Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'UNESCO World Heritage List'

Cette thèse propose une analyse socio-politique des relations internationales au sein d'une Organisation Mondiale, en partant du cas concret de l’UNESCO dans le cadre de l’établissement des listes du Patrimoine Mondial. L’analyse sociologique des interactions entre les acteurs intervenant dans le choix et la publication des listes du Patrimoine Mondial forme le socle sur lequel une théorisation des processus en jeu est déployée. Bien que l'UNESCO fournisse aux états des outils leur permettant d'atteindre leurs objectifs nationaux, l'UNESCO contribue également à l’établissement de valeurs universelles et d’identités cosmopolites. Les dynamiques d’établissement des listes et leur contenu apparaissent de plus en plus marqués par les démarches des acteurs (états et individus) qui y participent. Le rôle de l'UNESCO apparaît donc ambivalent, dans la mesure où elle est en partie garante des institutions et des valeurs fondamentales qui sous-tendent sa création, et où elle favorise les jeux d’influence, l’établissement de rapports de force et les conflits. Cette tension n’affecte pas pour autant la valeur perçue par de nombreux acteurs des listes produites, et elle n’entame que partiellement les représentations de la capacité de l’institution à promouvoir la paix et la compréhension entre les peuples
This research project is a socio-political analysis of the International Relations within an International Organization, levering the practical case of UNESCO in the context of the establishing World Heritage Lists. It suggests a theorization of the underlying process, by which numerous actors take part in the selection and subsequent publication of World Heritage Lists. In addition to providing individual states with the tools to achieve their national objectives, UNESCO seem to contribute to the establishment of universal values and cosmopolitan identities. The establishment processes of these Lists and their content appear increasingly influenced by the behavior of their actors (i.e., states and individuals). In that context, the role of UNESCO seems ambivalent. It serves both as (a) guarantor for the underlying fundamental values of the institutions and as a place of (b) political economy, in which influences are exchanged between actors that can lead to power struggles and even conflicts. However, this tension doesn’t seem to impact the perceived value of the Lists by most actors and appears to only partially impact the perception of the Organization’s capacity to promote peace-building and closer relationships between peoples

This thesis deals with the possibility of the inscription of the Church of the Most Sacred Heart of Our Lord in Vinohrady to the UNESCO World Heritage List. The church is a piece of work of the well-known Slovenian architect Josip Plečnik. The church's nomination is being prepared in cooperation with Slovenia where Plečnik's churches are also aimed to be nominated to the UNESCO World Heritage List. The work is focused on evaluation of outstanding universal value based on which the church meets some established criteria that are essential for the nomination to the UNESCO World Heritage List. Moreover, it also warns about the possible impacts which are closely connected with the inscription to this prestigious list. Thus, it suggests some recommendations which could eliminate those negative consequences. The final part of the work concentrates on proposing some thematic projects that strive to connect this church to the religion tourism in the Czech Republic and in Europe. The goal of these projects is to increase the awareness of this church among the public.

In der Arbeit wird die historische Genese des UNESCO Welterbe-Programms zwischen 1960 und 1980 untersucht, insbesondere im Hinblick auf die Rolle der sogenannten Entwicklungsländer in diesem Prozess. Die UNESCO engagierte sich in vielen dieser Länder im Bereich des Kultur- und Naturschutzes, zu einem Zeitpunkt an dem der Aufbau eines nationalen Erbes für diese Länder von besonderer Bedeutung war. Die Schlüsselkonzepte des Welterbediskurses: Nationales Erbe, Denkmalpflege und Humanität, sind europäischen Ursprungs und westlicher Natur. In Bezug auf die Entwicklungsländer gestaltete sich die Etablierung eines nationalen Erbes und die Konstruktion eines historischen Narratives in den meisten Fällen als Zusammenarbeit zwischen internationalen Experten und nationalen politischen Eliten. Außerdem galt vielen der involvierten Akteure Kulturtourismus in Entwicklungsländern, angeregt durch Altertümer und wilde Natur, als entscheidende Einnahmequelle für Devisen. Identifikation, Institutionalisierung und Ausübung von Denkmalpflege zu finanzieren war vielfach Bestandteil von Entwicklungshilfeprogrammen und Äthiopien ist ein besonders anschauliches Beispiel für diese Praxis. Die Welterbekonvention wurde in Äthiopien ab 1977 mit großem Erfolg umgesetzt, gleichzeitig jedoch herrschte ein Mangel an entsprechend ausgebildeten Fachkräften – Archäologen, Denkmalpfleger oder Kunsthistoriker– im Land um die Vorhaben tatsächlich umzusetzen. Das wirtschaftliche Potential von Kulturtourismus wurde als vielversprechend gelobt und Gelder für Denkmalpflege und Artenschutz wurden teilweise nur unter der Prämisse der touristischen Erschließung bereitgestellt. Äthiopiens Rolle in der Entstehungsphase des Welterbe-Programms ermöglicht es, die komplexen Prozesse der Wissensproduktion und Politisierung zu verstehen, die den Welterbe-Diskurs so maßgeblich prägen.
This dissertation looks into the historic genesis of the UNESCO World Heritage Programme, and gives a special relevance to the role of so-called developing countries in this. UNESCO was highly active in the field of conservation in these countries at a time that the establishment and promotion of a national heritage was perceived desirable by them. National heritage, conservation and humanitarianism – key concepts promoted in the World Heritage discourse – are European in their origin and Western in their nature. In the context of so-called developing countries, the establishment of a nation’s heritage was often a hybrid effort of international experts and national political elites, serving evolving national narratives. On a more concrete level, many actors involved saw cultural tourism, stimulated by monuments and wildlife, as a crucial source of foreign currency for these countries. Funding the identification and institutionalisation of heritage, and the conservation and management of heritage sites, was a practise occurring within and alongside other forms of technical assistance and developmental aid. Ethiopia provides a particular vivid example of these events. Ethiopia implemented the World Heritage Convention in 1977, with great effort and success. At the same time, the country was confronted with a skills-shortage crisis, due to there being at that time few native Ethiopian archaeologists, conservators, or art historians. The economic potential of heritage tourism in Ethiopia was appreciated early on and funds for conservation were sometimes raised entirely based upon the argument that the conservation of monuments would foster tourism, and development. Understanding the links between Ethiopia and the World Heritage programme during it’s initial phase provides insights into the complex processes of knowledge production, and politics, that constitutes the World Heritage discourse.

This thesis examines UNESCO's World Heritage project in Djenne, a World Heritage site in Mali. It argues that only through a thorough understanding of UNESCO's history and political structure can the ideological basis for its work be revealed. UNESCO's recent focus on intangible heritage provides a model for examining the difficulties it encounters in Djenne. Accordingly, UNESCO's move from a concentration on 'outstanding universal value' and an archival approach to cultural heritage towards a more dynamic emphasis on cultural transmission finds a resonance in Djenne. A study of the work of artisans, guides and the Festival du Djennery held in the town all reveal cultural heritage to be a negotiated practice, in need of constant adaptation to remain relevant to a population struggling to live in conditions of extreme poverty.

There are currently 962 geographic sites in the world that have been classified as World Heritage. World Heritage is a unique concept, privy to and defined by UNESCO-- the United Nations, Educational, Scientific and Cultural organization, one of the specialized agencies and autonomous organizations established within the UN-United Nations system. World Heritage is governed by an international treaty called the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, adopted by UNESCO in 1972 (The `Convention'). The inscription of a World Heritage Site or designation of World Heritage Status is highly coveted and considered in UNESCO parlance to be of "Outstanding Value to Humanity." There are only 4 heritage property sites of English-speaking islands in the Caribbean basin, one of which is located on the island of St. Lucia called The Pitons Management Area (PMA). The PMA comprises 2902 hectares of protected marine and terrestrial property inscribed in 2004. In 2008, the island faced the threat of placement on UNESCO's List of World Heritage in Danger (LWHD) for breaches of the Convention. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the perceptions of World Heritage Status from three identified stakeholders: UNESCO, the St. Lucian national government and the local Soufrière township-home of the PMA. This was an exploratory attempt at gauging perceptions of local voices on World Heritage Status as it relates to the PMA and the island's classification as a small-island developing state (SIDS). Using political ecology as a theoretical framework for analyzing the role of power relationships in this case study, this research revealed that there is an overall lack of communication between the Soufrière community and the national government regarding education and sensitizing about the World Heritage program mandates and incorporating the local citizenry in the protection of their heritage. The majority of the local participants' support for World Heritage Status on the island of St. Lucia was dependent on perceptions of increased income and employment opportunities associated with World Heritage as a global construct and narrative. This research also showed concerns of UNESCO and the St. Lucian national government to be at odds with the 1972 Convention. Results indicated that the varied perceptions of the three stakeholder groups are based on the prioritized interests of each and incommensurate with the aims of protecting the PMA's heritage for posterity.

Esta tese examina a noção de integridade - um dos principais crivos para a seleção de elementos culturais e naturais no sistema do patrimônio mundial -, buscando demonstrar a relação conflituosa entre os seus aspectos técnicos e político-administrativos na Organização das Nações Unidas para Educação, Ciência e Cultura [Unesco]. Para isso, a integridade é analisada a partir de três dimensões - a conceitual, a teórica e a institucional -, privilegiando fontes documentais como dicionários etimológicos e regulares; escritos da teoria do restauro; relatórios do Comitê e do Bureau do Patrimônio Mundial, de encontros de especialistas, de avaliação de nominações culturais e naturais; cartas circulares; guias operacionais; convenções; recomendações; e cartas patrimoniais, em diálogo com a historiografia sobre o tema. Assim, o trabalho evidencia que muitas decisões tomadas em nome da integridade foram impulsionadas por questões eminentemente políticoadministrativas, por vezes revestidas pelo véu da \"neutralidade\" das avaliações técnicas.
This thesis examines the notion of integrity - one of the main criteria for selecting cultural and natural areas in the World Heritage system -, seeking to demonstrate the conflicting relationship between its technical and political-administrative aspects in the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization [Unesco]. For this, integrity is analyzed from three dimensions - conceptual, theoretical and institutional -, favoring documental sources such as regular and etymological dictionaries; writings on restoration theory; reports from the World Heritage Committee and Bureau, expert meetings, assessments of cultural and natural nominations; circular letters; operational guidelines; conventions; recommendations; and heritage charters, in dialogue with the historiography on the subject. Therefore, the study shows that many decisions taken in the name of integrity were driven by eminently political and administrative issues, sometimes covered by the veil of \"neutrality\" of technical evaluations.

This is a brief research investigating issues such as world heritage and sustainable development in their existing links with youth and local communities, tourism and identity. Some heritage related narratives created by youngsters worldwide are considered.Connections among education, participation and heritage preservation, in the framework of a communication for development perspective, are investigated. Specifically, winning storyboards of a UNESCO Patrimonito competition are analyzed. The analysis on the collected media texts was conducted using a qualitative approach, including semiotics and visual methods.The findings emerged from the study made clearer the researched topic and allowed to formulate some final recommendations for further studies on the subject.

JULIO, K. de. A ponta de Jericoacoara e seu potencial como sítio geológico do Brasil no patrimônio mundial (World Heritage Comitte - UNESCO). 2012. 109 f. Dissertação (mestrado em Ciências Marinhas Tropicais) - Instituto de Ciências do Mar, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2012.
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A presente dissertação tem como objectivo estudar alguns aspectos do Turismo em Sintra, mais especificamente no âmbito da gestão da Paisagem Cultural, designada Património da Humanidade pela UNESCO. Para contextualizar esta investigação, torna-se relevante desenvolver os conceitos de turismo, turismo cultural e património, seguidos de uma análise ao concelho de Sintra, dos critérios que justificaram a candidatura da área em questão a Património da Humanidade e ainda das avaliações efectuadas pela UNESCO desde a sua entrada na Lista. Com este trabalho pretende-se dar a conhecer as acções empreendidas com vista ao desenvolvimento turístico na Paisagem Cultural de Sintra, não esquecendo o plano de gestão, nem as actividades que a empresa Parques de Sintra – Monte da Lua, SA tem vindo a desencadear com o intuito de atrair mais visitantes a Sintra.
The main purpose of this dissertation is to analyze some of the fundamental aspects of tourism in the Sintra touristic region, particularly the Cultural Landscape management, which was given the status of World Heritage by UNESCO. The definition of some basic concepts, such as tourism, cultural tourism and heritage, are of extreme importance in what concerns to the contextualization of this research project. Equally important, is the study of the Sintra County, the criteria that allowed its application to World Heritage and the evaluation reports to which UNESCO has submitted it since its acceptance in the list. This work intends to explore and to give notice of, not only the group of measures undertaken aiming the touristic development in Sintra’s Cultural Landscape, but also the management plan as well as the activities promoted by the company Parques de Sintra – Monte da Lua, which are expected to attract more visitors to Sintra.

This thesis depicts the UNESCO World Heritage Convention (1972), an international law for the protection of natural and cultural heritage sites, as an example of the multiple practices within international policy making. By analysing its transnational constitution, I show how the Convention is constructed in and between locales through bureaucratic and diplomatic procedures characterised by intersecting political and economic interests. Using neo-institutional theory, I argue that organisations such as UNESCO frame problems as global, provide solutions, and organise the actions of states, organizations, and individuals; furthermore, my research not only illustrates how this occurs but also explores the preconditions of international policy making. While adhering to its officially proclaimed aspirations, states, organisations, and individuals also use the Convention for other purposes such as international prestige, career advancement, publicity, identity, development, tourism – even war. Such contending interests raise the question of explaining the success of the Convention and thereby the preconditions of policy making at the international level. A conclusion reached by this study shows that growing interest in the Convention can be regarded to result only partially from the general acceptance of its global rhetoric and morally vested perspective or the need for states to gain legitimacy by engaging in international relations. My thesis proposes that rather than by its official aims and formal procedures, the Convention is constituted primarily through complex informal relations, concurring contexts, and external structures. Data for this ethnographic study consists of field notes from participant observations during UNESCO meetings in France, Morocco, Australia, and at the Convention’s secretariat. A case study of the Agricultural Landscape of Southern Öland, a Swedish World Heritage site, is also included, along with interviews, documents, and media.

