1 and 2 investigate whether active labour market policies in Britain and Ireland have been instrumental in curing or preventing partial hysteresis due to long-term unemployment. In models of the determination of overall and duration-specific outflow rates from unemployment, the predictive power of active measures variables is tested. Chapter 3 uses the 'lista 500' panel data set to test the hypothesis that after the decentralizing reforms of the early eighties simple models of profit maximization can explain labour adjustment by large Polish enterprises. Chapter 4 traces the build up of unemployment in Poland by characterizing the composition and determinants of flows between various labour market states. Traditional flow analysis is amended by dividing the state employment into the sub-states, private and state sector employment, and by emphasizing the institutional framework unique to the Polish labour market in its first stage of transition. In Chapter 5 a unique panel data set is used to quantify labour market transitions in Eastern Germany in the first year after unification. Multinomial logit regressions are employed to highlight the determinants of the estimated transition rates. The applicability of standard models of labour market transitions to labour markets in transforming economies is also tested. Chapter 6 uses Voivodship-level aggregate panel data to evaluate passive and active labour market policies in Poland which took shape in 1991 and 1992. We also test for the existence of a well behaved matching technology in the Polish labour market. The methodology of Chapters 1 and 2 is modified to account for the panel nature of the data.
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Drechsler, Denis. "Unemployment in Germany and the Eurosclerosis debate : Can the Hartz reforms induce higher employment?" Universität Potsdam, 2005. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2006/903/.

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Many European countries have experienced a significant increase of unemployment in recent years. This paper reviews several theoretical models that try to explain this phenomenon.
Predominantly, these models claim a link between the poor performance of European labor markets and the high level of market regulation. Commonly referred to as the Eurosclerosis debate, prominent approaches consider insider-outsider relationships, search-models, and the influence of hiring and firing costs on equilibrium employment.
The paper presents empirical evidence of each model and studies the relevance of the identified rigidities as a determinant of high unemployment in Europe.
Furthermore, a case study analyzes the unemployment problem in Germany and critically discusses new reform efforts. In particular this section analyzes whether the recently enacted Hartz reforms can induce higher employment.
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McGinnity, Frances. "Who benefits? : a comparison of welfare and outcomes for the unemployed in Britain and Germany." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365534.

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Hillmann, Katja [Verfasser], and Michael [Akademischer Betreuer] Funke. "Transitions between employment, unemployment and entrepreneurial activities - evidence from Germany / Katja Hillmann. Betreuer: Michael Funke." Hamburg : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1106404637/34.

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Strauss, Susanne. "Volunteering and social inclusion interrelations between unemployment and civic engagement in Germany and Great Britain." Wiesbaden VS, Verl. für Sozialwiss, 2007. http://d-nb.info/985819154/04.

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Books on the topic "Unemployment, germany"

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Heilman, Linda Abramson. Industrial unemployment in Germany, 1873-1913. New York: Garland Pub., 1991.

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Axell, Ylva. Economic transition and unemployment in East Germany. Stockholm: Stockholm Institute of Soviet and Eastern European Economics, 1991.

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Elemente der Arbeitslosigkeit in der Bundesrepublik: Konjunkturelle und strukturelle Elemente der Arbeitslosigkeit in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland in den siebziger Jahren. Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang, 1990.

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Vijlbrief, J. A. Unemployment insurance in the Netherlands, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and Germany. Amsterdam: Vrije Universiteit, Faculteit der Economische Wetenschappen en Econometrie, 1992.

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Wurzel, Eckhard. An econometric analysis of individual unemployment duration in West Germany. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag, 1993.

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1927-, Jacob Herbert, ed. Arbeitslosigkeit: Ursachen und Folgen aus volks- und betriebswirtschaftlicher Sicht. Wiesbaden: Gabler, 1988.

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Audretsch, David B. The innovation, unemployment and competitiveness challenge in Germany. London: Centrefor Economic Policy Research, 1995.

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Stachura, Peter D., ed. Unemployment and the Great Depression in Weimar Germany. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-18355-5.

