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Journal articles on the topic 'Unemployment, germany'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 10 March 2023

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1

Кудайберген and Pirimkul Kudaybergen. "Functions and the role of labor agency in social welfare and personnel management in Germany (through the example of immigrants)." Management of the Personnel and Intellectual Resources in Russia 3, no. 3 (June 17, 2014): 16–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/4872.

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The paper considers functions of the Labor Agency (Agency), which is an important mechanism for workforce management processes and procedures in the context of socially-oriented German economy. Agency activities are analyzed and how it practically implements social welfare principles (as exemplified by immigrants from CSI, Asian and African countries). The author operates based on his research and personal experience, gained while working in various German universities and companies. Special attention is given to how the Agency’s Center of Employment provide unemployed with unemployment relief and workplaces. Practical measures conducive to unemployment reduction are highlighted. It is emphasized that while Germany has powerful system of social welfare and sufficient unemployment reliefs, payroll taxes are also relatively high. Consequently, many immigrants try their hard to avoid working and prefer to live on the dole. Along with that the author reveals the reasons and ways through which German state officials discriminate immigrants thus favoring natives of Germany. Nevertheless, given one million vacancies to be filled throughout the country, many Germans reject the German tax system, emigrate and work successfully abroad (e.g., 65% of doctors in Switzerland are expatriate Germans). The paper specially emphasizes, that the majority of immigrants to Germany are poorly educated, poorly civilized Asians and Africans with extra families, while among native Germans single-child families prevail and highly qualified specialists do prevail among emigrants. Such social discrepancy arose discontent among German burghers which results in annual neo-Nazi anti-German marches in towns and villages. In conclusion the author provides recommendations for immigrants and Russians, willing to work in German, on how to integrate in the German society and adapt to labor market conditions of Germany.

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2

González Trujillo, Gerardo, and Deyanira Cruz Manzano. "Covid 19 and unemployment in Germany: Corporate and government strategies." Sapienza: International Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 3, no. 1 (February 14, 2022): 86–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.51798/sijis.v3i1.218.

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This article provides the guidance and literature on the benefits of German corporate and Government decisions through a correlational analysis between Covid 19 and unemployment rate, therefore, it was necessary to test the hypothesis that there is a low correlation between the above variables and show that the unemployment rate is low due to German corporate and government policies and strategies. The methodology which was used, is descriptive and correlational, because it was required to know the influence of COVID 19 and the unemployment rate of German companies and describe the German corporate and government strategies due the pandemic. It was concluded that COVID 19 phenomena in Germany doesn’t affect unemployment rate significatively. The German government and corporate policies, as well as, guidelines in companies have been efficiently.

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3

Kajuth, Florian. "NAIRU Estimates for Germany: New Evidence on the Inflation–Unemployment Tradeoff." German Economic Review 17, no. 1 (February 1, 2016): 104–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/geer.12055.

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Abstract Meaningful estimates of the non-accelerating inflation rate of unemployment (NAIRU) within a Phillips curve framework require an identified tradeoff between inflation and unemployment. However, observations of inflation and unemployment are equilibrium points giving rise to a simultaneity problem. We assess conventional identifying assumptions in the literature on the German NAIRU in a general bi-variate equations system of inflation and unemplyoment. We use a data-driven method for identification based on shifts in the relative volatility of shocks to unemployment and inflation to identify the tradeoff for Germany. Our results support models which estimate a contemporaneous effect of unemployment on inflation and those which model inflation and unemployment jointly.

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4

Silvia, Stephen J. "The Elusive Quest for Normalcy: The German Economy since Unification." German Politics and Society 28, no. 2 (June 1, 2010): 82–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/gps.2010.280206.

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This article investigates the progress that the eastern German economy has made since unification in two areas: unemployment and output. It finds that unemployment has remained persistently higher in eastern than in western Germany and output levels have remained extremely uniform across the eastern states. Keynesian and neoclassical economists have proposed differing explanations for the endurance of high unemployment in the East. The latter have the more convincing argument, which blames high initial wages in eastern Germany for producing a labor "trap," but this account is not without flaws. The best explanation for output uniformity is the content and volume of public investment in eastern Germany since unification. Public policy in the years immediately following unification is in large part responsible for both outcomes. Economic modeling indicates that wage subsidies targeted at low-income employment would be the most effective means to break the current high-unemployment equilibrium in eastern Germany, but the political barriers to adopting such a policy are just as formidable as they were a decade ago, when such a policy was briefly considered.

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5

Hunt, Jennifer. "The Effect of Unemployment Compensation on Unemployment Duration in Germany." Journal of Labor Economics 13, no. 1 (January 1995): 88–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/298369.

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6

Hall, John, and Udo Ludwig. "Explaining persistent unemployment in eastern Germany." Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 29, no. 4 (July 1, 2007): 601–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/pke0160-3477290404.