The Cradle of Humankind, famous for its abundance of hominid fossils, has been preserved as a pristine landscape throughout the modern era, thanks to the establishment of the site as a natural and cultural World Heritage Site in 1994 (Maropeng 2016). In this dissertation the complexity surrounding a world heritage hominid fossil site is investigated. Kromdraai Cave, one of the five original caves included in the World Heritage declaration on the Cradle of Humankind, is investigated as a point of connection between conflicting values within the world heritage context. Through the intervention the site is envisioned as connecting not only the values of the world heritage site, but also providing an understanding of the landscape as a whole. The site is envisioned as a centre of knowledge, relating the value of the site directly to the context. The distribution of knowledge will allow the heritage to be accessible, not only to the scientist but also to the community.
Die Wiegvan die Mensdom is bekend vir die oorvloed hominied-fossiele wat daar voorkom, en is dwarsdeur die moderne era as 'n ongerepte landskap bewaar, danksy die die feit dat dit in 1994 as 'n natuurlike en kulturele Werelderfenisgebied verklaar is (Maropeng 2016). Hierdie skripsie ondersoek die kompleksiteite wat so 'n hominied-werelderfenisgebied omring. Kromdraai-grot, een van die vyf oorspronklike grotte wat ingesluit is toe Werelderfenisstatus a an die Wieg van die Mensdom toegeken is, word as aansluitingspunt tussen teenstrydige waardes binne 'n werelderfeniskonteks ondersoek. Deur die voorgestelde ingryping word dit moontlik dat die terrein nie aileen 'n verband skep tussen die onderskeie waardes wat 'n werelderfenisgebied verteenwoordig nie, maar dat daar oak 'n beter begrip van die landskap as 'n geheel verskaf word. Die terrein word as 'n kennissentrum beskou, wat sy waarde direk met die konteks in verband bring. Die verspreiding van kennis sal die erfenis toeganklik maak vir nie net wetenskaplikes nie, maar ook vir die gemeenskap.
Mini Dissertation (MArch (Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2016.
Architecture
MArch (Prof)
Unrestricted

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Esta tese intitulada como “As ferrovias como Patrimônio Cultural Mundial: Os Estados-parte, a UNESCO e o Valor Universal Excepcional” apresenta como principal objetivo investigar a atribuição do valor universal excepcional “outstanding universal value” (OUV) às ferrovias inscritas na Lista do Patrimônio Mundial, através da análise destinada a identificar os critérios e requisitos necessários para o seu reconhecimento. Assim sendo, apresenta-se dividida em 03 etapas: a primeira corresponde ao eixo teórico da pesquisa, onde são abordados o entendimento do patrimônio ferroviário e do valor universal excepcional. Para tanto, são apresentados, em um primeiro momento, um panorama geral sobre as ferrovias, as discussões sobre a preservação do patrimônio ferroviário no contexto mundial, e a percepção do patrimônio ferroviário no âmbito da UNESCO. A seguinte abordagem teórica centra-se na compreensão do valor à luz da Teoria dos Valores (Axiologia dos Valores) e da Teoria da Conservação. O segundo eixo da pesquisa refere-se aos aspectos metodológicos adotados para a investigação da atribuição do valor universal excepcional às ferrovias mundiais. Desta forma, são selecionados 03 (três) estudos de caso, para a consecução do objetivo central desta tese: a ferrovia Semmering, na Áustria; a Ferrovia Darjeeling, na Índia; e a Ferrovia Rhaetian, que corta os países da Suíça e Itália. O método selecionado para a análise das aludidas ferrovias é a Análise de Contéudo, de Bardin, aplicado no corpus documental, composto pelos Documentos de Avaliação do Corpo Consultivo de cada ferrovia analisada. A tese utiliza como premissa de que a partir da identificação dos atributos das ferrovias é possível interpretar os valores que, de forma inter-relacionada, conformam a categoria do valor universal excepcional das ferrovias mundiais. Desta forma, a partir da análise realizada em cada uma das ferrovias selecionadas, foi possível inferir que o seu valor universal excepcional é composto por uma pluralidade de valores dinâmicos e interdependentes, que se relacionam de forma a ressaltar uma ordem e uma hierarquia, onde os valores de maior destaque são o que mais importam preservar, por justificarem o reconhecimento das ferrovias como patrimônio cultural mundial.
The dissertation "The railways as a World Cultural Heritage: States Parties, UNESCO and the Outstanding Universal Value" has aims at investigating the attribution of Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) to railways included on the World Heritage List, through the identification of criteria and requirements for recognition. The research focuses on 03 stages. The first stage is the theoretical framework of the research, aiming at approaching the theoretical problem: an understanding of the railway heritage and of outstanding universal value. Accordingly, there follow an overview of the railways, discussions on the preservation of the railway heritage in the global context, and in the UNESCO context. The second theoretical approach corresponds to the understanding of the value to the Theory of Values (Axiology of Values) and Conservation Theory. The second approach focused on the investigation of the empirical problem: the attribution of outstanding universal value. In this way, three (03) case studies to achieve the central objective of this thesis are highlighted: The Semmering Railway, Austria; the Railway Darjeeling, India; and the Rhaetian Railway, which crosses Switzerland and Italy. The method used for the analysis of that railway is Bardin`s Content Analysis, applied to the documentation corpus, consisting of the Advisory Body Assessment Document of each analyzed railroad. The dissertation is based on the premise that from the railways attributes of identification it is possible to interpret the values that make up the outstanding universal value of the world's railways. Thus, the empirical axis of research, analysis of each of the selected railways performed, leadin to infer that the outstanding universal value of the global railway is composed of a plurality of values dynamic and interdependent and that there is a hierarchy in its relations, point out an order, where the most outstanding values are what should be preserved, as justified by the recognition of the railways as a cultural world.

Although there is a growing literature on resilience and collaborative approaches to ecosystem management, there are relatively few empirical case studies on the process of adaptive governance. Moreover, previous research offers limited insights into the conditions that facilitate new ecosystem management trajectories. By analyzing the emergence of an adaptive co-management initiative in Bali, the UNESCO World Heritage Cultural Landscape of Bali Province, this dissertation seeks to contribute to recent research on institutional governance approaches to enhance ecosystem management and social well-being. To that end, it addresses two questions. First, it identifies and explores three primary characteristics that fostered a new multi-level adaptive governance approach to cultural landscape management in Bali: the widespread perception of environmental crisis on the island that triggered collective action and the political will for a new form of ecosystem management; the emergence of a shared ideology--articulated in the Balinese Hindu philosophy of tri hita karana, or "the three causes of prosperity"--that unified diverse actors and actor networks and established a common platform for ecological resource management; and context-specific governance strategies that built on existing institutions and local-level initiatives. The second question centers on an analysis of the emergence of the management plan for the World Heritage site in Bali. The management plan was developed to support the Balinese subak in its struggle to adapt to current and future pressures that threaten to undermine the island's unique social-ecological system. For centuries, the subak have maintained Bali's terraced rice paddy landscape as a network of semi-autonomous irrigation associations, mediated through water temples. The adaptive co-management plan draws on principles of adaptive governance to connect subaks with other actors and actor groups across multiple institutional levels and regional jurisdictions. Research findings support the likelihood that the World Heritage initiative can promote transformative change in cultural landscape management in Bali. As the initiative develops, it will provide a fertile site for future research on adaptive governance, to better understand interdependent social-ecological relationships and the evolution of adaptive co-management approaches.

Résumé de la thèse Il semble qu’ujourd’hui, il soit indispensable d’illustrer dans quel état se trouvent-ils les biens culturels sauvegardés malgré huit ans de guerre Iran - Irak, et tout autant des exactions des extrémistes au début de la révolution islamique en 1979. Le patrimoine culturel iranien qui souffre d’une perte d’identité accrue aux yeux des autorités, évolue sous les effets d’une politique largement dominée par la vision extrémiste religieuse d'une part et une série de problèmes organisationnels et administratifs d'autre part. L’idée que l’humanité puisse avoir un patrimoine commun pose un grand problème qu’illustrent les débats actuels dans cette société autour de la notion de «patrimoine mondial» prônée par l’UUNESCO. L'Iran à travers son histoire récente, a connu des traumatismes forts, qui ont des conséquences directes sur la perception du patrimoine culturel. En dépit de la reconnaissance dont bénéficie l’Iran, de la part de l'UNESCO, en matière de préservation de son patrimoine culturel mondial, ce pays connaît toujours une détérioration de son héritage ancestral, à cause de la conjugaison de nombreux facteurs sociopolitiques et humains. Ce travail s’inscrit dans les champs de la géographie sociale et culturelle et de l’aménagement du territoire. Il a pour objectif de mettre en valeur les nombreux avantages que le classement au patrimoine mondial pourraient apporter aux citoyens des territoires dotés des ressources patrimoniales très riches comme l’Iran. Il aborde aussi les obstacles rencontrés pour l’adaptation et la mise en œuvre des stratégies de patrimonialisation et de valorisation patrimoniales recommandées par les organisations et les ONG internationaux dans ce pays. Aujourd’hui, après trente huit ans de la révolution islamique la croissance des conflits autour des espaces patrimoniaux est toujours présente sur ce territoire. Ce sujet se veut à la fois un essai de diagnostic du conflit d'une part entre l’Etat et la revendication de la société iranienne au terme du son patrimoine national voire mondial qui n’a cessé de s’amplifier, et d'autre part entre les acteurs publics et privés autour du patrimoine mondial aux trois échelles internationale, nationale et locale. Nous essayons aussi d'identifier les défis auxquels sont confrontés les acteurs internationaux et locaux pour leur intervention sur ce territoire. Partant d’une analyse à la fois historique et sociopolitique, cette étude traite des usages sociaux du patrimoine culturel dans leurs dimensions politiques et économiques
Abstract It seems that nowadays, it is essential to demonstrate what is the condition of iranian cultural heritage which are saved during the eight-year Iran – Iraq war and also by the madness of the extremists at the beginning of the Islamic Revolution in 1979. The iranien cultural heritage that suffering of loss of increased identity in the eyes of the authorities, on the one hand is evolving under the influence of political vision dominated by religious extremist and a series of organizational et administrative problems on the other hand. The idea that humanity can have a common heritage poses the huge problem that illustrated by the current debates in this society around the notion of "world heritage" promoted by the UUNESCO. Trough its recent history, Iran has experienced the strong traumatism which have direct consequences on the perception of its cultural heritage. Despite the recognition which Iran benefits from the UNESCO, in preserving its world cultural heritage, this country continues to experience the deterioration of its ancient cultural heritage due to the numerous combinations of socio-political and human factors. This work is a study in social and cultural geography and spatial planning. It will aim to showcase the many benefits that the World Heritage designation could bring to the citizens of a territory with the very rich heritage resources such as Iran. It also covers the obstacles encountered for adaptation and the implementation of the patrimonialization strategies and heritage promotion recommended by international organizations and NGOs in this country. Today, after thirty six years of the Islamic revolution, the growth of conflicts around the heritage sites and areas is always present on the territory. This topic seeks simultaneously, a trial diagnosis of conflict, firstly, between the Government and the claim of Iranian society for its national and global heritage that it is growing expeditiously and secondly between the public and private stakeholders around the World Heritage in three international, national and local levels. We also try to identify the challenges facing the international and local actors for their intervention in this territory. Starting from an analysis both historical and sociopolitical, this study will look the social use of cultural heritage in their political and economic dimensions

La spécificité de cette recherche réside dans sa réalisation par la validation des acquis de l'expérience professionnelle (VAE), en simultanée avec le développement des approches en vue de la patrimonialisation des sites technologiques liés à l'exploration spatiale, conduits par l’auteure au titre de ses fonctions à l'UNESCO, en tant que le responsable de l'Initiative thématique « Astronomie et patrimoine mondial». Cette recherche retrace et analyse les enjeux de la patrimonialisation des sites liés à l'exploration spatiale sous un prisme d'une obligatoire corrélation entre le patrimoine terrestre de l'Espace et le patrimoine extra-atmosphérique.La patrimonialisation des sites technologiques liés à l'exploration spatiale est une étape charnière d'un processus de reconnaissance du patrimoine de l'Espace. Cette recherche positionne deux contextes. L'un est lié à la mise en place d'un instrument normatif international qui délimite le périmètre du patrimoine mondial appartenant à l'Humanité tout entière. L'autre est celui lié au commencement de l'Ère Spatiale et à l'exploration de l'Espace. Ce dernier donne naissance à des sites qu'illustrent une exceptionnelle prouesse technologique et le génie créateur humain. La patrimonialisation de ces sites est étudiée dans une approche de création de passerelles entre les deux contextes susmentionnés qui se sont développés parallèlement, sans jamais se croiser. Ce travail de restitution contextuelle s’appuie sur les témoignages des personnes clefs qui ont contribués à la mise en oeuvre de la Convention du patrimoine mondial, et notamment à l'avancement de la reconnaissance des valeurs associées à la science. La problématique de cette recherche s'inscrit dans le cadre des études interdisciplinaires dans le domaine de science, technologie, patrimoine et logiques de participation. Ce projet constitue un apport aux axes de recherches du Laboratoire HT2S Histoire des Technosciences en Société du Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers (CNAM)
The specificity of this research resides in its realisation by the validation of the acquired professional experience (VAE), simultaneously with the development of the approaches for the patrimonialisation of the technological sites related to space exploration, led by the author in her role at UNESCO as responsible for the Thematic Initiative "Astronomy and World Heritage". This research retraces and analyses the implementation of the issues of patrimonialisation of heritage-related sites linked to space exploration under the prism of an obligatory correlation between space heritage on Earth and outer-space heritage.The patrimonialisation of technological sites related to space exploration is a milestone in the process of recognition of space heritage. This research positions two contexts. One is linked to the establishment of an international normative instrument that delimits the World Heritage perimeter belonging to the whole of Humanity. The other is the one related to the beginning of the Space Age and space exploration. The latter gives rise to sites that illustrate an exceptional technological feat and human creative genius. The patrimonialisation of these sites is studied with an approach to create bridges between the two aforementioned contexts that have developed in parallel, without ever crossing. This work of contextual restitution is based on the testimony of key persons who contributed to the implementation of the World Heritage Convention, and in particular to the advancement of the recognition of the values associated with science. The research problem is part of the interdisciplinary studies in the field of science, technology, heritage and logics of participation. This project is a contribution to the research themes of the HT2S Laboratory on History of Technosciences in Society of the National Conservatory of Arts and Crafts (CNAM)

