Academic literature on the topic 'Unfair price'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Unfair price.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Journal articles on the topic "Unfair price"
1
Serences, Roman, and Dagmar Kozelova. "Dumping – Unfair Trade Practice." SHS Web of Conferences 92 (2021): 06033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20219206033.
Full textAbstract:
Research background:The Globalisation gradually has removed the protection that has existed to protect producers against unfair trade practices. Existence of imperfect competition within an international trade is presented by descending curve of average costs while increasing economies of scale; it often leads some producers not to adjust the price in relation to the marker. In this case, we speak about dumping.Purpose of the article:The article deals with dumping issue – an unfair trade practice analysing EU trade policy including antidumping, related Slovak legislation, price discrimination and dumping model.Methods:From a methodological point of view, the article is divided into four parts; description of trade policy, antidumping and its legislation, price discrimination and dumping model. Methods of synthesis, critical thinking and graphical analysis were used.Findings & Value added:In practice, accounting of different prices to the various consumers is called a price discrimination. The most common type of price discrimination in foreign trade is a dumping. It is a price practice when a company accounts lower price for exported goods compared to the same goods sale at home. World Trade Organization (WTO) allow counter such injury via trade defence instruments (TDIs). The EU TDIs are appropriate to tackle new challenges to international trade, because the Commission had done to modernise the EU’s basic Anti-Dumping (AD) Regulations.
2
Huangfu, Gang, and Liqi Zhu. "Do Consumers' Perceptions of Price Fairness Differ According to Type of Firm Ownership?" Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 40, no. 4 (May 1, 2012): 693–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2012.40.4.693.
Full textAbstract:
We investigated Chinese consumers' perceptions of price fairness by introducing the type of firm ownership (state-owned monopoly, and non-state-owned corporation) as an independent variable, to investigate whether or not people's feelings of price fairness differ between stateand non-state-owned firms. Results showed that our participants tended to accept price rise because of cost increase, but not price rise because of an increase in demand. Participants also regarded as unfair the price remaining high when cost decreased. Auction in the situation of shortage of goods, was also regarded as unfair. State-owned monopolies raising their prices was viewed by participants as being more unfair than a price rise by a non-state-owned corporation.
3
Höhler, Julia, and Julia A. Schreiner. "Unfair milk prices? Lessons from a split-sample choice experiment." British Food Journal 122, no. 2 (November 23, 2019): 515–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-04-2019-0298.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose In times of “milk price crises”, “fair” milk prices are repeatedly demanded. Various studies indicate an increased willingness to pay (WTP) for the additional attribute of price fairness. Nevertheless, market shares have been low so far. The purpose of this paper is to discuss three possible reasons for this: low reference prices, socially desirable responses in choice experiments and the lack of justification of the claim “fair” by further attributes. Design/methodology/approach In a split sample, one group facing alternatives with a higher price range and the other with a lower price range, the consumer’s choices are examined. This study uses a social desirability scale for controlling biases in the stated WTP. In addition, the claim “fair” is complemented with a guaranteed price, grazing, regional production and CO2-reduction. A random parameter logit model specified in WTP space is employed to estimate milk consumers’ (n=480) preferences for “fair” milk. Furthermore, a latent class approach reveals information about the source of preference heterogeneity for fair milk attributes among the two groups of the split sample. Findings This study finds statistically significant differences between the two price ranges. In the low price range, additional attributes can trigger an additional WTP. In the high price range, there is no statistically significant additional WTP. WTP’s dependence on price levels could explain why the market share for “fair” milk has so far been low. Originality/value This paper contributes to the study of the effect of split samples in choice experiments. In addition, it promotes the understanding of price fairness in milk and its determinants.
4
Elegido, Juan M. "The Ethics of Price Discrimination." Business Ethics Quarterly 21, no. 4 (October 2011): 633–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/beq201121439.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT:Price discrimination is the practice of charging different customers different prices for the same product. Many people consider price discrimination unfair, but economists argue that in many cases price discrimination is more likely to lead to greater welfare than is the uniform pricing alternative—sometimes for every party in the transaction. This article shows i) that there are many situations in which it is necessary to engage in differential pricing in order to make the provision of a product possible; and ii) that in many such situations, the seller does not obtain an above-average rate of return. It concludes that price discrimination is not inherently unfair. The article also contends that even when conditions i) and/or ii) do not obtain, price discrimination is not necessarily unethical. In itself, the fact that some people get an even better deal than do others does not entail that the latter are wronged.
5
Damiri, Devi Melisa. "Analisis Persaingan Tarif antara Telkomsel dan Indosat di Industri Telekomunikasi." Journal of Secretary and Business Administration 1, no. 1 (October 26, 2017): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31104/jsab.v1i1.4.
