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Journal articles on the topic 'Unemployment, germany (west)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 28 July 2025

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1

Burda, Michael C., and Jeffrey D. Sachs. "Assessing High Unemployment in West Germany." World Economy 11, no. 4 (1988): 543–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9701.1988.tb00148.x.

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2

Bayer, Christian, and Falko Jüßen. "Convergence in West German Regional Unemployment Rates." German Economic Review 8, no. 4 (2007): 510–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0475.2007.00416.x.

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Abstract Differences in regional unemployment rates are often used to describe regional economic inequality. This paper asks whether changes in regional unemployment differences in West Germany are persistent over time. Understanding the persistency of regional unemployment differences helps us to assess how effective regional policy can be. While univariate tests suggest that changes in regional unemployment differences are persistent in West Germany, more powerful panel tests lend some support to the hypothesis that regional unemployment rates converge. However, these tests reveal a moderate

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3

Nitsche, Natalie, and Karl Ulrich Mayer. "Subjective Perceptions of Employment Mobility: A Comparison of East and West Germany." Comparative Sociology 12, no. 2 (2013): 184–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691330-12341260.

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Abstract There is an ongoing debate over whether the stability of working lives in Germany has declined in recent decades. In this piece, we contribute to the literature by arguing that subjective mobility perceptions, hence individuals’ self-reported mobility desires and experiences, should receive more attention in the debate. While it is, for example, well known that German reunification affected worklife mobility of East Germans through high unemployment and firm mobility, little is known about subjective mobility desires, specifically in an East-West German comparative perspective. Using

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4

GEYER, JOHANNES, and VIKTOR STEINER. "Future public pensions and changing employment patterns across birth cohorts." Journal of Pension Economics and Finance 13, no. 2 (2013): 172–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474747213000334.

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AbstractWe analyse the impacts of changing employment patterns and pension reforms on the future level of public pensions across birth cohorts in Germany. The analysis is based on a microsimulation model and a rich data set that combines household survey data from the German Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP) and process-produced microdata from the German pension insurance. We account for cohort effects in individual employment and unemployment affecting earnings over the life cycle as well as the differential impact of recent pension reforms. For individuals born between 1937 and 1971, cohort

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5

Funke, Michael, and Holger Strulik. "Growth and Convergence in a Two-Region Model of Unified Germany." German Economic Review 1, no. 3 (2000): 363–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0475.00018.

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Abstract The paper sets up a two-region endogenous growth model to discuss growth and regional convergence of unified Germany. It emphasizes the role of private and public capital accumulation during the developing process. The theoretical part derives fiscal policy rules which establish convergence of regional output per capita and convergence of regional human wealth. To assess the speed of convergence the model is calibrated with German data. Given a fiscal policy rule that is consistent with the data on government spending in East and West Germany after unification the model suggests that

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6

Miller, Jennifer. "Her Fight is Your Fight: “Guest Worker” Labor Activism in the Early 1970s West Germany." International Labor and Working-Class History 84 (2013): 226–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s014754791300029x.

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AbstractWhen the postwar economic boom came to a crashing halt in early 1970s West Germany, foreign “guest workers,” often the first to be laid off, bore the brunt of high inflation, rising prices, declining growth rates, widespread unemployment, and social discontent. Following the economic downturn and the ensuing crisis of stagflation, workers' uprisings became increasingly common in West Germany. The summer of 1973 saw a sharp increase in workers' activism broadly, including a wave of “women's strikes.” However, historical attention to the role of foreign workers, especially of foreign fem

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7

Hallett, Graham. "Unemployment and Labour Market Policies: Some Lessons from West Germany." Social Policy & Administration 19, no. 3 (1985): 180–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9515.1985.tb00233.x.

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8

Lübkemeier, Eckhard. "Reunited Germany in the Post-bipolar World." Czech Journal of International Relations 29, no. 4 (1994): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.32422/cjir.1381.

