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1
Mathebula, Inocent Nelson. "Determinants of unemployment and earnings in South Africa." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1958.
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Thesis (M. Sc. (Statistics)) --University of Limpopo, 2017.South Africa is one of the countries with chronic high unemployment rate. The unemployment rate has consistently been above 24% for a considerable period of time. It is important for policy and decision makers to know the type of persons who are unemployed, and underemployed in order to come up with the right intervention. The purpose of this study was to find and describe the determinants of unemployment, underemployment, and earnings in South Africa. In order to realize the objectives of the study, secondary data from 2012 Quarterly Labour Force Survey was used. Statistics South Africa collects labour market related information from persons between the age of 15 and 64. The data have information on status of unemployment, underemployment and earnings and other related to variables. Logistic regression was applied on the data and it was found that age, gender, population group, marital status, level of education, and province were significant determinants of unemployment in South Africa. Gender, population group, sector, marital status and contract duration were found to be significantly associated with time-related underemployment. Generalised linear model was applied on the data and it was found that gender, population group, marital status, level of education contract duration, geographical location, and sector were the determinants of earnings.
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Wakefield, Hayley Innez. "Investigating chronic unemployment in South Africa, 2008-2015." University of the Western Cape, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7227.
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Magister Commercii - MComThe South African economy is faced with a crisis of persistently high and rising unemployment rates. Although this is a cause for serious concern, the statistic captures a segment of the working-age population enduring recurrent spells of unemployment – a vulnerable group for consideration that these figures fail to uncover. The dilemma could be linked to the influx of previously disadvantaged groups (i.e. Africans and females) into the labour market since the dawn of democracy. Thus, the newly appointed South African government inherits an economy that had systematically disadvantaged most of the population, leading to an oversupply of labour, where highly-skilled labour appears to be more appealing in comparison to the relatively low-skilled labour offered by these persons. Historically suppressed groups thus disproportionately bear the brunt of this unemployment, where some may have involuntarily remained rooted in unemployment for longer periods of time than those considered unemployed on a temporal basis. The importance of exploring and understanding the roles of some underlying forces is extremely crucial to wrestle this pressing issue in a South African context, when examining labour market dynamics. This study therefore explores the nature and extent of chronic unemployment by examining the data of the first four available waves (2008, 2010/2011, 2012 and 2014/2015) of the National Income Dynamics Study (NIDS). The empirical findings reveal that those significantly more susceptible to chronic unemployment are: African individuals with either incomplete secondary education or at most a Matric qualification in tandem with an additional certificate/diploma, residing in traditional areas in less wealthy provinces (i.e. Free State and Mpumalanga). Furthermore, the results demonstrate that these chronically unemployed individuals are more likely to form part of the youth (25-44 years), be non-poor, with their household composition consisting of one to five household members where the minority enjoy wage employment whereas the majority endure spells of unemployment. Ultimately, they devote themselves to informal employment and occupations requiring semi-skilled and relatively unskilled labour in the community, social and personal services industry and on average earn R 3 342 per month in 2016 December prices.
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Symes, Caylynne Elizabeth. "Problematizing unemployment : the competing representations of unemployment and the implications thereof." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/79921.
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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.Bibliography
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Unemployment has been recognized as one of the most important social problems worldwide as most countries suffer from some unemployment. South Africa’s high unemployment rate has led to an abundance of research on the topic. A vast majority of the research available on unemployment in South Africa is positivist in nature. This study instead uses an interpretivist approach to analyse the problem of unemployment in South Africa. The study uses Carol Bacchi’s approach to provide a different way of analysing the problem of unemployment in South Africa. Bacchi’s approach allows the analyst to focus on problem representations and how these representations shape what is discussed and what is not discussed about the topic. This study demonstrates the application of Bacchi’s approach and focuses on the problem representations of the significant actors involved with unemployment, namely the South African government, business, COSATU and the SACP. The study focuses on the effects of the problem representations of unemployment, in particular the discursive and political effects. This study argues that Bacchi’s approach is a useful tool for the analysis of unemployment. It is also argued in this study that the approach provides insights into the problem of unemployment by highlighting what is not discussed in the problem representations of the significant actors. By sensitizing individuals to what is excluded in the problem representations, it is argued that solutions which negate the negative effects of such representations can be found. Bacchi’s approach highlighted a number of problem representations of unemployment. The study found that some problem representations were shared by one or more actors and that divergence exist between the representations of other actors. The shared and divergent representations focused on the tripartite alliance due to the significance of the alliance in South African politics. The shared and divergence representations were demonstrated to either help to towards improving the relationships between actors or, in the case of divergence, increase the tensions in the actor’s relationship with one another. The study also found that the non-government actors’ problem representations of unemployment direct attention to government’s responsibility for dealing with unemployment while minimising their role and contribution to unemployment. The study also demonstrated that the interests of different actors can be identified in the dominant problem representations.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Werkloosheid is ‘n belangrike probleem wat meeste lande raak. Baie navorsing is al in Suid-Afrika gedoen weens sy besonderse hoë werkloosheidyfer. Die meerderheid hiervan is positivisties in benadering. Hierdie navorsing gebruik egter ‘n interpretiewe benadering. Carrol Bacchi se benadering word gebruik as ‘n alternatiewe raamwerk om Suid-Afrika se werkloosheidsprobleem te analiseer. Bacchi se benadering laat die navorser toe om te fokus op hoe die probleem beskou word en hoe hierdie beskouing die keuse van wat ingesluit is en wat nie is nie, beïnvloed. Hierdie navorsing fokus op die sleutelfigure in die werkloosheidsprobleem, naamlik die Suid-Afrikaanse regering, die SACP en COSATU. Die studie benadruk die diskursiewe en politiese effek van die probleembeskouing van werkloosheid. Die studie argumenteer dat Bacchi se benadering waardevolle insigte kan lewer, spesifiek deur onbespreekte kwessies rakende die sleutelfigure uit te lig. Dit word aangevoer dat deur waardering te kweek vir hierdie kwessies, oplossings vir hierdie probleembeskouings gevind kan word. Bacchi se benadering het ‘n paar probleembeskouings uitgelig. Die studie het gevind dat daar ooreenstemming is by sommige figure, terwyl ander s’n uiteenlopend is. Hierdie sienings het gelei tot samegorigheid in die eersgenoemde geval, maar tot verhoogde vlakke van wantroue en spanning in die laasgenoemde geval. Die fokus van hierdie sienings is die drieparty-alliansie, weens sy belangrikheid in SA-politiek. Die studie vind ook dat nieregeringsorganisasies se probleembeskouings die rol van die regering benadruk en hul eie verantwoordelikheid onderspeel.
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Murwirapachena, Genius. "Fiscal policy and unemployment in South Africa 1980 to 2010." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/544.
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Unemployment is one of the greatest and most complex challenges facing South Africa. Just like most developing countries, South Africa has been using the fiscal policy framework as a tool to alleviate the high rates of unemployment. This study examined the impact of fiscal policy on unemployment in South Africa. The study used annual time series data for the period 1980 to 2010. A vector error correction model was used to determine the effects of fiscal policy aggregates on unemployment in South Africa. The fiscal policy aggregates considered in this study were government investment expenditure, government consumption expenditure and tax. Results from this study revealed that government consumption expenditure and tax have a positive impact on unemployment while government investment expenditure negatively affects unemployment in South Africa. Policy recommendations were made using these results.
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Tuipende, Deoden. "Unemployment and labour market (in)flexibility in South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52597.
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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2001.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: When South Africa re-entered the global arena, her immediate priority was to search for and affirm her position in the global economy. In this process, South Africa has witnessed massive job losses that compounded the already existing problem of unemployment. South Africa is considered to be one of the countries with the highest levels of unemployment - a fact that has raised a great deal of concern among Government, Business and Labour. This study project examines the functioning of South Africa's labour market with the intention of establishing whether or not it is linked to the problem of unemployment. The study draws labour-flexibility comparisons between the world's most flexible and deregulated labour market (USA) and Europe; and, relatively, tries to find South Africa's position. The study has revealed that there is a relationship between flexibility and employment - countries with flexible labour markets, ceteris paribus, also have high levels of ~- employment and vice versa. The study has also revealed that a culmination of high levels of illiteracy, trade union activities and the new labour laws has resulted into labour market rigidities which are partly responsible for the high rate of unemployment in South Africa. The study has also revealed that any effort by South Africa to adopt the US-style of labour market flexibility should be accompanied by some other policy checks to ensure maximum benefits. This is based on the finding that flexibility per se could have devastating effects for the economy. It is not only the labour market rigidities that are responsible for the current high rate of unemployment in South Africa. Factors like persistent and systematic decline in labour absorption capacity vis-a '-vis persistent and systematic increase in labour supply, decline in economic growth and globalisation claim a lion's share.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Met Suid-Afrika se hertoetrede tot die internasionale arena was sy eerste prioriteit om sy plek in die wêreldekonomie te vind en te bevestig. Algaande het Suid-Afrika 'n grootskaalse verlies aan werkgeleenthede ervaar, wat die reeds bestaande probleem van werkloosheid vererger het. Vandag word Suid-Afrika beskou as een van die lande met die hoogste vlakke van werkloosheid - wat groot kommer by die regering, besigheid en arbeid wek. Hierdie werkstuk ondersoek die funksionering van Suid-Afrika se arbeidmark met die doel om vas te stel of dit met die probleem van werkloosheid verband hou al dan nie. Die studie maak vergelykings ten opsigte van arbeidsbuigsaamheid tussen die wêreld se mees buigsame en gedereguleerde arbeidsmark (VSA) en Europa, en poog om Suid-Afrika se relatiewe posisie te bepaal. Die studie toon dat daar 'n verband tussen buigsaamheid en werkverskaffing is - dat lande met buigsame arbeidsmark, ceteris paribus, ook hoë vlakke van werkverskaffing het, en omgekeerd. Die studie het ook bevind dat 'n hoë vlak van ongeletterdheid, vakbondaktiwiteite en die nuwe arbeidswette aanleiding gegee het tot arbeidsmarkonbuigsaamheid, wat gedeeltelik verantwoordelik is vir die hoë werkloosheidsyfer in Suid-Afrika. Die studie toon verder dat enige poging deur Suid-Afrika om die arbeidsmarkbuigsaamheid van die VSA toe te pas, met ander beleidsmaatreëls gepaard moet gaan om maksimum voordele te verseker. Dit is gegrond op die bevinding dat buigsaamheid per se verreikende gevolge vir die ekonomie kan hê. Dit is nie net die onbuigsaamheid van die arbeidsmark wat vir die huidige hoë werkloosheidsyfer in Suid-Afrika verantwoordelik is nie. Faktore soos 'n volgehoue en stelselmatige afname in die kapasiteit om arbeid te absorbeer teenoor 'n volgehoue en stelselmatige toename in arbeidsaanbod, 'n afname in ekonomiese groei, en globalisering is vir 'n leeue-aandeel verantwoordelik.
