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1
Fuller, LaJuan Perronoski. "Distributive Injustice: Leadership Adherence to Social Norm Pressures and the Negative Impact on Organizational Commitment." International Business Research 14, no. 9 (July 30, 2021): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v14n9p21.
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The social norm theory suggests that leaders who rely on perceived norms (misperceptions) rather than actual norms may produce unfair work advantages. Furthermore, social norms alter ethical leadership behaviors. However, leadership adheres to social norms due to society's implied compliance in the absence of distributive injustice measurements. Therefore, distributive injustice may be a more salient predictor than distributive justice on affective organizational commitment. The aim of this study was to fill gaps in literature on distributive injustice and investigate negative influences on employees’ affective commitment. A distributive injustice scale was designed using employee perceptions of policies that create unfair advantages and meritless rewards. The distributive injustice scale consisted of 14 items. A survey was sent to 481 full-time employees in various industries throughout the U.S. Correlation and regression model output indicated that unfair advantages and meritless rewards had a negative relationship and influence on employees’ affective commitment. Social norm policies that create unfair advantages and meritless rewards can be perceived as a divisionary tacit that negatively impacts affective commitment.
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Schleiter, Petra, and Valerie Belu. "Electoral incumbency advantages and the introduction of fixed parliamentary terms in the United Kingdom." British Journal of Politics and International Relations 20, no. 2 (January 4, 2018): 303–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369148117739858.
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Can fixing the parliamentary term be expected to reduce electoral incumbency advantages? The United Kingdom’s 2011 Fixed-term Parliaments Act aims to prevent incumbents from scheduling early elections for political benefit. Yet, the view that flexible election timing gives incumbents an unfair advantage remains contested. The literature on opportunistic election calling—including the signalling effects of this strategy and the competence of governments that select it—lends support to both sides in the debate. This article examines how far the divergent arguments apply in the United Kingdom. Using observed outcomes and a potential outcomes approach, we investigate to what effect incumbents have used election timing. Our results suggest that governments can improve their re-election chances when they have discretion to time elections to favourable circumstances instead of facing voters at set intervals when conditions may not be advantageous. Fixed parliamentary terms are likely to reduce that incumbency advantage significantly.
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Bianchi, Andria. "Something’s Got to Give: Reconsidering the Justification for a Gender Divide in Sport." Philosophies 4, no. 2 (May 15, 2019): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/philosophies4020023.
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The question of whether transgender athletes should be permitted to compete in accordance with their gender identity is an evolving debate. Most competitive sports have male and female categories. One of the primary challenges with this categorization system, however, is that some transgender athletes (and especially transgender women) may be prevented from competing in accordance with their gender identity. The reason for this restriction is because of the idea that transgender women have an unfair advantage over their cisgender counterparts; this is seen as a problem since sports are typically guided a principle called ‘the skill thesis’, which suggests that sports are supposed to determine who is most skillful by maintaining a fair starting point. In this paper, I argue that if the skill thesis ought to be maintained and there continues to exist no conclusive evidence in support of unfair advantages possessed by trans women, then we may want to re-consider the gender binary in sport. Rather than having male/female categories, it may make more sense to categorize athletes based other sport-specific factors (e.g., height, weight, etc.). This may help to maintain the skill thesis while at the same time removing potentially unfair and discriminatory barriers against transgender athletes.
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Goudeau, Sébastien, and Jean-Claude Croizet. "Hidden Advantages and Disadvantages of Social Class." Psychological Science 28, no. 2 (December 19, 2016): 162–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797616676600.
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Three studies conducted among fifth and sixth graders examined how school contexts disrupt the achievement of working-class students by staging unfair comparison with their advantaged middle-class peers. In regular classrooms, differences in performance among students are usually showcased in a way that does not acknowledge the advantage (i.e., higher cultural capital) experienced by middle-class students, whose upbringing affords them more familiarity with the academic culture than their working-class peers have. Results of Study 1 revealed that rendering differences in performance visible in the classroom by having students raise their hands was enough to undermine the achievement of working-class students. In Studies 2 and 3, we manipulated students’ familiarity with an arbitrary standard as a proxy for social class. Our results suggest that classroom settings that make differences in performance visible undermine the achievement of the students who are less familiar with academic culture. In Study 3, we showed that being aware of the advantage in familiarity with a task restores the performance of the students who have less familiarity with the task.
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Sokolova, Olga, Nadezhda Goncharova, and Pavel Lenov. "Unfair tax competition influence on the development of the sustainable economy and international economic relations." E3S Web of Conferences 296 (2021): 06042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129606042.
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The gist of this article boils down to the impact of unfair tax competition on the current state and further development of a sustainable economy and international economic relations. With the development of the world economy and international economic relations, the world community is faced with such an economic category as unfair tax competition or tax dumping. International tax competition or tax dumping is one of the most negative phenomena associated with the tax policy of states. To stimulate the inflow of investment in a particular country or region, governments of different jurisdictions resort to a special type of tax policy characterized by strong tax cuts. It is obvious that unfair tax competition consists of not only tax dumping, but also other advantages provided by the state. The most obvious of these benefits is high confidentiality for investors. The activities of offshore jurisdictions can not only cause significant damage to the economies of countries that are not able to apply tax dumping, but also provoke serious economic crises. Tax evasion is primarily due to the fact that economic agents prefer to register in offshore countries and pay taxes there. In this regard, offshore countries are quite rightly called the “dependents” of the world economy, since they are the ones who unreasonably use the public goods created by the onshore states. The article examines the impact of unfair tax competition on the current state and further development of the world economy and international economic relations. The policy of offshore countries is analyzed, the reasons, problems and prospects for the development of the international struggle against unfair tax competition are studied. Final positioning is formulated in the paper.
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Rosenberg, Alexander. "The Political Philosophy of Biological Endowments: Some Considerations." Social Philosophy and Policy 5, no. 1 (1987): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265052500001229.