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Among the "domestic" determinants of Germany's international role and its foreign policy, its complete unification emerges as the most important task. Germany was united politically; but the material and mental division between its western and eastern parts has yet to be overcome. The magnitude of this task is shown by the following few numbers. In 1991, total requirements in East Germany were almost twice the gross domestic product, and this ratio has not changed since then. The differences were balanced by transfers from West Germany, which reached 5-6% of West German GDP. The real level of

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9

Silvia, Stephen J. "A Silver Age? The German Economy since Reunification." German Politics and Society 37, no. 4 (2019): 74–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/gps.2019.370407.

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Since German unification, assessments of the German economy have swung from “sick man of the euro” in the early years to dominant hegemon of late. I argue that the German economy appears strong because of its recent positive performance in two politically salient areas: unemployment and the current account. A deeper assessment reveals, however, that German economic performance cannot be considered a second economic miracle, but is at best a mini miracle. The reduction in unemployment is an important achievement. That said, it was not the product of faster growth, but of sharing the same volume

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10

Suedekum, Jens. "Selective migration, union wage setting and unemployment disparities in West Germany." International Economic Journal 18, no. 1 (2004): 33–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1351161042000180629.

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11

Huang, Siyao. "Analysis and Optimization of Labor Market Policy in East Germany After German Reunification." Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences 15, no. 1 (2023): 176–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/15/20230909.

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The merger of East and West Germany in 1991 was a very important event in world history and had a great impact not only on the world but also on Germany itself. In particular, the transition of the former GDR is of great concern. Among them, the labor market problem in eastern Germany is one of the important challenges that the former GDR has to face in the transition. Using documentary and comparative analysis, this paper focuses on the excessive unemployment rate and the lack of public welfare policies in the labor market of eastern Germany after 1991. This paper aims to analyze whether the

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12

Conradt, David P. "Political Culture in Unified Germany: The First Ten Years." German Politics and Society 20, no. 2 (2002): 43–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/104503002782385381.

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After ten years of research on Germany’s postunification politicalculture, there is no scholarly consensus on the critical questions ofeast-west differences, the impact of unification on western Germanculture, and developmental trends in the two regions. These questionshave become more acute in the light of decreased eastern economicgrowth, high unemployment, and growing evidence of aradical right-wing subculture in the new states.

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13

Sturmthal, Adolf. "Unemployment, Inflation and « Guest Workers »: Comparative Study of Three European Countries." Relations industrielles 37, no. 4 (2005): 739–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/029299ar.

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An attempt is made here to show the conditions under which Austria, West Germany and Sweden have come closer than other countries in attaining the double objective of full employment and price stability. Answers appear to lie in the direction of Gross Domes tic Product and the idea of a "Social Contract".

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14

Fitzenberger, Bernd, and Ralf A. Wilke. "Unemployment Durations in West Germany Before and After the Reform of the Unemployment Compensation System during the 1980s." German Economic Review 11, no. 3 (2010): 336–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0475.2009.00479.x.

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Abstract This paper analyzes empirically the distribution of unemployment durations in West Germany during the 1980s and 1990s. It therefore covers periods before and after the changes during the mid-1980s in the maximum entitlement periods for unemployment benefits for older unemployed. The analysis is based on the IAB employment subsample containing administrative data for about 500,000 individuals. Since these data only partly reveal the unemployment duration in an economic sense, we use a narrow and a wide proxy for unemployment. Our empirical analysis finds significant changes in the dist

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15

Shields, Michael P., and Thomas Janoski. "The Political Economy of Unemployment: Active Labor Market Policy in West Germany." Southern Economic Journal 58, no. 3 (1992): 847. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1059867.

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16

Bergmann, Annette, and Antje Mertens. "Job Stability Trends, Lay-offs, and Transitions to Unemployment in West Germany." LABOUR 25, no. 4 (2011): 421–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9914.2011.00525.x.

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17

Lüdemann, Elke, Ralf A. Wilke, and Xuan Zhang. "Censored quantile regressions and the length of unemployment periods in West Germany." Empirical Economics 31, no. 4 (2006): 1003–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00181-006-0065-6.

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18

Wilke, Ralf A. "New Estimates of the Duration and Risk of Unemployment for West-Germany." Journal of Contextual Economics – Schmollers Jahrbuch 125, no. 2 (2005): 207–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/schm.125.2.207.