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Van, de Rheede Taryn Joy. "Graduate unemployment in South Africa: extent, nature and causes." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4497.
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Magister Economicae - MEconThe South African economy faces a challenging socio-economic problem of high and persistent unemployment since the transition. Looking at the unemployment problem in greater perspective, numerous studies found that it is most serious amongst the youth. Since the beginning of the 2000s, a few studies focused particularly on youth and graduate unemployment, but there has been a lack of research in this area in recent years. Hence, this dissertation aims to fill some gap in the available research by investigating the extent, nature and causes of graduate unemployment in South Africa. This study firstly defined the relevant concepts and discussed some theories relevant to graduate unemployment, before reviewing the results of the past studies on the nature and extent of graduate unemployment. Thereafter, the possible causes were investigated, such as lack of experience, lack of soft skills, skills mismatch, poor quality of education of the graduates, discrimination by employers, etc. Graduate unemployment in India, China and Europe were also considered, and it was found that graduate unemployment was not in a unique problem in South Africa. The study proceeded with an analysis the Statistics South Africa 1995-2010 labour survey data and conducted more up-to-date statistical analyses of the profile of graduate unemployed. The results showed that the characteristics of unemployed graduates were, in general, the same as what was found by the previous studies, as graduate unemployed were more likely to be female and black, aged 15-34 years at the time of the survey, residing in Gauteng, with only post-Matric certificates or diplomas, and graduating from the fields of Business /Commerce / Management, and Education / Training / Development. The Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition was also applied, and the results indicated that employment discrimination against black graduates was very likely, after controlling for differences in demographic and educational attainment blacks and whites. Hence, the results of the empirical analysis showed that graduate unemployment persists. Finally, graduate employment elasticity coefficients and employment absorption rates were derived by educational attainment category, and the results showed that although graduate unemployment is clearly less serious than unemployment in other educational categories, the labour demand for graduates is not rapid enough to absorb all the graduates.
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Mayekiso, Sipokazi. "The impact of transport infrastructure investment on unemployment in South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/2260.
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The transport infrastructure investment has been a subject of many studies for some time, mainly in improving and predicting the economic growth of the country and improving employment in South Africa. Given this, the study examines the impact of transport infrastructure investment on unemployment in South Africa by using time series econometric analysis over the period 1982-2012. Some key variables considered include unemployment, real GDP, real exchange rate, real interest rate, and trade openness total infrastructure investment exclude transport infrastructure investment. To separate the long and short run effect, VECM was employed after ensuring stationarity of the series. The study found that a long run relationship exist between the unemployment, transport infrastructure investment, real GDP, real exchange rate , real interest rate, trade openness and total infrastructure investment exclude transport infrastructure investment. The Results of this thesis have implications for policy and academic work.
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Maloka, Kingsley. "Implications of technological unemployment in financial services in South Africa." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/79610.
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The study was conducted to understand how technological unemployment is affecting financial services companies in South Africa. Technology investment is seen as creating and building competitive capabilities for companies and Countries, however with further investment in technology it may result in displacement of workers through automation of jobs. Considering the high unemployment, South Africa should be understanding the impacts of technology investment and developing responsive strategies to improve the unemployment problem.
The research is grounded on technological unemployment theory which is the displacement of workers as result of technology advancement. The study included a review of skills development strategies which have been identified by various studies as key response to reducing the displacement of workers. It also included a review of how technology is changing company business models with the implementation of artificial intelligence and blockchain technologies in the financial services sector.
The data collection followed qualitative research approach where interviews were conducted with Senior Leaders in the industry to understand their strategies and outlook on the future both unemployment and technology advancement.Mini Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2020.
pt2021
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
MBA
Unrestricted
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Makinana, Zoliswa L. "The impact of unemployment on people resinding in Kuyga." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1020107.
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The study strives to highlight the factors contributing to unemployment in South Africa, specifically economic factors. The primary focus of the study is to analyse the impact of unemployment within the economy. The core the underlying causes of unemployment within the economy are low standard of education, low standard of living, and ineffective macroeconomic policies such as Growth, Employment and Redistribution (GEAR). The assumption of the study is that unemployment is a socioeconomic issue which the government is struggling to address adequately. The study outlines the challenges faced by the government in tackling unemployment. It also uses the Kuyga Township as a case study, analysing the impact of unemployment and poverty within the community. The government has made efforts to address the aforementioned issue. It established specific macroeconomic policies to remedy the situation. However, these policies fell short and were ineffective. The apartheid system created an environment that continues to perpetuate both unemployment and poverty especially within poor communities. Kuyga Township has a high rate of unemployment which contributes to poverty. The study’s aim was to investigate the impact of unemployment in Nelson Mandela Bay area, determine the rate of unemployment, and compare strategies, projects and or programmes creating job opportunities in the area. It evaluated the success and failure of policies and strategies formulated to combat unemployment and alleviate poverty. The study also strived to determine the number of individuals affected by unemployment in Kuyga Township and the Nelson Mandela Bay area. The study makes recommendation and proposes plausible measures which the government could implement in order to manage and curtail the prevalence of unemployment and poverty within the Kuyga Township. It also highlights the role thatbusinesses can play in creating employment opportunities within the community.
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Nene, Siphamandla Ebehardt. "The impact of mergers and acquisitions on unemployment in South Africa." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/23723.
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Mergers, acquisition, and unemployment have been on the increase in South Africa since 1994 when South Africa became a democratic country. Unemployment is a major challenge facing the South African economy. International researchers have found that in most countries where mergers and acquisitions are encouraged, employees of the acquired companies tend to lose employment in years subsequent to those mergers. This research paper aimed at establishing whether South African employees had similar experiences as those overseas. Altogether 42 listed companies that have been acquired in the period between 1996 and 2008 for the value exceeding R500 million were used for the research. An additional 11 companies not undergoing mergers were also selected. The outcome was that acquired companies negatively affect employment. These companies are able to grow their businesses but not in correlation to growing their workforce.Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
unrestricted
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Chicheke, Aaron. "Monetary policy, inflation, unemployment and the Phillips curve in South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1001202.
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Inflation and unemployment are perhaps the two most important challenges that face the South African economy of today. Firstly, the study examines the relationship between monetary policy and the two economic fundamentals (inflation and unemployment), using the VEC modeling technique. The model regresses the monetary policy variable against inflation and unemployment growth over the period 1980-2008. The results suggest that (1) there is a long run relationship between inflation and unemployment (2) monetary policy reacts more to variations in inflation compared to variations in unemployment. Secondly, the relationship between inflation and unemployment as explained by the Phillips curve is investigated. The results show that there is a positive relationship between inflation and unemployment.
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Kasongo, Atoko Haydee. "Youth wage subsidy as a possible solution to youth unemployment in South Africa." University of the Western Cape, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4069.
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Magister Commercii - MComSouth Africa is characterised by its high and persistent level of unemployment, in particular among the youth. The high youth unemployment is attributed to various reasons, ranging from their lack of work experience, skills mismatch to employment and wage rigidities. The South African government proposed the youth wage subsidy to be implemented in 2011, with the primary aim of solving the youth unemployment problem. This study starts by providing a literature review on the youth labour market trends since the transition; it emerged that there is a lack of studies focusing exclusively on how youths fare in the labour market. Next, the demographic and educational attainment characteristics of the youth narrow labour force, employed and narrow unemployed are analysed under the narrow or strict definition, using the 1995-1999 October Household Surveys (OHSs), the 2000-2007 Labour Force Surveys (LFSs) and the 2008-2011 Quarterly Labour Force Surveys (QLFSs). With regard to unemployed youths, it is found that they are more likely to be blacks, without Matric and have never worked before. The main causes of youth unemployment are then discussed in detail, before the thesis moves on to examine the various active and passive labour market policies that could help to address the youth unemployment problem. The possible pros and cons of the youth wage subsidy, one of the active policies and the focus of this study, are discussed in greater detail. In particular, the claim by institutions such as COSATU that the introduction of the subsidy would lead to elderly workers (who are not subsidised) being replaced by the youth workers (who are subsidised) is not entirely correct, as these two groups of workers could be complementary instead of substitutes, and the introduction of the subsidy programme could result in an increase of demand for both elderly and youth workers. It is concluded that, although the youth wage subsidy could be one of the feasible solutions to stimulate demand for youth labour, it is not sufficient to address youth unemployment. It needs to be complemented by the other policies, such as a job search subsidy (targeting discouraged work seekers) and public employment programmes (e.g. Expanded Public Works Programme); but it is most important to note that these policies could only be fully effective if the root causes of youth unemployment are addressed by the government.
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Mkhwanazi, Ntombizanele. "A sociological analysis of unemployment among Blacks in KwaZulul-Natal Province of South Africa." Thesis, University of Zululand, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10530/1217.
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Submitted to the Faculty of Arts in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Sociology in the Department of Sociology at the University of Zululand, South Africa, 2001.My decision to research the youth unemployment is the high rate of unemployment that is increasing among black youths in South Africa. It has been seen that the problem of unemployment emerged long time ago. This is an important study where I have reviewed many factors responsible for high rate of unemployment. The purpose of this study was to find out the possible ways which can be applied to reduce this high rate of unemployment among black youths in KwaZulu Natal province of South Africa. In this study, two methods of data gathering were used. The primary source of data which consists of unemployed youths, employers, employees, and workers of the ministry of labour whom I interviewed with the aid of questionnaires and oral interview; and the secondary source of data which consists of data from ministry of labour, and library materials. The following findings emerged from this study: • Individuals who have a low standard of education are likely to be more unemployed. • Lack of government training schemes is responsible for the high rate of unemployment. • Nature and extent of the labour market is responsible for the high rate of unemployment. • Apartheid policy is responsible for high rate of unemployment. • The use of advanced technology like computer in all work environment in recent time is likely to contribute to the high rate of unemployment among the black rural youth. Since the issue of unemployment is a progressing problem, it is recommended that efforts must be made to reduce this high rate of unemployment. The government need to implement changes that will reduce this critical problem e.g. South Africa need to develop more training schemes as it is done in our neighbouring countries. The study does not claim to offer definitive answers about rate of unemployment, but it does seek to bring up possible ways or methods that can be applied in South Africa.
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Senzangakhona, Phakama. "The impact of oil price volatility on unemployment: a case study of South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/1697.
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This study analyses and investigates the impact of crude oil price vitality on unemployment in South Africa. This is done by firstly surveying theoretical and empirical literature on the crude oil price-unemployment relationship before relating it to South Africa. Secondly, crude oil and unemployment trends with their causes are overviewed. The study employs a Johansen co-integration technique based on VAR to model unemployment against crude oil prices, real effective exchange rate, real interest rates and real gross domestic product. Using quarterly data for the period 1990-2010, econometric results show that crude oil prices are positively related to unemployment in the long run while the opposite is true in the short run. Parameter estimates and variables are statistically significant; hence there are also policy recommendations which are related to both empirical and theoretical literature. Lastly, impulse response functions show that unemployment returns to equilibrium in the long run when crude oil price changes whereas real interest rates followed by crude oil prices explain most of unemployment changes compared to other variables in the long run.
