Relevant bibliographies by topics / Unequal treaties

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Unequal treaties'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 28 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Unequal treaties"

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Van Hulle, Inge. "Grotius, Informal Empire and the Conclusion of Unequal Treaties." Grotiana 37, no. 1 (December 19, 2016): 43–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18760759-03700003.

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Unequal treaties have become synonymous with the imperial practice of Western states in East Asia during the nineteenth century. They have also become a popular subject of study for historians of international law. A neglected feature of the history of unequal treaties is the way they were used and theorised upon as instruments of informal empire before the nineteenth century, in the early-modern age. Hugo Grotius in particular wrote extensively on unequal treaties and alliances through his familiarity with the Dutch East India Company’s exploits in the East Indies, where the conclusion of treaties with indigenous rulers formed the cornerstone of Dutch imperialism. This article delves into the early-modern roots of unequal alliances and discusses how the Grotian analysis of unequal alliances influenced other authors of the classic law of nations.
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Chan, Samuel. "China's Unequal Treaties: Narrating National History. Dong Wang." China Journal 57 (January 2007): 217–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/tcj.57.20066280.

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WANG, Marina Xiaojing. "Neutrality is Impossible: Nationalism, Unequal Treaties and the National Christian Council of China 1925-1926." International Journal of Sino-Western Studies 20 (July 14, 2021): 135–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.37819/ijsws.20.113.

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"This article takes the National Christian Council of China (NCC) as a ease study. By examining the responses from various stakeholder both mainline Chinese Protestants and western mission within the NCC to the campaigns for the abrogation of the unequal treaties during the period of 1925——1926, it aims to reveal the tension and interaction between Christian missions? Chinese churches and the nationalist discourse. This article argues that although both Protestant missions and Chinese churches were in general the beneficiaries of the utoleration clauses“ of the unequal treaties and were aware of the necessity of drawing a clear borderline with the treaties > the two parties viewed the matter from different standpoints. To the majority of the missionary societies associated with the NCC > it was a diplomatic matter to be solved through formal negotiation between the governments. Whereas to most of the mainline Chinese Protestants> it had developed into a fundamental factor causing not only Christianity's unfavourable position in Chinese society, but also China's backwardness and uhumiliation. Considerably influenced by the nationalist discourse? they ardently engaged themselves in the campaigns to abrogate the unequal treaties > individually or as a group. Specific Chinese socio-political context and the nationalist discourse contributed significantly to the divergence of views. The NCC, incorporating both sides?was obliged to make a prompt response to the treaty issue and struggled to find common ground among the cooperating bodies.
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Fung, Edmund S. K. "The Chinese Nationalists and the Unequal Treaties 1924–1931." Modern Asian Studies 21, no. 4 (October 1987): 793–819. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x0000932x.

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The movement to abolish the unequal treaties was the cause célèbre of Chinese nationalism after the First World War. It was an extension of the late Qing movement to retrieve the rights and interests (shouhui liquan yundong) that had been lost to the powers over the decades. Whereas the quintessence of the late Qing campaign was economic nationalism and the means it employed peaceful, the post-war drive was highly political and at times accompanied by a degree of violence. The Chinese determination, strengthened by Germany's and Austria's relinquishment of their treaty status, was a bond that united the whole nation from Beijing to Guangzhou (Canton) despite their domestic political differences.
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Craven, Matthew. "What Happened to Unequal Treaties? The Continuities of Informal Empire." Nordic Journal of International Law 74, no. 3-4 (2005): 335–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157181005774939896.

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Pye, Lucian W., and Michael R. Auslin. "Negotiating with Imperialism: The Unequal Treaties and the Culture of Japanese Diplomacy." Foreign Affairs 84, no. 2 (2005): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20034327.

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IOKIBE, K. "Negotiating with Imperialism: The Unequal Treaties and the Culture of Japanese Diplomacy." Social Science Japan Journal 10, no. 1 (March 29, 2007): 122–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ssjj/jym025.