Dissertação de Mestrado em Relações Internacionais
Esta dissertação explora o sistema de proteção internacional do património mundial cultural estabelecido a partir da adoção da Convenção do Património Mundial em 1972 no âmbito da UNESCO. O seu principal objetivo consiste em avaliar a performance da UNESCO ao nível da proteção do património mundial cultural em perigo devido à ação humana, entendendo-se por performance a capacidade da Organização para alcançar os objetivos acordados. Ao nível do enquadramento teórico partimos da Teoria do Regime Internacional, que sustenta que as instituições e/ou organizações internacionais e seus respetivos regimes afetam os atores internacionais. No caso da UNESCO, a Convenção do Património Mundial estabelece um regime internacional que afeta os comportamentos de todos os atores do sistema internacional de proteção do património mundial cultural. Quanto ao tipo de abordagem, utilizou-se um enfoque qualitativo, que utilizou a literatura e a teoria de forma indutiva. No que diz respeito às técnicas de recolha e análise dos dados utilizou-se respetivamente a observação documental e a análise interpretativa (ou análise hermenêutica). O estudo demonstra que o sistema de proteção internacional do património mundial cultural instituído no âmbito da UNESCO apresenta fatores internos e externos que constituem obstáculos a uma boa performance da Organização. Quanto aos fatores internos destacam-se os seguintes: a politização das sessões do Comité do Património Mundial, os desacordos entre os membros do Comité do Património Mundial e as Organizações Consultivas do Comité, a falta de recursos financeiros e a visão eurocêntrica da cultura. No respeitante aos fatores externos registam-se os seguintes: os desacordos entre os Estados Parte da Convenção do Património Mundial, a falta de cooperação entre os Estados Parte, as disparidades de políticas nacionais e locais na gestão do património mundial cultural e as estratégias políticas e diplomáticas dos Estados Parte com o fim de inscrição de bens na Lista do Património Mundial e de não inscrição na Lista do Património Mundial em Perigo. Conclui-se que existe, uma outra forma de ameaça humana ao património mundial cultural relacionada com as práticas diplomáticas de soft power, influências, pressões internacionais e desacordos entre os Estados Parte da Convenção. No que toca à performance na UNESCO ao nível macro (atingir os objetivos acordados), a Organização não consegue, de modo geral, cumprir a sua missão ou objetivos. Quanto ao nível micro (processos e decisões), os resultados são difíceis de avaliar tendo em conta os diversos fatores internos e externos que influenciam a performance da UNESCO quanto ao objeto de estudo.
This dissertation explores the system of international protection of the cultural world heritage established after the adoption of the World Heritage Convention in 1972 within the scope of UNESCO. Its main objective is to assess UNESCO's performance in terms of protecting the world cultural heritage in danger due to human action, with performance being understood as the Organization's capacity to achieve the agreed objectives. At the level of theoretical framework, we start from the Theory of the International Regime, which holds that international institutions and/or associations and their respective regimes affect international actors. In the case of UNESCO, the World Heritage Convention processes an international regime that affects the behavior of all actors in the international system for the protection of world cultural heritage. As for the type of approach, a qualitative approach is used, which uses the literature and the theory of the inductive form. Regarding the techniques of requesting and analyzing data, documentary observation and interpretive analysis (or hermeneutic analysis) were used, respectively. The study demonstrates that the international protection system for the world cultural heritage instituted within the scope of UNESCO presents internal and external factors that constitute obstacles to the Organization's good performance. In terms of internal factors, the following stand out: the politicization of the sessions of the World Heritage Committee, disagreements between the members of the World Heritage Committee and the Committee's Consultative Organizations, the lack of financial resources and the Eurocentric vision of culture. About external factors, the following are noted: disagreements between States Parties to the World Heritage Convention, lack of cooperation between States Parties, disparities in national and local policies in the management of world cultural heritage and political strategies and States Parties for the purpose of inscription of properties on the World Heritage List and non-inscription on the List of World Heritage in Danger. It is concluded that there is another form of human threat to the world cultural heritage related to the diplomatic practices of soft power, influences, international pressures, and disagreements between the States Parties to the Convention. Regarding performance at UNESCO at the macro level (achieving agreed objectives), the Organization is generally not able to fulfill its mission or objectives. As for the micro level (processes and decisions), the results are difficult to assess considering the various internal and external factors that influence UNESCO's performance regarding the object of study.
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Cette thèse de Doctorat a été focalisée sur le processus à travers lequel les jeunes construisent une notion de Patrimoine, la manière dont ils s’en approprient et la matérialisent, à partir d´actions concrètes pour la transmettre aux autres. Aussi, elle a essayé de refléter la manière dont le discours institutionnel de l’UNESCO influence leur perception du Patrimoine. La théorie de l’acteur-réseau et la Médiologie vus à partir de l’histoire culturelle, la Communication et la Médiation Culturelle sont les bases théoriques-méthodologiques avec lesquelles l’analyse a été construite. Comment, par des techniques pédagogiques, un dispositif organisationnel / bureaucratique a produit une certaine idéologie patrimoniale à partir du travail avec des jeunes ?Travailler directement avec la population sur des projets autour des thèmes patrimoniaux nous permet de nous rapprocher pour étudier des questions telles que : comment je me communique avec mon Patrimoine et comment mon Patrimoine se communique avec moi ?L’analyse a été faite à partir d’une étude de cas particulier qui a consisté à réviser une médiation culturelle mise en place en Espagne par le Ministère de la Culture et l’UNESCO, dans le cadre des « Forums des Jeunes du Patrimoine Mondial », interventions créées par l’UNESCO en 1995. Nous avons pris quatre éditions de ces Forums qui se sont déroulées en Espagne entre 2009 et 2012, pendant lesquelles la connaissance a été générée autour des sujets patrimoniaux, à partir d’une communauté d’apprentissage constituée par des jeunes d’entre 12 et 15 ans qui ont travaillé avec une méthode participative, constructiviste et collective. Ces Forums ont travaillé avec l’idée de la validité des jeunes dans le présent, et non pas seulement tels que futurs adultes. Ce sont des citoyens jeunes, et en tant que jeunes, ils peuvent devenir des éléments de changement dans leur communauté. C’est un modèle qui pourrait être reproduit dans de différentes réalités et pour de différents objectifs.Cette recherche présente quelques apports novateurs : une stratégie méthodologique pour implémenter une intervention qui favorise la construction, l’appropriation, la matérialisation et la transmission de la notion de Patrimoine chez les jeunes ; une méthodologie pour analyser les résultats obtenus dans cette intervention ; et l’utilisation de trois concepts qui ont été très utiles dans ce travail : celui de « communication patrimoniale », celui de « médiation patrimoniale » et celui de « Patrimoine émotionnel ou affectif »
This PhD thesis focuses on the process through which young people build a Heritage concept, how they own and materialize it through concrete actions in order to convey it to other people. This thesis has also tried to reflect how UNESCO’s institutional discourse influences the teenagers’ perception of Heritage.« Actor-Network Theory (ANT) » and « Mediology » are the theoretical and methodological bases of this analysis, seen through Cultural History, Communication and Cultural Mediation. How, through pedagogical techniques, could an organizational / bureaucratic mechanism create a given heritage ideology while working with young people?Working directly with the population on projects around heritage subjects allows us to get closer to study issues such as: how do I communicate with my own Heritage and how this Heritage communicates with me?’The analysis was based on a particular case study that reviews a cultural mediation implemented in Spain by the Ministry of Culture and UNESCO, as part of the « World Heritage Youth Forums » created by UNESCO in 1995.We reviewed four editions of these Forums that took place in Spain between 2009 and 2012, in which knowledge was created around heritage issues, through a learning community made up of young people between 12 and 15 years of age, who worked with a participative, constructivist and collective method.These Forums were based on the idea of valuing the youth based in here and now concept, and not only as future adults. These are young citizens and, as such, they can become key elements of change in their own communities. This is a model that might be replicated in different situations and for different purposes.This research presents some innovative contributions: a methodological strategy to implement a programme that will promote building, owning, materializing and conveying the heritage concept among young people; a methodology to analyse the results obtained in this procedure; and three concepts that were very useful in this work: « Heritage Communication », « Heritage Mediation » and « Emotional or Affective Heritage »
Esta tesis de Doctorado está enfocada en el proceso a través del cual los jóvenes construyen una noción de Patrimonio, la manera en la que se apropian de ella y la materializan, a partir de acciones concretas, para transmitirla a los demás. También, intenta reflejar la manera en la que el discurso institucional de la UNESCO influye en su percepción de Patrimonio.La teoría del actor-red y la Mediología vistas a partir de la Historia Cultural, la Comunicación y la Mediación Cultural son las bases teórico-metodológicas con las que está construido este análisis. ¿Cómo, a través de técnicas pedagógicas, un dispositivo organizacional / burocrático, ha producido una cierta ideología patrimonial, a partir del trabajo con jóvenes?Trabajar directamente con la población en proyectos patrimoniales nos permite tener un acercamiento para estudiar cuestiones como por ejemplo, ¿cómo me comunico con mi Patrimonio y cómo mi Patrimonio se comunica conmigo?El análisis fue realizado a partir de un estudio de caso particular, que consistió en revisar una mediación cultural puesta en marcha en España por el Ministerio de Cultura y la UNESCO, en el marco de los «Foros Juveniles del Patrimonio Mundial», intervenciones creadas por la UNESCO en 1995.Tomamos cuatro ediciones de estos Foros, que se desarrollaron en España entre 2009 y 2012, en las que el conocimiento fue generado en torno a temas patrimoniales, a partir de la conformación de una comunidad de aprendizaje de jóvenes de entre 12 y 15 años, que trabajaron con un método participativo, constructivista y colectivo.Estos Foros trabajaron con la idea de que los jóvenes son válidos en el presente, y no sólo en el futuro como futuros adultos. Ellos son ciudadanos jóvenes, y en tanto que jóvenes, pueden convertirse en elementos de cambio en sus comunidades. Es un modelo de trabajo que podría reproducirse en distintas realidades y con distintos objetivos.Esta investigación presenta algunas aportaciones novedosas: una estrategia metodológica para implementar una intervención que favorece la construcción, la apropiación, la materialización y la transmisión de la noción de Patrimonio en los jóvenes; una metodología para analizar los resultados obtenidos de esta intervención; y la utilización de tres conceptos que resultaron de gran utilidad en este trabajo, el de «comunicación patrimonial », el de « mediación patrimonial » y el de « Patrimonio emocional o afectivo »

People have varied and complex relationships with stone, in its raw geology and in its altered forms. Often, however, in cultural contexts, stone remains in the background, as a taken for granted and unremarkable element of the material world. In this thesis, stone moves into the foreground. The research presented here explores how close attention to those who work intimately with stone can disclose unexpected and absorbing stories. The cultural geologies extracted and presented in this thesis cast light on the diversity of ways in which people relate to, and with, the land; and experiment with a range of different ways in which these relations can be narrated. Set on the Jurassic Coast, in the south west of England, the stone exposures that emerge along the margin between land and sea offer a productive site for developing a cultural geological approach. The limestones, shales and clays are framed, in this work, by the narratives of quarrymen and geologists. The work explores how their particular knowledges are formed, and how they exist within wider historical and ecological understandings. Their narratives bring the stratigraphy to life, and draw attention to the hidden worlds within it. The different priorities and perspectives of quarrymen and geologists are shown to lead in different directions, interweave, or run parallel. The very specific languages and descriptions they employ reveal a level of complexity and richness of detail that is mirrored in the stone. Using an approach that combines close observation and creative practice, this study examines stone at a variety of scales, and in different contexts. The work engages with specific stone types, landscapes, voids, buildings and objects. Processes of working stone through practices of lettering, sculpture and masonry elicit understandings of the material that reach far beneath its surface. The absent spaces of quarries are then explored, showing how voids can be animated with knowledge, and how destructive processes can generate creative potential, when sensitively worked and considered. Lastly, the study draws all these ideas together in a discussion of stone assemblages in buildings, to see how voices from geology and quarrying can foster greater understanding of how buildings were constructed in the past, and how we conserve them into the future.