Full textAbstract:
Established Law No. 5 of 1999 on the prohibition of monopolistic practices and unfair business competition can not be separated from IMF pressure on the Indonesian government on the government to combat monopolistic practices and unfair business competition that occurred in Indonesia by immediately enacting the legislation. The purpose of this study is analyzing the telecommunications industry price war that occurs between the Telkomsel operator and Indosat Ooredoo against unfair competition. The method used in this research is descriptive method of analysis. Data used are secondary data. Results of analysis showed that Indosat Ooredoo trying to overthrow the corporate image Telkomsel in their campaign fare Rp. 1,0 and Telkomsel operator also negotiate interconnection prices unfair to Indosat Ooredoo.
6
Reinartz, Werner, and Nico Wiegand. "The Perils of Retail Price Differentiation: Why Nobody Wins When Customers Lose." NIM Marketing Intelligence Review 11, no. 1 (May 1, 2019): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/nimmir-2019-0005.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractPrice differentiation is a longstanding marketing instrument in retailing. In our digital omni-channel environment its implementation may get technically easier, but also more transparent and obvious. As consumers generally consider price differentiation as unfair, systems need to be implemented cautiously and hold potential benefits for all parties. Some practices are perceived as more unfair than others. Dissimilarity of the purchase situation, control over the final price, the suspected motive of the company, and fairness of the pricing rule are decisive factors in the consumer evaluation process of price differentiation measures.To avoid detrimental effects like perceptions of unfairness or permanent damage of the relationship, companies must strike a balance between their own and consumers’ interests. The latter need to feel the advantage of price differentiation to appreciate it, especially the price-sensitive segment. However, from a company perspective, there is a profitability boundary to giving away free lunch. One way out of this dilemma is to foster self-selection into low-price offerings but preventing bargains for everyone by increasing the effort or time to get better prices. If head-on price differentiation is unavoidable, negative reactions can be attenuated by embedding pricing rules in social norms.
7
Xia, Lan, Kent B. Monroe, and Jennifer L. Cox. "The Price is Unfair! A Conceptual Framework of Price Fairness Perceptions." Journal of Marketing 68, no. 4 (October 2004): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.68.4.1.42733.
Full text
8
S, Chintya Amelia, Pujiyono Pujiyono, and Hari Purwadi. "Consumer Protection in Resale Price Maintenance Practices." International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding 8, no. 1 (January 3, 2021): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v8i1.2195.
Full textAbstract:
Fair business competition is greatly needed to create a conducive business climate. Regulations governing the fair business competition are expected to ensure the business opportunities for business actors and to prevent monopolistic practices and or unfair business competitions, and at the same time to protect the consumers. In Indonesia, the Resale Price Maintenance (RPM) is applied as an effort or actions of the upstream businesses such as manufacturing companies or suppliers to control the price when the goods are resold. Control and supervision of the Resale Price Maintenance practices are necessary considering that the monopolistic practice that creates unfair business competition is still common in the society. This study aimed to reveal how consumer protection in the Resale Price Maintenance practices works. This study was conducted using the normative or doctrinal research method with the statute and conceptual approaches. From the findings, it can be concluded that the consumer protection in Resale Price Maintenance practices is still very frail so that it is necessary to reconstruct the provisions in resale price maintenance which can be performed by reconstructing the criminal sanctions for business actors who violate the resale price maintenance regulations that can cause monopolistic practices and unfair business competitions.
9
Trujillo, Antonio J., Taruja Karmarkar, Caleb Alexander, William Padula, Jeremy Greene, and Gerard Anderson. "Fairness in drug prices: do economists think differently from the public?" Health Economics, Policy and Law 15, no. 1 (December 4, 2018): 18–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744133118000427.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractUsing dual-entitlement theory as the guide, we conducted a survey of economists from the National Bureau of Economic Research asking them a series of questions about the fairness of drug prices in the United States. Public opinion surveys have repeatedly shown that the public perceives drug prices to be unfair, but economists trained in laws of supply and demand may have different perceptions. Three hundred and ten senior economists responded to our survey. Forty-five percent agreed that drug prices were unfair when people, specifically low-income individuals, could not afford their prescription medications. Sixty-five percent oppose a dollar threshold, or upper limit, on drug prices. The economists recommend the most promising policy change would be to provide the government additional negotiating power and price controls would moderately impact investment in pharmaceutical research and development.
10
Friesen, Mark. "A dynamic perspective on consumers’ price fairness perception: Empirical evidence from the airline industry." Die Unternehmung 74, no. 4 (2020): 403–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0042-059x-2020-4-403.