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Tanaka, Stefan. ":Negotiating with Imperialism: The Unequal Treaties and the Culture of Japanese Diplomacy." American Historical Review 110, no. 4 (October 2005): 1146–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr.110.4.1146.

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Parada, Leopoldo. "Hybrid Entity Mismatches and the MLI: A Tax Policy Assessment." Intertax 49, Issue 10 (October 1, 2021): 786–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/taxi2021085.

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This article argues that despite its apparent success as a political instrument to achieve global coordination, and particularly referred to hybrid entity mismatches, the multilateral instrument (MLI) has failed. Most notably, the MLI has been incapable of keeping cohesion with the main object and purpose of tax treaties, reinforcing also an unequal distribution of taxing powers between residence and source states. In light of the above, this article explores some prospective alternatives that could not only help with restoring cohesion and equality within tax treaties, but also add certainty and simplicity to the interpretation of the MLI and the issues related to hybrid entity mismatches. Hybrid entity mismatches, hybrid entities, transparent entities, MLI, BEPS, multilateral instruments, coordination of entities, saving clause, beneficial owner, entity classification.
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Han, Seunghoon. "The Endeavour to Revise Unequal Treaties in East Asia in the Early 1880s." International Journal of Korean History 23, no. 1 (February 28, 2018): 87–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.22372/ijkh.2018.23.1.87.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Unequal treaties"

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Martínez, Robles David. "La participación española en el proceso de penetración occidental en China: 1840-1870." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7466.

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Esta tesis se ha centrado en el desarrollo de las relaciones entre China y España en el contexto de penetración occidental en China desde la firma del Tratado de Nanjing (1842) hasta el final de la década de 1860. España fue un actor secundario en este proceso, pero sus relaciones con el imperio Chino muestran que algunas de las suposiciones de la historiografía más clásica sobre el mismo son demasiado limitadas y restringidas.

A mediados de siglo XIX España era una nación en crisis y carecía de los recursos necesarios para tomar parte activa en las acciones occidentales en China. No obstante, su presencia en territorio chino le permitió implicarse de manera indirecta en acontecimientos capitales como las guerras del opio o la Rebelión de los Taiping, negociar en términos similares a los empleados por otros países como la Gran Bretaña o Francia por la obtención de un tratado; e incluso un agente español fue escogido por el Zongli yamen para actuar como representante del gobierno chino en un país europeo.
The main focus of this dissertation is the relationship between China and Spain in the context of the process of foreign penetration in China from the signature of the Treaty of Nanjing (1842) to the end of 1860s. Spain was a minor actor in this process, but her relations with the Chinese empire demonstrate that some of the classical historiographical approaches are too narrow and restricted.

In the 19th century, Spain was a nation in crisis and it lacked the resources to take a leading role in the Western imperial actions in China. Nevertheless, the Spanish presence in China allowed that country to get indirectly involved in major events like the Opium Wars or the Taiping Rebellion; Spain also became embroiled in the negotiations for a treaty in the same terms than those used for imperial powers like Great Britain; and still a Spaniard was chosen by the Zongli yamen to act as a representative of the Chinese government in a European country.
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Madeira, Daniela Pereira. "O papel da jurisprudência no Processo Civil contemporâneo." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2012. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=9056.