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Is a government required or permitted to redistribute the gains and losses that differences in biological endowments generate? In particular, does the fact that individuals possess different biological endowments lead to unfair advantages within a market economy? These are questions on which some people are apt to have strong intuitions and ready arguments. Egalitarians may say yes and argue that as unearned, undeserved advantages and disadvantages, biological endowments are never fair, and that the market simply exacerbates these inequities. Libertarians may say no, holding that the possession of such endowments deprives no one of an entitlement and that any system but a market would deprive agents of the rights to their endowments. Biological endowments may well lead to advantages or disadvantages on their view, but not to unfair ones.I do not have strong intuitions about answers to these questions, in part because I believe that they are questions of great difficulty. To begin, alternative answers rest on substantial assumptions in moral philosophy that seem insufficiently grounded. Moreover, the questions involve several problematical assumptions about the nature of biological endowments. Finally, I find the questions to be academic, in the pejorative sense of this term. For aside from a number of highly debilitating endowments, the overall moral significance of differences between people seems so small, so I interdependent and so hard to measure, that these differences really will 1 not enter into practical redistributive calculations, even if it is theoretically i permissible that they do so.Before turning to a detailed discussion of biological endowments and their moral significance, I sketch my doubts about the fundamental moral theories that dictate either the impermissibility or the obligation to compensate for different biological endowments.
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Vladu, Mircea, Stelian Popescu, Ioan Dan Popa, and Florin Ilie. "Facts Concerning the Counteraction of Military Negotiating Partners, Fastidious and Unfair, in Crisis Situations and War Time." International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION 24, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 241–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/kbo-2018-0037.
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Abstract The applications highlighted the fact that, in crisis situations and war time, there were military negotiations, in which the partners have proven their unfairness and stiffness. The inflexibility and unfairness of the negotiator resides in the fact that he used incorrect tactics⦋1], especially subterfuges, for obtaining advantages. About this negotiating partner we would like to have the following discussion
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Van Leeuwen, Edwin J. C., Elke Zimmermann, and Marina Davila Ross. "Responding to inequities: gorillas try to maintain their competitive advantage during play fights." Biology Letters 7, no. 1 (July 14, 2010): 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2010.0482.
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Humans respond to unfair situations in various ways. Experimental research has revealed that non-human species also respond to unequal situations in the form of inequity aversions when they have the disadvantage. The current study focused on play fights in gorillas to explore for the first time, to our knowledge, if/how non-human species respond to inequities in natural social settings. Hitting causes a naturally occurring inequity among individuals and here it was specifically assessed how the hitters and their partners engaged in play chases that followed the hitting. The results of this work showed that the hitters significantly more often moved first to run away immediately after the encounter than their partners. These findings provide evidence that non-human species respond to inequities by trying to maintain their competitive advantages. We conclude that non-human primates, like humans, may show different responses to inequities and that they may modify them depending on if they have the advantage or the disadvantage.
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Rebrysh, Bohdan, and Natalia Maskayeva. "International Universal Unification of the Conflict-of-Law Regulation of Cross-Border Unfair Competition." Russian Law Journal 7, no. 2 (May 30, 2019): 101–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17589/2309-8678-2019-7-2-101-127.
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This article puts forward that there are diverse and sound grounds preventing the universal treaty regulating comprehensively the issues of legal protection from crossborder unfair competition by substantive norms from being worked out in the near future. The development of the universal unification of the conflict-of-law rules on the law applicable to the private relations arising out of unfair competition as a possible alternative is also proposed and substantiated. The authors give some possible reasons for the absence of such a treaty and demonstrate the results that have been achieved so far in this field. The concept of the Draft of the relevant Convention is drawn up. The conclusion is made that the latter needs to be centered on the lex mercatus as a single connecting factor (due to its advantages of predictability, account of the interests of the state where the effected market is situated etc.). Furthermore, the Convention should not provide for party autonomy, should set forth the detailed rules for the legal characterization of the basic terms of the Convention, including the scope of the applicable law as well as the public policy clause and the norms on the overriding mandatory provisions.
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Durrheim, Kevin, Don Foster, and Colin Tredoux. "Conceptions of legitimacy as a variable mediating the relationship between relative deprivation and militancy." South African Journal of Psychology 25, no. 2 (June 1995): 106–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/008124639502500206.
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The role of relative deprivation and authoritarianism in predicting militancy and the potential for political protest form the backdrop of this study. The influence of conceptions of regime legitimacy as a variable mediating this relationship was investigated by means of a factorial design, employing a white student sample ( N = 135). Conceptions of legitimacy were manipulated by dividing the sample into left- and right-wing subsamples. The left- and right-wing samples were found to demonstrate different conceptions of relative intergroup status between blacks and whites under the regimes which they considered to be their ‘least legitimate political parties’. The left-wing associated illegitimacy with increased status advantages, and were prepared to employ militant strategies under this hypothesized regime in response to these unfair status advantages. Anti-authoritarianism was associated with potential militancy for the whole sample. Results are discussed in terms of the possibility of non-violent social transformation.
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Brondfield, Max N., Jennifer L. Dodge, Ryutaro Hirose, Julie Heimbach, Francis Y. Yao, and Neil Mehta. "Unfair Advantages for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients Listed for Liver Transplant in Short‐Wait Regions Following 2015 Hepatocellular Carcinoma Policy Change." Liver Transplantation 26, no. 5 (April 21, 2020): 662–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lt.25701.
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Pukthuanthong, Kuntara, and Thomas J. Walker. "A review of IPO selling methods: Is there a clear winner?" Corporate Ownership and Control 3, no. 2 (2006): 68–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv3i2p8.
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After the hot IPO market of 1999/2000, numerous U.S. underwriters have been sued in connection with unfair IPO allocation schemes. In these lawsuits, plaintiffs contend that the underwriters engaged in illegal tactics by soliciting and receiving kickbacks in exchange for allocations of portions of a company’s IPO, required tie-in purchases creating an artificial demand for the stock, and artificially inflated the price of the stock through “laddering” (requiring purchases of additional stock in the aftermarket at escalating prices). The proliferation of these laddering schemes has inspired several government agencies and regulatory bodies to seek alternatives for a fairer way to sell IPO shares to the public. While auctions such as that used by Google alleviate issues related to unfair share allocation, they are associated with other problems which make them unattractive for many issuers. Our study discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the existing selling methods. While there is no clear-cut answer as to what constitutes the bestselling method, our study should provide corporate managers with the necessary insights that are needed to choose the method that best meets their objectives. In addition, our study aims to open the door for further academic discussion that is required to address a number of questions that to date remain unanswered in this area.
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Pikayev, Alexander A. "Unfair advantage." Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 63, no. 4 (July 1, 2007): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2968/063004012.
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Pagelow, Mildred Daley. "Justice for Victims of Spouse Abuse in Divorce and Child Custody Cases." Violence and Victims 8, no. 1 (March 1, 1993): 69–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.8.1.69.