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7

Rahn, Daniela, and Enzo Weber. "PATTERNS OF UNEMPLOYMENT DYNAMICS IN GERMANY." Macroeconomic Dynamics 23, no. 1 (October 30, 2017): 322–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100516001358.

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Using a structural vector autoregressive (SVAR) model, this paper provides deeper insight into unemployment dynamics in Germany. We identify a technology shock and two policy shocks that play a central role in business cycle research. Accordingly, we enrich the discussion on the sources of unemployment dynamics by considering demand-side impulses. The worker reallocation process varies substantially with the identified shocks. The job-finding rate plays a larger role after a technology shock and a monetary policy shock, whereas the separation rate appears to be the dominant margin after a fiscal policy shock. Technology shocks turn out to be relatively important for variations in the transition rates. Regarding policy shocks, our results point toward fiscal interventions as a promising instrument but with several limitations.

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8

Burda, Michael C., and Jeffrey D. Sachs. "Assessing High Unemployment in West Germany." World Economy 11, no. 4 (December 1988): 543–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9701.1988.tb00148.x.

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9

ERLINGHAGEN, MARCEL, and MATTHIAS KNUTH. "Unemployment as an Institutional Construct? Structural Differences in Non-Employment between Selected European Countries and the United States." Journal of Social Policy 39, no. 1 (September 21, 2009): 71–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279409990390.

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AbstractA comparison of unemployment rates in Germany, the Netherlands, France, Denmark, the UK and the United States suggests poor performance by the German labour market. The present study endeavours to show that a more sophisticated picture of unemployment can be drawn by taking into account additional forms of non-employment (such as incapacity, retirement or labour reserve). For this purpose, data from the ‘European Social Survey’ (ESS) and the survey ‘Citizenship, Involvement and Democracy’ collected in 2004 and 2005 have been analysed. While ‘unemployment’ plays a dominant role in Germany, people with comparable demographic characteristics and similar health status are more likely to identify themselves as ‘permanently sick or disabled’ and hence are classified thus in other countries. The results of this study underline that an international comparison of labour market performance, particularly a comparison of the effectiveness of labour market and social policy reforms, should not rely only on employment and unemployment rates. Taking alternate forms of non-employment into account can enhance one's knowledge and understanding of the functional differences between the labour markets in Europe and the United States.

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10

Fitzenberger, Bernd, and Ralf A. Wilke. "New Insights into Unemployment Duration and Post Unemployment Earnings in Germany*." Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 72, no. 6 (November 17, 2010): 794–826. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.2010.00597.x.

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11

Steyer, Katrin. "Unemployment, Effects of Government Measures and Employment Effects During the Corona Crisis in Germany." ACTA VŠFS 16, no. 2 (December 15, 2022): 116–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.37355/acta-2022/2-02.

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During the corona pandemic, policymakers in Germany had to act swiftly. There were targeted corona aid and programmes. The impact of the programmes on the development of unemployment is the subject of research, especially in German-speaking countries. There are gaps in knowledge regarding the impact of the pandemic on gender unemployment. By analysing the research in a structured way and combining it with the analysis of unemployment data, it is shown that the Corona measures helped prevent unemployment. It also shows that women were more affected by unemployment. The increased risk of becoming unemployed is followed by a higher risk of remaining unemployed for longer. Studies show that women are significantly more affected by this risk than in previous recessions. The results indicate that women are more likely to be unemployed for longer due to their desire to work in sectors that are typical for women. Considering the shortage of skilled labour is a prevalent issue, the author proposes targeted policy advice to bring women out of unemployment without stereotypes.

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12

Podolskiy, Vadim A. "Social policy in Germany." Proceedings of the Southwest State University. Series: History and Law 11, no. 6 (2021): 145–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21869/2223-1501-2021-11-6-145-155.

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Relevance. German social policy solutions became an example for imitation for other countries, including Russia, and are usually considered to be a standard due to their coverage and efficiency. Studying the German experience is valuable for development of the political science and for reforming the social policy systems. Purpose – to describe the origins and implementation of the social state in Germany. Objectives: to present the development and functioning of the pension and medical insurance systems, unem-ployment insurance and measures of the public social support. Methodology: comparative and historical approach, analysis of legal documents and institutions. Results. The foundations of the social assistance in Germany were created in the end of the XIX century and the beginning of the XX century, with introduction of programs of insurance funding for medical expenses and old-age and disability pensions, followed by unemployment insurance. The system operates for more than a century and effectively accomplishes the task of risk pooling, and it mainly relies on self-government. In the second half of the XX century the law that regulated the social assistance in Germany was extended significantly, the burden on the budget increased, as well as size of the insurance contributions. Citizens obtained the right for family benefits, the role of the housing benefits, unemployment and low-income support was increased. In the end of the XX century Germany introduced insurance to fund the long-term care. Conclusion. A developed system of social support exists in Germany, it relies on centuries-old traditions of local and corporative mutual help, with coordination and subsidies coming from the federal centre. The most powerful elements of the German social policy, which secure its’ efficiency, are historically established self-government and soli-darity

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13

Bazzani, Tania. "Italy, Denmark and Germany." European Labour Law Journal 8, no. 2 (June 2017): 133–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2031952517712124.