Full textAbstract:
This paper investigates the concept of perceived price fairness and its dynamic alteration along the customer buying cycle. Today, variable pricing is widespread in many service industries. Besides the current sales price, customers are extensively exposed to varying external reference prices (for example, advertised prices). Thus, this pricing practice risks being perceived as unfair at some stage along the purchasing process, and negative consumer reactions cannot be ruled out. However, previous research has adopted a quite static approach, which only offered an incomplete picture of fairness perceptions with a specific service offer. To better capture the dynamics, this study conducted a scenario-based experiment with 459 airline customers encompassing repeated measures. The results provide evidence that the perception of distributive and procedural fairness significantly varies with the exposure to changing external reference prices along the buying cycle. Therefore, marketers should be cautious regarding price variations and advertised prices.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Unfair price"
1
Jari, Bridget. "An investigation into the impact of fairtrade in South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002741.
Full textAbstract:
World international trade is moving towards more free trade, through globalization and trade liberalization. These moves are guided by trade theories which state that on an aggregated level, nations involved in free trade should benefit, and further that free trade is fair. However, in practice, contradictory views have been raised, stating that free trade may not necessarily be benefiting all participants equally. Rather, other nations, especially developing nations, have become worse-off after opening up their markets for free trade. On the other hand, many developed nations have benefited substantially from free trade. Among other factors, the difference in benefits is believed to have been influenced by the types of commodities being traded (where developing nations mainly trade in primary goods and developed nations in anufactured goods) and unequal power relations (some nations for example, the EU and the US, still adopt protectionism in their agricultural sector). In order to address market imbalances resulting from free trade, Fairtrade has arisen. Fairtrade aims to improve international trading conditions in order to benefit small-scale farmers and farm workers in the developing nations. The Fairtrade organization further claims that its principles are in line with sustainable development. However, Fairtrade suffers a credibility gap because there is a lack of independent research to support their claims. To date in South Africa, there is little research examining the claims of the Fairtrade organization. In order to contribute to the Fairtrade discussion in South Africa, this study has investigated the validity of Fairtrade‘s claims that it contributes towards sustainable development. The study utilised primary data, which was collected from ten commercial farms and two small-scale farmer cooperatives located in the Eastern Cape and Western Cape provinces that are/were Fairtrade certified. The main reason for including commercial farmers and small-scale farmer cooperatives in the study was for comparing relative impacts in the two Fairtrade structures. The data was then analysed using a sustainable livelihoods framework, which was developed in the study. The study focussed on investigating the impact of Fairtrade tools, which are minimum prices, premiums, pre-financing and support for long-term relationships, on its intended beneficiaries. Minimum prices offered to producers cover production costs and are above market prices, and Fairtrade premiums are to be invested in developmental projects. Therefore, examining the influence of Fairtrade tools on individuals and communities provides an overview of how Fairtrade influences development. The results of the study show that sampled Fairtrade beneficiaries in South Africa have witnessed substantial positive changes as a result of Fairtrade. The Fairtrade initiative has managed to empower small-scale producers and farm workers, as well as leverage development opportunities for their wider communities. It has supported organizational development in the supply chain, facilitated investment in community development projects and in business-related training. Producers, both commercial and small-scale producers, managed to access a market that offers stable prices, and have gained from minimum prices. Furthermore, small-scale farmers have been allowed an opportunity to expand their business into export markets, and enjoyed an increase in incomes. Fairtrade benefits further trickle down to non-Fairtrade community members, in the form of employment creation and community development. Despite positive effects, Fairtrade producers faced challenges, including high Fairtrade administration costs and a small market for Fairtrade commodities. The study concludes that in the face of challenges, Fairtrade brings economic, social and environmental benefits, but as compared to economic and social development, the impact on environmental development is rather limited. Even though that is the case, Fairtrade offers valuable development opportunities to producers in South Africa.
2
Kennefick, Ciara M. "Unfair prices in contracts in English and French law." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b162d4c6-66f8-4687-a6af-e0418b06c549.
Full textAbstract:
When and why can parties escape from a contract on the ground that the price is unfair? This question is considered in a comparative and historical perspective in English and French law. The general rule in both systems is that the parties are free to determine the price and they are then bound by their contract. One well known exception in French law, which derives from Roman law, is Article 1674 of the Code civil which allows a vendor to rescind a contract for the sale of land if the price agreed in the contract is less than five-twelfths of the fair price. It is generally thought that there are no analogous rules in English law. However, the law on this subject is in fact considerably more complex and more colourful than this simple contrast would suggest. Numerous rules on unfair prices in contracts were created in French law by the legislature and the courts since the promulgation of the Code civil in 1804. In English law, courts intervened in contracts on the ground of an unfair price in a few instances in the nineteenth century. However, only the rule on unfair prices in salvage contracts has survived until today. In both systems, the policies of preserving family wealth, protecting weak parties and giving special treatment to certain parties for economic, political, social or cultural reasons underpin these rules. There are two principal conclusions. First, freedom of contract is much less extensive in French law than in English law. This is evident in the numerous rules on unfair prices in contracts in French law and in the primacy of the remedy of altering the price rather than rescission. Secondly, while in theory, French courts play a much less significant role than English courts in the development of law, the creation and abolition of certain rules on unfair prices in contracts by French courts shows that judicial creativity in French law can be much less constrained in practice than in English law.