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Barrar, Erin M. "Township youth perceptions of poverty and unemployment in Cape Town, South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/3842.
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This study contributes to the understanding of how young adults living in Cape Town's townships experience poverty and unemployment in neighborhoods where both are prevalent. Unemployment is acknowledged to be a fundamental problem for township dwellers and yet the psychological repercussions on individuals in these communities remain largely understudied. While young people are the majority of South Africa's population, their voices frequently go unheard even with regards to issues that unduly affect them. In the last decade, a growing body of literature emerged using qualitative methods to address this concern. Quantitative analysis has shown that young adults - specifically African youth - bear the brunt of unemployment but research has yet to look closely at how unemployment shapes their expectations, attitudes and decision making. This research examines the effects of unemployment felt on an individual, psychological level as well as the contextual consequences of living in a neighborhood severely demoralized by widespread unemployment. Interviews with twenty youth between the ages of sixteen and thirty-two suggest that regardless of gender, age and class, (at least within the working class township community) young people are concerned with unemployment, which is often equated with poverty. In sharp contrast to the well-researched youth of the antiapartheid struggle whose lives were altered dramatically by the turbulence of those decades, these findings show that today's young adults in Cape Town's townships are ordinary young people growing up under particularly difficult circumstances, and with varying ability to mitigate the trials of their social worlds. Young adults in this sample are 'ordinary', in that when individually consulted, they cannot be categorized as a homogenous group. They have bold ideas about their future but their attention is often focused on the immediate. There are those who are ambitious and put their goals for personal success above all else. There are others who have high hopes but struggle both with their own decision making, and obstacles that set them back. Some are better-connected, some are more astute, and some are more at ease with their circumstances, willing to maintain the status quo rather than strive towards an abstract goal. Having little guidance from adults their influences are largely derived from their peer group, which emphasizes material culture and fitting in. Most believe in the importance of making 'good decisions' and aim to succeed but are easily frustrated by difficulties. They value the idea of education but do not always attend school or push themselves to excel. Even those who have achieved higher education sometimes question its merit in light of their disappointment in the job market. Despite assertions that there are 'no jobs' one finds that there are jobs but those available are less attractive when compared to the aspirations of these township youth. Their expected jobs vary with the level of education they have achieved however all desire employment outside of manual labor. This research shows that youth feel they can shape their futures but simultaneously expect their environment to hamper success. Success is largely viewed as a job or home that is 'better' than their parents, further distancing them from apartheid to which they feel no connection despite the lasting effects these policies have on the neighborhoods and institutions which continue to impair young people's growth. More specifically, despite aspirations for 'real' jobs in the formal market, the majority have ambivalent ideas for achieving these outcomes. Without examples of neighbors who have attained upward mobility, or access to information regarding opportunities outside of the township some youth's perseverance is stunted. The psychosocial implications of this issue have largely been ignored in South Africa. These interviews shed light on how the township environment interacts with and influences the decisions and attitudes of young adults. On one level, its isolation hinders communication regarding jobs, training or opportunities. In a social sense, the ubiquitous nature of unemployment stifles any sense of urgency, and the optimism of youth is often overshadowed by a sense of melancholy. There is a sense of defeat inhibiting the environment that affects young lives and limits their potential.
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Hendriks, Jeremy Francisco. "Critical evaluation of possible policy options to reduce unemployment in South Africa." University of the Western Cape, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4926.
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Magister Commercii - MComSince the advent of democracy, one of the most serious economic problems facing the South African economy is the persistently high unemployment. Although employment has been increasing in general since the economic transition, the extent of such increase is not rapid enough to absorb the expanding labour force entrants, thereby causing both the level and rate of unemployment to increase. This is indicated by the fact that, despite the increase of employment number from 9.5 million in 1995 to 15.2 million in 2014, the number of unemployed increased from 2.0 million to 5.2 million during the same period, thereby causing the unemployment rate to rise from 17.6% to 25.4%. In fact, the labour market objective of the Accelerated and Shared Growth Initiative of South Africa (ASGISA) to reduce the unemployment rate to 15% by the end of 2014 is not achieved. The government has been trying to solve the unemployment problem by means of various policies, ranging from the “big” policies like the Reconstruction and Development Program (RDP), Growth, Employment and Redistribution Policy (GEAR), the aforementioned ASGISA, and the recently launched National Development Plan (NDP), to the more specific labour market policies such as the Expanded Public Works Program (EPWP), promotion of small, medium and micro enterprises (SMMEs) to the implementation of the Employment Tax Incentives Bill (also known as the Youth Wage Subsidy) since 1 January 2014. This study first provides a theoretical framework on various models of unemployment, before the main causes of unemployment in South Africa are discussed. A critical evaluation of the pros and cons of various policy options to alleviate unemployment would be looked at. Some of the policy options have already been implemented in South Africa for years and hence the possible success of these policies would be investigated in detail. Few policies have only been recently implemented (e.g. the Employment Tax Incentives Bill), while other possible policy options have not yet been implemented in South Africa (e.g. job-seeking transport subsidy) but have been adopted in other countries. Hence, the feasibility of these options for South Africa would be investigated, by examining the outcome of these policies in the other countries.
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Handson, Banda. "The impact of economic growth on unemployment in South Africa: 1994 -2012." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/884.
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One of the most pressing problems facing the South African economy is unemployment, which has been erratic over the past few years. This study examined the impact of economic growth on unemployment, using quarterly time series data for South Africa for the period 1994 to 2012. Johansen Co-integration reflected that there is stable and one significant long run relationship between unemployment and the explanatory variables that is economic growth (GDP), budget deficit (BUG), real effective exchange rate (REER) and labour productivity (LP). The study utilized Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) to determine the effects of macroeconomic variables thus REER, LP, GDP and BUG on unemployment in South Africa. The results of VECM indicated that LP has a negative long run impact on unemployment whilst GDP, BUG and REER have positive impact. The study resulted in the following policy recommendation: South African government should re-direct its spending towards activities that directly and indirectly promote creation of employment and decent jobs; a conducive environment and flexible labour market policies or legislations without impediments to employment creation should be created; and lastly government should prioritise industries that promote labour intensive. All this will help in absorbing large pools of the unemployed population thereby reducing unemployment in South Africa.
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Von, Fintel Dieter. "Rising unemployment in South Africa : an intertemporal analysis using a Birth Cohort Panel." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/3308.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MComm (Economics))--University of Stellenbosch, 2007.A new political dispensation in 1994 heralded a period of optimism for many ordinary South Africans, who hoped for freedom and an escape from poverty. Since this transition, however, South Africa has registered steady increases in unemployment, which was already high and widespread at that stage. The new policy environment introduced a mix of legislation which changed the way in which South African society was to be structured: separate development was abandoned, the pillars of Apartheid dismantled, and equitable access to education and jobs was enacted. At the same time, the Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP), as well as the Growth Employment and Redistribution (GEAR) document addressed, amongst other issues, socioeconomic and labour market disparities. Economic growth was to bolster employment generation. Rising unemployment is, in light of these diverse changes, a source of considerable concern to labour market participants and policymakers alike: the benefits of better understanding the dynamic forces at play are potentially large. Given the many and farreaching changes referred to above, it is a complex task to disentangle specific reasons for the outcomes realised in the labour market, and more so the manner in which these have interacted to arrive at the status quo...
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Badenhorst, Louis. "Exploring the potential of contract farming as a solution to the growing unemployment in the mining sector." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97310.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The mining bubble is over, and mining companies in South Africa are under pressure to remain viable concerns. This forces companies to cut their cost through organisational restructuring, closing down of mines and cost-saving technologies. All of these result in job losses in the mining sector. However, the companies do have a social responsibility to help uplift and create jobs in the mining areas and labour-sending regions. The study reviews examples of corporate-social-development projects of mines that relate to agriculture. Furthermore, the study looks at projects stemming from the government’s desire for land reform and rural social-economic upliftment of previously disadvantaged communities. In this context contract farming is an ideal way to tackle comprehensively the re-employment challenges. Against that background, which combines literature review and brief summaries of case studies, the dissertation reviews contract farming as an approach towards agricultural development and job creation. The lessons from the socio-economic development projects, rural-reforms and contract-farming projects are used as inputs to evolve a framework for the local approach to contract farming, related to mining areas. This includes considerations of implementation challenges likely to be experienced.
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Kasongo, Atoko Haydee AH. "Youth wage subsidy as a possible solution to youth unemployment in South Africa." University of the Western Cape, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4062.
Full textAbstract:
South Africa is characterised by its high and persistent level of unemployment, in particular
among the youth. The high youth unemployment is attributed to various reasons, ranging
from their lack of work experience, skills mismatch to employment and wage rigidities. The
South African government proposed the youth wage subsidy to be implemented in 2011, with
the primary aim of solving the youth unemployment problem. This study starts by providing a
literature review on the youth labour market trends since the transition; it emerged that there
is a lack of studies focusing exclusively on how youths fare in the labour market. Next, the
demographic and educational attainment characteristics of the youth narrow labour force,
employed and narrow unemployed are analysed under the narrow or strict definition, using
the 1995-1999 October Household Surveys (OHSs), the 2000-2007 Labour Force Surveys
(LFSs) and the 2008-2011 Quarterly Labour Force Surveys (QLFSs). With regard to
unemployed youths, it is found that they are more likely to be blacks, without Matric and have
never worked before. The main causes of youth unemployment are then discussed in detail,
before the thesis moves on to examine the various active and passive labour market policies
that could help to address the youth unemployment problem. The possible pros and cons of
the youth wage subsidy, one of the active policies and the focus of this study, are discussed in
greater detail. In particular, the claim by institutions such as COSATU that the introduction of
the subsidy would lead to elderly workers (who are not subsidised) being replaced by the
youth workers (who are subsidised) is not entirely correct, as these two groups of workers
could be complementary instead of substitutes, and the introduction of the subsidy
programme could result in an increase of demand for both elderly and youth workers. It is
concluded that, although the youth wage subsidy could be one of the feasible solutions to
stimulate demand for youth labour, it is not sufficient to address youth unemployment. It
needs to be complemented by the other policies, such as a job search subsidy (targeting
discouraged work seekers) and public employment programmes (e.g. Expanded Public Works
Programme); but it is most important to note that these policies could only be fully effective if
the root causes of youth unemployment are addressed by the government.Magister Economicae - MEcon
21
Duff, Patrick Alexander. "Exploring job search and the causes of endogenous unemployment evidence from Duncan Village, South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002761.