Der UNESCO-Welterbestatus als ein kontroverses Thema in der lokalen bis globalen Öffentlichkeit gewinnt für die Stadt- und Regionalentwicklung in Europa zunehmend an Bedeutung. Denn zum einen nehmen die Nominierungen europäischer Stätten als Weltkulturerbe zu, und zum anderen hält der Trend zur räumlichen Polarisierung an. Es wachsen die Disparitäten zwischen peripheren und metropolen Regionen und ihren Städten. Der Notwendigkeit, wirtschaftliche, demografische und kulturelle Konzentrationsprozesse in Metropolen nachhaltig zu lenken, steht die Herausforderung gegenüber, angesichts von Schrumpfung und vielfältigen Problemlagen in peripheren Regionen, Erreichtes zu stabilisieren und Entwicklungen zu stimulieren. Der UNESCO-Weltkulturerbestatus ist in Folge dieser Entwicklungen für immer mehr lokale und regionale Akteure ein relevantes Thema, das gegenwärtig in metropolen Welterbestätten vor allem als Entwicklungsbarriere und Konfliktpotenzial und in peripheren Regionen als Chance für Stabilität und Entwicklung brisant erscheint. Tatsächlich ist das Wirkpotenzial des UNESCO-Labels für die Stadt- und Regionalentwicklung kaum beschrieben. Es fehlen zum einen umfassende Evaluationen, die die Wirkungen des Weltkulturerbestatus im Querschnitt der soziokulturellen bis wirtschaftlichen Stadtentwicklungsthemen darstellen, negative Effekte thematisieren und das Wirken des Labels am Maßstab der Nachhaltigkeit bewerten. Zum anderen fehlen Studien, die systematisch erklären, warum der Welterbestatus wie auf die Stadtentwicklung wirkt und welche Bedingungen das Wirken des Welterbeslabels beeinflussen. Die räumliche Lage einer Welterbestätte und das Handeln ihrer Akeure sind dabei aus praktischer und theoretischer Sicht wesentliche und bislang unzureichend untersuchte Bedingungen. Im Ergebnis mangelt es an übertragbaren, wissenschaftlichen und praxisrelevanten Ableitungen, wie - in Anbetracht differenzierter lokaler Konstellationen - der Welterbestatus ein Teil nachhaltiger Stadtentwicklung sein kann. Ziel der Arbeit sind demnach raumdifferenzierte und akteurszentrierte Ansätze, die den UNESCO-Welterbestatus als Potenzial nachhaltiger Stadtentwicklung erschließen: ihn schützen und nutzen. Dazu wurde das Wirken des Welterbelabels für die nachhaltige Stadtentwicklung evaluiert, differenziert für den peripheren und metropolen Raum und in Abhängigkeit vom lokalen Akteurshandeln. Als theoretische Leistung der Arbeit wurde ein eigenständiger Evaluationsansatz entwickelt. Er dient der Feststellung und Bestimmung der Wirksamkeit des Welterbelabels für die nachhaltige Stadtentwicklung auf Grundlage des sozialwissenschaftlichen Kausalitätsverständnisses und der theoriebasierten Plausibilisierung der Wirkrekonstruktionen. Er ermöglicht, entscheidungs- und verbesserungsorientiertes Wirkungswissen sowie theoriebildendes Wissen zu erarbeiten. Empirische Grundlage ist dafür die Untersuchung dreier, theoriebasiert augewählter Fallbeispiele. Es sind die Weltkulturerbestädte St. Petersburg (Russland), Stralsund und Wismar (Deutschland). Die Städte ähneln sich in dem Merkmal, dass ihre Innenstädte flächenhaft als Weltkulturerbestätte anerkannt sind. Sie unterscheiden sich in ihren Konstellationen der Kriterien "Lage im Raum" (metropoler versus peripherer Kontext) und "Verhalten der Stadtverwaltung" gegenüber dem Welterbelabel (Passivität versus Aktivität). Die zentralen Forschungsergebnisse der Arbeit lassen sich letztlich in vier Punkten zusammenfassen: 1. Der Weltkulturerbestatus ist nachweislich ein Potenzial der Stadtentwicklung, das in einem breiten Themenquerschnitt Entwicklungen der Welterbestadt bedingt bzw. bedingen kann. Die Daten der Arbeit belegen, dass der Welterbestatus sowohl die lokalen Lebensqualitäten und Wirtschaftsentwicklungen in den Fallstudien, als auch die lokale Denkmalpflege und das öffentliche Stadtentwicklungshandeln verändern kann. 2. Das Welterbelabel wirkt bisher in keiner der untersuchten Welterbestädte gezielt nachhaltig-positiv (Nachhaltigkeitsthese). Die Wirkungen des Welterbelabels in den Fallstudien entsprechen nicht durchgehend dem Maßstab der Nachhaltigkeit. Nachhaltigkeit ist in der Arbeit über die Prinzipien der Integration, Partizipation und Verteilungsgerechtigkeit operationalisiert. Negative nicht nachhaltige Wirkungen in den Fallstudien sind beispielsweise welterbelabelbedingte Parallelstrukturen in den Stadtverwaltungen und Überlastungen lokaler Akteure (Verteilungsgerechtigkeit), intransparente Entscheidungsprozesse sowie die labelbedingte Produktion bzw. Verstärkung verwaltungsinterner Ressortgrenzen (Partizipation), welterbestatusbedingte Abschreckungen von lokalen Wirtschaftsakteuren sowie massive Gefährdungen des Bauerbes trotz Welterbelabel (Integration). Diese negativen Teilwirkungen des UNESCO-Labels sind unter anderem die Folge von Unachtsamkeit bzw. Desinteresse lokaler, insbesondere durchsetzungsstarker Akteure gegenüber potenziellen Wirkbereichen des Welterbelabels in der Stadtentwicklung. Die Nachhaltigkeitsthese besagt dementsprechend: Der Welterbestatus ist in den untersuchten Welterbestädten ein ungenutztes Potenzial für nachhaltige Stadtentwicklung. Denn die Wirkmöglichkeiten des Welterbestatus zur Beförderung des lokalen Denkmalschutzes, der lokalen Lebensqualität und Wirtschaftsentwicklung werden von den Akteuren der Stadtverwaltung, Privatwirtschaft und Zivilgesellschaft nicht konsequent integrativ, transparent-partizipativ und effizient-ressourcengerecht bedacht und genutzt. 3. Das Welterbelabel ist ein räumlich differenziertes und akteursabhängiges Potenzial für die (nachhaltige) Stadtentwicklung (Raum- und Akteursthese). Es wirkt begleitend, statt entscheidend auf lokale Entwicklungen. Drittes Kernergebnis der Arbeit ist der Nachweis des UNESCO-Welterbelabels als ein relatives, nämlich räumlich differenziertes und akteursabhängiges Potenzial für die Stadtentwicklung. So betont die Raumthese der Arbeit den Einfluss des räumlichen Kontextes einer Welterbestadt auf die lokalen Möglichkeiten der Inwertsetzung und des Wirkens des Labels. Sie besagt: Das Potenzial des UNESCO-Weltkulturerbestatus für die Stadtentwicklung ist für Welterbestädte des peripheren Raumes größer als für Welterbestädte des metropolen Raumes, denn in Städten des peripheren Raumes mobilisiert der Welterbestatus deutlich stärker die Lokalakteure, Ideen und Aktivitäten zur Stadtentwicklung zu entwickeln und umzusetzen. Es sind Absichten und Aktivitäten zum Schutz und zur Nutzung des Welterbestatus. In der Tendenz sind die Wirkungen des Welterbestatus für den Schutz des baulichen (Welt-) Erbes und die soziokulturelle und ökonomische Stadtentwicklung zudem für periphere Welterbestädte relativ stärker als für Welterbestädte im metropolen Raum. Die Bedingungen für die Inwertsetzung des Welterbestatus sind allerdings im peripheren Raum relativ schlechter als in metropolen Welterbestädten, aufgrund begrenzter Finanz- und Personalressourcen der Lokalakteure aus Lokalwirtschaft, Zivilgesellschaft und Stadtverwaltung. Neben dem räumlichen Kontext einer Welterbestadt sind die Wirkungen des Welterbelabels in der Stadtentwicklung nachweislich vom Handeln der Lokalakteure abhängig. Die Akteursthese der Arbeit besagt: Das Potenzial des Welterbestatus für die Stadtentwicklung ist bedingt durch das Handeln der lokalen Akteure. Je aktiver und querschnittsorientierter Lokalakteure mit Durchsetzungsvermögen den Welterbestatus in Wert setzen, das heißt schützen und nutzen, desto deutlicher und vielfältiger sind die Wirkungen des UNESCO-Labels für die Stadtentwicklung im Rahmen des theoretisch Möglichen. Das prinzipiell positive wie negative Wirkpotenzial des UNESCO-Labels wird erst durch das Handeln, insbesondere durchsetzungsstarker Akteure wie leitende Stadtverwaltungsvertreter aktiviert. Das Wirkpotenzial des Welterbestatus in allen untersuchten Bereichen der Stadtentwicklung ist allerdings nachweislich begrenzt. Denn das Label spricht stets nur kleine Zielgruppen an und wirkt in ihnen als begleitendes, statt entscheidendes Argument für Verhaltensweisen. Ein stetes Mehr an lokalen Inwertsetzungsaktivitäten stößt letztlich an diese intrinsischen Wirkgrenzen des UNESCO-Labels (die Grenzen des theoretisch Möglichen) und damit auf den so genannten abnehmenden Grenznutzen. Zudem ist das lokale Wirken des Welterbelabels nicht allein von lokalen Bedingungen, wie dem Raumkontext der Stätte und das Akteurshandeln beeinflusst. Es steht nachweislich auch - in Einzelfällen sehr deutlich - im Zusammenhang mit überlokalen Bedingungen und Akteurshandlungen. 4. Differenzierte Ansätze, die den Raumkontext und die Akteurskonstellationen der Welterbestätte als Wirkbedingungen reflektieren und abstrahieren, sind praxisrelevante und übertragbare Anregungen dafür, den Welterbestatus nachhaltig als Potenzial der Stadtentwicklung zu erschließen. Letztes Kernergebnis der Arbeit sind zwei übertragbare Ansätze, die den Welterbestatus als Potenzial nachhaltiger Stadtentwicklung differenziert für die Konstellationen „Welterbestädte im metropolen Raum“ und „Welterbestädte im peripheren Raum“ erschließen. Sie bieten inhaltliche, strukturelle und prozessuale Anregungen für das (Verwaltungs-) Handeln in Welterbestädten, die auf den Fallstudienergebnissen, auf Erfahrungen weiterer deutscher Welterbestädte sowie auf den aktuellen internationalen Diskussionen zum Management von Welterbestätten beruhen. Das Forschungsergebnis zum relativen, raumdifferenzierten und akteursabhängigen Potenzial des Welterbelelabels für die Stadtentwicklung begründet die Differenzierung der Ansätze. Es ist zudem der Ansatzpunkt, um die vielschichtigen Situationen in den untersuchten Fallstudien nachvollziehbar in Form von context-mechanism-output configurations zu abstrahieren und damit die Übertragung der Ansätze auf andere Welterbestädte ähnlicher Konstellationen prinzipiell zu ermöglichen. Vor diesem Hintergrund sollte das Leitbild für den lokalen Umgang mit dem Welterbe(status) in metropolen Stadtregionen lauten: Das bauliche (Welt)Erbe der Stadt ist geschützt und wird genutzt und weiterentwickelt, ohne die ihm spezifischen und schützenswerten Charakteristika zu beeinträchtigen und vor dem Hintergrund eines starken Rückhaltes des Denkmalschutzes in der Stadtgesellschaft. Das Leitbild reflektiert sowohl den lokalen Handlungsbedarf und die ideelle Verpflichtung der Stadtgesellschaft gegenüber der internationalen Staatengemeinschaft, das (Welt-) Erbe dauerhaft zu schützen, als auch die empirisch-theoretisch begründete Folgerung, dass aus der lokalen Inwertsetzung des UNESCO-Labels keine bzw. maximal marginale Wirkungen für die lokale Wirtschafts- und soziokulturelle Stadtentwicklung resultieren. Es zielt weder auf das kategorische Ausschließen soziokultureller und wirtschaftlicher Entwicklungen im Welterbegebiet, noch auf den Rückzug der Denkmalpflege, sondern sucht, das Ausbalancieren von Schutz- und Entwicklungszielen nachhaltig zu qualifizieren. Das Leitbild entspricht in diesem Sinne grundsätzlich dem bekannten Leitbild der bewahrenden Stadtentwicklung. Die überlokale Sichtbarkeit des Welterbelabels sowie das garantierte Mindestmaß an Aufmerksamkeit und Mitgestaltungswillen für die lokale Stadtentwicklung seitens der internationalen UNESCO und ICOMOS definieren jedoch letztlich die besondere Chance und brisante Herausforderung des Welterbelabels für die nachhaltige Entwicklung in metropolen Stadtregionen. Der in der Arbeit entwickelte Ansatz für den lokalen Umgang mit dem Welterbelabel greift deshalb zunächst auf prozessuale und strukturelle Elemente zurück, die eine nachhaltige, bewahrende Entwicklung auch in Nichtwelterbestädten fördern und detailliert diese dann in wenige Punkten entsprechend der spezifischen Notwendigkeiten und Erfahrungen in UNESCO-Weltkulturerbestädten. Die welterbespezifischen Notwendigkeiten berühren in metropolen Welterbestädten in erster Linie die nachhaltige \"Sicherung der Qualität von Planungszielen, Maßnahmen und Projekten\" für das (Welt-) Erbegebiet in konfliktfreier Kooperation mit den überlokalen Welterbegremien und ohne Aufgabe der kommunalen Selbstbestimmung sowie die nachhaltige Verankerung des Welterbeschutzgedankens in der lokalen Stadtgesellschaft. Das Leitbild für den Umgang mit dem Welterbe(status) in peripheren Stadtregionen sollte in Ergänzung dazu lauten: Das bauliche (Welt-)Erbe der Stadt ist geschützt und wird genutzt und weiterentwickelt, ohne die ihm spezifischen und schützenswerten Charakteristika zu beeinträchtigen und vor dem Hintergrund eines starken Rückhaltes der Denkmalpflege in der Stadtgesellschaft. Der Welterbestatus wird nachhaltig und erfolgreich genutzt, um soziokulturelle und wirtschaftliche Stabilität bzw. Entwicklungen zu befördern. Im Unterschied zu Welterbestädten im metropolen Raum zielt das Leitbild, neben dem nachhaltigen Schutz des (Welt-)Erbes, folglich auch auf die Nutzung des Welterbelabels für die soziokulturelle und wirtschaftliche Entwicklung bzw. Stabilität der Stadt. Denn sowohl die Handlungsbedarfe in peripheren Welterbestädten, als auch die lokalen Inwertsetzungsabsichten und die theoretisch begründbaren Wirkmöglichkeiten des Welterbestatus sprechen für die Aktivierung der soziokulturellen und wirtschaftlichen Wirkchancen des UNESCO-Welterbelabels. Dabei ist es entscheidend, lokale Strukturen und Prozesse auf- bzw. auszubauen, die nicht nur der Inwertsetzung des UNESCO-Labels dienen, sondern allgemeinhin die sozioökonomische Entwicklung der Stadt fördern. Denn zum einen sind in peripheren Städten die lokalen Handlungsressourcen begrenzt und zum anderen sind den Wirkmöglichkeiten des UNESCO-Titels intrinsische Grenzen gesetzt. Die überlokale Sichtbarkeit des Welterbelabels, die nationale ideelle Mitverantwortung für die lokale Welterbepflege sowie der Zugang zu (inter-)nationalen Welterbenetzwerken definieren letztlich die besondere Chance des Labels für die nachhaltige Entwicklung in peripheren Städten. Der detaillierte Ansatz für den lokalen Umgang mit dem Welterbelabel thematisiert folglich auch, wie diese spezifischen Möglichkeiten nachhaltig genutzt werden könnten. Letztlich liegt in der systematisch differenzierenden Untersuchung zu den Wirkungen verschiedener lokaler Welterbemanagementsysteme weiterer Forschungsbedarf. Es sind Best Practice Beispiele für die nachhaltige (Welt-) Erbepflege und sozioökonomische Welterbelabelnutzung zu identifzieren und kommunizieren, um die Idee des weltweiten Erbes der Menschheit in allen, metropolen wie peripheren Regionen umsetzen zu helfen. Die UNESCO als Träger der Welterbeidee sollte derartige Forschungen verstärkt anstoßen und kommunizieren und damit stärker als bisher ein konstruktiver Partner für die gestaltenden Akteure in Welterbestätten sein. Im Ergebnis ist die Arbeit sowohl ein Beitrag zu aktuellen welterbebezogenen Fachdiskussionen (Welterbemanagement), als auch zu den gegenwärtigen Ziel- (Leitbilddiskussion zur Nachhaltigkeit) und Steuerungsdiskussionen in der Raumentwicklung (Governance, evidenzbasierte Planung).