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The article analyses the latest reforms in active and passive labour market policies (LMPs) in Germany, Italy and Denmark, within a European perspective. These Member States employ three of the various kinds of social security systems found in the EU - Continental, Mediterranean and Nordic - and provide an interesting example for comparison of differences/common trends in LMPs. This contribution focuses particularly on the principal characteristics of each protection system in the event of unemployment and on the relationships between unemployment benefits and activation policies and highlights the links between the European Employment Guidelines and the regulation under analysis.

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14

HOHMEYER, KATRIN, and TORSTEN LIETZMANN. "Persistence of Welfare Receipt and Unemployment in Germany: Determinants and Duration Dependence." Journal of Social Policy 49, no. 2 (May 21, 2019): 299–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279419000242.

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AbstractAlthough the German economy managed the last economic recession comparatively well, it suffers from high and stagnating long-term unemployment and benefit receipt. This article is the first to study the duration and determinants of welfare benefit (“unemployment benefit II”) receipt in Germany as a whole, with special attention on duration dependence. The recipients of the means-tested household benefit are not necessarily registered as unemployed, but are, for example, employed with insufficient earnings, in training measures or economically inactive. Due to the heterogeneous situations of welfare recipients, separately studying welfare receipt and unemployment is necessary. By using exceptionally rich administrative data on a 1% random sample of welfare recipients from between 2005 and 2014, we estimate discrete-time hazard rate models that control for unobserved heterogeneity. The first benefit and unemployment episodes for first welfare recipients between 2006 and 2012 (n = 26,163) are traced monthly until 31 December 2014. Recipients leave unemployment more quickly than welfare. Sociodemographic characteristics, labour market resources and the duration seem to affect both processes. Household composition is less important for leaving unemployment than for leaving welfare. Overall, the results indicate that leaving unemployment and leaving welfare receipt are two different processes that need distinct policies.

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15

Palat, Milan. "Integration prospects of Turkey into European Structures and Turkish Immigration to Germany." BORDER CROSSING 1, no. 1 (November 1, 2014): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/bc.v4i1-2.515.

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The objective of the paper was to evaluate Turkey’s integration prospects into European structures and relationships between immigration from Turkey and economic indicators in Germany using quantitative methods. Despite Turkey’s unclear European integration prospects, it is predicted that Turkish immigration to established member countries of the EU will continue. The strongest waves may flow to Germany, Netherlands or France, where numerous Turkish minorities are already present and where the living standards are high. Results from the statistical analysis of the paper showed a positive correlation between immigration total and the growth of gross domestic product On the other hand, a negative correlation of immigration total and unemployment was found and a positive relationship between immigration total and income total which is in agreement with the expected dependency direction. With regards to immigration from Turkey it is less correlated to unemployment than immigration total. But there is a correlation between immigration from Turkey and the stock of foreigners in Germany This is in accordance with the theoretical concept of network theory where an existing community of migrants keeps attracting new migrants because the costs and risks associated with migration are lower, thanks to established linkages to the country of origin. The observed correlation of migration and unemployment points to the fact that immigration to Germany responds to changes in demand in the labour market. Even though a time lag may occur in the case of unemployment and immigration, migration appears to be a relatively effective mechanism to offset existing imbalances in German labour markets.

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16

Arent, Stefan, and Wolfgang Nagl. "Unemployment Compensation and Wages: Evidence from the German Hartz Reforms." Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik 233, no. 4 (August 1, 2013): 450–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbnst-2013-0402.

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Summary Using the introduction of fixed unemployment assistance in Germany in 2005 as a unique natural experiment, we find strong evidence that decreased unemployment compensation has an adverse effect on wages. We use micro panel data to identify and estimate the effect of this structural break. In eastern and western Germany, the relative effect is higher for women. In western Germany, the relative effect increases with skill level. In eastern Germany, there is no clear skill-specific pattern.

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17

Auspurg, Katrin, Josef Brüderl, and Thomas Wöhler. "Does Immigration Reduce the Support for Welfare Spending? A Cautionary Tale on Spatial Panel Data Analysis." American Sociological Review 84, no. 4 (July 10, 2019): 754–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003122419856347.

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There has been a long-lasting debate over whether increasing ethnic diversity undermines support for social welfare, and whether this conflict thesis applies not only to the United States, but also to European welfare states. In their 2016 ASR article, Schmidt-Catran and Spies analyzed a panel (1994 to 2010) of regional units in Germany and concluded that this thesis also holds for Germany. We argue that their analysis suffers from misspecification: their model specification assumes parallel time trends in welfare support in all German regions. However, time trends strongly differed between Western and Eastern Germany after reunification. In the 1990s, Eastern Germans’ attitudes adapted to a less interventionist Western welfare system (“Goodbye Lenin effect”). When allowing for heterogeneous time trends, we find no evidence that increasing proportions of foreigners undermine welfare support, or that this association is moderated by economic hardship (high unemployment rates). We conclude with some general suggestions regarding the conceptualization of context effects in spatial analyses.