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Unequal power positions and domination-subordination roles of battering husbands and battered wives during marriage contaminate the process of separation and divorce. These dynamics may continue long after the marriages cease. Risks of extreme violence, rape, and homicide are highest when victims seek freedom. Because both victims and abusers construct a veil of secrecy while married, even if abused wives disclose the violence during the separation process, there may be nothing to substantiate their claims. Restraining orders often fail to restrain obsessed husbands; other husbands may get revenge by using their children as pawns. Attitudes favoring fathers' rights and joint custody may help win unfair fmancial advantages, and/or continued control over victims after divorce. Mandatory mediation in some states may give abusers additional advantages. Although some of these problems are being addressed with mechanisms to ameliorate them, the need to recognize problems facing battered wives in divorce and custody contexts has not received adequate attention. The purpose of this article is to provide a review and commentary on these issues.
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Rezaei, Ashkan, Rizal Fathony, Omid Memarrast, and Brian Ziebart. "Fairness for Robust Log Loss Classification." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 34, no. 04 (April 3, 2020): 5511–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v34i04.6002.
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Developing classification methods with high accuracy that also avoid unfair treatment of different groups has become increasingly important for data-driven decision making in social applications. Many existing methods enforce fairness constraints on a selected classifier (e.g., logistic regression) by directly forming constrained optimizations. We instead re-derive a new classifier from the first principles of distributional robustness that incorporates fairness criteria into a worst-case logarithmic loss minimization. This construction takes the form of a minimax game and produces a parametric exponential family conditional distribution that resembles truncated logistic regression. We present the theoretical benefits of our approach in terms of its convexity and asymptotic convergence. We then demonstrate the practical advantages of our approach on three benchmark fairness datasets.
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Biermeier-Hanson, Benjamin. "What About the Rest of Us? The Importance of Organizational Culture in Nepotistic Environments." Industrial and Organizational Psychology 8, no. 1 (March 2015): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/iop.2014.7.
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To date, empirical investigations into whether nepotism, specifically, or social connection preference (SCP), generally, is positive or negative within the realm of organizational scholarship has been limited. Indeed, most of the early discussions in this field on the subject have focused on previous work done outside the organizational area (i.e., Bellow, 2003). A recent Society for Industrial and Organizational PsychologyOrganizational Frontier Seriesbook on the subject has brought some initial attention to the subject by approaching it from multiple domains within the organizational literature (Jones, 2012). Jones and Stout (2015) have highlighted the possible advantages and disadvantages of SCPs and have taken the stand that SCPs might in fact provide more benefits than drawbacks, particularly given that formalized policies may lead to unfair discrimination.
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Lovett, Benjamin J. "Disability Identification and Educational Accommodations: Lessons From the 2019 Admissions Scandal." Educational Researcher 49, no. 2 (January 21, 2020): 125–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/0013189x20902100.
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A recent, widely publicized scandal involved students who obtained fraudulent diagnoses of learning disabilities in an effort to get accommodations on college admissions tests. Although the exact circumstances of the scandal are unusual, the methods used to obtain diagnoses and accommodations illustrate widespread problems with current policies. These problems include certain disability identification methods that overemphasize performance on diagnostic tests, a lack of attention to the unfair advantages that unwarranted accommodations can provide, and a lack of commonly used guidelines for making accommodations decisions based on credible, objective data. The scandal was a rare consequence of these problems, but far more frequent consequences involve unequal treatment of students from different backgrounds and test scores that fail to reflect actual student skill levels.
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D. Sheppard, Leah, Richard D. Goffin, Rhys J. Lewis, and James Olson. "The Effect of Target Attractiveness and Rating Method on the Accuracy of Trait Ratings." Journal of Personnel Psychology 10, no. 1 (January 2011): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1866-5888/a000030.
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There is widespread concern that attractive individuals may gain unfair advantages in competitive situations such as personnel selection. We investigated the relation between target attractiveness and the accuracy of trait judgments within a job interview simulation. Additionally, we were interested in examining whether attractiveness “biases” might be influenced by the method of rating traits. In this regard, we investigated a conventional absolute rating method and a new rating method called the Relative Percentile Method (RPM). Participants using the RPM rated targets more accurately. Generally, attractive targets were rated more positively and more accurately, calling into question the assumption that biases are responsible for the more positive ratings that attractive individuals receive. Implications for practice and for future research are discussed.
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Matthews, J. N. S. "Should we play on your lawn or mine?" Mathematical Gazette 100, no. 547 (March 2016): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mag.2016.5.
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Two friends, David and Hamish, were discussing on the telephone whether they should play a forthcoming croquet match at David's club or at Hamish's. Hamish said that he would toss a coin and David could call. David pointed out that this required a substantial degree of mutual trust, so Hamish suggested how they might use the published results of the following night's National Lottery draw. Hamish's proposal was, in fact, unfair and this article shows why and proposes a satisfactory alternative. There is no suggestion that the alternative proposed is a sensible way to solve David and Hamish's problem, but it does take us on a route that reinforces some important lessons. In particular it illustrates some of the advantages and disadvantages of the use of simulation, a technique widely used in more difficult problems. It also emphasises once more the importance in probability of not taking claims at face value.
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Jiménez, David López, Andrés Redchuk, and Leonel Alejandro Vargas. "The Self-Regulation of Electronic Commerce: An Appraisal in Accordance to the Chilean Law of Unfair Competition." Law, State and Telecommunications Review 8, no. 1 (May 16, 2016): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.26512/lstr.v8i1.21524.
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Purpose – Electronic commerce or e-commerce constitutes a commercial activity on the rise. Although it has many advantages, there are several lingering factors that prevent its consolidation, such as the lack of trust of the potential consumer/user. In order to overcome that obstacle, instruments of self-regulation were created in the field of advertising. Firms that wish to distinguish themselves favorably against their competitors have the option of adopting those instruments, which play a praiseworthy role regarding the target audience and constitutes a considerable improvement of consumer rights. However, on occasions, problems arise in the market when those systems of self-regulation bind third parties that did not voluntarily enter into a contract. This paper tackles the question of if self-regulation of advertising in the net can be put in place should it affects the honor of the third party not committed with the fair-practices document.
Methodology/approach/design – In this article, we will refer to the particularities that arise from a case concerning the Chilean Law no. 20,168, of 2007, on unfair competition and self-regulation of advertising in the Internet pertaining WOM, Movistar, Entel, Claro and Virgin.
Findings – The Chilean Law no. 20,168, of 2007 contributes to the goal of discouraging conduct contrary to good faith or good practices in advertising in conjunction with codes of conduct that have been approved in the field related to the systems of self-regulation.