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A utilização correta da jurisprudência conduzirá a sociedade brasileira a uma maior estabilidade jurisprudencial, com respeito ao princípio da isonomia, não somente diante da norma legislada como também perante a norma judicada. Deve-se afastar a discrepância de decisões judiciais relativas ao mesmo tema, que tratam desigualmente os iguais, evitando assim o longo percurso das vias recursais para se obter um julgamento isonômico em situações idênticas. O princípio da isonomia visa garantir que todos recebam tratamento igualitário da lei e, de outro lado, oferece a certeza de que todos os juízes devem decidir de modo análogo quando se depararem diante de situações semelhantes. A jurisprudência, uma vez que traduz a interpretação da norma, deve ser estável e previsível, com o fito de pautar as condutas dos jurisdicionados em virtude de se conhecer o entendimento da Corte máxima a respeito de uma determinada matéria. Um direito instável e imprevisível não gera a segurança jurídica, nem a pacificação social que razoavelmente se espera. A aplicação da jurisprudência no tempo, através da modulação, ganha novos contornos em virtude de sua previsão legal no projeto do Código de Processo Civil. A mudança de entendimento sedimentado observará a necessidade de fundamentação adequada e específica, considerando o imperativo de estabilidade das relações jurídicas (art. 847, 1 do projeto concluído no Senado Federal). Privilegia-se, além do princípio da segurança jurídica, o princípio da confiança que deve ter como uma das suas consequências que a expectativa legítima do jurisdicionado seja respeitada mediante a aplicação da jurisprudência dominante antiga e mais benéfica para o jurisdicionado. Neste contexto, em se pensando em uma reforma processual efetiva, deve-se ter como objetivo a ser seguido, além da celeridade processual e eficiência dos atos jurisdicionais, a uniformização da jurisprudência, eis que a necessidade de formação de uma só pauta de conduta para o jurisdicionado deve ser o objetivo almejado. E este objetivo só será alcançado quando houver uma uniformização e aplicação da jurisprudência dominante. Os instrumentos processuais inseridos no Código de Processo Civil devem ser reavaliados e novos elaborados, já que até agora serviram para dirimir conflitos intersubjetivos e não mais respondem satisfatoriamente às novas situações, que são as necessidades e valores de uma sociedade globalizada, massificada.
The correct use of case law will lead Brazilian society to a greater judicial stability that complies with the principle of equality, not only before legal rules as well as before judicial norms.It should be avoided the discrepancy of judgments related to the same matter, which unequally treat the ones in the same circumstances, thus avoiding the long judicial journey in order to obtain a uniform judgment for similar situations. The principle of equality aims to ensure that everyone receives equal law treatment and on the other hand, assures that all judges should decide in the same way when they come across similar situations. The jurisprudence as it reflects the interpretation of the rule, should be stable and predictable, in order to guide the conduct of citizens as it states the highest Court understanding on a particular matter. An unstable and unpredictable rule does not create lawl certainty nor the social peace that one can reasonably expect. The application of case law in time, by means of its modulation, earns new contours due its legal provision in the Civil Procedure Code Project. The change of a settled understanding claims for an adequate and specific reasoning, considering the need for stability of legal relations (art. 847, 1 of the completed project in the Senate). This increases the value of the legal certainty principle and of legitimate expectations principle that should have as one of their consequences that the legitimate expectation of the claimer is respected by applying him the old and more beneficial ruling jurisprudence. In this context, the aim for an effective procedural reform should be pursued, besides the procedural celerity and the efficiency of judicial acts, and also the standardization of jurisprudence. An unique agenda of conduct for the claimants should be desired as a goal. And this can only be achieved when there is a standardization and application of prevailing jurisprudence.
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Jui-chen, Hu, and 胡睿宸. "The revision of unequal treaties in Meiji Japan (1871-1896)." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/51949278353971876484.

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Kago, Caroline Wanjiku. "Chinese investments in Africa: legal ‘misengineering’ and unequal returns on investments." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/3229.

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Books on the topic "Unequal treaties"

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Zong, Min. Tiao yue zhong de jin dai Zhongguo. Beijing Shi: Ren min wen xue chu ban she, 2018.

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Qiu, Zuming. Zhong wai ding yue shi quan lun. [Beijing: Beijing zhong xian tuo fang ke ji fa zhan you xian gong si, 2012.

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Wang, Dong. China's unequal treaties: Narrating national history. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2005.

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Zhongguo ren min zheng zhi xie shang hui yi. Heilongjiang Sheng Heihe Shi wei yuan hui. Wen shi zi liao wei yuan hui. Li shi zai zhe li shen si: Zhong E Aihui tiao yue qian ding 140 zhou nian ji. [Heihe Shi]: Zheng xie Heihe Shi wei yuan hui wen shi zi liao wei yuan hui, 1998.