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19

Weskott, Johannes B. D. "Unemployment Compensation and Wages: A Difference-in-Differences Approach to Assessing the Wage Effects of the German Hartz Reforms." Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik 240, no. 1 (2020): 89–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbnst-2018-0020.

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AbstractThis paper examines the influence of the level of unemployment assistance (Arbeitslosengeld II) on the wage level by exploiting a quasi-natural experiment formed by the German Hartz reforms in 2005. Estimations are based on data from the Socioeconomic Panel ranging from 2000 to 2007. As dependent variables both real monthly gross salary and real hourly gross wage are used. Firstly, following the approach taken by Arent and Nagl (2013, Unemployment Compensation and Wages: Evidence from the German Hartz Reforms. Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik 233 (4): 450–466), a before-af

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20

Petrunyk, Inna, and Christian Pfeifer. "Life Satisfaction in Germany After Reunification: Additional Insights on the Pattern of Convergence." Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik 236, no. 2 (2016): 217–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbnst-2015-1010.

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Abstract The authors update previous findings on the total East-West gap in overall life satisfaction and its trend by using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) for the years 1992 to 2013. Additionally, the East-West gap and its trend are separately analyzed for men and women as well as for four birth cohorts. The results indicate that reported life satisfaction is on average significantly lower in East than in West German federal states and that part of the raw East-West gap is due to differences in household income and unemployment status. The conditional East-West gap decreased

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21

Lersch, Philipp M., Marita Jacob, and Karsten Hank. "Long-term Health Consequences of Adverse Labor Market Conditions at Time of Leaving Education: Evidence from West German Panel Data." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 59, no. 1 (2018): 151–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022146517749848.

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Using longitudinal survey data from the Socio-Economic Panel Study ( N = 3,003 respondents with 22,165 individual-year observations) and exploiting temporal and regional variation in state-level unemployment rates in West Germany, we explore differences in trajectories of individuals’ self-rated health over a period of up to 23 years after leaving education under different regional labor market conditions. We find evidence for immediate positive effects of contextual unemployment when leaving education on individuals’ health. We find no evidence for generally accelerated or decelerated health

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22

Bachmann, Ronald, and Michael C. Burda. "Sectoral Transformation, Turbulence and Labor Market Dynamics in Germany." German Economic Review 11, no. 1 (2010): 37–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0475.2009.00465.x.

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Abstract This paper analyzes the interaction between structural change and labor market dynamics in West Germany, during a period when industrial employment declined by more than 30% and service sector employment more than doubled. Using transition data on individual workers, we document a marked increase in structural change and turbulence, in particular since 1990. Net employment changes resulted partly from an increase in gross flows, but also from an increase in the net transition ‘yield’ at any given gross worker turnover. In growing sectors, net structural change was driven by accessions

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23

Gross, Dominique M. "The relative importance of some causes of unemployment: The case of West Germany." Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv 124, no. 3 (1988): 501–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02708663.

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24

Frick, Bernd, Miguel A. Malo, Pilar García Martínez, and Martin Schneider. "The Demand for Individual Grievance Procedures in Germany and Spain: Labour Law Changes versus Business Cycle." Studies of Applied Economics 30, no. 1 (2020): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.25115/eea.v30i1.3389.

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In this article, we analyze the determinants of annual number of grievance procedures, mainly individual complaints against unfair dismissals. Econometric analyses using two balanced panels from the 11 West German states (1964- 2006) and the 17 autonomous regions of Spain (1987-2006) show that labour market characteristics, such as the unemployment and the vacancy rate have a much stronger influence on the cyclical demand for individual grievance procedures than changes in “workers’ rights”. Thus, the individual costs of unemployment are better predictors of the demand for individual grievance

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25

Gross, Stephen. "The German Economy and East-Central Europe: The Development of Intra-Industry Trade from Ostpolitik to the Present." German Politics and Society 31, no. 3 (2013): 83–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/gps.2013.310305.