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Wang, Zhihao, and Jiefei Guo. "Research on Legal Protection of Geographical Indications." Learning & Education 9, no. 3 (December 29, 2020): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.18282/l-e.v9i3.1569.
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With the development of the times, geographical indications have more and more influence on a country’s economy and culture. As a big country of geographical indication resources, China should make use of the benefits of geographical indications to promote economic and cultural development. However, due to the mixed legislative mode of Trademark Act, which includes TrademarkAct,Regulations on the protection of geographical indications andAdministrative measuresfor geographical indications of agricultural products, there are conflicts and confusion in the legal provisions, which is not conducive to the development of geographical indications in China. This paper discusses the protection mode of geographical indications in European Union, the United States and other countries, analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of special law protection, Trademark Act protection and anti-unfair competition law protection mode, and puts forward suggestions that China should adopt special law protection to make better use of China’s rich geographical indication resources in the way of strong protection.
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Prak, Maarten, Clare Haru Crowston, Bert De Munck, Christopher Kissane, Chris Minns, Ruben Schalk, and Patrick Wallis. "Access to the Trade: Monopoly and Mobility in European Craft Guilds in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries." Journal of Social History 54, no. 2 (November 27, 2019): 421–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jsh/shz070.
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Abstract One of the standard objections against guilds in the premodern world has been their exclusiveness. Guilds have been portrayed as providing unfair advantages to the children of established masters and locals, over immigrants and other outsiders. Privileged access to certain professions and industries is seen as a source of inequality and a disincentive for technological progress. In this paper, we examine this assumption by studying the composition of guild masters and apprentices from a large sample of European towns and cities from 1600 to 1800, focusing on the share who were children of masters or locals. These data offer an indirect measurement of the strength of guild barriers and, by implication, of their monopolies. We find very wide variation between guilds in practice, but most guild masters and apprentices were immigrants or unrelated locals: openness was much more common than closure, especially in larger centers. Our understanding of guild “monopolies” and exclusivity is in need of serious revision.
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Reagan, Robert R. "Unfair advantage for IPPs?" Electricity Journal 6, no. 7 (August 1993): 7–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1040-6190(93)90297-x.
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Kolesnik, Valentina, and Galina Yarotskaya. "Linguocognitive Aspects of the Dynamic of Verbalisation the Conceptial Space „Trade“." Balkanistic Forum 29, no. 3 (November 1, 2020): 268–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.37708/bf.swu.v29i3.14.
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The article explores systemic lingual and speech facts objectifying trade, which are fixated in lexicographical sources. Comprehensible, exemplary, and values-based characteristics of trade are established. This establishment allows the discussion of the fact that in the commonplace, economic consciousness of a native speaker of the Russian language and Russian linguaculture, the following notional components of the logico-rational conceptualization of trade are present (evidently or not evidently): 1) entrepreneurship; 2) buying-selling, circulation of products; 3) obtainment of advantages. Figuratively-evaluative components of the conceptualization characterize trade as an activity which entails betrayal and deception, unfair profits and “lucre” (barysh), which allow discussion of the presence of (evidently or not evidently) the following notional components of the logico-rational conceptualization of trade in the commonplace economic consciousness of a native speaker of Russian and linguaculture: 1) entrepreneurship; 2) buying-selling, circulation of products; 3) obtainment of profits.Values-based components are presented in an aphorismic representation, mutually excluding normative judgements related to trade links and theft, truthfulness and lies in a product’s commercial, business and familial ties in bargaining, necessity of obtaining a profit while at the same time retaining moral values. The defining characteristic of the perception of a bargain situation is the presence of mutually exclusive norms of behavior during the buying and selling of products: deceiving is forbidden and allowed, familial ties are taken into account and ignored, there is and there is not a link between trade and theft. These contradictions can be explained with famous cultural dominations in Russian lingual consciousness: the necessity of living according to the laws of higher justice and the resulting maximalism in the evaluation of the reality of life, and thus negative evaluation of the material enrichment of individuals. Logico-rational conceptualizations of trade in lingual consciousness identify the following peculiar qualities: 1) thorough linguocognitive elaboration on the name of the salesperson in the form of several nicknames, given to the salesperson depending on the produced and realized product, 2) conceptual (and associative) connections between the lexeme to sell and resell, buy and bribe, 3) unification of semantic characteristics in the words “producer” and “seller of product” in one nomination, which negates the presence of commercial, trade activity as mediation, 4) negative evaluation of aspiration to unfair advantages (barysh) and 5) presence of mutually exclusive behavior norms during bargaining.
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Wang, Junchao, Kaining Han, Zhiyu Chen, Anastasios Alexandridis, Zeljko Zilic, Yu Pang, and Jinzhao Lin. "A Software Defined Radio Evaluation Platform for WBAN Systems." Sensors 18, no. 12 (December 19, 2018): 4494. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18124494.
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In recent years, the Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) concept has attracted significant academic and industrial attention. WBAN specifies a network dedicated to collecting personal biomedical data from advanced sensors that are then used for health and lifestyle purposes. In 2012, the 802.15.6 WBAN standard was released by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), which regulates and specifies the configurations of WBAN. Compared to the prevailing wireless communication technologies such as Bluetooth and ZigBee, the WBAN standard has the advantages of ultra-low power consumption, high reliability, and high-security protection while transmitting sensitive personal data. Based on the standard specification, several implementations have been published. However, in terms of evaluation, different designs were implemented in proprietary evaluation environments, which may lead to unfair comparison. In this paper, a Software-Defined Radio (SDR) evaluation platform for WBAN systems is proposed to evaluate the RF channel specified in the IEEE 802.15.6 standard. A narrowband communication protocol demonstration with a security scheme in WBAN has been performed to successfully validate the design in the proposed evaluation platform.
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Trung, Nguyen Phi, and Le Minh Tai. "Researching and Applying the Line Balancing Methods in Optimizing Automobile Assembly Lines." Applied Mechanics and Materials 889 (March 2019): 574–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.889.574.
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The purpose of this paper is to researching basic methods of line balancing used widely in operations. Particularly, five basic methods including Longest task time, Shortest task time, Most following tasks, Least following task, Ranked positional weighted are researched. Then they are applied in balancing the assembly line of an automobile manufacturing company. The results show the comparisons of advantages and disadvantages of each method based on total idle time and efficiency index. Firstly, idle time is the waiting time or non-working time of the workers while they are still paid their enough salary. Moreover, the waiting time makes an unfair between workers - some people work more and some work less. Secondly, efficiency in the workplace is the time it takes to do something. Efficient employees and managers complete tasks in the least amount of time possible with the least amount of resources possible by utilizing certain time-saving strategies. The calculations are performed to create these two values and graphs are drawn with the support of excel softwares.