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Mayo, Marlene J. The Iwakura embassy and unequal treaties, 1871-1873. Ann Arbor, Mich: University Microfilms, 1985.

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Dubey, Muchkund. An unequal treaty: World trading order after GATT. New Delhi: New Age International, 1996.

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1956-, Chen Weimin, ed. Lai Hua wai guo ren yu jin dai bu ping deng tiao yue. Beijing Shi: Xue yuan chu ban she, 2007.

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Perez, Louis G. Japan comes of age: Mutsu Munemitsu and the revision of the unequal treaties. Madison, [N.J.]: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1999.

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Jin dai Zhongguo de tiao yue zhi du. Changsha Shi: Hunan ren min chu ban she, 2010.

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Unequal Treaties and China. Enrich Professional Publishing (S) Private, Limited, 2015.

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Book chapters on the topic "Unequal treaties"

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Hecke, Simon, and James Stafford. "“Unequal treaties”." In Constructing Global Challenges in World Politics, 23–44. London: Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003452348-4.

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Fuess, Harald. "Unequal treaties, consular jurisdiction, and treaty port society." In Routledge Handbook of Modern Japanese History, 47–61. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, New York, NY : Routledge, [2018]: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315746678-4.

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Dąbrowska, Anna. "Treaty of Kanagawa and the Japanese Unequal Treaties." In Global Encyclopedia of Territorial Rights, 1–4. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68846-6_640-1.

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Beck, Alanna M. "Unequal Treaties: Extraterritorial Jurisdiction in the Empire of China." In Global Encyclopedia of Territorial Rights, 1–11. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68846-6_637-1.

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Das, Rup Narayan. "Opium Trade and Unequal Treaties: The Birth of Hong Kong." In The Hong Kong Conundrum, 1–38. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003364986-1.

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Jo, Kyu-hyun. "The First Unequal Treaties and the Forced Opening of Korean Ports." In Japanese "Judicial Imperialism" and the Origins of the Coercive Illegality of Japan's Annexation of Korea, 27–74. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-1975-8_2.

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Jo, Kyu-hyun. "“Judicial Imperialism”, the Unequal Treaties Between Korea and Japan, and Transcending Phenomenological Interpretations of Japan’s Colonization of Korea." In Japanese "Judicial Imperialism" and the Origins of the Coercive Illegality of Japan's Annexation of Korea, 1–26. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-1975-8_1.

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Erisheva, Aizhan. "Gender Equality and International Human Rights Law in Kyrgyzstan." In Human Rights Dissemination in Central Asia, 115–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-27972-0_9.

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AbstractGender inequality is one of the main socioeconomic and transformation issues for women in Central Asia due to the inherited patriarchal culture, the low prioritization of the problem at the country level, and the poor representation of women in decision-making processes. In the case of Kyrgyzstan, in the last couple of years, the news headlines have been filled with sad stories of women suffering from domestic and gender-based violence and discrimination. It appears that women’s rights and interests are not protected, monitored, or part of the state’s agenda. What is surprising, however, is that Kyrgyzstan was the pioneer in the region when it came to adopting laws that promote human rights. Kyrgyzstan ratified the following international human rights treaties to protect women’s rights: the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) in 1997, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) in 1994, the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD) in 1997, the Forced Labour Convention and the Equal Remuneration Convention, both ratified in 1992, the Abolition of Forced Labour Convention in 1999, the Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention and Employment Policy Convention, both ratified in 1992, and many other human rights treaties. In Kyrgyzstan, women are de facto not able to fully participate in the labor market, and do not have social protection or equal remuneration. In addition, they bear the burden of an unequal division of household chores, have limited access to sexual and reproductive health and rights, and suffer from gender-based and domestic violence. The main factors contributing to this situation are inherited patriarchal culture and norms, the socioeconomic situation in the country, limited access to justice, legally undefined terms that have resulted in a discriminatory legal framework, and no government will make the laws and treaties enforceable.
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Fan, Ruiping. "A Family-Oriented Civil Society: Treating People as Unequals." In Philosophical Studies in Contemporary Culture, 23–41. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3156-3_3.