Full textAbstract:
Despite high rates of unemployment in South Africa, there is little consensus about its origins and solutions to the problem. Job search (how and when people search for work) is one aspect of the unemployment problem. Job search is shown to be a complex process strongly linked to the endogenous structure of the labour market. The flaws in traditional methods (theoretical and measurement) highlight this. Using data from a tailor-made survey in Duncan Village (a peri-urban area in Buffalo City, South Africa) the research examines factors that influence the effectiveness of job search. The results show that mode of search (how people look for work) is used as a signal by employers. Degrees of success are stratified amongst searchers using either ‘word of mouth’, place-to-place or formal modes of search. The thesis provides a method-test to reveal a complex body of evidence that has yet to be fully explored by practitioners in this field.
22
Lartey, Nathaniel. "Differentials in unemployment duration across households in South Africa: A two-level modelling approach." University of the Western Cape, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6783.
Full textAbstract:
Philosophiae Doctor - PhDThis study aimed to examine the structural changes affecting the duration of unemployment across households in South Africa. It made use of existing datasets from the Labour Force Survey produced by Statistics South Africa, covering a period of six years (2011-2016). Relations among demographic and household variables were explored to determine how they related to unemployment duration. On the basis of the relations identified, a predictive analysis of unemployment duration was attempted using two-level modelling. The results suggest a significant difference in the duration of unemployment, according to the individual socio-demographic characteristics and the household moderating variables. More specifically, the greatest share percentage of both men and women experiencing long-term unemployment were found within the age group 25-34 years. The study also found that the percentage share of Non-White population groups experiencing longer duration of unemployment was more than for the White population group. Another variable found to have great influence on the duration of unemployment was the individual’s previous work experience. Going beyond the individual’s socio-demographic characteristics to consider household variables. It was found that unemployed workers living in households headed by a female are more vulnerable to longer unemployment duration. The study found individuals living in smaller households displaying longer unemployment duration. Also, it was found that individuals living in less endowed households (households where no one or few people were in gainful employment) were more vulnerable to experiencing longer unemployment spells. The study concluded with some recommendations for employment policy and follow-up research.
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Dadam, Vincent. "Structural unemployment, labour market dynamics and the transmission of monetary policy in South Africa." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/65517.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis begins by raising the following question: what is the relationship between the labour market structure in South Africa and the ability of the monetary authority to keep control of macroeconomic dynamics? The answer to this question is threefold. First of all, we investigate the empirical evidence of the existence of wage rigidities in the South African labour market. Second, we assess the impact such frictions may have on the conduct of monetary policy. Finally, we introduce public employment to analyze the e¤ects it may have on labour market dynamics in the peculiar case of South Africa. This thesis is therefore divided into three main chapters. Chapter 2 estimates a New Keynesian Wage Phillips Curve for South Africa to determine the respon- siveness of wages to employment conditions. First, we estimate the model using aggregate data. The aggregate estimation results show that private sector wages are not quite responsive to employment con- ditions, while they also reveal a certain sensitivity to in‡ation and quite a good correlation with in‡ation expectations. The relationship between private sector nominal wage in‡ation and employment is clearly weak for the whole sample, and it becomes insigni…cant at the end of the sample, indicating an increase of wage rigidities in the post-apartheid South Africa. On the other hand, the relationship between nominal wage in‡ation and price in‡ation is quite strong and robust for the whole sample but it becomes quan- titatively weak for the in‡ation targeting period. In this period, trade unions in‡ation expectations are instead strongly correlated to nominal wage in‡ation. In the second part of the chapter we look at the relationship between nominal wages, productivity and the reservation wage. The …ndings con…rm that nominal wage in‡ation has consistently outpaced the growth in productivity, even after correcting for price in‡ation. Furthermore, the results suggest that employment conditions had little e¤ect on wage dynamics. We also …nd that for the community, social and personal services sector which, mainly consist of public …rms, the response of wages to market conditions is remarkably strong. The overall picture that comes out from the analysis is that of a wage formation mechanism that is very insensitive to overall macroeconomic conditions. Chapter 3 therefore investigates the implications this picture may have on conducting monetary policy. Therefore, we use a DSGE model with unemployment and labour market frictions following the work of Blanchard and Gali (2010) to answer this crucial interrogation. In an economy with ‡exible wages, the divine coincidence holds since stabilizing in‡ation automatically leads to a stable unemployment (output gap). However when we account for wage rigidities and further labour market frictions, the results show that pursuing an objective of a stable in‡ation leads to undesirable and persistent ‡uctuations in unemployment; with a sacri…ce ratio that is typically higher the more ‡uid the labour market. The estimation of the model using South African data displays two main results. First, labour market parameter estimates present a picture with pervasive wage rigidities which thus con…rms the …nding in chapter 2. Second, the labour market appears to be characterized by large ‡ows in job creation and job destruction rates, with the latter dominating the dynamics. Finally, chapter 4 revisits the …nding in chapter 2 of a strong response of wages to market conditions in the public sector. Furthermore, the public sector in South Africa is for the most part skilled workers intensive, and has been expanding since the 2008 …nancial crisis while private …rms experienced massive turbulences. This chapter thus raises two questions: what could be the impact of public employment on overall labour dynamics? Moreover, could these features of public employment contribute in part in explaining the rigidities in wages observed in the private sector? To answer this question, we use a DSGE model with two sectors and two types of workers (depending on their level of skills), which is essentially a modi…ed version of the framework …rst introduced by Gomes (2013). In particular, we mainly investigate the e¤ects of a positive public sector wage shock on a calibrated South African labour market. For comparison purposes, we also assess the impact of a positive private sector productivity shock. We further take into account the di¤erent level of bargaining power and how the di¤erence in productivity between public and private sectors both a¤ect the responsiveness of variables. The …ndings show that an increase in private sector productivity produces more desirable results with an increase in employment for both skilled and unskilled workers which translates into a decrease in overall unemployment. Public sector wage shock on the other hand mainly crowds out private skilled labour which the …rms react to by substituting it with unskilled workers. Ultimately, the increase in public wages raises overall unemployment as supplementary skilled unemployed individuals queue for public jobs. Altogether, the e¤ects are more pronounced when the bargaining power of unskilled workers is raised.the more ‡uid the labour market. The estimation of the model using South African data displays two main results. First, labour market parameter estimates present a picture with pervasive wage rigidities which thus con…rms the …nding in chapter 2. Second, the labour market appears to be characterized by large ‡ows in job creation and job destruction rates, with the latter dominating the dynamics. Finally, chapter 4 revisits the …nding in chapter 2 of a strong response of wages to market conditions in the public sector. Furthermore, the public sector in South Africa is for the most part skilled workers intensive, and has been expanding since the 2008 …nancial crisis while private …rms experienced massive turbulences. This chapter thus raises two questions: what could be the impact of public employment on overall labour dynamics? Moreover, could these features of public employment contribute in part in explaining the rigidities in wages observed in the private sector? To answer this question, we use a DSGE model with two sectors and two types of workers (depending on their level of skills), which is essentially a modi…ed version of the framework …rst introduced by Gomes (2013). In particular, we mainly investigate the e¤ects of a positive public sector wage shock on a calibrated South African labour market. For comparison purposes, we also assess the impact of a positive private sector productivity shock. We further take into account the di¤erent level of bargaining power and how the di¤erence in productivity between public and private sectors both a¤ect the responsiveness of variables. The …ndings show that an increase in private sector productivity produces more desirable results with an increase in employment for both skilled and unskilled workers which translates into a decrease in overall unemployment. Public sector wage shock on the other hand mainly crowds out private skilled labour which the …rms react to by substituting it with unskilled workers. Ultimately, the increase in public wages raises overall unemployment as supplementary skilled unemployed individuals queue for public jobs. Altogether, the e¤ects are more pronounced when the bargaining power of unskilled workers is raised.Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2017.
Economics
PhD
Unrestricted
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Potgieter, Kristoff. "The waiting game : a survival analysis of unemployment duration in South Africa 2001-2004." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/12451.
Full textAbstract:
Includes bibliographical references.Who faces the worst labour market prospects in South Africa? To answer this pertinent question I will use panel data from the biannual Labour Force Survey composed by Statistics South Africa, to estimate time spent unemployed by respondents. Survival analysis is then used to untangle the characteristics and determinants of unemployment duration based on several variables characterising the demographic, geographic and educational diversity of the South African labour force. Results from the analysis support a ranking model of unemployment, as proposed by Blanchard and Diamond (1990), with divergent unemployment exit rates between high and low ranked work seekers. The ranking given to a given educational level is found to be strongly related to race, indicating that individuals from non-"model-C" schools face inferior labour market conditions. There is also some evidence that a willingness to work in the informal sector raises the probability of transitioning out of unemployment amongst individuals with less than a completed secondary education.
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Jaffray, Timothy William. "An empirical phenomenological investigations of the experience of being unemployed : a critical study in the South African context." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002068.
Full textAbstract:
Unemploynent is a problem that confronts many western countries. The aim of this dissertation is to understand, on the basis of a phenomenological investigation, what it means to be an unemployed, white, South African citizen. These meanings are then seen and discussed against the background of the problems associated with the ideological structure within the country. How the latter relates to white employment and psychological life is also explored. The results demonstrate the negative impact unemploynent has upon the psychological functioning of the individual. The results further show the despair such individuals face, having been 'denied' an accepted role within society.
26
Kearney, Marna. "Restructuring value-added tax in South Africa a computable general equilibrium analysis /." Thesis, Pretoria : [s.n.], 2003. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-09032004-134859.
Full text
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Mashigo, Tiisetso N. "The effects of the creative industry on the reduction of the unemployment rate in South Africa." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/73480.
Full textAbstract:
From the music composers, the film producers and the sketch artists to the nail technicians and hairdressers, the creative industry can economically emancipate the youth of Africa.
Employment is a valuable mechanism that enables people to live. It supports one’s livelihood. However, the lack of availability thereof, proves to put society in an uncomfortable position.
The unemployment rate experienced in Africa is very high. Research provides that about 29% of the people in SA and around 18% of people in Botswana are unemployed. With the youth being the most vulnerable.
Various programs have been introduced by different administrations over time to address youth unemployment which has been an issue of significant public concern all around.
It would prove that more and more Africans are joining a depressed job market. This is due to the perception that only certain careers can fund a livelihood.
There are jobs available in financial services, power, real estate, hospitality and healthcare and so forth, but these are not necessarily helpful or functional for everyone. Not all youth is academically suited for certain careers, and because of the marginalized education system, people are all heading to the same jobs. This leads to a limited intake into the workforce.
There are hardly enough jobs in the creative industry. African State Parties provide a small portion of their national budget into the industry. The SA government in particular devoted R4.5-billion of its National budget to the Department of Arts and culture for 2018/19, which contributes to the promotion of arts, culture and development and heritage preservation among others. However, much of the SA budget is devoted to Education which includes arts education.