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Over the past decade Germany has had one of the most successfuleconomies in the developed world. Despite the ongoing Euro crisis unemploymenthas fallen below 7 percent, reaching its lowest levels since Germanreunification in 1990. Germany’s youth unemployment is among thelowest in Europe, far beneath the European average.1 One of the mostimportant engines of the German economy today, and in fact throughoutthe twentieth and twenty-first centuries, has been its export sector. As LudwigErhard, West Germany’s Economics Minister during the Wirtschaftswunderof the 1950s remarked: “foreign trade is q

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26

Cudny, Waldemar. "Socio-economic transformation of small towns in East Germany after 1990 - Colditz case study." Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series 17, no. 17 (2012): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10089-012-0004-6.

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Socio-economic transformation of small towns in East Germany after 1990 - Colditz case study The article presents the main demographic and social, as well as functional and spatial changes that took place in Colditz after 1990. The town is inhabited by 4,870 people (2009) and is situated in Saxony, in the area of the former German Democratic Republic (GDR). The aim of the article is to present the main changes, which took place there after East and West Germany reunited in 1990. The author describes demographic and social changes in the population size, population growth, migration balance, un

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27

Schmitt, Hermann, and Andreas M. Wüst. "The Extraordinary Bundestag Election of 2005: The Interplay of Long-term Trends and Short-term Factors." German Politics and Society 24, no. 1 (2006): 27–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/104503006780935324.

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When Chancellor Gerhard Schr?der went public and announced his plan for early elections on the evening of 22 May 2005, the SPD and the Green Party had just lost the state election in North-Rhine West-phalia. It was the last German state ruled by a Red-Green government, which left the federal government without any stable support in the Bundesrat. The chancellor's radical move resulted in early elections that neither the left (SPD and Greens) nor the conservative political camp (CDU/CSU and FDP) was able to win. While the citizens considered the CDU/CSU to be more competent to solve the country

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28

Wenau, Georg, Pavel Grigoriev, and Vladimir Shkolnikov. "Socioeconomic disparities in life expectancy gains among retired German men, 1997–2016." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 73, no. 7 (2019): 605–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2018-211742.

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BackgroundAlthough estimates of socioeconomic mortality disparities in Germany exist, the trends in these disparities since the 1990s are still unknown. This study examines mortality trends across socioeconomic groups since the late 1990s among retired German men aged 65 and above.MethodsLarge administrative data sets were used to estimate mortality among retired German men, grouped according to their working-life biographies. The data covered the years 1997–2016 and included more than 84.1 million person-years and 4.3 million deaths. Individual pension entitlements served as a measure of life

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29

Gross, Stephen G. "Making Space for Sanctions: The Economics of German Natural Gas Imports from Russia, 1982 and 2014 Compared." German Politics and Society 34, no. 3 (2016): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/gps.2016.340301.

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This article explores the economic context behind Germany’s decision to impose sanctions on Russia in 2014 in response to the Ukraine crisis, through the lens of energy and natural gas. It does so by comparing 2014 with another moment in German-Russian relations when questions of energy, economics, sanctions, and transatlantic politics converged—the Yamal natural gas pipeline in 1982. Then, West Germany had little economic latitude to disrupt trade with Russia because of its high unemployment rate, its balance of payments problems, and the large investments major German corporations had made i

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30

Mückenberger, Ulrich. "The Regulation of Strike Law in Times of New Technologies and Deregulation: The Case of West Germany." Articles 45, no. 1 (2005): 136–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/050564ar.

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Although the West German law of strike has remained relatively unchanged in the last decade, various specifie legislative amendments, notably with respect to the payment of unemployment Insurance benefits during a labour conflict, to the domain of collective bargaining and to employee representation in the undertaking, could well alter the strike practice. The cumulative effect of these changes is examined in the perspective of a labour market evolving under technological change.

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31

Moon, Jeremy, Douglas Webber, and J. J. Richardson. "Linking Policy Areas: IT education, training and youth unemployment in the UK and West Germany." Policy & Politics 14, no. 2 (1986): 161–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/030557386782628226.

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32

Gangl, Markus. "Unemployment Insurance and the Stability of Earnings: A Comparison of Work Exits from Unemployment in the United States and West Germany." Journal of Contextual Economics – Schmollers Jahrbuch 123, no. 1 (2003): 83–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/schm.123.1.83.