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El-Ali, Leena. "God Does Not Prefer Sons Over Daughters (!)." In Sustainable Development Goals Series, 93–97. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83582-8_10.

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AbstractThe same twin-arguments that try to deprive women of their free will also anchor the policies, laws and customs that prioritise men over women generally, treating them as unequal. These are the so-to-speak “naturally immoral” and “intellectually deficient” claims laid at the door of hadith. Nowhere in the Qur’an does it say that God values people’s sons more than daughters—how could it?
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Conference papers on the topic "Unequal treaties"

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Lymberopoulos, N., N. C. Baines, and N. Watson. "Flow in Single and Twin Entry Radial Turbine Volutes." In ASME 1988 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/88-gt-59.

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This paper presents a numerical analysis and experimental measurements of flows in the vaneless volute of a radial–inflow turbine. Cases of single and twin entry to the volute were studied, and in particular the case of unequal flows, or partial admission, to the two entries. The distance between the rotor tip and the limit of the internal wall separating the two flows was varied in order to study the effects of interaction of the two streams. The computational model is based on a quasi–three–dimensional solution of the Euler equations, in which the radial and tangential components of velocity are fully solved, but the axial component is only treated to simulate the mixing of the two streams. The results of the model were compared with published results for a single entry, and extensive new results for a single or twin entry, casing. Even in the single and equal flow twin–entry cases, significant variations in flow properties around the exit circumference of the volutes were observed, most particularly in the region of re–entry near the tongue. For unequal flows the interaction of the two streams was strong and increased with increasing separating wall diameter, and with increasing inequality of flow rates. In extreme cases the flow reverses.
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Penteado, Bruno Elias. "Design propositions for the critical analysis of educational machine learning-based applications using emancipatory pedagogy." In Simpósio Brasileiro de Informática na Educação. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/sbie.2022.225710.

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In education, machine learning applications provide support and analytics insights to students, teachers, and administrators. However, not all of us are treated equally by these technologies. The algorithmic bias may reflect unequal opportunities for individuals based only on their demographic data. Following a design science research approach, we investigate multiple sources of bias in the machine learning pipeline and use emancipatory pedagogy as kernel theory to elaborate design propositions to mitigate this problem. We correlate the sources of bias with potential actions, providing theoretical lenses to handle bias throughout the development of intelligent educational systems. These principles should provide researchers with a critical analysis of the development of intelligent systems in education.
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Ofiarski, Zbigniew. "Principles of Taxation of Interest Income or Discount on Covered Bonds Issued in Poland." In The XX International Scientific Conference "Functioning of Investments Financed from State Resources and from Other Sources in The Countries of Central And Eastern Europe". Temida 2, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/ipf.2022.15.

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The rules of taxation of revenues or income from covered bonds issued in Poland may become a significant barrier to the demand for this category of debt securities and, as a result, considerably limit the capabilities of mortgage banks to grant long-term loans for investment purposes. The present study has analysed and assessed the legislation in force in Poland regarding the scope and methods of taxation of interest and discount on covered bonds as a form of revenue or income earned by their holders. The aim of the study is to present various methods of taxation of these revenues or income, determined by the legal status of taxpayers. The thesis verified herein assumes the excessive privileging of non-residents with revenues or income from covered bonds, leading to unequal treatment of the taxpayers who are Polish tax residents. Furthermore, the study demonstrates that the legislator has led to a situation where corporate income tax payers are treated more favourably than personal income tax payers as regards the taxation of interest and discount on covered bonds. The formulated de lege ferenda postulates are intended to significantly reduce these differences in the taxation of revenues or income obtained from the same source. The study uses the legal-dogmatic method and, additionally, the analytical method.
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Hermansson, Robert, Ville Närvänen, Jyrki Kajaste, Olof Calonius, Matti Pietola, and Petri Kuosmanen. "Experimental Study on Energy Efficiency of Two-Cylinder Direct Driven Hydraulic System in a Large-Scale Test Bench." In ASME/BATH 2021 Symposium on Fluid Power and Motion Control. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fpmc2021-68797.