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18

Provenzano, Sandro. "The Empirics of Hidden Labor Force Dynamics in Germany." Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik 237, no. 5 (November 27, 2017): 373–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbnst-2017-0110.

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Abstract The unemployment rate is the core indicator when researchers and policy-makers assess the level of underemployment in an economy. However, accumulating evidence suggests that the unemployment rate is biased and underestimates the true level of underemployment. Closing this gap is especially important because the distortion systematically changes along the business cycle and affects the various subgroups of the population differently. Neglecting these effects when setting up policies might flaw its effectiveness and result in unexpected outcomes. Although the existence of these effects is widely agreed upon only little is known about the magnitude of these effects across various subgroups. Using a highly disaggregated dataset from Germany, this study examines the dynamics in labor force participation that go beyond the unemployment rate. Ample evidence is found that the discouraged and the added worker effect significantly affect particular subgroups in the German labor market. In addition, the discouraged and the added worker effect are generally found to be very symmetric in economic upturns and downturns. Moreover, the labor market reforms in Germany between 2003 and 2005 are found to have reduced the discouraged worker effect on average by 25%, leaving the added worker effect unchanged.

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19

Rákosník, Jakub. "Unemployment care in Weimar Germany - international perspective." Acta Oeconomica Pragensia 17, no. 1 (February 1, 2009): 78–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.18267/j.aop.5.

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20

Clark, Andrew, Andreas Knabe, and Steffen Rätzel. "Unemployment as a Social Norm in Germany." Schmollers Jahrbuch 129, no. 2 (April 2009): 251–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/schm.129.2.251.

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21

Sackmann, Reinhold, Michael Windzio, and Matthias Wingens. "Unemployment and social mobility in East Germany." International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 21, no. 4/5/6 (May 2001): 92–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01443330110789457.

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22

Harvey, E. "Unemployment and the Great Depression in Germany." German History 5, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 109–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gh/5.1.109.

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23

Kaiser, Micha, Mirjam Reutter, Alfonso Sousa-Poza, and Kristina Strohmaier. "Smoking and local unemployment: Evidence from Germany." Economics & Human Biology 29 (May 2018): 138–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2018.02.004.

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24

Hansen, Gerd. "Unemployment and the Wage Wedge in Germany." Journal of Contextual Economics – Schmollers Jahrbuch 116, no. 2 (February 1, 1996): 167–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/schm.116.2.167.

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25

Bayer, Christian, and Falko Jüßen. "Convergence in West German Regional Unemployment Rates." German Economic Review 8, no. 4 (December 1, 2007): 510–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0475.2007.00416.x.

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Abstract Differences in regional unemployment rates are often used to describe regional economic inequality. This paper asks whether changes in regional unemployment differences in West Germany are persistent over time. Understanding the persistency of regional unemployment differences helps us to assess how effective regional policy can be. While univariate tests suggest that changes in regional unemployment differences are persistent in West Germany, more powerful panel tests lend some support to the hypothesis that regional unemployment rates converge. However, these tests reveal a moderate speed of convergence at best. Because there is a structural break following the second oil crisis, we also use tests that allow for such a break. This provides evidence for both convergence and quick adjustment to an equilibrium distribution of regional unemployment rates that is, however, subject to a structural break.

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26

Silvia, Stephen J. "A Silver Age? The German Economy since Reunification." German Politics and Society 37, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 74–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/gps.2019.370407.

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Since German unification, assessments of the German economy have swung from “sick man of the euro” in the early years to dominant hegemon of late. I argue that the German economy appears strong because of its recent positive performance in two politically salient areas: unemployment and the current account. A deeper assessment reveals, however, that German economic performance cannot be considered a second economic miracle, but is at best a mini miracle. The reduction in unemployment is an important achievement. That said, it was not the product of faster growth, but of sharing the same volume of work among more individuals. Germany’s current account surpluses are as much the result of weak domestic demand as of export prowess. Germany has also logged middling performances in recent years regarding growth, investment, productivity, and compensation. The article also reviews seven challenges Germany has faced since unification: financial transfers from west to east, the global financial crisis, the euro crisis, internal and external migration, demographics, climate change, and upheavals in the automobile industry. German policy-makers managed the first four challenges largely successfully. The latter three will be more difficult to tackle in the future.

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Solaz, Anne, Marika Jalovaara, Michaela Kreyenfeld, Silvia Meggiolaro, Dimitri Mortelmans, and Inge Pasteels. "Unemployment and separation: Evidence from five European countries." Journal of Family Research 32, no. 1 (April 1, 2020): 145–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.20377/jfr-368.