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33

Scharpf, Fritz W. "A Game-Theoretical Interpretation of Inflation and Unemployment in Western Europe." Journal of Public Policy 7, no. 3 (1987): 227–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x00004438.

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ABSTRACTThe paper aims at a more complete, yet still parsimonious, explanation of macro-economic policy failure and success during the ‘stagflation’ period of the 1970s. Focusing on four countries, Austria, Great Britain, Sweden and West Germany, it is shown that both runaway inflation and rising unemployment could be avoided whenever it was possible to achieve a Keynesian concertation between fiscal and monetary expansion on the one hand and union wage restraint on the other. The actual policy experiences of the four countries are then explained in terms of the linkage between a ‘coordination

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34

Corbett, David, and Thomas Janosky. "The Political Economy of Unemployment: Active Labor Market Policy in West Germany and the United States." Industrial and Labor Relations Review 45, no. 2 (1992): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2524860.

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35

Shalev, Michael, and Thomas Janoski. "The Political Economy of Unemployment: Active Labor Market Policy in West Germany and the United States." Contemporary Sociology 20, no. 6 (1991): 897. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2076178.

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36

Harris, Joseph. "The Political Economy of Unemployment: Active Labor Market Policy in West Germany and the United States." Journal of Economic Issues 25, no. 4 (1991): 1181–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00213624.1991.11505249.

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37

Gangl, Markus. "LABOR MARKET STRUCTURE AND RE-EMPLOYMENT RATES: UNEMPLOYMENT DYNAMICS IN WEST GERMANY AND THE UNITED STATES." Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 20 (January 2003): 185–224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0276-5624(03)20004-4.

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38

Clasen, Jochen. "Unemployment Insurance in Two Countries: a Comparative Analysis of Great Britain and West Germany in the 1980s." Journal of European Social Policy 2, no. 4 (1992): 279–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095892879200200403.

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39

Hamilton, Stephen F. "The Political Economy of Unemployment: Active Labor Market Policy in West Germany and the United States.Thomas Janoski." American Journal of Sociology 97, no. 2 (1991): 541–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/229792.

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40

Belinskii, A. V., and M. V. Khorol’skaya. "‘Another brick in the wall’. On the origins of nationalism in the ‘new’ federal states of Germany." Moscow University Bulletin of World Politics 13, no. 2 (2021): 87–125. http://dx.doi.org/10.48015/2076-7404-2021-13-2-87-125.

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A relatively broad support enjoyed by the populist and nationalist parties and movements (AfD, National Democratic Party of Germany, PEGIDA), as well as a higher rate of hate crimes in the eastern part of the Federal Republic of Germany raise a question on the nature of nationalism in this region. The present paper examines the causes of widespread xenophobic and nationalist sentiments in the ‘new’ federal states. To this end, the authors address a wide range of social-political and psychological factors, focusing on the historical roots and causes of the recent rise of nationalism in East Ger

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41

Mendolicchio, Concetta, and Thomas Rhein. "The gender gap of returns on education across West European countries." International Journal of Manpower 35, no. 3 (2014): 219–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-02-2013-0026.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to study the gender specific private returns on education (RE) in Europe in a comparative perspective. The authors extend the model of de la Fuente (2003) by estimating the parameters by gender and introducing maternity leaves and benefits. The paper analyses the impact of the public policy variables evaluating the elasticities with respect to unemployment benefits, marginal and average tax rates, maternity leave and childcare benefits. Design/methodology/approach – The authors estimate the Mincerian coefficients, with the Heckman’ selection model, for 12

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42

Veselý, Vlastimil, and Jan Kubeš. "Human and demographic capital in peripheral and core municipalities and regions and its development (northwest Bohemia)." Hungarian Geographical Bulletin 74, no. 1 (2025): 57–70. https://doi.org/10.15201/hungeobull.74.1.4.

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The paper compares the human and demographic capital of central, suburban, semi-peripheral and peripheral municipalities of the Karlovy Vary Region and also the regions of Czechia and neighbouring regions in Germany. Peripheral municipalities are considerably distant from meso- and micro-regional towns in terms of time spent on public transport. The demographic capital of municipalities is assessed according to indicators of population development, natural and migration balance, and age structure. In the evaluation of human capital, indicators of education, unemployment, foreclosures, entrepre

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43

Gangl, Markus. "Welfare States and the Scar Effects of Unemployment: A Comparative Analysis of the United States and West Germany." American Journal of Sociology 109, no. 6 (2004): 1319–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/381902.