En 2003 et 2009, le Conseil des affaires culturelles de Taïwan a lancé puis relancé un projet de sélection de dix-huit sites taïwanais potentiellement éligibles au patrimoine mondial, un premier jeu en dehors du jeu du patrimoine mondial de l’UNESCO. Après une présentation brève des sites potentiels, nous essayerons de comprendre les causes historiques de l’exclusion de Taïwan du programme du patrimoine mondial, ce qui nous fera remonter à 1949 et à la séparation de Taïwan et de la Chine suite à la fin de la guerre civile chinoise : dès lors, la Chine sera gouvernée par le parti communiste, et Taïwan, refuge du gouvernement nationaliste déchu, vivra un isolement international. Dans ce contexte, le projet semble une possibilité de contourner les obstacles politiques. Or, le patrimoine mondial fait lui-même partie d’un jeu politique. Afin de jouer ce jeu, des sites taïwanais potentiels se rapprochent de la Chine ou du Japon pour une éventuelle collaboration ; nous examinerons le pourquoi du choix de ces deux pays et les possibilités et difficultés liées à ce partenariat. Au niveau international, la marge de manœuvre diplomatique étant réduite, il est primordial pour l’île de mettre en avant son soft power pour participer au patrimoine mondial de façon significative. Au niveau national, il nous faudra également examiner le mécanisme du projet des sites potentiels ; à cet égard, nous avons constaté plusieurs lacunes juridiques et financières. Mais le facteur humain est aussi à prendre en compte. En effet, ce projet est avant tout exécuté par différents acteurs, qui doivent absolument travailler de concert pour mener à bien le projet
In 2003 and 2009, the Taiwanese Council for Cultural Affairs started the project to select eighteen potential World Heritage Sites in Taiwan, the first step in the process that precedes UNESCO’s World Heritage selection process. After a brief presentation of the potential sites, we will try to understand the historical reasons for Taiwan’s exclusion from the World Heritage program. For this purpose, we will go back to 1949 when Taiwan was separated from China after a civil war. Thereafter, China would be governed by the communist party, and Taiwan, the refuge of the defeated nationalist government, would live in international isolation. In this context, the project seems to be an opportunity to overcome political obstacles. However, world heritage is itself political. In recognition of this reality, some potential sites are exploring possible collaboration with China or Japan. We will exam why these two countries and what the possibilities and difficulties are for these partnerships. At the international level, Taiwan has little leeway in the diplomatic domain, so it is primordial for the island to highlight its soft power and play a significant role in the world’s heritage. At the national level, we should also examine the mechanism of the potential sites project where we found many judicial and financial issues as well as human problems. In fact, this project is executed by different stakeholders, so it is essential for all of them to work in concert in order to ensure the project’s success. In addition to a strong judicial system to avoid any kind of possible fraud, education is crucial to raise citizens’ awareness of the heritage that they own

Il s'agit de l'étude de la dégradation croissante du delta du Saloum au Sénégal à travers la compréhension des impacts des facteurs physiques et anthropiques sur les patrimoines locaux, notamment la nature (faune, flore, sols, etc.). Ainsi, c’est un vrai cercle vicieux qui se manifeste par les influences réciproques négatives entre l'homme et les paysages environnementaux, surtout à l'aire des changements climatiques et de l'accroissement de la pauvreté, qui pèse sur cette aire humide particulière où populations et écologie ont toujours formé un paysage culturel, d’ailleurs classé aujourd'hui patrimoine mondial par l’UNESCO. Mais hélas, de plus en plus menacé, il urge de transformer cette tendance dévastatrice de l’interface homme-nature en un cercle vertueux pour un développement local plus durable. C’est dire, en substance, que les enjeux d'une gouvernance de l’estuaire du Saloum dans la perspective d'une préservation durable des patrimoines sont énormes
This is the study of the increasing degradation of the Saloum delta in Senegal through the understanding of the impacts of physical and human factors on local heritage, including nature (fauna, flora, soils, etc.). Thus, it is a real vicious circle manifested by the negative reciprocal influences between man and environmental landscapes, especially in the area of climate change and increasing poverty, which weighs on this particular wetland. where populations and ecology have always formed a cultural landscape, which is now classified world heritage by UNESCO. But alas, increasingly threatened, it is urgent to turn this devastating trend of the human-nature interface into a virtuous circle for more sustainable local development. This is to say, in essence, that the stakes of a governance of the Saloum estuary in the perspective of a durable preservation of the patrimonies are enormous

The subject of this master thesis are Angkor temples which represent an invaluable cultural and historical heritage of Cambodia. The tourism of Cambodia grows constantly every year thanks to the vast flow of tourists coming to see Angkor. Angkor temples are among the most visited tourist sites in the world and Cambodia is the one of the poorest countries in Asia. The aim of this thesis s to show how one tourist site can effect the tourism of the whole country and how this country is using the potential of this site for in order to increase financial revenues instead of developing other regions of the country.

L’héritage de Strasbourg s’est construit dans le contexte particulier d’une ville frontalière, dans laquelle différentes influences, principalement française et germanique, ont contribué à forger un caractère singulier. Pourtant, les valeurs conférées à cet ensemble ne sont pas déterminées uniquement par le champ restrictif des considérations nationales. Depuis le Second Empire jusqu’à aujourd’hui, elles ont sans cesse évolué, en particulier depuis les décennies suivant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Notre étude vise à faire état de la construction et de l’évolution des valeurs de l’héritage et du patrimoine de Strasbourg, et en particulier du quartier de la Neustadt, conçu et mis en œuvre pendant la période de l’annexion allemande (1871-1918) lorsque la ville devient la capitale du Reichsland d’Alsace-Lorraine. La période de l’étude s’ouvre à partir des années 1840, au moment du premier inventaire des monuments historiques et d’un grand effort de modernisation et d’embellissement par la Municipalité, et va jusqu’à aujourd’hui, à l’heure où la Neustadt suscite un intérêt croissant tant de la part des institutions locales et régionales, du milieu scientifique, que de la population.Dans ce but, ont été mobilisées les sources permettant d’éclairer ces phénomènes : procès-verbaux du conseil municipal, archives de la commission municipale des Beaux-arts, archives du service régional des Monuments historiques, manuels et revues spécialisés en urbanisme et architecture, les histoires de Strasbourg, les guides et récits de voyage ainsi que la presse quotidienne.Dans cette thèse, l’héritage est considéré comme « l’ensemble des aménagements anthropiques légués, subsistant en tout ou partie », et le patrimoine correspond à « la partie qu’on considère digne de conservation, de restauration et de mise en valeur » (Gauthiez, 2006, p. 126).Les recherches mettent en évidence que les valeurs de l’héritage et du patrimoine bâtis de Strasbourg se fondent pour une part sur les discours portés sur ces objets, mais aussi sur des silences. Ces discours et silences sont nourris de fortes considérations idéologiques liées aux doctrines et pratiques du patrimoine en France et en Allemagne, et d’ordre nationaliste. D’abord héritage méconnu, « étranger », puis patrimoine « hyper-valorisé » illustrant des influences croisées entre France et Allemagne, le patrimoine de la Neustadt se fonde également sur des conflits et le dépassement d’idéologies tout au long du XXe siècle, jusqu’à conduire à une candidature à l’inscription sur la Liste du patrimoine mondial de l’Unesco.Une autre part des valeurs de l’héritage et du patrimoine s’inscrit dans un substrat régional et local fort et la continuité des acteurs. Un décalage apparaît nettement dans certains cas entre les pratiques patrimoniales et les discours liés à ces pratiques. Les projets peuvent ainsi se poursuivre au-delà des changements d’appartenance nationale sans nécessairement que la continuité soit revendiquée. Le fort substrat régional et local a également participé de la construction d’une dimension mythologique de l’héritage et du patrimoine qui a favorisé cette cohérence (Barthes, 1957).Force est de constater également que les valeurs de l’héritage et du patrimoine dépendent en grande partie de leur état de connaissance dans les sphères institutionnelle et administrative, scientifique et de la population. Le fait que l’héritage des trois premiers quarts du XIXe siècle de Strasbourg fasse aujourd’hui l’objet d’une sous-valorisation est le résultat du manque d’intérêt porté également au sein de la sphère scientifique.L’approche choisie permet de dépasser les pratiques actuelles dans l’étude de l’architecture et de l’urbanisme en prenant mieux en compte les discours sur l’héritage bâti et en incluant des aspects anthropologiques, symboliques, politiques, sociologiques et culturels, pour exposer la construction du regard patrimonial
The heritage of Strasbourg was built within the context of a boundary city, in which different influences, mainly French and German, have contributed to forge a singular character. Nonetheless, the values attributed to the site are not only determined by the restrictive field of national considerations. From the Second Empire to nowadays, they have continually evolved, and especially since the decades following the Second World War. Our study aims at explaining the construction and evolution of heritage values of Strasbourg, mainly those of the Neustadt, conceived and built during the German annexation (1871-1918), when Strasbourg became the capital of the Reichsland Elsass-Lothringen. The period of study opens during the 1840s, when the first inventory of historical monuments was created and a program of modernisation and embellissement was carried out by the City authorities. It stretches until nowadays, when the Neustadt is arousing increasing interest from the local and regional institutions, in the scientific field and among the population. Diverse sources have been exploited during researches: Municipal Council’s minutes, archives of the Municipal Council of Fine-Arts, archives of the Regional Office for Historical Monuments, handbooks and periodicals in architecture and urban planning, histories of Strasbourg, guides and trips narrations, and the press. In the thesis, « Héritage » is conceived as the « ensemble of anthropic construction inherited, partly or completely subsisting », and « Patrimoine » as « the part of heritage identified worthy of conservation, restoration, and valorisation ». (Gauthiez, 2006, p. 126).Firstly, the researches have revealed that the values of heritage of Strasbourg are founded, for one part, on the discourses hold on these objects, as well as on the silences. These discourses and silences are nourished by strong ideological considerations linked to doctrines and practices in the heritage field in France and in Germany. Originally unknown, then considered as « foreign » and finally as heritage « hyper-valorised » illustrating the crossed-influences between France and Germany, the heritage of the Neustadt is founded on conflicts and ideological overtaking all along the XXth century. Nowadays, Unesco World Heritage inscription is envisaged for the Neustadt.Secondly, it appeared that another part of the values of heritage is inscribed within the strong regional substrate and the continuity of actors. A discrepancy appeared when comparing the discourses and practices. Projects are in some case continued beyond the national changes. The important regional substrate has also allowed the construction of a mythological dimension to heritage (Barthes, 1957), and has strengthened the coherence in the urban landscape.Thirdly, the values of heritage rely for a large part on the knowledge within the institutional and administrative spheres, the scientific field, and among the population. The fact that the heritage of the first quarters of the XIXth century of Strasbourg is today under-valorised is the result of a lack of interest within the academic field. The approach selected allows overtaking the current practices in the study of architecture and urban planning by better taking into account the discourses on heritage and by including anthropological, symbolical, political, sociological and cultural aspects, so as to expose the construction of heritage gaze (regard patrimonial)

Cette thèse étudie les mécanismes qui déterminent le succès des stratégies de développement touristique centrées sur le patrimoine culturel. La première partie revient sur la notion de patrimoine et les enjeux économiques liés à sa valorisation. Elle tente notamment d’identifier les liens entre la nature des ressources et leur place sur le marché. La seconde partie cherche à construire un cadre théorique apte à appréhender le caractère spécifique du patrimoine. Elle envisage son rôle sous l’angle des avantages absolus et différenciatifs, et s’intéresse à son processus d’activation. La troisième partie, par l’examen de la liste du patrimoine mondial, interroge le lien entre des ressources théoriquement exceptionnelles, leur valorisation par une stratégie de labellisation éprouvée (du moins dans le discours), et le statut d’attraction majeure. Des outils économétriques sont ensuite mobilisés afin d’étudier la contribution relative des caractéristiques de l’offre patrimoniale, sur les performances touristiques et socio-économiques des pseudo-cantons de Midi-Pyrénées. Bien que nos résultats montrent que la valeur culturelle des ressources détermine pour une large part leur potentiel, leur impact dépend surtout du contexte économique et des moyens déployés dans le cadre de leur mobilisation marchande. En outre, malgré le rôle central des labels dans les politiques de promotion, les tests n’apportent aucune preuve concluante d’un impact économique quantifiable leur étant associé. Ils peuvent, dans certains cas, jouer un rôle de catalyseur, mais ne sont que des leviers d’actions parmi d’autres, dont l’efficacité dépend largement du contexte et des modalités de leur usage
This thesis investigates the determinants of cultural heritage tourism development. Part one is devoted to the notion of heritage, as well as economic issues related to its valorisation. Part two provides a theoretical and conceptual framework that takes into account the specific nature of heritage, and addresses heritage market mechanisms through the notions of absolute and differentiative advantage. Special attention is also being paid to heritage activation process. In part three, this research questions the relationship between cultural resources of outstanding universal value, valorisation through a proven labelling strategy (or at least portrayed as such), and major tourist attraction status, through the analytical lens of UNESCO world heritage list. Econometric modelling is then employed to study the relative contribution of keys cultural heritage features upon tourism and socio-economic performance at the Midi-Pyrénées’ cantonal scale. Our results show that heritage’s potential impact on tourism development is strongly related to its own intrinsic cultural value. However, the real impact of heritage depends more on the way resources are being used, and on the economic environment in which these resources are being brought into the market. Even though labels hold a central position in tourism development policy, the tests we conducted do not provide any conclusive evidence of a quantifiable economic impact. Labelling strategies may act as a catalyst for tourism and economic development, yet expected benefits remain highly contingent upon the sites’ pre-labelling economic profile, as well as the nature of the interventions that accompanies designation

Comblant un fossé dans les études relatives à la diplomatie culturelle des pays émergents, cette thèse s’inscrit dans le cadre d’une analyse quantitative et qualitative de la diplomatie culturelle vietnamienne. Celle-ci est une partie intégrante de la politique étrangère en vue d’assurer une intégration internationale du pays et ce, au service du développement socio-économique. L’objectif primordial de cette stratégie, reconnue comme l’un des trois piliers de la diplomatie vietnamienne avec l’économie et le politique, est de présenter le Vietnam dans le monde entier afin d’attirer les investissements. Dans ce sens, elle constitue un outil de « marketing » pour le pays. L’histoire séculaire contre les invasions étrangères, une détermination de préservation de l’identité culturelle ainsi que la nature du régime politique sont à l’origine des particularités de cette stratégie qui articule diplomatie du parti communiste, du gouvernement et du peuple. L’élément étatique est indispensable dans la formulation de cette politique. L’observation des pratiques ainsi que le résultat de notre évaluation montre que cette diplomatie se concentre sur les activités évènementielles au détriment des projets structurels (éducation et information). Sa mise en œuvre constitue un défi pour le gouvernement, en raison d’une absence de véritable mécanisme de coordination d’une part, mais aussi d’une conception de la « culture » attachée à l’idéologie d’autre part. L’UNESCO est le partenaire principal du Vietnam car l’inscription au patrimoine mondial de sites ou de pratiques nationaux demeure l’un des sujets phare de cette diplomatie, contribuant à l’essor du tourisme. La Francophonie, elle, a des compétences spécifiques en particulier dans la diversité culturelle mais le Vietnam n’en a pas encore bénéficié. Si l’UNESCO est un forum où le Vietnam pourrait se présenter dans la communauté internationale, l’OIF, avec le dossier économique et la promotion du français, servirait de lieu pour promouvoir une recherche d’influence dans la région d’Asie du Sud-Est
Filling a gap in studies on cultural diplomacy of the emerging countries, this thesis constitutes of a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the Vietnamese cultural diplomacy. This is an integral part of foreign policy in order to ensure international integration of the country and also for socio-economic development. The primary objective of this strategy, recognized as one of the three pillars of Vietnamese diplomacy with economy and politics, is to present Vietnam to the worldwide in order to attract investment. Thus, it is a “marketing” tool for the country. The secular history against foreign invasions, a determination to preserve the cultural identity and the nature of the political regime are the specific features of this strategy, articulating diplomacies of the Communist party, the government and the Vietnamese people. The element “state” is essential in the formulation of this policy. The observation of practices and the results of our evaluation show that this diplomacy focuses on event activities while seconding structural project (education and information). Its implementation is a challenge for the government, due to a lack of effective coordination on the one hand, but also a concept of “culture” attached to the ideology on the other. UNESCO is the main partner of Vietnam because inclusion in the World Heritage sites remains one of the major subjects of the Vietnamese cultural diplomacy, contributing to the development of tourism. La Francophonie has its specific expertise especially in cultural diversity but Vietnam has not benefited from that yet. If UNESCO is a forum where Vietnam could arise in the international community, OIF, with the economic issue and the promotion of French, would serve as a place to promote influence of Vietnam in the South-East Asia