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Since the 1970s, several European countries have experienced high union dissolution risk as well as high unemployment rates. The extent to which adverse economic conditions are associated with union instability is still unknown. This study explores the relationship between both individual and aggregate unemployment and union dissolution risk in five European countries before the recent economic crisis. Using rich longitudinal data from Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, and Italy, the empirical analysis, based on discrete-time event history models, shows that male unemployment consistently increases the risk of union dissolution. While a strong association is observed between male unemployment and separation at the micro level, no association is found between male unemployment and union dissolution at the macro level. The results for female unemployment are mixed, and the size of the impact of female unemployment is smaller in magnitude than that of male unemployment. In Germany and Italy, where until very recently work is less compatible with family life than in other countries, female unemployment is not significantly associated with union dissolution.

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von Koppenfels, Amanda Klekowski. "Second-Class Citizens? Restricted Freedom of Movement for Spätaussiedler is Constitutional." German Law Journal 5, no. 7 (July 1, 2004): 761–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200012852.

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The right to the freedom of movement for all Germans is one of the nineteen so-called Grundrechte (Fundamental Rights) and is enshrined in Article 11(1) of the German Grundgesetz (Basic Law): “All Germans enjoy freedom of movement throughout the Federal territory.” On 17 March 2004, however, the Bundesverfassungsgericht (Federal Constitutional Court) handed down a decision in which it concluded that the restriction of freedom of movement for one clearly defined group of German citizens is constitutional. Pursuant to the Wohnortzuweisungsgesetz, or Residence Assignment Act, as amended in 1996, Spätaussiedler (ethnic German migrants from the former Soviet Union who are eligible for full citizenship status), may have their freedom of movement restricted during the first three years of their residency in Germany. The restriction on their freedom of movement is triggered if they seek to avail themselves of any of a range of social benefits, including: welfare, some forms of unemployment assistance (Arbeitslosenhilfe), or integration assistance directed at Spätaussiedler, such as a six-month language course. Confronted with the loss of these social benefits, Spätaussiedler who nonetheless choose to exercise their freedom of movement are eligible to receive only a subsistence level of support. This restriction applies, nearly without exception, to all Spätaussiedler for the first three years of their residence in Germany due to the high rate of reliance among Spätaussiedler in their initial years in Germany upon these forms of public assistance.

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Nitsche, Natalie, and Karl Ulrich Mayer. "Subjective Perceptions of Employment Mobility: A Comparison of East and West Germany." Comparative Sociology 12, no. 2 (2013): 184–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691330-12341260.

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Abstract There is an ongoing debate over whether the stability of working lives in Germany has declined in recent decades. In this piece, we contribute to the literature by arguing that subjective mobility perceptions, hence individuals’ self-reported mobility desires and experiences, should receive more attention in the debate. While it is, for example, well known that German reunification affected worklife mobility of East Germans through high unemployment and firm mobility, little is known about subjective mobility desires, specifically in an East-West German comparative perspective. Using a retrospective cross-sectional data set from 2005, we therefore investigate East-West German differences in retrospective and future mobility desires and subjectively reported mobility experiences and expectations. We also examine if there is evidence for East-West German differences in voluntary versus involuntary employment mobility. Our findings indeed show that retrospectively reported desires for stable working lives are more prevalent among East Germans. In addition, we find suggestive evidence for elevated levels of undesired firm mobility and employment interruptions among East Germans born between 1945 and 1965, and for increases in undesired employment interruptions and firm mobility among younger West German but not East German men. These latter results serve as suggestive evidence for future hypothesis building only, since our data does not provide information on the desirability of specific mobility events but on cumulative experiences and retrospective mobility desires only.

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Neumann, Michael. "Das deutsche Jugendbeschäftigungswunder." Perspektiven der Wirtschaftspolitik 13, no. 3 (August 2012): 239–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2516.2012.00387.x.

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AbstractThe unemployment among young people in Germany is one of the lowest in Europe. Notably, the relation between the unemployment rate among young people and the standard unemployment rate is rather low compared to other EU member states. How can this phenomenon be explained? We show, that the German vocational education system ensures labour market entry for many graduates, but also, that vocational preparation courses are extensively used by low skilled young people. If we reassess youth unemployment by the number of participants in such courses we obtain a “shadow unemployment rate for young people” which is in line with official international data. Therefore, minimum labour market qualification standards are often not met by young people. To ensure labour market entry for these persons, we suggest that apprenticeship pay should allowed to be differentiated by qualification. Furthermore, vocational preparation courses should be constructed in a way which leads the young people directly into vocational training with certified degrees.