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Lamanauskas, Vincentas, Dalia Augienė, and Rita Makarskaitė-Petkevičienė. "UNIVERSITY STUDY PROBLEMS FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF STUDENTS: ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES." ŠVIETIMAS: POLITIKA, VADYBA, KOKYBĖ / EDUCATION POLICY, MANAGEMENT AND QUALITY 4, no. 3 (December 15, 2012): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.48127/spvk-epmq/12.4.07b.
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The problems of higher university education are not only urgent but, it can be asserted, that due to many reasons they are getting sharper. The dynamism of labour market and always changing society require flexible, innovative and creative lifelong learning possibilities; higher education institutions do not limit themselves to primary preparation of specialists, the possibilities ought to be found for the development of specialists and professionals, for specialisation change, for the development of personal abilities and for expansion of high level professional competences. Continuing education at universities is becoming more and more urgent in the Strategic priorities of European education. It is necessary to seek for high scientific activity and high study level and for the results acknowledged on an international level. On the other hand, the competition among universities is evidently getting stronger both on national and international levels. Very often blind orientation only to a consumer (a student), only to service provision to him, make the quality of studies and at the same time the quality of acquirable education worse. The solution of any problem requires reliable and adequate information. The researches, regarding university students’ opinions on higher education problems do not lose their urgency. On the contrary, in this way rather objective primary information about processes taking place in this sector is obtained. The empiric research (N=544), carried out in January-February 2012, showed that student opinions on higher university education are controversial, in fact. Having carried out content analysis on the respondents’ expressed positions, considerable advantages and disadvantages of university studies were discerned. Education acquisition and good study quality are pointed out as the most important university education advantages. These positions have relatively the biggest weight among all categories defining the advantages. Self-realisation and career possibilities occupy the middle position in the advantage category scale. Their weight fluctuates in the interval of 10-20 percent. Communication possibilities and study management are not regarded as considerable advantages. It has been stated, that a considerable shortage of university education is study quality. One third of the respondents gave the biggest weight to that category. It can be asserted, that study quality and conditions for practical ability formation in the study process worry the respondents most. Evaluating study quality, the respondents most often express dissatisfaction with the overloading of the study content: a lot of insignificant subjects must be studied, too many unnecessary lectures, inexpedient lectures, poor lectures, worthless; a lot of unnecessary study programmes and so on. A part of respondents accentuate dissatisfaction with the teachers’ work: poor competence of some teachers, unfair student evaluation, the requirements raised are too high. It can be asserted, that university studies are more often understood as experience process, during which theoretical and practical knowledge are integrated and on this basis professional experience is acquired and professionalism is mastered. Key words: survey, empiric research, qualitative analysis, university education.
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Komornicki, Tomasz. "Rola wymiany towarowej ze wschodnimi sąsiadami Polski w gospodarce lokalnej." Studies of the Industrial Geography Commission of the Polish Geographical Society 15 (January 1, 2010): 105–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.24917/20801653.15.9.
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The purpose of this article is to investigate the current role of trade with Russia, Ukraine and Belarus in the local economy of East Poland. It is assumed that the importance of trade with neighbouring countries can be expressed through: (a) export of goods that are made in a given spatial unit to the markets of adjacent countries; (b) providing service for the needs of transit traffic, including in particular the freight traffic generated by Polish foreign trade; (c) small-scale, unregistered trade along the border areas. The research study focuses mainly on the four borderland voivodships. The analysis shows that after the years 2003/2004 in East Poland there has been a declining importance of the borderland location as a stimulus factor which contributes to intensive interactions with the neighbouring countries. The role of trade of goods with Belarus, Russia and Ukraine in the economy of borderland regions is becoming ever less important and ever more spatially selective. The advantages derived from trans-border traffic services are increasingly evident in the border crossings leading into Lithuania and Ukraine, with a rather declining significance of those crossings with Belarus. The advantages linked to peddling small items are mainly concentrated in the border gminas (communes) that are located in the close neighbourhood of the border crossings.At the same time, however, risks related to trade of goods are playing ever more important role, since excessive concentration of exporters to the markets of the neighbouring countries may pose a threat of “importing” the crisis. Intensive transit of goods generates considerable external costs, while trans-border illegal trading is increasingly becoming an unfair trade for local entrepreneurs.
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Ortolani, C. "'Connection', 'relevant public' and unfair advantage." Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice 4, no. 8 (July 2, 2009): 538–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jiplp/jpp101.
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Aries, N. "High Court finds no unfair advantage." Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice 5, no. 3 (February 3, 2010): 136–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jiplp/jpp235.
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Jones, CJ. "Unfair Advantage Discourse in USA Powerlifting." TSQ: Transgender Studies Quarterly 8, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 58–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/23289252-8749582.
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Abstract This essay follows the social life of testosterone during a presentation at a USA Powerlifting national governing board meeting. While feminist and queer sports analyses focus on the implication of hormone levels for intersex athletes, much less scholarship analyzes how the hang-up on testosterone itself—whether endogenously produced or pharmaceutically regulated—unjustly targets transgender athletes. Paying attention to how testosterone delineates the boundary between “fair” and “unfair advantage” that consolidates antitrans contours of “female athlete,” this essay seeks to model a closer collaboration between transgender studies and feminist sports studies to forge what the author calls transfeminist sports studies.
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Mikheeva, Irina V., and Elizaveta A. Dolkova. "BEHAVIOURAL SUPERVISION OF THE BANK OF RUSSIA IN PROTECTION OF FINANCIAL SERVICES CONSUMERS' RIGHTS." RUDN Journal of Law 24, no. 2 (December 15, 2020): 314–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2337-2020-24-2-314-334.