Le patrimoine culturel chinois se compose d’une multitude de biens matériels et immatériels. Il incarne la vitalité et la créativité de la nation chinoise. Il participe aussi au devenir de la civilisation chinoise. La question du patrimoine culturel constitue une préoccupation majeure dans la société chinoise contemporaine. Selon l’évolution politique du pays, des mesures juridiques ont été adoptées. Enjeu actuel pour le Gouvernement et les autorités locales, des règlementations spécifiques ont été mises en place pour assurer la protection du patrimoine culturel. Elles ne cessent d’être complétées et améliorées dans un contexte de patrimonialisation mondialisée dans le cadre de la Convention concernant la protection du patrimoine mondial, culturel et naturel de 1972 et de la Convention pour la sauvegarde du patrimoine culturel immatériel. L’application de la loi sur la protection du bien culturel et de la loi pour la sauvegarde du patrimoine culturel immatériel et l’intervention du juge permettent d’apprécier leur portée effective
Chinese cultural heritage consists of a multitude of tangible and intangible assets. It embodies the vitality and creativity of the Chinese Nation, and also participates in the pursuit of Chinese civilization Cultural heritage is the main problem of contemporary Chinese society. According to political developments, legal measures have been adopted. Because of current challenges for the Government and local authorities, specific regulations have been put in place to ensure the protection of cultural heritage. They are constantly being added to and improved in with the Global Heritage phenomenon, under the Convention Concerning the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage and the Convention for the safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage. The application of the law for the protection of Cultural Relics and the law for the safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage and the intervention of jug allow appreciating its effective range

La recherche menée dans le cadre de cette thèse a pour objet d'analyser et de comprendre les dynamiques émanant de la relation patrimoine religieux / espaces de montagne protégés (patrimoine naturel) en réinterrogeant la persistante rupture nature-culture et les significations du sacré dans le contexte patrimonial. Il s'agit aussi d'appréhender la nature et la signification des " lieux et bâtiments religieux ", ainsi que leur rôle dans les processus de patrimonialisation et de réappropriation des espaces de montagne par les différents acteurs du territoire. Cette thèse de géographie s'inscrit dans la réflexion actuelle de redéfinition des missions des Parcs naturels et dans le mouvement de promotion de la notion de " paysage culturel " par les instances internationales (e.g. UNESCO). Le site du monastère de la Grande-Chartreuse (Parc naturel régional de la Chartreuse), la vallée de la Qadisha et la forêt des Cèdres de Dieu (Nord-Liban) sont apparus comme des terrains riches permettant de mener à bien cette recherche doctorale qui mêle géographie culturelle et espaces montagnards. L'approche qualitative a été privilégiée pour répondre à cette problématique. Cette recherche s'appuie ainsi sur la chronosystémique, l'analyse de la littérature viatique et de données collectées (rapports officiels, législations, cartographie, relevés de terrains, interviews etc.).

Current policy and course of Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage The dissertation "Current policy and course of Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage" will focus on current policy of UNESCO in Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (the Convention), reflection of its recent past, current situation and future visions. Dissertation will mainly follow implementation of Global Strategy for Representative, Balanced and Credible World Heritage List, which significantly influenced the policy of the Convention and other strategic plans accepted by State Parties. Global Strategy significantly changed demands on the nomination documentation, nomination process and listing of new properties in the World Heritage List in past few years. These changes are also closely related to the participation of Advisory Bodies of the Convention (ICOMOS, IUCN, ICCROM) on national and international level. Recent changes were reflected not only in demands to State Parties but also in implementation of the Convention, for example by changing the voting system to the World Heritage Committee and efforts for more effective financing system of expenses necessary for implementation of the Convention. This...

Tese de Doutoramento na área científica de Arquitetura apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra.
O propósito da presente tese de doutoramento em arquitetura procura analisar e compreender que, para o caso de Coimbra, a candidatura da Universidade de Coimbra – Alta e Sofia (UC-AS) a Património Mundial (PM) se constituiu como um operador de desenvolvimento urbano. Partindo da premissa que a candidatura da UC-AS a PM se assumia como estratégia para a promoção de desenvolvimento urbano, referenciada à proteção e valorização do património universitário e à revitalização e reabilitação urbana das suas áreas de referência, através do restabelecimento da inter-relação univer(sc)idade, a nossa problemática ancorava-se à compreensão de ‘como’ ou ‘de que modo’ uma candidatura a PM se concretiza como um operador de desenvolvimento para o seu contexto urbano. Tendo em conta o interesse pela compreensão desse fenómeno – ou seja, o processo de candidatura na sua emergência, no seu sistema de gestão e na sua concretização – sobre o seu espaço de referência, o objetivo principal deste trabalho traduz-se em analisar e compreender o processo transformativo que o fenómeno da candidatura UC-AS a PM vem imprimindo ao desenvolvimento do seu contexto urbano – a Alta, a Sofia e a sua respetiva área de proteção. Com efeito, a UC-AS era inscrita na Lista do PM (LPM) em 22 de junho de 2013, finalizando o seu processo documental, cuja formalização se constituía a partir da sua inscrição na Lista Indicativa dos Bens Portugueses ao PM da UNESCO, em 2004. A abrangência da nossa investigação concretiza-se, não só na componente burocrática e documental do processo, mas, sobretudo, ao nível do seu conteúdo, cujas estratégia política e estratégia de intervenção já colhiam resultados mesmo antes da inscrição da UC-AS na LPM, evidenciando a capacidade do processo de candidatura em imprimir uma dinâmica de transformação sobre o seu território de influência, com dados recolhidos até ao fim de 2017. Para cumprirmos o propósito de investigação, desenvolvemos uma investigação qualitativa, baseada no estudo de caso da candidatura da UC-AS a PM, caracterizado por uma abordagem exploratória e, evolutivamente, explanatória, sendo apoiada em métodos analíticos, interpretativos e explanatórios. Para tal, a investigação recorreu aos suportes documentais que serviram para desenvolver a candidatura da UC-AS a PM, tanto na sua formalização pelo dossier de candidatura, como na sua concretização pelas intervenções qualificadas sobre o património universitário e sobre o património urbano, sendo contrastadas com uma revisão bibliográfica continuada. Em função do nosso propósito, desenvolvemos a investigação a partir da articulação entre os domínios espaciais considerados para referenciar o espaço da candidatura – a UNESCO, o bem e o contexto urbano – e as perspetivas de leitura consideradas para referenciar as estratégias, de qualificação teórico-prática inerentes à política e à intervenção, assumidas pela candidatura – a própria candidatura a PM, a gestão do património e o desenvolvimento urbano, gerando as possibilidades de abordagem entre os domínios e as perspetivas de leitura. Por um lado, investiga-se o enquadramento político-cultural internacional que caracteriza o âmbito da UNESCO, através dos conceitos, dos discursos e do papel das entidades que interferem com os propósitos das candidaturas a PM, com a gestão do património dos bens e dos sítios inscritos na LPM e, por inerência, com as estratégias de desenvolvimento assumidas, na esfera da política nacional e local, para cada um desses bens na LPM, tendo em conta a especialidade, especificidade e complexidade destes processos. Paralelamente, esta análise era contrastada com as críticas ao discurso do PM e da UNESCO. Por outro lado, investiga-se o caráter circunstancial do bem UC-AS, enquanto candidato a PM e como PM, na sua condição de mediador entre a UNESCO e o seu contexto urbano. Primeiramente, investiga-se os desígnios e intenções de candidatura e, de modo particular, a problemática inerente à construção da Cidade Universitária de Coimbra, na Alta, em função da destruição e da construção de património e do papel dos arquitetos para o desenho de cidade. Depois, investiga-se o sistema de gestão da UC-AS (o plano, o agente e os instrumentos), as questões de propriedade inerentes à autonomia de gestão do património, bem como, as políticas e práticas de intervenção sobre o património assumidas no âmbito da gestão nacional e local, como o caso da desclassificação da Igreja de São Domingos, na Rua da Sofia. Por fim, investiga-se as influências e concretizações da candidatura sobre o contexto urbano da UC-AS, a partir do restabelecimento do laço univer(sc)idade e da capacidade de negociação entre os dois agentes implicados em todo o processo, a UC e a Câmara Municipal de Coimbra. Esta investigação tem uma particularidade: os seus resultados parciais foram sendo comunicados ou publicados, por artigos científicos, depois de terem sido sujeitos a revisão por pares. Desse ponto de vista, o resultado da tese que se apresenta constitui-se na evolução crítica sobre essa produção e os resultados obtidos levaram-nos a concretizar três sínteses conclusivas: a primeira explica a eminente componente política atribuída a estes processos; a segunda distingue a componente da especificidade técnico-científica atribuída a estes processos, sendo que, o caso da candidatura da UC-AS se determina ancorada ao campo disciplinar da arquitetura; e a terceira considera que uma candidatura a PM deve ser um ativo para a gestão integrada da área candidata e do desenvolvimento urbano da sua área de influência, em função da sustentabilidade do sistema. Adicionalmente, a partir dos seus resultados e interpretações, esta investigação lança novas perspetivas sobre os argumentos utilizados pelo discurso ‘anti-UNESCO’.
This PhD in Architecture research seeks to analyse and understand the World Heritage nomination of the University of Coimbra – Alta and Sofia (WHN UC-AS) as an operator of urban development, for Coimbra. The starting research premise is that the WHN UC-AS was a strategy to promote the urban development through the reimplementation of the bond encountered in the univer(sc)ity. This urban development, based on safeguarding and valorising the architectural heritage of the UC and on the revitalisation and rehabilitation of the nominated urban areas is central to our study, which seeks to understand ‘why’ and ‘how’ a WHN process can be implemented as an operator of urban development. Taking into account the interest in understanding of this phenomenon – that is, the WHN process in its emergence, with its management system and its implementation – in regards to its reference space, the main purpose of this research is to analyse and understand the transformative process, which was initiated by this nomination process and the consequences of its implementation on the urban development of its urban context, the Alta (uptown), the Sofia (downtown) and its buffer zone. The UC-AS, has been a WH site since June 22nd 2013. Its documental process ended on that date, although it had been formalised when the UC reached the point of being taken into consideration as suitable for a nomination for the WH List and had been added to the Tentative List of Portugal already in 2004. The scope of our research is based not only on the documental process, but also, and in particular, in its content. There, a political strategy and an architectural intervention strategy have been achieving results before the date of inscription, suggesting that the capacity of the WHN UC-AS process was promoting a dynamic of transformation over its surrounding area for data collected up to the year 2017. To achieve our main purpose, we used a case study of the WHN UC-AS process as a qualitative research strategy. Firstly an exploratory approach, which through the application of an analytic, interpretative and explanatory study turned into an explanatory approach with qualitative methods. This case study investigation was supported with documents that were used, produced and developed for the nomination process. Those were concerning the formalisation of the nomination dossier as well as the implementation of qualified projects regarding architectural intervention in the UC heritage and in the urban heritage, which then were being constantly contrasted by a literature review. According to our intent of articulating the space field considered with regards to the space (conceptual and material) of the WHN UC-AS process – UNESCO, the property and its urban context – as well as the perspectives of interpretation considered relating the strategies (a political and an architectural intervention) assumed in the WHN UC-AS process – the WHN UC-AS, the heritage management and urban development and the methodology generated approach possibilities and/or evidences to study. On the one hand, this research investigated the international framework of the political and cultural scope which characterises UNESCO. This was achieved through the concepts, the discourses and the role of the advisory bodies, that interfere within the WHN’s purposes, the heritage management of World Heritage sites and, consequently, the assumed strategies for development by each nomination process, on a national and local political level, considering the expertise, the specificity and the complexity of these processes. In parallel, this analysis was contrasted with the critical discourse against UNESCO policies. On the other hand, this research investigated the circumstances of the property, as a nominated property and as a WH site, considering its role of spatial mediator between the UNESCO and its urban context. Firstly, it approached the purposes and intentions of Coimbra’s nomination process, particularly, the problematic topic of the construction of the University City of Coimbra, in Alta, taking into account the destruction of heritage and construction of new heritage and the role of architects for the plan of the city. Then, this study investigated the Property management system (the management plan, model and instruments) and the property issues, like ownership surveys that may threaten the autonomy of the management system of the property. Under this perspective, it investigated as well the policies and practices at a national level of the heritage management, like the case of declassification decision concerning the Church of São Domingos (Sofia). Finally, this research investigated the influences and the implementations of the nomination process over the urban context of the UC-AS, beginning with the reconstruction of the bond univer(sc)ity and the negotiation ability between the main stakeholders concerning the nomination process, the UC and the Municipality of Coimbra. This research is formulated by one particular aspect: its partial results had been communicated or published through scientific papers, after a peer-review process. In that sense, this final document can be considered the evaluated critical evolution over the cumulative results and outcomes, which carry out three conclusive ideas: the first explains the eminent political role of these processes; the second distinguishes the characteristics of its specificity based on technical-scientific applications and elucidates that the case of WHN UC-AS was developed within the field of architecture; the third considers that these nomination processes should be an influence for the integrated management of the nominated area within the urban development of its buffer zone, in order to guarantee the sustainability of the urban system. Furthermore, this PhD research contributes to discuss the arguments utilised by an ‘anti-UNESCO’ discourse.

La Liste du patrimoine mondial de l’UNESCO exerce une forte attraction à l’échelle internationale. Cette recherche aborde des démarches accomplies par l’État du Nicaragua en vue de l’inscription de la Cathédrale de León, et tente de déterminer le potentiel de réussite de cette candidature. En premier lieu, nous faisons une réflexion sur la Liste du patrimoine mondial, en regard de la Convention du patrimoine mondial et des États parties. En deuxième lieu, à partir de la décision du Comité concernant le projet du Nicaragua, nous mettons en lumière le manque de coordination entre les parties prenantes, soit entre les instances nationales, locales et diocésaines. Les données récoltées à León nous permettent d’observer que la coordination entre les parties prenantes est essentielle à la réalisation du projet d’inscription, tant pour la consolidation du dossier que pour la protection du bien. Nous soulevons ensuite les enjeux et les solutions envisageables. Afin de favoriser la participation de toutes les parties prenantes au projet, nous appliquons l’approche du « développement de consensus ». Les résultats de l’analyse révèlent néanmoins que la présence de conflits de valeurs empêche la création d’accords. Conséquemment, nous considérons que l’inscription de la Cathédrale de León est peu probable. Le processus d’inscription est une tâche ambitieuse, d’autant plus qu’il fait appel à la contribution d’une propriété privée sous l'égide d’une institution: l’Église Catholique. L’aboutissement du projet est confronté inévitablement à des enjeux de pouvoir, présents en toile de fond.
UNESCO’s World Heritage List is widely recognized and of great importance internationally. This research outlines the steps undertaken by the State of Nicaragua to register the Cathedral of León on the List and attempts to determine the chances of success of its nomination. Firstly, we study the World Heritage List, in regards to the World Heritage Convention and the States Parties. Second, looking at the Committee’s decision concerning the Nicaragua project, we highlight the lack of coordination between the principal stakeholders, namely the national, local and diocesan levels. Data collected in León allow us to observe that coordination between the stakeholders is essential for the registration project, affecting the consolidation of the dossier as well as the protection of property. We then analyze the issues and the possible solutions. To promote the participation of all stakeholders, we apply the approach of "consensus building". However, the results of the analysis show that ”conflicts in values” prevent the creation of agreements. We therefore conclude that the Cathedral of León has a low chance of being registered on the World Heritage List. The registration process is an ambitious task, all the more as the project requires the implication of a private property under the aegis of an institution: the Catholic Church. Its fulfillment is inevitably impacted by issues of power underlying the nomination project.