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Antosiewicz, Marek, and Piotr Lewandowski. "Labour market fluctuations in GIPS – shocks vs adjustments." International Journal of Manpower 38, no. 7 (October 2, 2017): 913–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-04-2017-0080.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify factors behind cyclical fluctuations and differences in adjustments to shocks in Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain (GIPS) and a reference country – Germany. The authors try to answer the question whether the GIPS countries could have fared differently in the Great Recession if they reacted to shocks affecting them like a resilient German economy would have. Design/methodology/approach The authors use a DSGE model of real open economy with search and matching on the labour market and endogenous job destruction, estimated separately for each country. The authors calculate impulse response functions, historical decompositions and perform counterfactual simulations of the response of the German model to the sequence of shocks identified for each of GIPS. Findings The authors find that all GIPS countries were more vulnerable to productivity and foreign demand shocks than Germany. They would have experienced lower macroeconomic volatility if they reacted to their shocks like Germany. Employment (unemployment) rates in GIPS would have been less volatile and higher (lower) during the Great Recession, especially in Spain and Greece. Real wage volatility would have been higher, especially in Spain and Portugal. Originality/value The trade-off between unemployment and wage adjustments vis-à-vis Germany was the largest in Spain, which also would have experienced lower variability of job separations and hirings. The evolution of the labour market in Greece and Portugal was driven rather by its higher responsiveness to GDP fluctuations than in Germany, whereas Italy emerges as the least responsive labour market within GIPS.

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32

Lindemann, Kristina, and Markus Gangl. "The intergenerational effects of unemployment: How parental unemployment affects educational transitions in Germany." Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 62 (August 2019): 100410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rssm.2019.100410.

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33

Overy, R. J., and Peter D. Stachura. "Unemployment and the Great Depression in Weimar Germany." Economic History Review 42, no. 1 (February 1989): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2597072.

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34

Hüther, Michael, and Judith Niehues. "Inequality and Unemployment in Germany: Perception and Reality." Journal of Contextual Economics – Schmollers Jahrbuch 141, no. 1-2 (January 1, 2021): 25–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/schm.141.1-2.25.

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35

Barclay, David E., and Peter D. Stachura. "Unemployment and the Great Depression in Weimar Germany." American Historical Review 93, no. 1 (February 1988): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1865773.

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36

Jancius, Angela. "Unemployment, deindustrialization, and ‘community economy’ in eastern Germany." Ethnos 71, no. 2 (June 2006): 213–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00141840600733694.

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Gerlach, Knut, and Gesine Stephan. "A paper on unhappiness and unemployment in Germany." Economics Letters 52, no. 3 (September 1996): 325–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-1765(96)00858-0.

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38

Berger, Helge, and Michael Neugart. "Labor courts, nomination bias, and unemployment in Germany." European Journal of Political Economy 27, no. 4 (December 2011): 659–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2011.05.006.

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39

Boeters, Stefan, Nicole Gürtzgen, and Reinhold Schnabel. "Reforming Social Welfare in Germany: An Applied General Equilibrium Analysis." German Economic Review 7, no. 4 (December 1, 2006): 363–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0475.2006.00124.x.

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Abstract In this paper, the effects of social assistance reform proposals are discussed for the case of Germany using a computable general equilibrium model that incorporates a discrete choice model of labour supply. This allows us to identify general equilibrium effects of the reforms on wages and unemployment. The simulation results show that general equilibrium wage reactions mitigate labour supply effects and that unemployment in fact decreases. Wage reactions are thus sufficiently strong to prevent additional labour supply from translating into higher unemployment. The simulations indicate that major cuts in welfare payments are necessary to produce substantial employment effects.

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Khrystoforova, Olena M., Maryna S. Tatar, Olena A. Sergienko, and Maksym V. Babenko. "Opportunities of Ukrainians’ Adaptation in Germany and Positive German Experience Implementation in the Development of Social Programs in Ukraine." Business Inform 10, no. 537 (2022): 97–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2022-10-97-107.

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Since the beginning of the war in Ukraine Germany is among the countries that have accepted the largest number of refugees from Ukraine. Despite the financial support of Germany to Ukrainian citizens, the solvency of Ukrainians, the sufficiency of their savings accumulated in Ukraine for living in Germany, the opportunities and problems for adaptation in Germany associated with the language barrier, the need for retraining of specialists in many specialties, problems for buying own housing in Germany, etc. remain a topical issue. The main indicators of the development of Germany and Ukraine, the comparison of living standards of the population in these countries, and the level of social security are considered in the article. The results of the study showed that the Ukrainian system of providing social assistance is imperfect, as there is no single Social Code, in contrast, there is an undeveloped institution of social inspection, and a low level of social benefits. At the same time, the level of protection of citizens in Ukraine is much lower than in Germany. In Ukraine, the wage level is not competitive. Ukrainians spend almost half of their income on the basic food needs. Therefore, there is no doubt that the post-war reconstruction of Ukraine should include both the necessary financing and the necessary reforms in Ukraine. The authors analyze the characteristic features of the German social assistance system, among which are: financing of the vast majority of social benefits at the expense of insurance contributions; unity and orderliness of social legislation; high level of development of the institute of social inspection, which is a guarantee for the objective assignment of social assistance; high level of social protection of refugees, which is a prerequisite for public peace and social stability; individual approach to the assignment of unemployment social assistance, which contributes to a lower level of unemployment compared to other European countries. The carried out research makes possible to substantiate the directions of the introduction of the German experience into the Ukrainian system of providing social services.