3
Ramunė, Kaduškevičiūtė. "Nesąžiningų kainų nustatymas kaip piktnaudžiavimo dominuojančia padėtimi forma." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2008. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2007~D_20080226_093418-44558.
Full textAbstract:
Šiame darbe analizuojamas Europos Bendrijos ir Lietuvos Respublikos konkurencijos teisės normų, reglamentuojančių piktnaudžiavimą dominuojančia padėtimi nustatant nesąžiningas kainas, taikymas. Analizuojama nesąžiningų kainų sąvoka, išskiriant pagrindines tokių kainų rūšis – nepagristai didelės kainos, „grobuoniškos” kainos, diskriminacinės kainos bei nesąžiningas nuolaidų taikymas. Darbe aptariama Europos Teisingumo teismo, Europos Komisijos bei Lietuvos Respublikos Konkurencijos Tarybos bei administracinių teismų praktika, nagrinėjant nesąžiningų kainų taikymo bylas ir pateikiamos pagrindinės taisyklės, pagal kurias nesąžiningas kainas galima atskirti nuo sąžiningų, taip pat trečiame šio darbo skyriuje įvardijamos pagrindinės šių taisyklių taikymo praktikoje problemos. Paskutiniame skyriuje apžvelgiama konkurencijos teisės normų, susijusių su nesąžiningomis kainomis, įgyvendinimas Lietuvoje po įstojimo į ES, analizuojama konkurencijos politikos įgyvendinimo efektyvumas, kokybė, pateikiami pagrindiniai sprendimai bei išaiškinimai, nustatant piktnaudžiavim�� dominuojančia padėtimi taikant nesąžiningas kainas.This thesis was set out to analyse the application of competition law on unfair pricing related to the abuse of dominant positions in the European Community and the Republic of Lithuania. Firstly, the study gives a definition of unfair pricing and identifies four types of such pricing: excessive pricing, “predatory” pricing, discriminatory pricing and unfair discounts and rebates. Then, it overviews the practice of the European Court of Justice, the European Commission and the Competition Council and the administrative courts of the Republic of Lithuania in hearing cases on unfair pricing. The author then lists the fundamental rules that may help to distinguish between fair and unfair pricing. The third chapter indicates the main problems faced when applying these rules in practice. The last chapter gives an overview of the application of competition law on unfair pricing following Lithuania’s accession to the EU. The author also analyses the effectiveness and quality of the implementation of competition policy and presents the fundamental judgements on and interpretations of unfair pricing in relation to the abuse of dominant positions.
4
Codorniz, Gabriela Bonini. "Aquisição por companhias abertas de ações de sua própria emissão." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2132/tde-24102016-160516/.
Full textAbstract:
A aquisição por companhias abertas de ações de sua própria emissão no Brasil constitui o núcleo de estudo desta dissertação. Também referida como recompra de ações, trata-se de operação comumente realizada por sociedades anônimas, principalmente por companhias abertas, tendo em vista os possíveis benefícios na organização da estrutura de capital da companhia, conciliados com a variedade de motivações para sua utilização. O trabalho aborda, inicialmente, o tratamento legal conferido às operações realizadas por companhias abertas e fechadas, em especial pela Lei no 6.404, de 15 de dezembro de 1976. Além da definição das operações e sua evolução legislativa, são analisadas as principais causas que levam uma sociedade anônima a adquirir ações de sua própria emissão, assim como os negócios jurídicos passíveis de realização para que uma aquisição se concretize, além do aproveitamento a ser conferido pela companhia para as ações recompradas quando estas não forem canceladas, poderão ser mantidas em tesouraria na qualidade de bens de titularidade da companhia. O estudo também dedica-se à análise específica da aquisição de ações de emissão própria por companhias abertas, sob o foco do regramento expedido pela Comissão de Valores Mobiliários CVM. Além dos atos normativos emanados pela autarquia, a análise enfatiza os principais interesses a serem tutelados nas operações, assim como aborda precedentes da CVM sobre o tema.The purchase, by publicly-held companies, of its own shares in Brazil constitutes the core area of study of this dissertation. Also referred to as stock repurchase, it consists in a transaction commonly performed by corporations, mainly the publicly traded, seeking out the benefits to the organization of the companys capital structure, combined with the variety of motivations for its use. This work initially discusses the legal treatment for stock repurchases performed by publicly-held and closely held companies, in particular by Law 6404, of December 15th, 1976. In addition to the definition of the transaction, and its legal developments, this study analyzes the main causes for a corporation to buy its own shares, as well as the legal act of the acquisition per se, and the use of the repurchased shares whenever they are not canceled, such shares will be held in treasury as assets owned by the company. The study also presents the repurchase made by publicly-held companies in view of the rules issued by the Comissão de Valores Mobiliários CVM (the Brazilian Securities and Exchange Commission). Apart from examining CVMs regulation, the study refers to a broad variety of cases decided by CVM on the subject, and investigates the main interests involved on the transactions.