For the potential impact it could have on development, the creative industry deserves more recognition. It is a “Can do” type of field with a large portion of it being informal and at times, people in the industry work for little-to-no income.
State Parties are not injecting enough money into the industry itself for its growth and manifestation. Most of the creative industry is funded by the private sector and thus is difficult to penetrate by the young people living in townships and informal settlements.
Governments will have to play a critical role in finding solutions to the issue of youth unemployment and with the prevalence of a high unemployment rate in South Africa, the creative industry can produce ways in which these challenges can be eradicated.Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2019.
Public Law
LLM
Unrestricted
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Manyande, Nyarai N. "Encouraging self-employment amongst the youth in South Africa : will this help tackle the unemployment problem?" Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/14610.
Full textAbstract:
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 39-41).Encouraging young people to get involved in self-employment is a solution that is continuously echoed by policy makers as a way of addressing the perennial problem of youth unemployment. This paper investigates how entrepreneurship can be promoted amongst the youth in South Africa and whether this will alleviate the high unemployment rates. Three questions are put forward: Firstly, what are the main constraints faced by youth when they set up a business? Secondly, what are the main determinants of being self-employed and thirdly, which groups within the youth population need to be targeted by policy makers? The findings are that the major impediment for youths entering self -employment is the lack of financial capital, while having a role model is highly significant in determining whether one becomes self-employed. African and Coloured youth are particularly disadvantaged when it comes to participation in self-employment and should therefore be a primary target for policy makers. The paper also makes a comparison of youth participation in self-employment between 2000 and 2004 and reveals that there is only a slight increase in the numbers of youth getting involved in self-employment. A holistic approach to entrepreneurship development complimented by financial assistance, mentoring and the provision of basic entrepreneurship skills training will assist the youth in moving from unemployment to self-employment.
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Chirara, Malon Tinotenda. "Perceived undersupply of local labour in the presence of unemployment: a case of selected Sundays River Valley citrus farms, 2013." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1020367.
Full textAbstract:
While skilled labour shortages are common in many countries, including South Africa, mainly due to a skills mismatch, the undersupply of unskilled labour was less expected, especially in developing countries with high unemployment. The thesis utilises data on perceived worker undersupply on selected citrus farms in the Sundays River Valley (SRV), located in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa, collected in 2013, to analyse why unemployed residents, surprisingly, do not fill up vacancies on farms. In contrast to other labour markets, farm employment is not restricted by educational levels and as workers reported, with little training the various job tasks and skills required are easy and quick to grasp. At a time the government is trying to find ways of reducing unemployment, and the SRV Municipality (2012:29) reported approximately 42% unemployment, the question arises as to why the relatively low educated residents do not take advantage of the employment opportunities on farms. According to local workers and unemployed residents, the farm job was unattractive largely because of a combination of two factors: perceived relatively low salaries partly caused by the availability of migrant seasonal workers accepting lower remuneration and poor non-wage working conditions. The survey also found that farmers preferred migrant workers because they were more productive compared to their local counterparts who were, reportedly, characterised by high absenteeism and laziness, caused mainly by a reliance on social grants and alcohol abuse. Other reasons given for the unattractiveness of the farm job included the seasonal nature of farm employment, which left workers with no source of income in the offseason, the redundancy associated with farm tasks, perceived poor treatment of workers and lack of information on UIF and Provident funds to farm workers. To address problems associated with the dislike of farm work, seasonality of on-farm employment and the reportedly relatively low income, farm managers, the local municipality and the Labour Department could possibly be involved in creating more communal agricultural projects and help provide local community members to venture into supporting alternative careers within the Hospitality, Ecotourism and Conservation Industries through training programmes. Farm managers may need to consider improving their working relationship with workers in communication and when assigning tasks. Farmers and the local municipality could also consider investing in training programmes for the unemployed residents to equip them with technical skills that can improve their chances of finding jobs.
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Soko, Mumba Martha. "Exploring the livelihood strategies of unemployed black female migrant youth living in Cape Town, South Africa." Master's thesis, Faculty of Humanities, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32992.
Full textAbstract:
Unemployment among youth within the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region is one of the major factors that has contributed to migratory movements. Today many youths are leaving their home countries within the region, in search of employment opportunities in stronger economies like that of South Africa. However, the local unemployment rates hinder their chances of employment. This qualitative study explored the livelihood strategies of unemployed black female migrant youth living in Cape Town, South Africa. The study interviewed twenty unemployed black female migrant youth between the ages of 25 and 34 to understand their experiences and perceptions of a) factors or conditions that forced them to immigrate to Cape Town, b) challenges they encountered in trying to secure employment, and vulnerabilities experienced, and c) the livelihood strategies they employed and available social service support. The findings reveal that unemployed black female migrant youth have immigrated to Cape Town for various reasons including political instability, social influences, poor economic conditions, and social factors such as marriage and poverty in their home countries. When they arrive in Cape Town, they face many obstacles in securing employment because of either their nationality or documentation status. They are also vulnerable due to lack of basic needs, living in overcrowded homes, and being in informal settlements where they build temporary shelters. To overcome the challenges they face, they engage in different livelihood strategies such as accessing free government clinics or hospitals for their healthcare. They are dependent on their spouses for support and engage in part-time employment. Besides, they have had limited information about any government or non-governmental organisations that provide support for unemployed black female migrant youth. The need for well-established social networks for unemployed black female migrants, where they can be received and assisted in integrating into society through legitimate channels, is relevant. There need to be centres that offer free English-language training for migrants who are not conversant in English. Established non-governmental organisations or government agencies need to provide facilities that could assist undocumented immigrants who have prolonged their stay in Cape Town. There is also a need to establish support centres that specifically target unemployed black female immigrants. The South African government should enforce sensitization and educate the public and stakeholders about the legitimacy of asylum-seeker permits issued to immigrants. If implemented in conjunction with policy measures, this could increase black female immigrant youth's ability to secure employment. The enforcement of the development of entrepreneurial skills programmes, which specifically vi target unemployed black female youth migrants in Cape Town, is another potentially beneficial strategy.
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Ngamlana, Felicia Nolitha. "The impact of community development projects on unmployment in Mndantsane." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2013.
Find full textAbstract:
Unemployment in South Africa has been escalating over the past few years. Unemployment is the most serious economic problem facing South African society. It is not only partly responsible for the widespread poverty, continuing violence and an unacceptably high incidence of crime, but it deprives many South Africans of the privilege of fulfilling their vocation. There is no single satisfactory answer of unemployment and its impact on the economy of South Africa. The aim of the research report is to evaluate unemployment-curbing projects in the Mdantsane community in order to improve the living conditions of the inhabitants. In order to formulate a conceptual and theoretical framework of the study, a theoretical foundation of the study, unemployment frameworks, theories of development particularly local economic development, the meaning of Local Economic, development and theories underpinning Local economic development and related literature on unemployment. The research methodology for the study is descriptive, sourced from available literature. Due to the restricted extent of the research, no empirical survey will be conducted. A number of normative criteria to deal with the research problem will be identified from the available literature, from which conclusions will be drawn and recommendations made.
32
Mahambehlala, Tandi. "Small, medium and micro enterprise development challenges in a post apartheid South Africa: Lessons learnt." University of the Western Cape, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6812.
Full textAbstract:
Masters in Public Administration - MPAA problem of the South African economy is the pervasive unemployment in particular amongst the black population. Double-digit unemployment figures had become the norm within post - apartheid South Africa. The newly elected government in 1994 identified the informal sector as a strategic growth area. The SMME sector was seen as unexplored and a potential conduit and possible answer to create employment opportunities and address the unemployment crisis. The question that guided the research was What are the challenges faced by the SMME sector, in particular black SMMEs, in becoming a sustainable and financially viable business? The study was qualitative in nature and the case methodology was used for this research. The key findings were that, there is an over - reliance on the business owner that in many instances, has very little business experience. Furthermore ,that government support programmes are not well known amongst the SMMEs. The major recommendations are that Government must provide the support to the SMME sector to become sustainable and contribute to employment creation. Government must explore the possibility of financially supporting the SMMEs. Lastly, that Government must review the regulatory and policy framework to reduce and create an enabling environment for SMMEs to grow and become lucrative.
33
Southgate, Ada Isobel. "The effects Personal of Income Tax on the savings behaviour of households in South Africa." University of the Western Cape, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7890.
Full textAbstract:
Magister Economicae - MEconThe "new" South Africa faces a big challenge. Unemployment, poverty and economic hardship still characterise the life of the majority of South Africans. Most people expect this to change under democracy. This will only be possible, however, if the economy can grow fast enough. What type of economic policies can a future government adopt to bring about economic growth and the reduction of poverty? More specifically, can the government raise taxes in order to spend more on the poor without reducing economic growth? The increased expenditure, given the existing deficit, will pressurise government to increase taxes. If this were to happen, the question that comes to mind is whether a savings constraint will develop. At the moment South Africa is not experiencing a savings constraint. This can be attributed to the fact that investment declined more than saving over the past few years. However, if investment has to increase over the next few years to achieve higher economic growth, the question arises whether domestic saving will increase enough to finance it. This will be difficult if an increasing tax burden has a negative impact on saving. Saving has long been recognized as a major factor in the process of economic development, directly by its diversion of resources into the formation of capital, and indirectly through changes in technology which are implemented when new capital is put to use. Few would dispute that domestic saving is important for the financing of development and it is evident that a country will require higher saving rates if it wants to invest more.