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Abstract In this research the energy efficiency of a pump controlled direct driven hydraulic (DDH) system is experimentally tested and analyzed. The test bench uses two cylinders’ cross-connection to rotate the middle joint of the 5-meter-long pivot arm which is loaded with unequal load of maximum 1685 kg. Originally the test bench is designed to study the application of DDH in the case of an articulated steering system, but in this research the system is treated as load lifting and load lowering application. The power pack of the test bench features a permanent magnet servo motor and a bent-axis, fixed-displacement hydraulic motor-pump unit. A separate charge pump circuit is attached, which also controls the servo motor and pump case temperature and takes care of fluid heat management as well as filtering. An extensive CAN-network is utilized for measurement and control. The motion of the test bench is driven with position control to give reproducible lifting and lowering cycles with different loads and velocities. Three motion cycles are executed involving three different loads, nine combinations in total, to study their effect on energy efficiency in load lifting and load lowering situations. Mechanical input power is measured between the electric motor and pump, hydraulic power is measured at the pump outlet and at the cylinder ports, and finally the mechanical output power is calculated for the cylinder-to-mechanical interface. Energy losses are determined as well as the overall energy efficiency of the hydraulic system. The research focuses on the hydraulic system and therefore the electric input power to the system and the regenerated electric power in load lowering is left out of the study. However, the regeneration potential in load lowering part of the cycles is measured as the available electric motor shaft power. In load lifting, the total energy efficiency of the hydraulic system was at its best at 82% when using the maximum additional load of 1685 kg and the lowest lifting velocity of 0.1 rad/s. Energy efficiency of load lowering was at its best in the same cycle with 77% of the energy recovered from the pump-motor’s shaft. High dependency on load and velocity was detected, because the total efficiency in lifting decreased to 44% with highest velocity (0.3 rad/s) and lowest load (445 kg). In lowering, during the same cycle, the total efficiency was −17%, meaning that gravity loading alone could not produce fast enough motion and that active input power was needed. In conclusion, very good energy efficiency could be achieved when operating against high enough loading. Operating at partial loads and with higher velocities will clearly reduce energy efficiency, emphasizing the need for careful dimensioning of all the power train components.
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Reports on the topic "Unequal treaties"

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Michel, Bob, and Tatiana Falcão. Taxing Profits from International Maritime Shipping in Africa: Past, Present and Future of UN Model Article 8 (Alternative B). Institute of Development Studies (IDS), November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2021.023.

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International maritime shipping is an essential part of global business. Since the establishment of the current international tax regime in the 1920s, there has been a consensus that profits generated by this business are taxable only in the residence state –the state where the shipowners are located. Source states – the port states where business physically takes place – are generally expected to exempt income from international shipping. This standard is currently reflected in Article 8 of the OECD Model and Article 8 (Alternative A) of the UN Model, and is incorporated in the vast majority of bilateral tax treaties currently in force. Exclusive residence state taxation of shipping profits is problematic when the size of mercantile fleets and shipping flows between two states are of unequal size. This is often the case in relations between a developed and developing country. The latter often lack a substantial domestic mercantile fleet, but serve as an important revenue-generating port state for the fleet of the developed country. To come to a more balanced allocation of taxing rights in such a case, a source taxation alternative has been inserted in UN Model Article 8 (Alternative B). From its inception, Article 8B has been labelled impractical due to the lack of guidance on core issues, like sourcing rules and profit allocation. This gap is said to explain the low adoption rate of Article 8B in global tax treaty practice. In reality, tax treaty practice regarding Article 8B is heavily concentrated and flourishing in a handful of countries in South/South-East Asia – Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Myanmar, Pakistan, the Philippines, Sri Lanka and Thailand. All these countries subject non-resident shipping income to tax in their domestic income tax laws. Except for India, all countries are able to exercise these domestic tax law rules in relation to shipping enterprises located in the biggest shipowner states, either because they have a treaty in place that provides for source taxation or because there is no treaty at all and thus no restriction of domestic law. None of the relevant tax treaties contain a provision that incorporates the exact wording of Article 8B of the UN Model. If other countries, like coastal countries in sub-Saharan Africa, are looking to implement source taxation of maritime shipping income in the future, they are advised to draw on the South/South-East Asian experience. Best practice can be distilled regarding sourcing rule, source tax limitation, profit attribution and method of taxation (on gross or net basis). In addition to technical guidance on tax, the South/South-East Asian experience also provides important general policy considerations countries should take into account when determining whether source taxation of maritime shipping profits is an appropriate target for their future tax treaty negotiations.
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2