5
Pipityakorn, Hattaya, and 張金雲. "Fair or Unfair Price in Buyers’ Perception? The Influence Factors of Price Fairness Perception and The Consequences." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/48672719992158707946.
Full textAbstract:
碩士銘傳大學
企業管理學系碩士班
104
ABSTRACT As nowadays, tasks of marketing are not done immediately after the sales ends. The aftersales effects also need attention, as the availability of fast and widely accessible social information, consumers trend to do post purchase evaluation after they bought products or services and price evaluation is one of those matters as well. Price fairness is highlighted when consumers reaction to price are mentioned. Therefore, this research conducted survey through 8 different versions of questionnaires in order to investigate the factors that have direct and indirect influence on price fairness perception of consumers and the consequences of price fairness perception. The factors that were used to test the influence on price fairness perception of consumers compose of price comparison, buyer and seller relationship, existence of sales promotion and gender, besides emotion and post purchase behaviors such as repurchase intention, positive word of mouth, self-protection (exit) and revenge were used to study the consequences of price fairness perception. Questionnaires were distributed in Thailand. The data were analyzed via SPSS18 and LISREL8.7. The results prove that price comparison, buyer and seller relationship, and existences of sales promotion have influence on perceived price fairness. Emotion has positive relationship toward perceived price fairness. Emotion has positive relationship toward repurchase intention and positive word of mouth, whereas negative relationship toward self-protection (exit) and revenge behavior. However, the results from this study show that there is no different between male and female on perceived price fairness.
6
Du, Plessis Hanri Magdalena. "The unilateral determination of price in contracts of sale governed by the Consumer Protection Act 68 of 2008." Diss., 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/26446.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this dissertation is to investigate the application of the common law rule prohibiting unilateral price determination in contracts of sale governed by the Consumer Protection Act. The unilateral determination of price has been a controversial issue for an extended period of time. This controversy is traced back to Roman law where different translations and interpretations are given to the texts dealing with the unilateral determination of price in a contract of sale. The majority of the Roman-Dutch writers preferred the view that regarded a contract granting a discretion to one of the parties to determine the price as void. Subsequently, this view was incorporated into South African law. During the 1990s the Supreme Court of Appeal questioned whether the rule should still form part of South African law. An overview of the case law indicates that the courts have been prepared to allow contractual price discretions provided such discretions refer to an objective external standard or reasonableness. There are also indications that the courts would imply that the discretion should be exercised reasonably, except in the case of clearly unfettered discretions. Recently, the Consumer Protection Act 68 of 2008 ("the CPA") has made substantial amendments to the law of sale in respect of contracts governed by the CPA. The dissertation investigates the influence of the CPA on the rule governing unilateral price determinations in such sales. It also investigates the consumer's fundamental rights to disclosure of information and fair, just and reasonable terms and conditions. Legal uncertainties and issues arising from the provisions of the CPA are identified. Finally, a comparative study with English law is undertaken which provides a comparative basis from which possible solutions are extracted and proposals made to address the uncertainties and issues emanating from the CPA. CopyrightDissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Mercantile Law
unrestricted
7
Akalpler, Ergin. "The Impact of the Support System of the CAP on Free Trade in the Light of the Turkey's EU Membership." Thesis, 2006. http://epub.wu.ac.at/1924/1/document.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
The objective of this study is to measure the level of the European Union's (EU) Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) price support system (PSS) applied to producers in the EU-15 and in Turkey. The producer subsidy estimate (PSE) method has been used to determine protection levels for selected cereal products from the beginning of the application of the PSE method in 1986 to date. In addition, this study attempts to examine the empirical findings of the PSE in the light of CAP reforms and EU enlargements during the period 1986- 2003. The expected contribution of this study is to determine which support instruments, such as countervailing levies or direct payments (based on limited or unlimited area) against export subsidies, voluntary or compulsory set-aside measures and price interventions, are more appropriate for the CAP in reducing destabilizing effects on trade with selected products between the EU and Turkey with respect to distribution effects (how income is distributed between different groups involved in the production operation process). Does the current PSS of the CAP have positive effects on agricultural producers in Turkey as a non-member country? The major finding of this dissertation is the evaluation of benefits and costs of common agricultural policies of the EU on fair trade. The assessment of the PSE of the EU's CAP will be used to determine the impact of current support measures of the CAP reforms on fair trade and consumer welfare, and how the CAP measures can be reformed for the improvement of producer gain in accordance with fair trade. (author's abstract)
8
Hořejší, Lucie. "Výpovědní důvody podle § 52 písm. g) a h) zákoníku práce." Master's thesis, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-329312.