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The article is devoted to a new type of supervision of financial market participants - behavioral supervision of the Bank of Russia. Behavioral approach to the protection of financial services consumers rights is treated in the zone of action of the administrative-legal regulation mechanism. The authors point to the public nature of the subject composition of its implementation (the Bank of Russia and the executive authorities); the possibility of using the judicial (consideration of citizens' appeals) and (as a result) jurisdictional (bringing the violators of the financial services consumers rights to administrative responsibility) procedural administrative and legal algorithms. The article outlines the types of the behavioral supervision regime of the Bank of Russia. Reactive behavioral supervision is a reaction of the Bank of Russia to complaints or received information about unfair behavior of the financial company towards the consumer. Preventive behavioral supervision is associated with the prevention of serious violations of citizens rights by supervised organizations. Particular attention is paid to consumer risks, the identification of which is one of the goals of behavioral supervision. Supervisory behavioral aspects are closely associated with the financial consumer protection as an important part of the control and supervising activity of the Bank of Russia. Also, the authors analyze the goals and content of behavioral approach to the financial management aimed at minimizing unfair practices. To gain the aim of the research the authors apply general scientific methods (synthesis and analysis, induction and deduction, generalizations) and special methods (formal-legal method). By using general scientific methods and formal-legal method authors investigate the organizational and legal basis for the implementation of behavioral supervision in Russia and determine its advantages and disadvantages. The study expresses assertion that there is the need to place behavioral supervision in the legislative framework, to formulate a definition of behavioral supervision, to clarify the scope and powers of the subjects of its implementation, to determine the content of administrative procedures for the implementation of various types of behavioral supervision within the framework of the interaction of the Bank of Russia and the executive bodies involved in its implementation.
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Travesedo de Castilla, Pilar. "La sentencia del Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea de 21 de diciembre de 2016. Un giro jurisprudencial para tumbar la doctrina del Tribunal Supremo sobre la retroactividad parcial de la declaración de abusividad de las cláusulas suelo." Revista de Derecho de la UNED (RDUNED), no. 21 (January 31, 2018): 495. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/rduned.21.2017.21166.
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El Tribunal Supremo en sentencias de Pleno núm. 241/2013 de 9 de mayo de 2013 y núm. 139/2015 de 25 de marzo del 2015 declaró nulas por abusivas las cláusulas suelo incluidas en unos contratos de préstamo hipotecario suscritos con consumidores, si bien limitó el derecho del consumidor a la restitución de las cantidades pagadas en virtud de la cláusula abusiva a partir de su Sentencia de 9 de mayo de 2013. El Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea, en su reciente sentencia de 21 de diciembre de 2016 (asuntos acumulados C154/15 y C307/15), ha declarado que la doctrina del Tribunal Supremo que limita el efecto retroactivo de la declaración de nulidad por abusividad de las cláusulas suelo incluidas en contratos suscritos por consumidores, es contraria a la Directiva 93/13/CEE de 5 de abril. Esta sentencia del TJUE supone un giro jurisprudencial de su doctrina sobre los efectos de la declaración de abusividad al amparo del artículo 6 de la Directiva 93/13/CEE, ya que hasta la fecha no había interpretado el concepto de «no vinculación» como una restitutio in integrum, esto es, con una eficacia ex tunc. Hasta el dictado de esta sentencia, el TJUE venía declarando que la sanción de nulidad contenida en una normativa nacional que determinaba el cese del uso de dichas cláusulas cumplía con las exigencias del artículo 6, correspondiendo a cada Estado, «en las condiciones estipuladas por sus derechos nacionales», extraer las consecuencias de la comprobación de dicho carácter abusivo, ya que la función de la Directiva no era la de perseguir la armonización de las sanciones aplicables en el supuesto de la declaración del carácter abusivo de una cláusula, sino la existencia de medios adecuados y eficaces para el cese en el uso de las mismas en los contratos celebrados con consumidores. En esta sentencia el TJUE da una nueva interpretación al artículo 6 de la Directiva 93/13/CEE para fundamentar la revocación de las sentencias del Tribunal Supremo de 9 de mayo de 2013 y 25 de marzo de 2015, en cuanto a su doctrina sobre la limitación del efecto retroactivo de la declaración de nulidad, doctrina que, como argumentamos en este artículo, no se oponía a esta Directiva comunitaria ni a la jurisprudencia del Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea.The Spanish Supreme court declared in his rule n.º 241/2013 9th of May and n.º 139/2015 25th of March, that the (floor clauses) contained in a contract between a consumer and a seller or supplier were unfair but in his rule of 2015 limited the effects of that declaration, by allowing the right to repayment of the amounts improperly paid by the consumer on the basis of the unfair term to arise only from the date of the decision of that court confirming that the term in question was unfair, that is 9th of May 2013. The European Court of Justice in his judgment of 21st December 2016 has declared that the ruling of the Spanish Supreme Court placing a temporal limitation on the effects of the invalidity of ‘floor clauses’ included in contracts signed by a consumer mortgage loan contracts in Spain is incompatible with Article 6.1 of Directive 93/13. The European Court of Justice declares in this rule that the situation of unfairness must have the effect of restoring the consumer to the situation that consumer(s) would have been in if that term had not existed. The ECJ said: «Consequently, the finding that ‘floor clauses’ are unfair must allow the restitution of advantages wrongly obtained by the seller or supplier to the consumer’s detriment.»
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Sklair, Leslie. "Transnational Across the Border: Mobilizing US Support for the Mexican Maquila Industry." Journal of American Studies 24, no. 2 (August 1990): 167–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875800029704.
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Despite all the talk of protectionism in both rich and poor countries there has probably never been a time when the idea of economic autarchy has been less popular than the 1980s. The so-called “New Protectionism” of the 1980s has several historically novel dimensions but far from being “New” the essential idea is the very ancient one of corporations encouraged by the governments of the countries in which they are domiciled attempting to gain competitive advantages over those from other countries by fair means and by foul. The traditional charges of low cost producers flooding markets with cheap, and sometimes dangerously inferior goods, the use by foreign governments of unfair incentives to exporters (export subsidies), and the imposition of quantitative import restrictions by importing countries, are flying around global commerce to a degree that has some very sober politicians, policy makers and economists publicly worried for the very future of the global system and, by implication, world security. To put it bluntly, the ideologues of “free trade” or “liberalization” as it is increasingly being labelled, argue that the “New Protectionism” if it is permitted to spread will inevitably lead to a “New Depression,” and this may well lead to global anarchy not only in commerce but also in the politico-military relations between nations.
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Harianto, Eric. "Implementasi Lean Canvas Pada Project Corporate Entrepreneurship." BIP's : JURNAL BISNIS PERSPEKTIF 10, no. 2 (November 12, 2019): 144–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.37477/bip.v10i2.39.