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D, Stachura Peter, ed. Unemployment and the great depression in Weimar Germany. London: Macmillan, 1987.

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D, Stachura Peter, ed. Unemployment and the great depression in Weimar Germany. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1986.

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Book chapters on the topic "Unemployment, germany"

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Davis, John, and Patrick Minford. "Germany and the European Disease." In Unemployment in Europe, 316–42. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-19795-8_18.

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Buttler, Friedrich, and Ulrich Cramer. "Developments and Causes of Mismatch Unemployment in West Germany." In Structural Unemployment, 79–106. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag HD, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-58163-2_3.

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Kieselbach, Thomas, and Gert Beelmann. "Youth Unemployment and Health in Germany." In Youth Unemployment and Health, 109–36. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-663-11897-8_7.

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Porket, J. L. "Eastern Germany." In Unemployment in Capitalist, Communist and Post-Communist Economies, 113–23. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230374225_12.

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Franz, Wolfgang, and Karin Siebeck. "A Theoretical and Econometric Analysis of Structural Unemployment in Germany: Reflections on the Beveridge Curve." In Structural Unemployment, 1–58. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag HD, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-58163-2_1.

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Kieselbach, Thomas, Gert Beelmann, Birgitt Erdwien, Andrea Stitzel, and Ute Traiser. "Youth Unemployment and Social Exclusion in Germany." In Youth Unemployment and Social Exclusion, 131–74. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-663-11899-2_7.

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Gang, Ira N., and Francisco L. Rivera-Batiz. "Unemployment and Attitudes Towards Foreigners in Germany." In The Economic Consequences of Immigration to Germany, 121–54. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag HD, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-51177-6_7.

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Entorf, Horst. "Disaggregate matching functions, spurious mismatch and occupational reallocation in Germany." In Mismatch Explanations of European Unemployment, 55–138. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-58919-5_3.

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Berth, Hendrik, Peter Förster, Ellen Hämmerling, Elmar Brähler, Markus Zenger, and Yve Stöbel-Richter. "Unemployment and Health in East Germany: The Saxony Longitudinal Study." In Unemployment, Precarious Work and Health, 251–62. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-94345-9_18.

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Wurzel, Eckhard. "Models of Individual Unemployment Duration." In An Econometric Analysis of Individual Unemployment Duration in West Germany, 6–30. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag HD, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-50298-9_2.

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Conference papers on the topic "Unemployment, germany"

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Скворцова, Татьяна Александровна, and Павел Игоревич Рыбалко. "GOVERNMENT SUPPORT FOR THE POPULATION AND BUSINESSES DURING THE PANDEMIC (THE CASE OF CHINA AND GERMANY)." In Образование. Культура. Общество: сборник избранных статей по материалам Международной научной конференции (Санкт-Петербург, Февраль 2021). Crossref, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37539/ecs295.2021.33.28.008.

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Предметом данной статьи является анализ зарубежного законодательства (на примере Китая и Германии) в сфере оказания государственной поддержки населению и бизнесу в период распространения новой коронавирусной инфекции COVID-19. В исследовании анализируются правоотношения, связанные с поддержкой бизнеса, а также предоставлением пособий по временной нетрудоспособности, пособий по безработице, защите прав работников, выплате единовременных и ежемесячных сумм семьям, имеющим детей в период пандемии. The subject of this article is the analysis of foreign legislation (on the example of China and Germany) in the field of providing state support to the population and business during the spread of the new coronavirus infection COVID-19. The study analyzes legal relations related to business support, as well as the provision of temporary disability benefits, unemployment benefits, protection of workers ' rights, payment of one-time and monthly amounts to families with children during the pandemic.
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Ivanova, Anna, and Svetlana Popova. "EFFICIENCY OF STATE SUPPORT MEASURES OF POPULATION INCOME DURING THE PERIOD OF CONSTRAINTS: A COUNTRY APPROACH." In Manager of the Year. FSBE Institution of Higher Education Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/my2021_82-89.