Full textAbstract:
The topic of my thesis is the analysis of two selected reasons for notice of termination given by an employer to an employee as stated by the Labour Code. The first reason (according to Sec. 52 (g) of the Labour Code) consists in violation of employee's duties and obligation ensuing from the legal regulation applying on the work performed by the employee. The second reason (according to Sec. 52 (h) of the Labour Code), which was implemented into the Labour Code with its effectiveness as of 1 January 2012, introduces a so-called "other duty of an employee" consisting in violation of the regime of an employee who is temporarily unfit to perform work for the employer due to his/her sickness or injury as set by the Act on Sickness Insurance. The analysis will be based primarily on the case law of the Supreme Court of the Czech Republic which, in the long term, tends to shape the legal regulation of the analyzed issue. Although not being a formal source of law, the case law of the Supreme Court is of a great importance in the area of termination of employment relationships in the Czech labour law in practice.
Books on the topic "Unfair price"
1
United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. The Retail Competition Enforcement Act of 1987: Report together with minority views (to accompany S. 430, as amended). [Washington, D.C.?: U.S. G.P.O., 1988.
Find full text
2
Kaplow, Louis. On the meaning of horizontal agreements in competition law. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Law School, 2011.
Find full text
3
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. Secretariat. Collusive tendering. New York: United Nations, 1985.
Find full text
4
Price wars: How to win the battle for your customer! Edina, MN: St. Thomas Press, 1994.
Find full text
5
Winninger, Thomas J. Price wars: A strategy guide to winning the battle for the customer. Rocklin, CA: Prima Pub., 1995.
Find full text
6
Mousseron, Jean Marc. Le droit français nouveau de la transparence tarifaire: Conditions générales, factures. 2nd ed. Paris: Litec, 1998.
Find full text
9
Maxwell, Sarah. The price is wrong: Understanding what makes a price seem fair and the true cost of unfair pricing. Hoboken, N.J: John Wiley & Sons, 2008.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Unfair price"
1
Fibbi, Rosita, Arnfinn H. Midtbøen, and Patrick Simon. "Consequences of and Responses to Discrimination." In IMISCOE Research Series, 65–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67281-2_6.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractDiscrimination and stigmatization are costly for the society by lowering economic growth, by reinforcing ethnic inequalities, by fueling political conflicts and by jeopardizing social cohesion. Moreover, victims of unfair treatment pay a high price as discrimination and stigmatization. Far from being passive victims, however, many members of minority groups develop and deploy individual and collective strategies to meet such challenges. This chapter focuses on the impact of discrimination – for economy and society, but mainly focusing on the consequences of discrimination for the targeted individuals and groups. The chapter also addresses responses to experiences of exclusion and disadvantage by reviewing recent research of how awareness of the repercussions of unfair treatment lead both individuals and groups to protect themselves and seek strategies for overcoming future barriers.
2
Jenny, Frederic. "Abuse of Dominance by Firms Charging Excessive or Unfair Prices: An Assessment." In Excessive Pricing and Competition Law Enforcement, 5–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92831-9_2.
Full text
3
Macdonald, Elizabeth, Ruth Atkins, and Jens Krebs. "11. Unfair terms in consumer contracts." In Koffman & Macdonald's Law of Contract. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198752844.003.0011.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter addresses the Directive on Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts and its implementing legislation: the Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations 1999 and the Consumer Rights Act 2015. The legislation is of broad application to unfair terms in consumer contracts. The fairness test, with its reference to good faith, and significant imbalance in the rights and obligations of the parties, is considered. The ‘core exemption’, from the fairness test, of price terms and those dealing with the main subject matter of the contract is looked at. The tensions in the different approaches to ‘core exemption’ in the Court of Appeal and the Supreme Court in Abbey National, and the different emphases on freedom of contract, and protection of the weaker party, are highlighted.
4
Bansal, Ankit, Desai Mayura Manohar, and S. Shantani. "The Case for Variable Pricing of IDM." In Understanding the Interactive Digital Media Marketplace, 25–31. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-61350-147-4.ch003.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter proposes different variable pricing strategies that can be implemented in IDM marketplaces to increase revenues and consumption of IDM content. Adverse reaction of consumers to price discrimination, where they consider it unfair, is the greatest hindrance to successful application of variable pricing schemes.