碩士
國立中興大學
國際政治研究所
93
The General Conference of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) established “Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage” at its 17th session of the General Conference on November 16th, 1972. The world heritage committee members of UNESCO have been advocating this agreement more than three decades. As so far, the world heritage register has listed 788 world heritage items which include 611 cultural heritage items, 154 natural heritage items, and 23 mixed heritage items. These world’s properties are shared treasures of human beings; therefore, all people of the world should work together to take the responsibility of the conservation and protection of them. Even though Taiwan is neither a member state of UN, nor a supporting state of UNESCO, as a party of the global village, we, world citizens, should understand that learning the regulations and knowledge related to the world heritage convention is our duty and obligation. Only when we really understand and take actions to embody the relevant requests of the world heritage convention, we may have the opportunity to become one of the world heritage nations if the political factor is no longer a reason which impedes us to become one. No matter what circumstance it is, we should make our efforts to promote the world heritage education; in so doing, we can pass down this human beings’ shared property, precious world heritage, to our next generations after generations.

Compared with its roles in pre-modern societies, traditional music, previously called “folklore,” has been playing very different roles in the globalized world. These new roles, however, are rarely articulated in a systematic manner. While most discourse on the contemporary use of traditional music comes from the case studies of ethnomusicologists, the concept of “intangible cultural heritage,” which is usually associated with the initiatives of UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization) in safeguarding intangible cultural heritage (including traditional music), provides a new perspective to understand the new roles that traditional music plays in the postmodern world. A systematic examination of these roles is crucial, because it allows an in-depth analysis of the hidden power relations behind the contemporary use of traditional music. Furthermore, with the idea of “salvation from disappearing” being more and more problematic in contemporary practice, the project of preserving traditional music cannot be firmly grounded unless its contemporary values are demonstrated. In order to systematically identify and analyze the contemporary use of traditional music, this paper examines the current literature on intangible cultural heritage and the related international initiatives undertaken by the United Nations and its specialized agencies such as UNESCO and UNDP, in combination with the major issues raised by ethnomusicologists regarding the use of traditional music in creative industries. Using two major case studies–Kunqu and HAN Hong’s new Tibetan music–to demonstrate the aesthetic, political, economic and ethical dimensions of the use of traditional music in contemporary society, I argue that there is a fifth dimension, the social dimension, of the value of traditional music in the postmodern condition. The articulation of this social dimension of the contemporary use of traditional music serves to establish its universal relevance and to identify its unique character that makes it a powerful tool to serve as a counter-hegemonic force.
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The First Nation community of Poplar River in Northern Manitoba is using a UNESCO World Heritage Site nomination to assist with meeting local needs. Going beyond the expected, non-renewable resource development, Asatiwisipe First Nation is taking control over its own developmental plans, and forging an ecologically sustainable vision of community-controlled economic and political development. This initiative is an escape from the ‘progress trap’ where Indigenous resource stewardship practices will guide sustainable community economic development. This thesis explores the application of intangible cultural heritage as a lens for looking at the culture/nature discussion, food sovereignty, Indigenous resource management as well as Aboriginal and treaty rights. Based on longitudinal research over the past eight years, this dissertation is a collection of interviews and narratives from community members, personal experiences and policy research. Despite systemic Eurocentrism and many challenges, permanent protection of the Poplar River Community Conserved Area through the World Heritage Site nomination is perhaps the best solution for the community as it is an initiative that has been instigated by the First Nation itself.

This thesis deals with a specific group of historical sites called World Heritage, which are registered on the UNESCO World Heritage List. It characterizes the basic elements of the UNESCO World Heritage idea as a cultural and social process, which engages in acts of remembering that work to create ways to understand, present and interpret the past within the present social frameworks. The thesis brings to the attention a range of viewpoints about the nature of heritage in general and the UNESCO World Heritage in specific that have emerged in the relatively new area of academic interdisciplinary heritage studies. For the purposes of exploring different aspects of the World Heritage phenomenon, following themes of heritage discourse have been developed: remembering and making public use of the past, the UNESCO approach and the ways of presenting and interpreting the past. In order to give a sense of what World Heritage looks like on the ground this thesis details some aspects of three different World Heritage sites. To study such matters in the physical world a strategy of undertaking case studies of three specific UNESCO sites and employing the methods of direct observation and a fieldwork were chosen. Closer examinations of the Czech medieval town of Kutná Hora, the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park...

ABSTRACT UNESCO’s World Heritage Convention of 1972 has set the standard for the evaluation, preservation and conservation of World Heritage Sites (WHS) globally. The role and function of UNESCO in the cultural heritage sector in Africa, in particular cannot be denied. However, the World Heritage Convention (WHC) site management requirements for African States that are parties to the Convention, presents challenges in terms of implementation. This is due in most cases, to lack of infrastructure, deficient national policy structures, poor legislation, bad management and poor implementation. This is particularly the case in developing countries where governments are grappling with socio-economic and political challenges. Questions are raised about who has the right to define heritage, and what kinds of parameters are used to measure World Heritage of ‘‘universal’’ value. Is it appropriate for UNESCO to recommend a set of standards that have become a lens through which global cultural heritage policy is viewed and measured? What then are the implications for African sites for being listed as World Heritage, and what are their chances of competing in the global cultural arena based on the challenges mentioned above? This research report, through a study of the Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape in the Limpopo Province of South Africa, attempts to grapple with aspects of the questions raised above, and seeks to illustrate the challenges of managing a World Heritage Site. It highlights the gaps between WHC requirements, national cultural policy legislation, infrastructural and human resource incapacity, and implementation by the management at the Mapungubwe World Heritage Site

This thesis investigates the crossover from and intersection between tangible and intangible heritage in the context of World Heritage. Since the start of the twenty-first century, intangible heritage has become increasingly important in international cultural heritage conservation theory and practice. In heritage literature, intangible heritage has been theorized in relation to tangible or built heritage, thereby extending the definition of cultural heritage to consider a holistic perspective. New heritage conservation instruments have been created for the protection of intangible heritage, such as most prominently the 2003 UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage. The changing conception of cultural heritage that goes beyond tangible heritage has also influenced existing instruments like the 1972 UNESCO Convention concerning the protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage. The thesis studies how intangible heritage has been recognized and interpreted in implementing the concept of cultural heritage as defined by the World Heritage Convention. It examines the historical development of the concept of World Cultural Heritage with the aim of tracing the construction of intangible heritage in this context. The thesis consists of six chapters. The introduction sets out the research problem and research question. In the literature review, international cultural heritage conservation is portrayed as the research context, the knowledge gap between World Heritage and intangible heritage is identified and an understanding of the research problem deepened, and methods from similar research in the subject area are presented. The methodology in the third chapter describes choices made concerning the research paradigm, research approach and strategy, the use of concepts and illustrative examples, as well as data collection and analysis methods. Knowledge is constructed using primarily a historical approach and related methods. Through the analysis of pertinent documents and heritage discourses, an understanding of the concept of intangible heritage is developed and the concept of World Cultural Heritage is investigated. In the fourth chapter, intangible heritage is studied by looking at specific cultural heritage discourses, that is, a scientific, a UNESCO, and an ICOMOS discourse. Intangible heritage is theorized in relation to the concepts of tangible heritage, heritage value, and cultural heritage. Knowledge gained in this chapter serves as a theoretical lens to trace the recognition of and tease out interpretations of intangible heritage in the context of implementing the concept of World Cultural Heritage. The results are presented in chapter five. A historical development is portrayed in five time periods and for the concepts of cultural heritage, Outstanding Universal Value, the criteria to assess World Heritage value, and authenticity. The conclusion summarizes the main outcomes, assesses the thesis’ contribution to scientific knowledge as well as its limitations, and outlines possible further research. The main results include the identification of the term intangible heritage as an indicator for a paradigm shift and a new approach to conceiving cultural heritage in international cultural heritage conservation. By focusing on processes and the living relationship between people and their environment or place, intangible heritage emphasizes the anthropological. In the context of this conception, intangible heritage takes on two meanings. First, value is attributed by people and hence, is inherently immaterial. Secondly, place is constituted of a tangible-intangible continuum in terms of attributes. A paradigm shift and increasing recognition of an anthropological approach to cultural heritage were identified for all discourses, that is, UNESCO, ICOMOS, the scientific field, and World Heritage. For World Heritage, intangible heritage was recognized indirectly in terms of historical associations during the 1970s and 1980s. The anthropological shift occurred in the early 1990s. The term intangible was introduced and the meaning of intangible heritage was extended to include cultural associations. The subsequent decade is characterized by a process of internalization and implementation of the new approach to cultural heritage. The 2003 Intangible Cultural Heritage Convention created momentum. By the early 2010s, while not explicitly recognizing the immaterial character of values, a holistic approach to cultural heritage was fully endorsed that considers the idea of intangible attributes as carriers of values. An understanding of the recognition of intangible heritage through the implementation of the World Heritage Convention and scientific research in general provide an important knowledge base for implementing the Convention in a more coherent, objective, and well-informed way.
Cette thèse étudie le croisement et l’intersection entre le patrimoine matériel et immatériel dans le contexte du patrimoine mondial. Depuis le début du vingt-et-unième siècle, le patrimoine immatériel est devenu de plus en plus important dans la théorie et la pratique de la conservation internationale du patrimoine culturel. Dans la littérature, le patrimoine immatériel a été théorisé par rapport au patrimoine matériel ou bâti et la définition du patrimoine culturel a été envisagée dans une perspective holistique. De nouveaux instruments de conservation du patrimoine ont été créés pour la protection du patrimoine immatériel, comme notamment la Convention pour la sauvegarde du patrimoine culturel immatériel de l’UNESCO de 2003. La conception du patrimoine culturel, qui va au-delà du patrimoine matériel, a également influencé des instruments existants comme la Convention concernant la protection du patrimoine mondial, culturel et naturel de l’UNESCO de 1972. La thèse étudie comment le patrimoine immatériel a été reconnu et interprété dans la mise en œuvre du concept du patrimoine culturel, tel que défini par la Convention du patrimoine mondial. Dans ce contexte, elle examine le développement historique de la notion du patrimoine mondial culturel dans le but de retracer la construction du patrimoine immatériel. La thèse se compose de six chapitres. L’introduction expose la problématique et la question de recherche. La revue de littérature dépeint la conservation internationale du patrimoine culturel comme contexte de recherche, identifie l’écart de connaissances entre le patrimoine mondial et le patrimoine immatériel en approfondissant une compréhension de la problématique, tout en présentant des méthodes de recherche similaires dans le domaine. La méthodologie du troisième chapitre décrit les choix faits concernant le paradigme de recherche, l’approche et la stratégie de recherche, l’utilisation des concepts et des exemples, ainsi que les méthodes de collecte et d’analyse des données. La connaissance est construite principalement en utilisant une approche historique et des méthodes qui lui sont reliées. La compréhension de la notion de patrimoine immatériel et l’étude du concept du patrimoine mondial culturel se basent sur l’analyse de documents pertinents et de discours du patrimoine. Le quatrième chapitre examine le patrimoine immatériel en regardant des discours spécifiques au patrimoine culturel, soit le discours scientifique, de l’UNESCO et de l’ICOMOS. Le patrimoine immatériel est théorisé par rapport aux concepts du patrimoine matériel, de la valeur du patrimoine et du patrimoine culturel. Les connaissances acquises dans ce chapitre servent de perspective théorique pour retracer la reconnaissance et clarifier les interprétations du patrimoine immatériel dans le contexte de la mise en œuvre du concept du patrimoine mondial culturel. Les résultats de cette analyse sont présentés dans le chapitre cinq. À travers cinq périodes différentes, une analyse historique retrace l’interprétation des concepts de patrimoine culturel, de valeur universelle exceptionnelle, ainsi que les critères d’évaluation de la valeur du patrimoine mondial et de l’authenticité. La conclusion résume les principaux résultats, évalue la contribution de la recherche à la connaissance scientifique, ainsi que ses limites, tout en décrivant d’autres avenues de recherches ultérieures. Les principaux résultats comprennent l’identification du terme de patrimoine immatériel comme l’indicateur d’un changement de paradigme et d’une nouvelle approche de la conception du patrimoine culturel dans la conservation internationale du patrimoine culturel. En se concentrant sur les processus et la relation continue entre les personnes et leur environnement ou le lieu, le patrimoine immatériel en souligne l’aspect anthropologique. Dans le cadre de cette conception, le patrimoine immatériel prend deux significations. Tout d’abord, la valeur est attribuée par les gens et par conséquent, est intrinsèquement immatérielle. Deuxièmement, le lieu est constitué d’un continuum matériel-immatériel en termes d’attributs. Un changement de paradigme et la reconnaissance croissante d’une approche anthropologique de patrimoine culturel ont été identifiés dans tous les discours, c’est-à-dire, ceux de l’UNESCO, de l’ICOMOS, le discours scientifique, et le patrimoine mondial. Dans le contexte du patrimoine mondial, le patrimoine immatériel a été reconnu indirectement en termes d’associations historiques durant les années 1970 et 1980. Le changement anthropologique se manifeste au début des années 1990. Le terme de patrimoine immatériel a été introduit dans le discours et sa signification a été élargie pour inclure les associations culturelles. La décennie suivante est caractérisée par un processus d’internalisation et de mise en œuvre de la nouvelle approche du patrimoine culturel. La Convention du patrimoine culturel immatériel de 2003 a créé une dynamique. Au début des années 2010, même si le caractère immatériel des valeurs n’est pas reconnu explicitement, une approche holistique du patrimoine culturel a été mise en œuvre, laquelle considère l’idée d’attributs immatériels comme porteurs de valeurs. Une compréhension de la reconnaissance du patrimoine immatériel à travers la mise en œuvre de la Convention du patrimoine mondial et de la recherche scientifique en général fournit une base de connaissances importante pour la mise en œuvre de la Convention d’une manière plus cohérente, objective, et mieux informée.