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44

Klein, Markus. "The increasing unemployment gap between the low and high educated in West Germany. Structural or cyclical crowding-out?" Social Science Research 50 (March 2015): 110–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2014.11.010.

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45

Boismenu, Gérard. "Modèles politico-institutionnels et politique macroéconomique : analyse comparée de douze pays industrialisés 1960-1988 (Note)." Études internationales 26, no. 2 (2005): 237–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/703455ar.

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This study evaluates the impact of institutional forms on public policies in areas related to the wage relationship. We suggest that four political-institutional models, based on the configuration of political and social forces and of Systems of interest representation are accompanied by differentiated macroeconomic policies. This relationship is studied, with regression equations, for many issues of macroeconomic policies (unemployment, inflation, public expenditure, social transfers, public finances, economic growth), for two periods (1960-1975,1976-1988) and for twelve countries (Canada, Un

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46

Oudiz, Gilles. "European Policy Coordination: An Evaluation." Recherches économiques de Louvain 51, no. 3-4 (1985): 301–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0770451800082658.

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According to the European Community Commission the present level of unemployment in Europe should not only last but worsen in the foreseeable future (see CCE 1984). By 1988 the overall unemployment rate in Europe should reach 11,4% if the « optimistic » assumptions retained for the labor supply are to be realized.These are of course average figures but on the whole they correctly reflect the extraordinary convergence of European deflationary policies. Given structural differences, which remain very limited when one compares them to the other Western economies, the European governments seem to

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47

Okrostsvaridze, Nino. "Twofold Muhajirs at the Crossroads of Three Cultures: Turkish Georgians in Bergneustadt, Germany." Kadmos 6 (2014): 241–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.32859/kadmos/6/241-279.

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The contemporary world has been facing legal or illegal migrancy, based on social, economic, political, and religious determination. The number of migrants is growing every day. Mostly they are moving from the East to the West or Europe. Movement is not only physical activity, but it is displacement of culture, traditions and customs from one ethnical space to another one. During migration people take with them part of the total culture. On the new soil they encounter new reality, which could be the reason of dual existence, dissatisfaction. Our research addresses issue of migration of Turkish

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48

Knuth, Matthias, and Thorsten Kalina. "Early exit from the labour force between exclusion and privilege: Unemployment as a transition from employment to retirement in West Germany." European Societies 4, no. 4 (2002): 393–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1461669022000022351.

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49

Corbett, David. "Book Review: International and Comparative: The Political Economy of Unemployment: Active Labor Market Policy in West Germany and the United States." ILR Review 45, no. 2 (1992): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399204500231.

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Reitzle, Matthias, and Rainer K. Silbereisen. "The timing of adolescents' school-to-work transition in the course of social change: The example of German unification 1An earlier version of this paper was presented as part of the symposium “Übergang von der Schule in den Beruf [School-to-work transition]” (Chair: Dr. Jutta Heckhausen) at the 7th Tagung Pädagogische Psychologie [Meeting of Educational Psychology], September 13-16,1999, Fribourg, Switzerland. Data of the presented studies were taken from the research project “Antecedents and consequences of variations in the timing of development” (supported by the German Research Council: Si 296/14-1,2,3,4; principal investigator: Prof. Dr. R. K. Silbereisen). We would like to thank all the participants of our studies." Swiss Journal of Psychology 59, no. 4 (2000): 240–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024//1421-0185.59.4.240.

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Abstract:

The school-to-work transition has become more and more individualized over the last decades in the Federal Republic of Germany as in other Western industrialized countries. As compared to the 1950s and 1960s, the current educational system in Germany offers a greater variety of school tracks, apprenticeships, and training programs and provides a greater permeability between schools and programs. German unification offers a unique opportunity to study the influence of social and economic change on the individualization of the school-to-work transition, because change processes, resembling those

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