5
Irwin, Douglas A. "Trade Remedies and Relief from Foreign Competition." In Free Trade under Fire, 174–208. Princeton University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691201009.003.0006.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter describes the legal framework that allows firms to petition the government for the imposition of tariffs on competing imports. It introduces the antidumping law as the most commonly used measure to block unfair imports. It talks about the government's definition of “dumping” as a lower price charged in the United States than in a foreign exporter's home market. The chapter also examines the case for providing domestic industries with temporary relief from imports so that they can adjust to foreign competition, including the recently revived “national security” rationale for limiting imports. It looks at countervailing duties, which address foreign subsidies and escape clause, and provide industries with temporary relief from imports without the claim of unfairness.
6
Smithers, Andrew. "Management and Shareholder Interests." In Productivity and the Bonus Culture, 90–93. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198836117.003.0017.
Full textAbstract:
Objections to the bonus culture because it is unfair and morally unpleasant raise serious issues, but have diverted attention from its economic damage. Pay has also been misinterpreted as being an issue between management and shareholders. But shareholders are not damaged as, unlike the economy, they do not benefit from faster growth in GDP. This can be seen by comparing the growth rates of different countries and the returns that have accrued to shareholders. Shareholders are not a homogenous group. Those who are retired benefit from high share prices. Those saving for their retirement should like low prices so that they will have high returns on their savings, but few recognize their ‘real interests’ in this way. No group of shareholders likes, in practice, to have the prices of their shares decline.
7
Jones, Alison, Brenda Sufrin, and Niamh Dunne. "7. Article 102 TFEU: Conduct Which Can Be an Abuse." In Jones & Sufrin's EU Competition Law, 359–581. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198824657.003.0007.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter discusses the difficult concept of what constitutes an ‘abuse’ of a dominant position for the purposes of Article 102 and whether conduct should be condemned on account of the form it takes or only for its effects. It considers the case law of the EU Courts, the decisional practice of the Commission, and the Commission’s Guidance Paper on enforcement priorities, and the problem of distinguishing competition on the merits from illegimate conduct. The chapter looks at the different classifications of abuse, particularly exclusionary and exploitative abuses; the distinction between form- and effects-based approaches to types of abuse; the leveraging of market power between distinct markets as a theory of harm; the objective justification defence; and general issues in respect of abuses concerning prices, including the ‘as efficient competitor’ test. The chapter then examines the application of Article 102 to various forms of conduct, including: price discrimination; predatory pricing; selective low pricing; margin squeeze; exclusive dealing;; tying and bundling; refusal to supply; self-preferencing; malicious pursuit of legal proceedings; ‘regulatory gaming’; discrimination abuses; unfairly high and low pricing; hindering inter-Member State trade; and more novel claimed abuses within the digital economy.
8
Erokhin, Vasilii. "Emerging Trade-Related Threats to Food Security." In Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies, 319–36. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1042-1.ch016.
Full textAbstract:
It is generally believed that free trade plays a vital role in stabilizing food supplies and food prices since abundant foods stocks in some countries coexist with shortages in some others. Contemporary global trade system, however, is becoming increasingly distorted by unfair and inefficient policies in many countries, creating both winners and losers among not only small developing economies, but also largest producers of food and agricultural products. One of the recent examples of such distortion is US-China trade tensions and potential tariff escalations where the agricultural sector is the most vulnerable. By raising import tariffs on food and agricultural products in response to protectionist policies, the countries may face a situation of rising prices for consumers, limited market access for producers, and increasing pressures on food security. In this chapter, the author develops the theme of the effects of globalized agricultural trade on food security with a critical focus on the importance of balancing trade liberalization and protectionism.
9
Prince, Gerald. "Bernard Frank and Patrick Modiano Jewish Writers." In Revisioning French Culture, 100–108. Liverpool University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781789620207.003.0008.
Full textAbstract:
Gerald Prince conducts a comparative study of Bernard Frank and Patrick Modiano, two contemporaries who shared a number of literary affinities, including having come to writing because of their Jewishness. Prince explores the effects of antisemitism on each writer, with special emphasis on the Nazi occupation of France. The choice of these two writers to explore questions around Jewishness sheds new light on the widely read and celebrated Modiano, whose relationship and rivalry with Frank is a relatively unknown facet of his career. This essay will, moreover, likely serve to introduce readers to the work of Frank, a writer of genius, Prince contends, whose work has been unfairly overlooked.
10
Jefferson, Ann. "England, 1919–21." In Nathalie Sarraute, 44–58. Princeton University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691197876.003.0004.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter introduces England as a part of Natalia Ilyinichna Tcherniak's mental geography through the books “David Copperfield” and “The Prince and the Pauper.” It explains how England acquired a new reality for Natalia with the arrival of the nannies hired by her step-mother Vera Sheremetievskaya to teach English to her half-sister, Lili. It also points how keen Vera was to have Lili learn English in order to redress the unfair advantage that she saw Nathalia had since she already spoke three languages and excelled at school. The chapter recounts Nathalia's time in Oxford, England, which she considered the happiest time of her life. It also mentions Nathalia's abrupt return to Paris when her father, Ilya Evseevich Tcherniak, refused to approve of her plan of continuing her studies in history while giving private French lessons as he did not wish to see his daughter become a bluestocking.