34
Havemann, Roy Charles. "The demand for labour in South Africa : a theoretical and empirical approach." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/50130.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MComm)--Stellenbosch University, 2004.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Nearly five million South Africans were unemployed in 2002 and creating employment opportunities is a difficult challenge. Before this issue can be tackled, however, it is critical to understand the problem. This thesis opts to contribute to this understanding by considering aspects around the demand for labour. The analysis considers a selection of the theoretical literature on the demand for labour, estimates key labour market parameters and then undertakes a number of simulations using a structural model. There are many conflicting paradigms that can be used to analyse the issue: microeconomic versus macroeconomic; neoclassical versus structuralist; theoretical versus empirical and so forth. Some of these paradigms are considered as part of the attempt to build an empirical framework that can be used to analyse the issue. The empirical results of the thesis suggest that: • Higher real wages lead to lowering of the quantity demanded of labour. The thesis estimates an economy-wide wage elasticity of employment of approximately -0,67; • Higher output stimulates the demand for labour. The single equation estimate of the employment elasticity of output is between 0,66 and 0,75, whilst the economy-wide estimate is approximately 1,1. The latter takes into account feedback effects from other macroeconomic variables, such as productivity and wages; • There is little evidence to show that the efficiency wage hypothesis holds - higher productivity leads to higher wages, but the converse is not true; • Union power increases real wages, indirectly leading to a fall in the demand for labour. This suggests that the labour market has insiders and outsiders; and • The relative price of labour is also important, with a fall in the cost of capital leading to a decrease in the demand for labour. Simulations suggest that job creation can be achieved through policies that encourage wage moderation and increase economic growth. There is also a potential role, albeit limited, for fiscal incentives such as a mooted earned income tax credit.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Byna vyf miljoen Suid-Afrikaners was werkloos in 2002 en werkskepping is 'n moeilike uitdaging. Voordat hierdie kwessie aangepak kan word, is dit egter noodsaaklik om die probleem te verstaan. Hierdie tesis dra by tot hierdie begrip deur te fokus op punte rondom die vraag na arbeid. Die ontleding kyk na 'n verskeidenheid van teoretiese literatuur oor die vraag na arbeid en identifiseer sleutel-parameters vir die arbeidsmark. Daar is soveel teenstrydige paradigmas wat gebruik kan word om die kwessie te ontleed: Mikro-ekonomies teenoor makro-ekonomies; neoklassiek teenoor strukturalisties; teoreties teenoor empiries, ensovoorts. Sommige van hierdie paradigmas word bespreek as deel van die poging om 'n empiriese raamwerk te bou wat gebruik kan word om die kwessie te ontleed. Die empiriese resultate van die tesis toon: • Hoër reële lone lei tot 'n verlaging van die hoeveelheid arbeid aangevra. Die tesis beraam die ekonomiewye loonelastisiteit van indiensneming op sowat - 0,67; • Hoër uitset stimuleer die vraag na arbeid. Die enkelvergelyking-raming van die uitset-elastisiteit van indiensneming is tussen 0,66 en 0,75, terwyl die ekonomiewye raming sowat 1,1 is. Laasgenoemde neem terugvoerinvloede van ander makro-ekonomiese veranderlikes in ag, bv. produktiwiteit en lone. • Daar is min bewyse dat die doeltreffende loon-hipotese water hou: Hoër produktiwiteit lei tot hoër lone, maar die teendeel is onwaar; • Vakbonde se mag verhoog reële lone, wat indirek lei tot 'n daling van die vraag na arbeid. Dit dui daarop dat die arbeidsmark 'n binnekring en buitestaanders het; en • Die relatiewe prys van arbeid is ook belangrik: 'n Afname van die koste van kapitaal veroorsaak 'n daling van die vraag na arbeid. Simulasies toon dat werkskepping bevorder kan word deur beleid wat loonmatiging en ekonomiese groei bevorder. Daar is ook 'n rol, alhoewel beperk, vir fiskale insentiewe, b.v. 'n loonsubsidie.
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Lekhelebana, Letlatsa George. "Learnership program's effectiveness at an FET college." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1020314.
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High levels of unemployment and skills shortages in key parts of the South African economy are well documented. The failure of the South African economy to absorb new entrants to the job market is also well documented. The paradox of an economy that was growing for over a decade during the late nineties and early 2000s creating a lot of vacancies and yet at the same time seeing ever growing levels of unemployment numbers also makes for interesting reading. Learnership programs are intended to address this situation by reducing the problem of skills shortages and leading in the human capital development that is aligned to industry needs. Thus is the purpose of this study to determine whether the beneficiaries of the learnership programs, the graduates, find benefit from having completed these learnership programs. It is to evaluate whether they find the program to have been effective in either equipping them sufficiently to improve prospects of finding permanent employment or successfully starting their own businesses. An extensive literature study of the history of the FET and its development, the concept of learnership and legislation and statutes applicable to the sector in South Africa was undertaken so that the skills development initiatives in the country are contextualised. The empirical part of the study involved a self-constructed questionnaire designed to illicit perspectives of the FET training and learnership within the FET graduate population that have completed their studies at an FET institution within Nelson Mandela Bay. The data collected indicate that a substantial majority of the sample find The data collected indicate that a substantial majority of the sample find the training to be effective and confirm the literature findings that learnerships can improve the issue of skills shortage in industry. The study makes recommendations that encompass work-based strategies and training based strategies to further improve the program. The recommendations are targeted at the FET college, the work-place training providers and the MERSETA and are meant solely to assist the organisations in overcoming the identified challenges emanating from learnership implementation.
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Mahali, Lesala. "An exploratory study of female labour force participation in South Africa: 1995 - 2010." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1007050.
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The role that women play in the economy of any society is a desirable goal for equity and efficiency considerations. Just as with the rest of the world, the South African women lagged behind their male counterparts within the economic empowerment space and in the formal labour force. However, the role of women has undergone some transformations with issues relating to employment opportunities, such that their labour force participation has risen considerably since 1994. The female labour force participation rate is still seen to be persistently lower compared to the male participation rate even in the second decade of democracy. The rate of women labour force participation is even lower than the average. On the other hand, the increases have also been coupled with the rising rate of unemployment among women. The objective of this study was to investigate the determinants of female labour force participation in the South African labour market. The study uses a regression analysis on a cross sectional panel data covering a period of 1995 to 2010. Unlike most popular beliefs, the findings of this study reveal that fertility though not statistically significant, positively influences labour force participation of women. Other variables that are statistically significant in explaining female labour force are HIV/AIDS, marital status, age, household income and education. Race was found to be insignificant in explaining female labour force participation in the South African labour force.
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Rathbone, Mark. "Unemployment and "the gift" in the South African context / M. Rathbone." Thesis, North-West University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/9213.
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Unemployment is a major problem in South Africa that has the potential to erode the democratic future of this country. In general, the main economic approaches that deal with unemployment are informed by neo-liberal and neo-Marxist perspectives. The problem is that these perspectives are in a dialectical tension with each other and can increase conflict and unemployment. This dialectical tension is reflected in language that can be informed by the reductionist aspects of the ontologies perspectives. The purpose of this study is to inquire whether the deconstruction of Jacques Derrida can provide an alternative perspective for the dialectical tension present between neo-liberal and neo-Marxist approaches that are being used to address the problem of unemployment in the South African context. In this regard, the critique of the language of reductionist ontologies by deconstruction provides a means to move beyond the tension between neo-liberalism and neo-Marxism, because deconstruction uncovers the ambivalence of the language of both perspectives, but without constructing a new synthesis that may result in new reductions of reality. This reduction of reality is evident in the use of “growth momentum”, referred to by Rodrik (2008:3), as a suggestion of a neo-liberal solution to the problem of unemployment. Growth is a reference to natural processes that can become a means to hide the mechanical structure of the economic cycle, which again has the potential to restrict growth through extreme forms of inequality and greed. Neo-Marxist perspectives utilise references to “equality” and “government intervention” to deal with injustice. This can result in extreme forms of control that diminish human dignity.
The role of deconstruction for the language of economic theory is illustrated by Jacques Derrida’s use of the word “Gift”. A gift is ambivalent because it contains a tension between self-interest and justice, which Jacques Derrida refers to as “hospitable narcissism”. It will be argued that this ambivalence is present in the language of the economic theory of John Maynard Keynes, which may provide important sustainable economic perspectives for dealing with unemployment in South Africa, thus providing a practical application of hospitable narcissism. In this regard, deconstruction is helpful to develop sensitivity to the language used and the ontologies that inform the language when addressing unemployment. The gift advances human dignity through responsible governance that is critical of 5 uncontrolled self-interest, greed and corruption. This happens through engagement with unemployed people – an act of accountability.
In this regard, the study aims at researching the following goals: Firstly, it aims to argue that unemployment in general is perpetuated by the dialectical tension between neo-liberalism and neo-Marxism; secondly, the deconstruction of language provides a critical perspective on reality that opens new perspectives for discussing the possibility of sustainable economic language, with reference to the word “gift”; thirdly, an aspect of “the gift” is present in the economic theory of Keynes that may provide sustainable perspectives for unemployment in the South African context.
In order to reach these goals, a praxis methodology is followed in which the practical reality of unemployment and the dialectical tension between neo-liberalism and neo-Marxism in South Africa are the points of departure. The implication is that the economic reality of unemployment and the political tension between neo-liberalism and neo-Marxism form the basis for further philosophical reflection. To do this, a deconstructive approach is followed as a means to explore the ontology of neo-liberalism and neo-Marxism. This is followed by a deconstructive reading of the economic theory that John Maynard Keynes follows in order to provide alternative perspectives for the problem of unemployment in South Africa.
The following resources were consulted in the research: Library catalogue of the North-West University, research articles through the database of Ebsco-host, statistics of unemployment from Statistics South Africa, and newspaper articles.
This mini-dissertation is presented in the form of an article, in accordance with rule A.7.2.5 of the “General Academic Rules” of the North-West University. The article will be presented for publication in the journal Acta Academica, at a later stage. In this regard, the guidelines for publication of this journal are included in the appendix. The article contains the following subdivisions:
1. Introduction
2. Neo-liberalism and neo-Marxism: Contemporary research of unemployment in South Africa
3. Deconstruction and “the gift”
4. John Maynard Keynes and unemployment
5. “The gift” and unemployment in the South African context
6. Conclusion
In the next section, the research article is presented with a bibliography and a summary of the article in English and Afrikaans, in accordance with the prescriptions of Acta Academica. In the final sections of the document some general conclusions, the limitations of the study and recommendations for further research, are presented. This is followed by the appendix with prescriptions for research articles submitted to Acta Academica.Thesis (MPhil)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.
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Wilson, James R. "South African unemployment : a supply side analysis of the labour market." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/9882.
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Bibliography: leaves 81-85.This study of South African unemployment approaches the problem from the supply side of the labour market. A descriptive analysis of South African unemployment is made first of all, using data from the 1995 October Household Survey. This is followed by a discussion of various important elements of the South African unemployment debate. An introduction to some theoretical and econometric considerations around labour supply modelling is then given, leading into a statistical and econometric analysis of the African labour supply decision using OHS 1995 data. In particular the labour supply process is split into three stages - participation, ability to find employment, and hours - and each stage analysed in detail using appropriate techniques, including probit and Tobit models for dichotomous and censored dependent variables. In terms of participation, wages are found to have a considerably larger association with female participation than with that of males, and non-wage income shows a very small negative relationship for both groups. Education is found to have a much larger influence on the ability of female participants to find employment than males, and the ability for males to find employment is strongly associated with aspects of location. In particular, the Eastern Cape and Northern Province are identified as regions where the chances of participants finding employment are greatly reduced. Finally, overall labour supply elasticities are found to be positive and inelastic for both males and females of the African population group.
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Maasdorp, Badian Charlton. "The impact of the hiring and firing decision of employment protection legislation on unemployment in South Africa." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/30622.