Relatório de Estágio do Mestrado em Gestão apresentado à Faculdade de Economia
O presente Relatório pretende revelar quais os principais resultados alcançados ao longo do Estágio Curricular na CBRAIN – Coimbra Advanced Innovation, Lda., que teve início a 2 de fevereiro de 2020, com a duração de 700 horas. O Estágio teve como objetivo a obtenção de grau Mestre em Gestão pela Faculdade de Economia da Universidade de Coimbra e pressupôs a integração nas atividades gerais da empresa, através da realização de tarefas em diversas áreas funcionais: Projetos; Gestão Estratégica; Análise de Mercado e Viabilidade Económica e Financeira.O tema que se pretende estudar diz respeito à Classificação de Património Mundial da UNESCO como ferramenta de Marketing Territorial. A escolha deste tema, deve-se essencialmente ao facto das tarefas assumidas ao longo do Estágio, estarem direcionadas para um determinado projeto de aplicação real, que consistiu no estudo de viabilidade da criação de uma nova unidade de Alojamento Turístico em zona denominada de Património Mundial da UNESCO.O desenvolvimento deste tema tem como objetivo primordial a análise do impacto da designação no Setor do Turismo, assim como o processo estratégico na promoção de um destino turístico classificado, deste modo, pretende-se concluir de que forma é que a classificação pode contribuir para o desenvolvimento de uma Imagem de Marca.Conclui-se que a Marca UNESCO não dirige o Turismo, embora possa revitalizá-lo em conjunto com diversas práticas, aproveitando a denominação para gerar experiências memoráveis de Turismo capazes de criar imagens positivas na mente do público-alvo, tornando o território mais competitivo e agindo como estratégia integrada de Marketing Territorial.
This Report aims to reveal the main results achieved during the course of the Internship at CBRAIN - Coimbra Advanced Innovation, Lda., that started on February 2nd, 2020 and with a duration of 700 hours. The internship had as its main objective obtaining the Master's degree in Management from the Faculty of Economics at the University of Coimbra and presupposed the integration in the general activities of the company, through the participation of tasks in several functional areas: Projects; Strategic Management; Market Analysis and Economic and Financial Viability.The theme I’ll be studying concerns the use of the UNESCO World Heritage Classification as a Territorial Marketing tool. This theme was chosen essentially due to the fact that the tasks undertaken during the Internship were directed towards a specific project with a real world application, which consisted in studying the feasibility of creating a new Tourist Accommodation unit in an area classified as World Heritage by UNESCO.The main aim of this study is to analyze the impact this classification might have on the Tourism Sector, as well as the strategic process behind the promotion of a tourist destination and thus, to understand how the classification as a Word Heritage Area can contribute to the development of a Brand Image.From this study, it was concluded that the UNESCO Brand by itself does not drive tourism forward, however it can revitalize it in conjunction with other different practices, taking advantage of the designation to generate memorable tourism experiences capable of creating positive images in the mind of the target audience, thus making the territory more competitive and acting as a Territorial Marketing strategy.

Classificação JEL: O20, O30, Z32, Z10
Esta Dissertação foi elaborada enquanto requisito parcial para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Estudo de Desenvolvimento, Diversidades Locais e Desafios Mundiais. O objetivo desta dissertação, consiste na compreensão do contributo da nomeação da Cidade-Velha como património mundial da humanidade, e definir se a nomeação de 2009 contribuiu ou não, para o seu desenvolvimento local. Desta forma esta dissertação será delineada em três critérios fundamentais, Cidade-Velha enquanto património mundial da Humanidade, a análise do processo da patrimonialização e análise dos impactos dessa patrimonialização. O objetivo central desta pesquisa consiste em compreender quais os impactos junto da população e se, isso, levou ou não ao desenvolvimento local da comunidade, com destaque para o sector do turismo.
This thesis has been prepared as a partial requirement for the degree of Master in Development study, Local Diversities and Global Challenges. The objective of this thesis consists in understanding the contribution of nomination of Cidade-Velha has world heritage site and define if this nomination (2009) has contribute for a local development. This dissertation will be delineated between three fundamental criteria: Cidade-Velha as World Heritage of Humanity, the analysis of the patrimonial process and analysis of impacts. The main objectives of this research is to understand the impacts on the population and if this change led or not the local development of community, with special attention to tourism sector

Encouraging the participation of the local population in the preservation of World Heritage Sites is one of the mission’s of UNESCO’s World Heritage Centre. Community involvement is also critical in the planning process. This dissertation argues that community involvement should be part of the World Heritage List nomination process and long-term preservation of the sites and that mechanisms should be in place to ensure this as part of the nomination file. To support this argument, literature on community involvement and World Heritage Sites is reviewed. Part of this dissertation is to provide a framework for community involvement at World Heritage Sites. In order to accomplish this, the known potential socio-economic benefits of World Heritage designation are also reviewed. This provides a framework whereby communities can be consulted and involved in activities at World Heritage Sites with the goal of preservation of the site and achieving additional socio-economic benefits. This framework was used to explore the attitudes of eight Western Ukrainian communities on the use of their wooden churches that are nominated to the UNESCO World Heritage List to improve their socio-economic conditions as well as preserve the churches. Previous studies focused mostly on the effects of World Heritage Site designation to produce social and economic benefits. This dissertation takes a different approach by involving the community at the nomination stage to determine which of these benefits they support and develop a plan of action and guidelines focused on achieving the desired changes. A community survey was developed under the supervision of this dissertation committee and Dr. Bevz at the Department of Restoration and Reconstruction of Architectural Complexes at Lviv Polytechnic National University as part of a J. William Fulbright grant to Ukraine. The survey responses were analyzed using both summary and statistical analysis to develop guidelines and a plan of action to be implemented by Lviv Polytechnic. This dissertation provides much needed research into community involvement at World Heritage Sites for their preservation and to achieve socio-economic benefits for the surrounding communities. The framework laid out in this dissertation has implications not only for Western Ukraine, but cultural heritage sites throughout the world.

Tese no âmbito do Doutoramento em Biociências, especialização em Biologia Celular e Molecular, orientada pelo Professor Doutor António Manuel Santos Carriço Portugal, Professor Doutor Francisco Paulo de Sá Campos Gil, Doutor Igor Clemente Tiago e apresentada ao Departamento de Ciências da Vida da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra.
Among the distinct microbial populations able to grow in stone monuments, colonization by fungi often results in severe aesthetic, physical and chemical biodeterioration of the substrate. This multidisciplinary thesis attempts to understand the biodeteriorative role of fungal communities thriving in stone monuments present within the UNESCO World heritage site of “University of Coimbra- Alta and Sofia”. Accordingly, this work aims were: (1) to produce a detailed inventory characterizing fungal communities using both classical and -omics approaches in key monuments in this area; (2) to describe novel fungal taxa colonizing these supports; (3) to link the detected fungal species, environmental and stone petrochemical characteristics with the observed deterioration processes; (4) to assess fungal biodeteriorative potential and the studied limestone bioreceptivity; and (5) to evaluate and develop control procedures targeting specific harmful biodeteriorating fungal species. This comprehensive research is started with a set of studies aiming to identify the fungal species and their deteriorative action, in various biodeterioration outlines present in the dolomitic limestone walls of the Old Cathedral of Coimbra. The combined approach using traditional cultivation methodologies coupled with modern Next Generation Sequencing techniques, allowed to identify the fungal communities present in this monument, while also allowing to verify that in similar studies their joined application is advised. During this survey, isolates from an unknown microcolonial black fungal species were retrieved. In order to understand this species taxonomic status, a polyphasic study was conducted, allowing the description of a new family, Aeminiaceae fam. nov., a new genus Aeminium gen. nov., and a new species, Aeminium ludgeri sp. nov. Moreover, considering the significance of this finding and in order to explore gene content and genomic traits, the species genome was also sequenced and thoroughly studied. Several distinctive traits that putatively contribute to the organism extremotolerance and biodeteriorative profile were thus highlighted. In order to further understand fungal dolomitic limestone bioreceptivity and biodeterioration, an extensive analysis aiming to identify biodeteriorative abilities and limestone bioreceptivity to fungi thriving in this site was then conducted. The results showed that a significant number of the tested species contributed to dolomitic limestone biodeterioration and that fungal proliferation was slightly superior in oligotrophic rather than copiotrophic conditions. In the ensuing section, attention is given to a series of studies focusing in the biodeteriorative effects of the proliferation of fungal communities in the relieves adorning the Ançã limestone tomb of the First Portuguese King. A multi-disciplinary approach to fully characterize these phenomena allowed to verify a massive fungal diversity and abundance in this monument, while also pinpointing that the establishment of differential fungal populations coupled with the deposition of environmental particles contributed to the development of the distinct phenomena by various mechanisms. In order to further study Ançã limestone fungal bioreceptivity and biodeterioration, an experimental laboratorial analysis was also carried out. The results revealed that all tested species contributed to the substratum biodeterioration and that Penicillia growth was favored in rich micro-nutrient environments, while Aspergilli and Aeminium ludgeri denoted a slightly more accentuated growth under depleted nutrient conditions. Subsequently, focus is then given to the fungal communities thriving in the Coimbra Roman cryptoporticus and in particular to the presence of whitish mold-like propagations in some areas of this site. Fearing that a putative fungal outbreak could be taking place, the fungal communities in these sites were deeply characterized. The results revealed that these propagations are a result of Lecanicillium psalliotae proliferations and that possible outbreaks by this species are putatively occurring through animal vectored dispersion. In the penultimate section of this thesis, the main advantages of cultivation approaches are highlighted, with the description and biodeteriorative profiling of several unknown filamentous fungal taxa retrieved from the studied monuments. Moreover, one of the species described, exhibited a very high ability to induce the formation of calcium oxalates in vitro, a deteriorative profile that would never be noted, if solely the use of Next-generation sequencing methodologies was considered. Lastly, considering the ongoing efforts to restore and preserve various monuments in this UNESCO area, the final focus in then given to test the in vitro efficiency of chemical biocides previously used in the University tower against various fungal species retrieved during the course of this thesis. Moreover, they were also compared with an increasing attractive green option, Ocimum basilicum essential oil. Altogether, the scientific information developed and gathered during the course of this thesis provides a massive update concerning the current knowledge on fungal limestone interactions and biodeterioration, while also providing a strong evaluation of the current methodologies applied to study them in similar contexts.
Entre as distintas populações microbianas capazes de crescer em monumentos rochosos, a colonização por fungos frequentemente resulta numa severa biodeterioração estética, física e química do substrato. Esta tese multidisciplinar procura compreender o papel biodeteriorativo das comunidades de fungos que prosperam em monumentos de pedra presentes no património mundial da UNESCO da “Universidade de Coimbra-Alta e Sofia”. Assim, os objetivos deste trabalho foram: (1) produzir um inventário detalhado caracterizando as comunidades de fungos, usando para isso abordagens clássicas e -ómicas em monumentos-chave nesta área; (2) descrever novos taxa de fungos que colonizam estes suportes; (3) relacionar as espécies de fungos detectadas, as características ambientais e petroquímicas da rocha com os processos de deterioração observados; (4) avaliar o potencial biodeteriorativo dos fungos e a sua bioreceptividade nos calcários estudados; e (5) avaliar e desenvolver procedimentos de controlo visando espécies específicas de fungos biodeterioradores prejudiciais. Esta abrangente investigação inicia-se com um conjunto de estudos que visam identificar as espécies fúngicas e a sua ação deterioradora nos diversos perfis de biodeterioração presentes nas paredes calcárias dolomíticas da Sé Velha de Coimbra. A abordagem combinada utilizando metodologias de cultivo tradicionais aliadas a modernas técnicas de Sequenciamento de Próxima Geração, permitiu identificar as comunidades fúngicas presentes neste monumento, permitindo também verificar que em estudos semelhantes é aconselhável a sua aplicação conjunta. Durante esta pesquisa, isolados de uma espécie desconhecida de fungo microcolonial negro foram recuperados. Com o objetivo de compreender o status taxonómico desta espécie, foi realizado um estudo polifásico, permitindo a descrição de uma nova família, Aeminiaceae fam. nov., um novo género Aeminium gen. nov., e uma nova espécie, Aeminium ludgeri sp. nov. Além disso, considerando a importância desta descoberta e com o fim de explorar o conteúdo genético e as suas características genómicas, o genoma da espécie foi também sequenciado e estudado exaustivamente. Vários traços distintivos que putativamente contribuem para a extremotolerância do organismo e o seu perfil biodeteriorativo foram assim destacados. A fim de compreender melhor a bioreceptividade e a biodeterioração do calcário dolomítico por espécies fúngicas, foi realizada uma extensa análise com o objetivo de identificar as suas habilidades biodeteriorativas e a bioreceptividade do calcário a fungos que prosperam neste local. Os resultados mostraram que um número significativo das espécies testadas contribuiram para a biodeterioração do calcário dolomítico e que a proliferação de fungos foi ligeiramente superior em condições oligotróficas do que copiotróficas. Na secção seguinte, é dada atenção a um conjunto de estudos que incidem sobre os efeitos biodeteriorativos da proliferação de comunidades fúngicas nos relevos que adornam o túmulo de calcário de Ançã do Primeiro Rei Português. Uma abordagem multidisciplinar para caracterizar completamente esses fenómenos permitiu verificar uma enorme diversidade e abundância de fungos neste monumento, ao mesmo tempo que apontou que o estabelecimento de populações diferenciais de fungos, juntamente com a deposição de partículas ambientais, contribuíram para o desenvolvimento dos distintos fenómenos por vários mecanismos. Com o objetivo de aprofundar o estudo da bioreceptividade e biodeterioração fúngica do calcário de Ançã, foi realizada uma análise laboratorial experimental. Os resultados revelaram que todas as espécies testadas contribuíram para a biodeterioração do substrato e que o crescimento de Penicillia foi favorecido em ambientes ricos em micronutrientes, enquanto Aspergilli e Aeminium ludgeri denotaram um crescimento ligeiramente mais acentuado em condições de depleção de nutrientes. Posteriormente, o enfoque é dado às comunidades de fungos que prosperam no criptopórtico Romano de Coimbra e, em particular, à presença de propagações esbranquiçadas semelhantes a fungos em algumas áreas deste local. Temendo que um possível surto fúngico pudesse estar a ocorrer, as comunidades de fungos nesses locais foram profundamente caracterizadas. Os resultados revelaram que essas propagações são resultado da proliferação de Lecanicillium psalliotae e que possíveis surtos por esta espécie estão a ocorrer putativamente por meio de dispersão vetorial animal. Na penúltima seção desta tese, as principais vantagens das abordagens de cultivo são destacadas, com a descrição e a caracterização do perfil biodeteriorativo de vários taxa de fungos filamentosos desconhecidos e recuperados dos monumentos estudados. Além disso, uma das espécies descritas, exibiu uma capacidade muito elevada de induzir a formação de oxalatos de cálcio in vitro, um perfil de deterioração que nunca seria notado se apenas o uso de metodologias de sequenciamento de próxima geração fosse considerado. Por último, considerando os esforços em curso para restaurar e preservar vários monumentos nesta área da UNESCO, o enfoque final é então dado na testagem da eficácia in vitro de biocidas químicos anteriormente utilizados na torre da Universidade contra várias espécies de fungos recuperadas no decorrer desta tese. Além disso, eles também foram comparados com uma opção verde cada vez mais atraente, o óleo essencial de Ocimum basilicum. No seu conjunto, a informação científica desenvolvida e recolhida ao longo desta tese, fornece uma atualização maciça sobre o conhecimento atual sobre as interações e biodeterioração do calcário fúngico, ao mesmo tempo que fornece uma forte avaliação das metodologias atuais aplicadas para estudá-los em contextos semelhantes.