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GEYER, JOHANNES, and VIKTOR STEINER. "Future public pensions and changing employment patterns across birth cohorts." Journal of Pension Economics and Finance 13, no. 2 (November 12, 2013): 172–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474747213000334.

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AbstractWe analyse the impacts of changing employment patterns and pension reforms on the future level of public pensions across birth cohorts in Germany. The analysis is based on a microsimulation model and a rich data set that combines household survey data from the German Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP) and process-produced microdata from the German pension insurance. We account for cohort effects in individual employment and unemployment affecting earnings over the life cycle as well as the differential impact of recent pension reforms. For individuals born between 1937 and 1971, cohort effects vary greatly by region, gender and education, and strongly affect life cycle earnings profiles. The largest effects can be observed for younger cohorts in East Germany and for the low educated. Using simulated life cycle employment and income profiles, we project gross future pensions across cohorts taking into account changing demographics and recent pension reforms. Simulations show that pension levels for East German men and women will fall dramatically among younger birth cohorts, not only because of policy reforms but also due to higher cumulated unemployment. For West German men, the small reduction of average pension levels among younger birth cohorts is mainly driven by the impact of pension reforms, while future pension levels of West German women are increasing or stable due to rising labour market participation of younger birth cohorts.

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Siebert, Horst. "Why the German Labor Market is Failing." International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations 20, Issue 4 (December 1, 2004): 489–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ijcl2004026.

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Abstract: This paper looks at the institutional structure of the German labor market and analyzes why Germany’s present set-up produces unemployment. A high reservation wage, i.e. the wage that unemployed people are prepared to work for, determined by the level of government support, has dried up the lower segment of the labor market. Social security contributions represent a tax on labor and provide an incentive for firms to reduce jobs. In addition, the wage policy of the trade unions has overtaken full employment productivity growth. The paper also describes and evaluates the reforms undertaken in Germany to deal with these causes of unemployment.

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Lester, David. "Murder Rates in the Regions of Germany." Psychological Reports 90, no. 2 (April 2002): 446. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2002.90.2.446.

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44

Dustmann, Christian, Bernd Fitzenberger, Uta Schönberg, and Alexandra Spitz-Oener. "From Sick Man of Europe to Economic Superstar: Germany's Resurgent Economy." Journal of Economic Perspectives 28, no. 1 (February 1, 2014): 167–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.28.1.167.

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In the late 1990s and into the early 2000s, Germany was often called “the sick man of Europe.” Indeed, Germany's economic growth averaged only about 1.2 percent per year from 1998 to 2005, including a recession in 2003, and unemployment rates rose from 9.2 percent in 1998 to 11.1 percent in 2005. Today, after the Great Recession, Germany is described as an “economic superstar.” In contrast to most of its European neighbors and the United States, Germany experienced almost no increase in unemployment during the Great Recession, despite a sharp decline in GDP in 2008 and 2009. Germany's exports reached an all-time record of $1.738 trillion in 2011, which is roughly equal to half of Germany's GDP, or 7.7 percent of world exports. Even the euro crisis seems not to have been able to stop Germany's strengthening economy and employment. How did Germany, with the fourth-largest GDP in the world transform itself from “the sick man of Europe” to an “economic superstar” in less than a decade? We present evidence that the specific governance structure of the German labor market institutions allowed them to react flexibly in a time of extraordinary economic circumstances, and that this distinctive characteristic of its labor market institutions has been the main reason for Germany's economic success over the last decade.

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Funke, Norbert, and Akimi Matsuda. "Macroeconomic News and Stock Returns in the United States and Germany." German Economic Review 7, no. 2 (May 1, 2006): 189–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0475.2006.00152.x.

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Abstract Using daily data for the January 1997 to June 2002 period, we analyze similarities and differences in the impact of macroeconomic news on stock returns in the United States and Germany. We consider 27 different types of news for the United States and 12 different types of news for Germany. For the United States, we present evidence for asymmetric reactions of stock prices to news. In a boom (recession) period, bad (good) news on GDP growth and unemployment or lower (higher) than expected interest rates may be good news for stock prices. In the period under consideration there is little evidence for asymmetric effects in Germany. However, in the case of Germany, international news appears at least as important as domestic news. There is no evidence that US stock prices are influenced by German news. The analysis of bi-hourly data for Germany confirms these results.

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Flick, Uwe, Benjamin Hans, Andreas Hirseland, Sarah Rasche, and Gundula Röhnsch. "Migration, Unemployment, and Lifeworld." Qualitative Inquiry 23, no. 1 (July 8, 2016): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077800416655828.