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The impact of strict employment protection legislation (EPL) on unemployment is still uncertain. However, evidence in literature points to the hiring and firing provisions of EPL being the source of some of the labour market rigidity in South Africa.Hiring and firing provisions comprise a number of elements such as severance pay, dismissal procedures, probationary employment and temporary work arrangements. This research investigates the impact of these measures on the hiring and firing decision through a survey questionnaire distributed to approximately 20 000 small business respondents, who were also tested on the impact of EPL on small business in creating new jobs.The purpose of the research was therefore to contribute to the literature on the role which EPL plays in the hiring and firing decision, and ultimately on unemployment.The results of the research point to a still strong perception that EPL in South Africa is strict despite evidence to the contrary, and that small business respondents believe procedural elements play a significant role in their hiring and firing decision, but some uncertainty with regard to the role of severance pay. The strongest indication was the perception of the regulatory burden of EPL faced by small businesses.Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
unrestricted
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Feddersen, Maura. "Exports and economic growth in South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1012029.
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Various studies conclude that accelerated economic growth and development are necessary in South Africa to make a significant contribution towards reducing high levels of unemployment, inequality and poverty. Moreover, in theories of economic growth the export sector is frequently accorded a special role in encouraging faster economic growth, which is often supported by empirical evidence. Nonetheless, a question that remains unresolved is whether higher export growth leads to higher economic growth in South Africa and what particular role exports may play within the overall economic growth process of the country. This study applies Johansen’s cointegration procedure, impulse response functions, variance decomposition analysis and Granger causality tests to shed light on the channels through which export growth may impact South Africa’s economic growth rate. Quarterly time series data ranging from 1975q1 to 2012q4 is employed in the study’s empirical tests. The empirical results lend support to the idea that the role of exports in the economic growth process fundamentally lies in their ability to encourage investment and capital formation. While export growth supports higher economic growth in the short-run, it does not have the same effect in the long-run. Nonetheless, with export growth supporting faster capital formation in South Africa, and capital formation, in turn, significantly increasing economic growth in the long-run, the impetus to growth stemming from exports has been found to lie in the channel to capital formation. On the basis of the empirical results, not only are exports a critical requirement of higher investment, but they are also anticipated to play a prominent role in lifting the balance of payments constraint that would make investment-led growth possible in the first place. Overall, a strategy of export-led growth that does not explicitly emphasise the export-capital-growth connection is likely to fall short of reflecting the dynamics contained within the exports-growth relationship in South Africa.
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Von, Fintel Dieter. "Spatial heterogeneity, generational change and childhood socioeconomic status : microeconometric solutions to South African labour market questions." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96023.
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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Microeconometric techniques have improved understanding of South Africa’s labour market substantially in the last two decades. This dissertation adds to this evidence by considering three separate labour market questions, with particular attention to data quality and the application of credible methodology. Firstly, wage flexibility is investigated. Whereas selected previous microeconometric evidence suggests that wage setters in South Africa are highly responsive to external local labour market circumstances, it is not corroborated by macroeconomic and other microeconometric studies. This question is interrogated again, with particular attention to methodological issues in wage curve estimation. The latter is a robust negative relationship between individual wages and local unemployment rates, found in most countries, except where bargaining is highly centralized. Adding time variation to the data allows controls for spatial heterogeneity to be introduced, leading to the conclusion that wages are really inflexible in the short-run. Rather, the trade-off between wages and local unemployment that previous work has found represents a long-run spatial equilibrium. This finding is robust to instrumentation for reverse causality and the measurement error that is associated with choosing incorrect labour market demarcations. Secondly, the reliability of retrospective data related to childhood is investigated, with the view of estimating the long-run influence that early life circumstances have on adult outcomes. Two indicators, parental education and subjective rankings of childhood socioeconomic status, are evaluated. The first set of indicators has poor response rates, as many South African children live without their parents. Where respondents do volunteer this information, they answer consistently across waves. Subjective rankings have higher response rates, as they require respondents to provide information about their own past, and not about those of their parents. However, individuals’ assessments are inconsistent over time, despite being asked about the same point in the life cycle. They tend to change their view of the past in line with adjustments to perceptions of their position in the village income distribution and subjective well-being, providing clear evidence of anchoring. Instrumental variables analysis has been used in previous studies to account for measurement error in subjective data. However, if anchoring affects all assessments of the past and potential outcome variables (such as employment), microeconometric techniques will yield biased estimates of the effects of childhood on long-run outcomes. Finally, age-period-cohort models for South African labour force participation are estimated. This chapter is the first contribution to relax the assumption that cohort differences must remain permanent over the life cycle. Monte-Carlo simulation studies show that highly interactive specifications can partially recover the true underlying process. Using a variety of techniques (imposing behavioural restrictions and atheoretical approaches), this study shows that cohort effects in labour force participation can be temporary in South Africa, though more data is required to verify this conclusively. Regardless of technique, a distinct surge in labour force participation is noted for the group born after 1975. Pertinently, the combination of testable assumptions and highly flexible estimation can yield credible age-period-cohort profiles, despite the many disputes noted in the literature. Previous evidence of a surge in participation for the post-1975 cohort can now be shown to be temporary rather than a part of a long-run generational increase.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Mikro-ekonometriese tegnieke het kennis oor die Suid-Afrikaanse arbeidsmark aansienlik uitgebrei in die afgelope twee dekades. Hierdie proefskrif dra by tot hierdie bewyse deur drie afsonderlike arbeidsmark vraagstukke te beskou, met die klem op datagehalte en toepassing van geloofwaardige metodologie. Eerstens word die kwessie van loonaanpasbaarheid beskou. Waar sekere vorige mikro-ekonometriese bewyse aandui dat loonbepalers in Suid-Afrika sterk op eksterne plaaslike arbeidsmarktoestande reageer, word hierdie bevinding nie deur makro-ekonomiese en ander mikro-ekonometriese studies ondersteun nie. Hierdie vraag word dus opnuut ondersoek, met die klem op metodologiese kwessies wat ‘n invloed op die beraming van die loonkurwe het. Laasgenoemde is die negatiewe verhouding tussen individuele lone en plaaslike werkloosheidskoerse wat in die meeste lande geld, behalwe daar waar loonbedinging sterk gesentraliseer is. Deur tydsvariasie by die data te voeg, is dit moontlik om vir heterogeniteit oor ruimte voorsiening te maak, wat tot die gevolgtrekking lei dat lone inderdaad onbuigsaam oor die korttermyn is. Die afruiling tussen lone en plaaslike werkloosheidskoerse wat vorige navorsing bevind het, verteenwoordig eerder ‘n langtermyn ruimtelike ewewig. Hierdie bevinding is nie sensitief vir instrumentasie nie. Laasgenoemde is nodig om voorsiening te maak vir moontlike sydigheid wat kan ontstaan indien die rigting van kousaliteit omgekeerd is, sowel as metingsfoute wat daarmee gepaard gaan as navorsers die plaaslike arbeidsmark verkeerd definiëer. Tweedens word die betroubaarheid van data wat volwassenes vra om hulle kinderomstandighede te onthou, ondersoek. Die uiteindelike doel is om vas te stel of omstandighede vroeg in die lewe ‘n invloed op die uitkomstes van volwassenes het. Twee veranderlikes, naamlik ouers se opvoedingsvlakke en die subjektiewe terugskouende sosioekonomiese rang in respondente se kinderdae, word geëvalueer. Die eerste stel veranderlikes is onderhewig aan lae reaksiekoerse omdat ‘n aansienlike hoeveelheid Suid-Afrikaanse kinders sonder een of beide ouers grootword. Waar respondente wel hierdie inligting verskaf is individue se antwoorde konsekwent tussen twee golwe van ‘n paneelopname. Die vraag na die subjektiewe rang lewer beter reaksiekoerse omdat dit vereis dat respondente inligting oor hulle eie verlede verskaf, en nie oor dié van hul ouers nie. Nietemin is individue se antwoorde strydig oor tyd, ten spyte daarvan dat hulle inligting oor dieselfde tydstip in die lewenssiklus moet verskaf. Hulle is geneig om hulle opinies oor die verlede in lyn met veranderende persepsies van hul huidige posisie in die dorpsinkomsteverdeling, sowel as hulle eie subjektiewe welstand, aan te pas. Dit verskaf dus ‘n sterk aanduiding dat mense hulle antwoorde oor die verlede in huidige toestande anker. Instrumentele veranderlike analise is in vorige studies aangewend om voorsiening te maak vir metingsfoute in subjektiewe data. Indien inligting oor die verlede, asook moontlik uitkomsteveranderlikes (soos indiensname), geanker word in huidige persepsies, sal mikroekonometriese tegnieke egter steeds sydige beramings van die impak van kinderdae op langtermyn uitkomstes bied. Laastens, word sogenaamde ouderdom-periode-kohort modelle op Suid-Afrikaanse arbeidsmarkdeelname data toegepas. Hierdie hoofstuk is die eerste bydrae wat die aanname dat kohortverskille permanent moet bly oor die lewenssiklus laat vaar. Monte-Carlo simulasies dui aan dat hoogs interaktiewe spesifikasies die onderliggende proses gedeeltelik kan weerspieël. Verskeie tegnieke word aangewend (insluitend dié wat gedragsaannames afdwing asook ateoretiese benaderings) wat wys dat kohorteffekte in arbeidsmarkdeelname tydelik kan wees. Tog word meer data benodig om hierdie stelling sonder twyfel te bevestig. Onafhanklik van die tegniek wat gebruik word, is dit duidelik dat ‘n skerp toename in arbeidsmarkdeelname plaasgevind het vir die groep wat na 1975 gebore is. Verder is dit beduidend dat die kombinasie van toetsbare aannames en hoogs buigsame beramers ‘n geloofwaardige oplossing vir die ouderdoms-periode-kohort probleem verskaf, ten spyte van die vele twispunte wat in die literatuur uitgelig word. Vorige bewyse van ‘n toename in arbeidsmagdeelname vir die post-1975 kohort kan nou as ‘n tydelike tendens bestempel word, eerder as ‘n deel van die langtermyn toename oor generasies.
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Essop, Shazia. "Tax incentives that support job creation in South Africa - a comparative study amongst BRICS." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/26832.