Hilgert, Marianne, and Miguel Székely. What's Behind the Inequality We Measure: An Investigation Using Latin American Data. Inter-American Development Bank, December 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010769.

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The use of income distribution indicators in the economics literature has increased considerably in recent years. This work relies on household surveys from 18 LAC countries to take a step back from the use of these indicators, and explore what's behind the numbers, and what information they convey. We find: a) that the way countries rank according to inequality measured in a conventional way is to a large extent an illusion created by differences in characteristics of the data and on the particular ways in which the data is treated; b) Our ideas about the effect of inequality on economic growth are also driven by quality and coverage differences in household surveys and by the way in which the data is treated; c) Standard household surveys in LAC are unable to capture the incomes of the richest sectors of society; so, the inequality we are able to measure is most likely a gross underestimation. Our main conclusion is that there is an important story behind each number. This story influences our judgement about how unequal countries are and about the relation between inequality and other development indicators, but it is seldom told or known. Perhaps other statistics commonly used in economics also have their own interesting story, and it might be worth trying to find out what it is.
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3

Ardanaz, Martín, Evelyne Hübscher, Philip Keefer, and Thomas Sattle. Policy Misperceptions, Information, and the Demand for Redistributive Tax Reform: Experimental Evidence from Latin American Countries. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004655.

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Why do individuals preferences for redistribution often diverge widely from their material self-interest? Using an original online survey experiment spanning eight countries and 12,000 respondents across Latin America, one of the most unequal regions in the world, we find significant evidence for an under-explored explanation: misconceptions regarding the distributional effects of current tax policy. Treated respondents who are informed that an increase in the value added tax (VAT) is regressive are significantly more likely to prefer policy reforms that make the tax more progressive. Treatment effects are driven by the large fraction of respondents who underestimate the regressivity of the VAT, even though their misperceptions are linked to fundamental views about the world. These respondents are disproportionately right-leaning and more likely to attribute success to individual effort than luck. Despite the deep-rooted nature of respondents misperceptions, treatment effects are largest among individuals who hold these views of the world. These findings contribute both to understanding the political economy of redistribution and the potential for information interventions to shift support for fiscal adjustment policies protecting the most vulnerable.
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4

Ardanaz, Martín, Evelyne Hübscher, Philip Keefer, and Thomas Sattler. Policy Misperceptions, Information, and the Demand for Redistributive Tax Reform: Experimental evidence from Latin America. Inter-American Development Bank, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004473.

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Scholars have long struggled to understand why individual preferences for redistribution often diverge widely from their material self-interest. The puzzle is acute in Latin America, largely democratic and yet one of the most unequal regions in the world. Using an original online survey experiment spanning 8 countries and 12,000 respondents across Latin America, we find significant evidence for an under-explored explanation: misconceptions regarding the distributional effects of current tax policy. Treated respondents who are informed that an increase in the value-added tax (VAT) is regressive are significantly more likely to prefer policy reforms that make the tax more progressive. We are further able to identify mechanisms. A large fraction of respondents underestimate the regressivity of the VAT. Their misperceptions are linked to fundamental views about the world: these respondents are disproportionately right-leaning and more likely to attribute success to individual effort than luck. Despite the deep-rooted nature of their misperceptions, treatment effects are largest among individuals who believe the VAT is not regressive. These findings contribute both to understanding the political economy of redistribution and the potential for information interventions to shift support for fiscal adjustment policies protecting the most vulnerable.
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