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This article is devoted to the research of the COVID-19 pandemic affected the economy of the Russian Federation and other countries of the world and its consequences on society. Today, the social policy of the Russian Federation and the whole world is experiencing great stress. The crisis, which arose due to the imposed restrictive measures to ensure the isolation regime in order to prevent the spread of COVID-2019 by foreign governments, revealed previously existing gaps in the provisions of social protection. The ways of formation and improvement of state support of incomes of the population during a crisis situation all over the world are considered. In the conditions of the crisis, the load on the social system has increased many times over, due to the increase in the number of poor citizens. Funding has been introduced for various measures, methods and ways to improve livelihoods and prevent the closure of Micro-Enterprises, SMEs of all types, self-employed and workers, in order to prevent unemployment caused by the global situation. The analysis of the gross domestic product and the effectiveness of the implemented additional measures of state support of the population’s income has been carried out. For example, the leading countries of the world were considered, such as: Russia, Austria, Canada, France, Germany, Israel, Italy, Japan, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom, USA.
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Szendi, Dóra. "Differences in the Spatial Patterns of Selected German (NUTS3) Economic Factors, with Special Regards on GDP, Unemployment and Enterprises." In MultiScience - XXIX. microCAD International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conference. University of Miskolc, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.26649/musci.2015.097.

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Reports on the topic "Unemployment, germany"

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Hunt, Jennifer. Determinants of Non-employment and Unemployment Durations in East Germany. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, May 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w7128.

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Burda, Michael, and Jeffrey Sachs. Institutional Aspects of High Unemployment in the Federal Republic of Germany. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, May 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w2241.

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Hoffmann, Florian, and Thomas Lemieux. Unemployment in the Great Recession: A Comparison of Germany, Canada and the United States. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, November 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w20694.

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Kreyenfeld, Michaela R., and Gunnar Andersson. Socioeconomic differences in the unemployment and fertility nexus: a comparison of Denmark and Germany. Rostock: Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, June 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4054/mpidr-wp-2013-008.

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National report 2009-2019 - Rural NEET in Germany. OST Action CA 18213: Rural NEET Youth Network: Modeling the risks underlying rural NEETs social exclusion, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15847/cisrnyn.nrde.2020.12.

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This report outlines in detail the situation of rural Youths Neither in Employment, nor in Education or Training (NEET) aged between 15 and 34 years old, over the last decade (2009-2019) in Germany. To do this, the report utilised indicators of: youth population; youth employment and unemployment; education; and, NEETs distribution. The characte-risation of all indicators adopted the degree of urbanisation as a central criterion, enabling proportional comparisons between rural areas, towns and suburbs, cities and the whole country. These analyses are further divided into age subgroups and, where possible, into sex groups for greater detail. The statistical procedures adopted across the different selected dimensions involve: des-criptive longitudinal analysis; using graphical displays (e.g., overlay line charts); and, the calculation of proportional absolute and relative changes between 2009 and 2013, 2013 and 2019, and finally 2009 and 2019. These time ranges were chosen to capture the in-dicators evolution before and after the economic crisis which hit European countries. All data was extracted from Eurostat public datasets. The analyses show that the rural youth population aged 15 to 24 years significantly increa-sed between 2009 and 2012 and then decreased slightly until 2019. The youth employment rate in Germany is generally increasing, and is at all times significantly higher in rural areas than in cities, towns and suburbs. The reverse trend applies to youth unemployment, which generally decreased in the observed period and which is at all times lowest in rural areas. A look at educational attainment levels showed a slight decline in rural areas of low educated persons between 2009 and 2019, while the proportion of rural youth with medium and high education slightly increased. At the same time, the proportion of early school leavers in rural areas after an increase until 2011, fell sharply and reached the 2009 level again by 2019. Be-ing 9% in 2019, it remains, at least in rural areas, slightly below the 10% target defined by the Europe 2020 strategy. Finally, the proportion of NEETs in Germany is lower in rural areas in all age classes and as a whole decreased significantly from 2009 to 2019.
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