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South Africa’s unemployment rate is amongst the highest in the world. It accounts for approximately two percent of global unemployment. The South African government has recognised the importance of job creation and expressed its willingness to help create more jobs. A comprehensive set of policies is necessary to expand long-term job growth in South Africa. Thus, the government should identify and implement new and effective policies that will help create more jobs. In this study, the tax incentives available to support job creation in Brazil, Russia, India and China and South Africa (BRICS), are researched. The purpose of this study is to perform a comparison of the tax incentives available to support job creation in South Africa with the tax incentives available to support job creation in the BRIC countries. The first objective of the comparison was to evaluate whether the tax incentives that are available to support job creation in South Africa are on par with those available to support job creation in the BRIC countries. The second objective of the comparative study was to identify tax incentives that are available in BRIC countries for job creation that are not available in South Africa so that the government may consider whether these incentives are feasible in South Africa. It was found that the tax incentives that support job creation in South Africa are in some instances on par with, and in some instances even exceed, the tax incentives that are available to support job creation in the BRIC countries. AFRIKAANS : Suid-Afrika’s werkloosheidskoers is van die hoogste in die wêreld. Dit verteenwoordig ongeveer twee persent van wêreldwye werkloosheid. Die Suid-Afrikaanse regering het die belangrikheid van werkskepping erken, en sy gewilligheid om meer werkgeleenthede te skep, bevestig. ‘n Omvattende beleidsraamwerk is nodig om die langtermyn groei in werksgeleenthede in Suid-Afrika te bevorder. Die regering behoort derhalwe nuwe en effektiewe programme om werkskepping te bevorder, te identifiseer en te implementeer. In hierdie studie word die belastingaansporings wat werkskepping in Brasilië, Rusland,Indië, China en Suid-Afrika (BRICS) bevorder, nagevors. Die doel van hierdie studie is om ‘n vergelyking te doen van die belastingaansporings wat beskikbaar is om werkskepping in Suid-Afrika te ondersteun, met die belastingaansporings om werkskepping te bevorder in die BRIC lande. Die eerste oogmerk met die vergelyking was om te evalueer of die belastingaansporings wat beskikbaar is om werkskepping in Suid-Afrika te ondersteun vergelykbaar is met wat beskikbaar is om werkskepping in die BRIC lande te bevorder. Die tweede oogmerk van die vergelykende studie om belastingaansporings wat in die BRIC lande beskikbaar is om werkskepping te bevorder, wat nie in Suid-Afrika beskikbaar is nie, te identifiseer sodat die regering kan oorweeg of hierdie aansporings haalbaar is in Suid-Afrika. Daar is bevind dat die belastingaansporings wat beskikbaar is om werkskepping in Suid- Afrika te ondersteun, in sommige gevalle vergelykbaar, en in ander gevalle selfs beter is, as die belastingaansporings wat in die BRIC lande beskikbaar is om werkskepping te bevorder.Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2011.
Taxation
unrestricted
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Nyahuye, Dadiso Caroline. "Corporate social investment: an investigation into communication strategies aimed at curbing unemployment in Richards Bay." Thesis, University of Zululand, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10530/1262.
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A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters in Communication Science at the University of Zululand , South Africa, 2013.Corporate Social Investment (CSI), a relatively new concept yet fast gaining momentum across the world, defines how corporates have responsibilities towards the environment, local communities and ethical practices. Many organisations have realised that beyond making profits, they are responsible to their various stakeholders and have an obligation towards the improvement of their surroundings. This involves implementing well-structured plans of their corporate social initiatives. It is envisaged that these companies would identify gaps within communities before they implement any social initiatives. Planned initiatives generally tend to appropriately promote social harmony within a target community. The global economic meltdown which has been experienced has caused catastrophic job losses throughout the world. Many companies began cost cutting initiatives. Most companies, unfortunately, began scaling down (or even stopped) their CSI initiatives. This study examines the unemployment situation in Richards Bay (South Africa) and investigates whether the major companies have stepped up or stepped down their CSI initiatives. This takes a close look at how major companies used CSI initiatives to assist communities in overcoming the unemployment crisis. These companies after close scrutiny revealed varying CSI initiatives that cater for diverse areas such as education, environment, and agriculture and skills development. However the communication that exists between the community and corporates needs to be more active and allow the community to be able to provide both input and feedback
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Niehaus, Isak Arnold. "Wage workers in a 'homeland township' : their experiences in finding, maintaining and losing employment." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/22390.
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Bibliography: pages 254-266.Workers domiciled in Qwaqwa, South Africa's smallest 'homeland', experience high rates of unemployment and job instability. Yet most terminations of employment are employee-instigated. This dissertation examines the reasons for employment instability among wage workers resident in a housing section in Phuthaditjhaba, the 'homeland's' only urban area. The approach adopted in the dissertation is primarily ethnographic. It describes the everyday experiences of African workers and treats their own perspectives of their working lives as central. Quantitative and qualitative data, collected from two samples drawn from the population in the housing area selected for study, are presented. It is argued that employment instability must be understood as a consequence of a web of interrelated circumstances and cannot be explained in terms of any one single causal factor. The following employment and employment-related circumstances are examined: workers' views of, and reactions to, wages and working conditions; problems with transport between places of work and home, and with workplace accommodation; conflicts of interest arising from domestic pressures undermining workers' ability to remain in a job; and the experience of joblessness. These various factors are then drawn together to show that workers do not perceive these factors in isolation from one another, but that they experience the oppressive conditions of their domestic and working lives as a totality. Any attempts to find ways to increase workers' job stability will have to look both within and beyond the workplace.
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"Graduate unemployment in South Africa’s banking sector." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/11215.
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M. Com. (Development Economics)In recent years unemployment has received considerable international attention from scholars, policy makers, and labour practitioners, because it has reduced economic welfare, reduced output, and eroded human capital. Researchers argue that South Africa is faced with structural unemployment because of the insufficient demand for low-skilled resources and the sufficient demand for highly skilled resources. However, in terms of highly skilled resources, young South Africans have become better educated over the last decade, resulting in a significant growth in the size of the graduate labour force. This growth emanates particularly from the fact that the majority of the graduate labour force has completed their tertiary education. Despite this growth, graduate unemployment appears to be rising along with the overall unemployment rate. The aim of this study is to sensitise policy authorities to the impact of graduate unemployment on the economy by highlighting the perceived causes of graduate unemployment in South Africa’s banking sector. The research was conducted with the aid of a survey administered to two groups, namely a graduate group and a human resource (HR) manager group. The result derived from the research shows that the quality of tertiary institutions which relates to educational standards and culture, the quality of education, high expectations, a shortage of skills, a lack of work experience, and a lengthy process of application and job search are perceived to be the possible causes of graduate unemployment in South Africa. The study makes several tentative recommendations relating to what can possibly be done to reduce graduate unemployment. Among the recommendations proposed are the improvement of the quality of education and institutions, a well-planned career guidance mechanism, and a graduate recruitment subsidy.
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Nonyana, Jeanette Zandile. "Statistical modeling of unemployment duration in South Africa." Diss., 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/20982.
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Unemployment in South Africa has continued to be consistently high as indicated by the various reports published by Statistics South Africa. Unemployment is a global problem where in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries it is related to economic condition. The economic conditions are not solely responsible for the problem of unemployment in South Africa. Consistently high unemployment rates are observed irrespective of the level of economic growth, where unemployment responds marginally to changes Gross Domestic Product (GDP). To understand factors that influence unemployment in South Africa, we need to understand the dynamics of the unemployed population. This study aims at providing a statistical tool useful in improving the understanding of the labour market and enhancing of the labour market policy relevancy. Survival techniques are applied to determine duration dependence, probabilities of exiting unemployment, and the association between socio-demographic factors and unemployment duration. A labour force panel data from Statistic South Africa is used to analyse the time it takes an unemployed person to find employment. The dataset has 4.9 million people who were unemployed during the third quarter of 2013. The data is analysed by computing non-parametric and semi-parametric estimates to avoid making assumption about the functional form of the hazard. The results indicate that the hazard of finding employment is reduced as people spend more time in unemployment (negative duration dependence). People who are unemployed for less than six months have higher hazard functions. The hazards of leaving unemployment at any given duration are significantly lower for people in the following categories - females, adults, education level of lower than tertiary, single or divorced, attending school or doing other activities prior to job search and no work experience. The findings suggest an existence of association between demographics and the length of stay in unemployment; which reflect the nature of the labour market. Due to lower exit probabilities young people spent more time unemployed thus growing out of the age group which is more likely to be employed. Seasonal jobs are not convenient for pregnant women and for those with young kids at their care thus decreasing their employment probabilities. Analysis of factors that affect employment probabilities should be based on datasets which have no seasonal components. The findings suggest that the seasonal components on the labour force panel impacted on the results. According to the findings analysis of unemployment durations can be improved by analysing men and women separately. Men and women have different challenges in the labour market, which influence the association between other demographic factors and unemployment durationStatistics
M. Sc. (Statistics)
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Roberts, Gareth Arthur. "Essays on the dimensions of youth unemployment in South Africa." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/20477.
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"Exclusion of civil servants from Unemployment Insurance Fund : a critical analysis." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/14781.
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Hakizimana, Jean-Marie Vianney. "Small area estimation of unemployment for South African labour market statistics." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/11343.
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M.Sc., Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, 2011The need for Official Statistics to assist in the planning and monitoring of development projects is becoming more intense, as the country shifts toward better service delivery by local government. It is evident that the demand for statistics at small area level (municipal rather than provincial) is high. However, the statistics with respect to employment status at municipal level is limited by the poor estimation of unemployment in 2001 Census and by changes in boundaries in local government areas. Estimates are judged to be reliable only at provincial level (Stats SA, 2003) The aim of this study is to investigate possible methods to resolve the problem of the misclassification of employment status in Census 2001 by readjusting the data with respect to the classification of people as employed, unemployed or economically inactive, to that of Labour Force Survey of September 2001. This report gives an overview of the different methods of small area estimation proposed in the literature, and investigates the use of these methods to provide better estimates of employment status at a small area (municipal) level. The application of the small area estimation methods to employment status shows that the choice of the method used is dependent on the available data as well as the specification of the required domain of estimation. This study uses a two-stage small area model to give estimates of unemployment at different small areas of estimation across the geographical hierarchy (i.e. District Council and Municipality). Even though plausible estimates of the unemployment rate were calculated for each local municipality, the study points out some limitations, one of which is the poor statistical representation (very few people) living in some specific municipalities (e.g. District Management Areas used for national parks). Another issue is the poor classification of employment status in rural areas due to poor data with respect to economic activities, mostly with respect to family businesses, and the non-availability of additional auxiliary data at municipal level, for the validation of the results. The inability to incorporate the time difference factors in the small area estimation model is also a problem. In spite those limitations, the small area estimation of unemployment in South Africa gives the reference estimates of unemployment at municipality level for targeted policy intervention when looking at reducing the gap between those who have jobs and those who do not. Hence, the outcome of the small area estimation investigation should assist policy makers in their decision-making. In addition, the methodological approach used in this report constitutes a technical contribution to the knowledge of using Small Area Estimation techniques for South African Employment statistics.
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"Die invloed van werkloosheid op maatskaplike funksionering." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/13376.
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M.A.South Africa is currently experiencing a process of transformation impacting on the welfare, economical, physical and political areas. This process of transformation and socio-economic change has created a number of problems for example - unemployment. During the past decade the South African economy has been unable to provide opportunities for its economically active population. Unemployment in South Africa has undergone a transformation and, currently, the problem cannot, as in the past, be attributed to irresponsibility and instability. External factors are currently causing a situation where stable and self supporting individuals and families are becoming unemployed. Unemployment does not only have socio-economic implications for the country but also psycho-social implications for individuals, the family and the community. Retrenchment can lead to poor self-image, the loss of confidence, limited or even no future vision, internal struggle, depression, tension in the family and other psycho-social conditions...