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The purpose of this research is to (1) identify project corporate entrepreneurship with the application of lean canvas; (2) identify constraints in the application of lean canvas in corporate entrepreneurship projects; (3) identify the benefits contained in the application of lean canvas in corporate entrepreneurship projects. Data is collected from October 2018 to December 2018. The method used is descriptive research method with qualitative approach. The researcher conducted interviews with 5 informants. The analysis tools used are lean start up and lean canvas. The data analysis techniques used is Creswell data analysis techniques (2014). The results of this study are (1) project corporate entrepreneurship can be implemented in nine lean canvas blocks and can easily see the concept of optimization model and linkages between nine blocks in lean canvas; (2) the most difficult constraints experienced are when filling key metric blocks and unfair advantages in the lean canvas; (3) the researcher can easily analyze project corporate entrepreneurship in determining future strategies in order to find out which projects are effective or not to be continued or developed based on the achievement measured in the key metric blocks in one of the lean canvas blocks and the integration of nine blocks in lean canvas.
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Harianto, Eric. "Implementasi Lean Canvas Pada Project Corporate Entrepreneurship." BIP's JURNAL BISNIS PERSPEKTIF 10, no. 2 (July 31, 2018): 144–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.37477/bip.v10i2.59.
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The purpose of this research is to (1) identify project corporate entrepreneurship
with the application of lean canvas; (2) identify constraints in the application of lean canvas in corporate entrepreneurship projects; (3) identify the benefits contained in the application of lean canvas in corporate entrepreneurship projects. Data is collected from October 2018 to December 2018. The method used is descriptive research method with qualitative approach. The researcher conducted interviews with 5 informants. The analysis tools used are lean start up and lean canvas. The data analysis techniques used is Creswell data analysis techniques (2014). The results of this study are (1) project corporate entrepreneurship can be implemented in nine lean canvas blocks and can easily see the concept of optimization model and linkages between nine blocks in lean canvas; (2) the most difficult constraints experienced are when filling key metric blocks and unfair advantages in the lean canvas; (3) the researcher can easily analyze project corporate entrepreneurship in determining future strategies in order to find out which projects are effective or not to be continued or developed based on the achievement measured in the key metric blocks in one of the lean canvas blocks and the integration of nine blocks in lean canvas.
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Berman, Ayelet. "Industry, Regulatory Capture and Transnational Standard Setting." AJIL Unbound 111 (2017): 112–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aju.2017.29.
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In this essay I discuss the rise in industry's participation in transnational standard setting, which implicates transnational legal ordering, and address the risks such participation generates: Economic globalization has led to increased demand for transnational standards. Yet regulators lack the expertise needed to write increasingly complex and rapidly changing standards, and turn to those that hold the expertise: industry. Thus, industry engagement in standard setting has clear benefits. Such engagement introduces, however, a problem well known from the national context: the risk of capture. In the context of standard setting, two kinds of capture are of particular importance: (i) information and (ii) representational capture. The consequence of such capture, in the transnational context, is that it may (i) undermine the global public interest, (ii) lead to unfair competitive advantages, and (iii) undermine the public interest in developing countries. I illustrate these risks with examples from health law and policy. While states have national laws to manage capture (albeit not effectively at times), at the transnational level, organizations are largely free of such legal constraints. As the “new frontier” of standard setting, transnational bodies should introduce reforms for balancing the benefits and risks of industry engagement, otherwise, they risk impairing the public interest and undermining trust in their integrity.
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Boscheck, Ralf. "Competitive Advantage: Superior Offer or Unfair Dominance?" California Management Review 37, no. 1 (October 1994): 132–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/41165781.
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Scheid, Don E. "Davis, Unfair Advantage Theory, and Criminal Desert." Law and Philosophy 14, no. 3/4 (November 1995): 375. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3504891.
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Satz, Debra. "Unfair advantage and exploitation: comments on Folbre." Review of Social Economy 78, no. 4 (October 1, 2020): 473–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00346764.2020.1834121.
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Scheid, Don E. "Davis, unfair advantage theory, and criminal desert." Law and Philosophy 14, no. 3-4 (November 1995): 375–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01000706.
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Webb, Roger. "Providing Georgia Tech an "Unfair Advantage" [People]." IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine 13, no. 1 (2021): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mssc.2020.3036307.
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Pelevin, Oleg V. "Issues of territorial development of the Republic of Tatarstan based on an innovative approach." Vestnik of Samara University. Economics and Management 11, no. 4 (December 30, 2020): 20–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2542-0461-2020-11-4-20-29.
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The current realities of economic development bring to the fore tools that can provide not so much quantitative growth as qualitative changes in economic systems at different levels. Competitive advantages can be achieved by innovative tools, the development of which can be hindered by a number of factors: lack of funding, qualified personnel, high taxes, unfair competition, etc. Against the background of these problems, the advantages of special economic zones, industrial parks, clusters, territories of advanced socio-economic development, disclosed in this article, are obvious. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the need for active implementation of innovative tools for territorial development in municipalities of the Republic of Tatarstan, as well as in other regions of the Russian Federation, in order to activate innovative and investment activities in them. In terms of objectives, tasks of the article are: to describe an innovative infrastructure that defines territorial development in the Republic of Tatarstan; to investigate the basic results of activity of innovative tools for territorial development in the Republic of Tatarstan; to develop recommendations for implementation of innovative development of territories in the municipalities of the Republic of Tatarstan. Achieving this goal is realized through the use of research methods such as description, comparison, analysis, etc. The empirical basis of the study was data published on the websites of the Ministry of Economy of the Republic of Tatarstan and the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation, the Higher School of Economics, The Association of Clusters and Technoparks of Russia, and other materials. As a result of the research, the main tasks of ensuring positive progressive dynamics of the Republic of Tatarstan with the use of innovative tools for territorial development are formulated: SEZs, industrial sites, industrial parks, territories of advanced socio-economic development and others. The article pays close attention to the justification of the need for municipalities of the Republic of Tatarstan to use these innovative tools, which have proven their effectiveness as growth drivers for the development of territories.
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Tancelov, Liane, and Valentin Cojanu. "Impediments in cluster development: the case of Târnave valley." Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence 14, no. 1 (July 1, 2020): 559–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/picbe-2020-0052.
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AbstractMany years after the fall of communism, the Romanian wine industry has been still struggling to overcome lot of challenges such as erratic weather, unfair competition, lack of investments or the need for a clear vision of the future path of growth. The industry has reached eventually a level of maturity although there is still much to be done in terms of, among others, network-oriented management skills and the acknowledgement of the importance of the role of location for upgrading competitive advantages. Cluster development initiatives have become lately an important direction of economic policy, building on earlier macroeconomic stabilization efforts, opening up markets and reducing business costs. Companies that operate within a cluster, as opposed to those that are not integrated in such agglomerations, benefit from externalities thanks to their location, have better access to specialized suppliers, technological improvements and skilled labor, as well as direct connections to specialized knowledge flows. Is cluster formation and development a driver for the revival of the Romanian wine industry? What are the impediments that delay further progress? To answer these questions, a qualitative research was conducted with support of statistical data collected mainly from the Global Competitiveness Report, the Romanian Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, the National Institute of Statistics, and the International Organization of Vine and Wine. The paper focuses on the case of the vine and wine region of the Târnave Valley to understand the impediments for cluster development.