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Migration is an issue for many countries. It affects several areas of social problems, for example, work and unemployment. A relevant issue to study in the context of unemployment and social welfare is, “Which are experiences of migrants with different language backgrounds in finding work and support?” For a running study with episodic interviews and mobile methods with migrants from the former Soviet Union to Germany, several issues are discussed in a “new critical inquiry”: Critical issues in the studied area (help, control, normative claims); applying (familiar) qualitative methods (interviewing in various languages and cultural backgrounds or mobile methods); triangulation in a new critical migration research.

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Möller, Joachim, and Matthias Umkehrer. "Are there Long-Term Earnings Scars from Youth Unemployment in Germany?" Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik 235, no. 4-5 (August 1, 2015): 474–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbnst-2015-4-509.

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Summary We analyze the relationship between early-career unemployment and prime-age earnings with German administrative linked employer-employee data. The careers of more than 720,000 male apprenticeship graduates from the cohorts of 1978 to 1980 are followed over 24 years. On average, early-career unemployment has substantial negative effects on earnings accumulated later in life. An identification strategy based on plant closure of the training firm at the time of graduation suggests that the revealed correlation is not the result of unobserved heterogeneity. Scarring effects also vary considerably across the earnings distribution. Workers with a high earning potential are able to offset adverse consequences of early-career unemployment to a large extent. Workers who are located at the bottom of the prime-age earnings distribution, in contrast, suffer substantial and persistent losses. Our findings imply that a policy with the aim of preventing early-career unemployment would have long-lasting beneficial effects on future earnings.

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Dlugosz, Stephan, Ralf A. Wilke, and Gesine Stephan. "Fixing the Leak: Unemployment Incidence before and after a Major Reform of Unemployment Benefits in Germany." German Economic Review 15, no. 3 (August 1, 2014): 329–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/geer.12014.

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Abstract We present first empirical results on the effects of a large scale reduction in unemployment benefit entitlement lengths on unemployment inflows in Germany. We show that this highly disputed element of the Hartz-Reforms in 2006 induced a rush of workers and firms to take advantage of the previous legislation in its last days. Furthermore, we find a considerable decline in transitions to unemployment and an increase in employment rates among older workers after the reform. Our results provide new evidence for the importance of changes in unemployment inflows for the analysis of changes in unemployment outflows.

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Bickes, Hans, Tina Otten, and Laura Chelsea Weymann. "The financial crisis in the German and English press: Metaphorical structures in the media coverage on Greece, Spain and Italy." Discourse & Society 25, no. 4 (July 2014): 424–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926514536956.

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The German media presentation of the so-called Greek financial crisis caused an unexpected uproar in Germany. An anti-Greek sentiment evolved and spread among German citizens and solidarity for crisis-hit Greece was mostly rejected. Public surveys revealed that many Germans even wanted Greece to exit the Eurozone immediately. This article highlights the crucial role of the media in shaping the negative public opinion. In 2010, a period which has lately been referred to as Greek bashing, the German press had discussed the Greek financial crisis heatedly and controversially. Europe’s largest daily newspaper, BILD, published numerous reports that implicitly and explicitly constituted the myth of the corrupt and lazy Greeks in comparison to the hard-working Germans. In 2012, the crisis had spread much further, and not only Greece but other countries too were suffering from high debt, economic stagnation and unemployment. The news coverage became more moderate and conciliating and presented the dramatic social consequences for the respective population. This study highlights not only the development of the German media’s tenor on the Greek crisis through time, but adds an international perspective and widens the view by comparing the media treatment of the different countries involved. Based on 122 online articles, the study methodologically focuses on the analysis of metaphorical language in the news coverage of three comparable international news magazines: SPIEGEL (Germany), The Economist (the UK) and TIME (the USA), and contrasts the representation of Greece with the depiction of larger indebted European countries like Spain and Italy. The analysis shows remarkable differences in the evaluation and presentation of the crisis, which can be linked to the degree of involvement of Germany, the UK and the USA in European policies.

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Dunsch, Sophie. "Okun’s Law and Youth Unemployment in Germany and Poland." International Journal of Management and Economics 49, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 34–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijme-2016-0003.

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Abstract Unemployment rates, especially among youth, have increased in various countries of Europe over the last years. This paper examines changes in youth unemployment in Germany and Poland with Okun’s law, testing that young employees are more vulnerable to the business cycle. I estimate country specific Okun coefficients for five different age cohorts. The results show that youth in Poland is more sensitive to business cycle fluctuations than adults, while in Germany the difference between the age cohorts is not that distinctive. In addition, cohort differences in Germany are not statistically significant, while they are significant in Poland but only with regard to the two oldest age cohorts. A further examination of the different labor market institutions affecting youth employment suggests long-term policy recommendations extending beyond GDP growth, such as structural reforms in education, as well as job-search assistance as short-term recommendation.

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