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Morshed, Monzur. "China's Agriculture "Going Out" Strategy beyond Resource Constraints and Unbalanced Trading." American Journal of Trade and Policy 5, no. 1 (April 30, 2018): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/ajtp.v5i1.429.
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Implementation of agricultural "going out" strategy is the effective way to co-ordinate the use of international and domestic markets and resources, and to expand the breadth and depth of Agriculture in China. With the continual increase of industrialization and urbanization, agricultural production in China is conditioned by the limitation of cultivated land resources and fresh water resources, also impacted by exhaustion of soil, by frequent drought and floods. At the same time, China's agriculture trade also faces unbalanced situation and unfair international environment. Therefore, accelerating the implementation of the agriculture "going out" strategy, not only can effectively break through the bottleneck of agricultural development in the constraint of resources, get out of market monopoly from international agricultural multi-national companies, but also can give full play to advantages of our foreign exchange reserves to ensure the (supply effectiveness) of agricultural products in China. However, at present China's agriculture "going out" strategy hasn’t got significant achievements, there are some problems such as slow growth in foreign investment in agriculture, regional centralization of investment, the small quantities and small scale of investment companies, and the lack of international agricultural professionals. For these reasons, the relevant government departments should increase financial support to encourage agricultural enterprises "going out"; speed up the training of professionals to create giant agricultural transnational corporations, resulting in occupying reasonable seats in global agricultural supply chain, and establishing China as resourceful agricultural trading nations.
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Gaydardzhieva, V. "EU INDUSTRIAL POLICY BEFORE THE NEW PROGRAM PERIOD 2021-2027." Trakia Journal of Sciences 17, Suppl.1 (2019): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/tjs.2019.s.01.004.
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The main objective of the European Union's (EU) industrial policy is to increase the competitiveness of European industry so that it can continue to play its role as a driver of sustainable growth and employment in Europe. In order to provide better framework conditions for the EU industry, different strategies have been adopted. At the beginning of the current programming period (2014-2020), the European Commission (EC) calls on Member States to recognize industry's leading role as a factor for economic growth, employment and competitiveness through measures in all policy areas. The new approach to industrial policy, formulated in the Europe 2020 strategy, aims at boosting EU competitiveness, generating growth, creating jobs and enabling the transition to low-carbon economy and efficient use of resources. The EU-prepared and European-level discussion of a "Renewed EU Strategy for Industrial Policy" of 2017 is a first step towards the development of an EU-oriented industrial strategy that needs a common approach based on the competitive advantages of the economy and businesses, taking into account the European model of high environmental and social standards and setting an ambitious long-term vision for industry over a decade and beyond a future for the benefit of citizens and the economy. Industrial policy should not protect aging businesses, but should eliminate unfair commercial practices and draw up an action plan in line with strategic objectives. It should become part of the “Sovereign Europe Program.”
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Kuzmina, E. Yu, and I. V. Soklakova. "OUTSOURCING AS AN EFFECTIVE FORM OF RECRUITMENT." Scientific Journal ECONOMIC SYSTEMS 13, no. 2 (2020): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.29030/2309-2076-2020-13-2-111-118.
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This article discusses the possibilities of using modern organization outsourcing in the field of HR. The article analyzes the company’s ability to attract temporary specialists. The example of a production company shows the influence of various factors on the recruitment of personnel, such as seasonal demand, the actions of competitors, the needs of the company itself in specialists of different profiles. The advantages and disadvantages of using outsourcing are highlighted. The effectiveness of outsourcing practices in hiring staff is proved. It is emphasized that such important goals of outsourcing are achieved as improving the quality of goods and services, increasing the financial stability of the enterprise while maintaining its core activities. Self-employment creates additional risks associated with non-compliance with professional qualifications, lack of necessary experience, and unfair performance of official duties. The comparison of budgets for self-employment and outsourcing, which take into account the additional costs of finding and hiring temporary employees, as well as their training, concludes that it is profitable to attract temporary employees, if it is possible to conclude an outsourcing contract. But in terms of reducing costs and oversupply of the labor market, it is possible to hire on their own, since this does not require additional training of temporary staff, the salary Fund and payments to the budget will decrease, and the lack of requirements for high qualification of the necessary workers will significantly simplify their search and hiring.
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Kormishkina, Ludmila Aleksandrovna, Evgenij Danilovich Kormishkin, and Eka Revazievna Ermakova. "Social well-being as a reflection of socioeconomic inequality in the country." Теоретическая и прикладная экономика, no. 3 (March 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8647.2021.3.36049.
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This article substantiates social well-being of the population as one of the key indicators of socioeconomic inequality. The author advances a scientific idea is that the system of allocation of income and national wealth formed in the post-Soviet Russia, when excessive advantages of some (small social groups) are provided at the cost of limiting functional capabilities of others (larger social groups), which severely contradicts the basic principles of inclusive society and cannot be recognized as socially fair. The conducted analysis of the peculiarities of inequality in post-Soviet Russia describes it as “socially unfair” and excessive. Such inequality negatively affects social well-being of the individuals. It is demonstrated that excessive inequality, with characteristic massive poverty (absolute and relative), in the meta-space of social well-being of the population or the Russian Federation, the prevalent type of life realization of an individual is the “negative expectations”; most significant risk factors for the worsening of social well-being are moral and emotional state of society and some status characteristics of the individual (level of education, professional activity). Using cluster analysis, the author tests the hypothesis on the impact of excessive inequality upon the level of manifestation of deviant behavior of the people in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Recommendations are formulated on amending the redistributive policy of the government aimed at reduction of socioeconomic inequality and improvement pf social well-being of the population.
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Scheid, Don E. "Davis and the Unfair-Advantage Theory of Punishment." Philosophical Topics 18, no. 1 (1990): 143–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/philtopics199018120.
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Dolinko, David. "Mismeasuring "Unfair Advantage": A Response to Michael Davis." Law and Philosophy 13, no. 4 (November 1994): 493. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3504964.
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