Conference papers on the topic "Unfair price"
1
Göktepe, Hülya. "Unfair Competition in Imports and Anti-damping Practices in Turkey." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c06.01219.
Full textAbstract:
Unfair competition in imports is done by dumping or subsidy. According to the Turkish legislation dumping; export price of a product to Turkey being less than the normal value for the like product, subsidy; a direct or indirect financial contribution by the country of origin or export, which confers a benefit or any form of income or price support within the meaning of Article XVI of GATT 1994. In the case of unfair competition in imports, General Directorate of Imports applies trade defence instruments (antidumping, antisubsidy, safeguard measures) in compliance with WTO rules and national legislation, and follows up the enforcement of those measures.
The purpose in this study is to contribute to Turkish literature related to damping and subsidy. In this study, national and international regulation on antidumping will be given. It will be explained antidumping practices in Turkey. Dumping investigations will be presented. The data from Ministry of Economy and foreign trade data will be used. This study is a descriptive study.
2
Flammini, Michele, Manuel Mauro, and Matteo Tonelli. "On Fair Price Discrimination in Multi-Unit Markets." In Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-18}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2018/34.
Full textAbstract:
Discriminatory pricing policies, even if at first glance can be perceived as unfair, are widespread. In fact, pricing differences for the same item among different national markets are common, or forms of discrimination based on the time of purchase, like in tickets' sales. In this work we propose a framework for capturing the setting of ``fair'' discriminatory pricing and study its application to multi-unit markets, in which many copies of the same item are on sale. Our model is able to incorporate the fundamental discrimination settings proposed in the literature, by expressing individual buyers constraints for assigning prices by means of a social relationship graph, modeling the information that each buyer can acquire about the prices assigned to the other buyers. After pointing out the positive effects of fair price discrimination, we investigate the computational complexity of maximizing the social welfare and the revenue in these markets, providing hardness and approximation results under various assumptions on the buyers valuations and on the social graph topology.
3
Ramdhanie, Arti. "MACHINE LEARNING TECHNIQUES FOR THE DETECTION OF UNFAIR PRICING IN SUPERMARKETS ACROSS TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO." In International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering & Technology (IConETech-2020). Faculty of Engineering, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47412/gids9258.
Full textAbstract:
The tracking of prices in monitored supermarkets across Trinidad and Tobago is done by the Ministry of Trade and Industry. This initiative involves data collection every month for 118 grocery items (“standard basket”). The task of identifying which supermarkets are non-conforming in their pricing schemes is linked to the “total basket price” (total cost of the 118 items). An outlier is defined as any datapoint that varies significantly from all other observations in a dataset. In this paper, it is any supermarket that exceeds this total basket price by 5%. The aim of this research was twofold, with the first goal being to employ feature selection methods to reduce the number of items being collected. The second goal was to create a logistic regression learning model that can identify whether supermarkets are non-conforming, given their pricing information. The dataset contained 692 datapoints and out of these, only eight (8) were classified as outliers. This is an imbalanced dataset. Resampling by SMOTE (Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique) was used to synthetically generate data for the training set. Seven (7) feature selection methods were also investigated and their results discussed and analysed. In doing this, a more balanced dataset was achieved which was tested and validated on the unseen data (testing set). The metrics indicated that a subset of these features can be collected whilst still maintaining the supermarket outliers.
4
Bayrak Kök, Sabahat, and İbrahim Aksel. "Stance against Quantitative Success Descriptive in Professional Life: Virtue Ethics Approach." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c07.01516.
Full textAbstract:
We argue that capitalist model in society and its success criteria as benefit and profit maximizations have been under heavy attacks these days. The argument in the center of the discussion in this paper is about there being serious distress in moral and socio-cultural indicators, though relatively rise in economical growth indicators. Thus, we argue that global economy suffers deepest moral crisis in line with the proportional shares that governments, international companies, big or small enterprises and their owners bear upon. Among the signs of this moral collapse, we point for unhealthy products to general health, unfair competitive actions, illusive commercials, price-quality inequalities, labor exploitations, bribery scandals and also environmental ruins around. In this point the sole solution for increase in societal trust of social and economical actors is, in our side, clear to take moral principles and standards as a reference. We argue that benefit, or profit maximization based approaches focusing on material gaining in professional life do not provide effective motivations. Rather approaches that putting internal character development forward and aiming good internal mood based on virtue should be placed in professional life. We see virtue based moral approach as a novel formula for regaining humanity where there are increasing rates of uncertainty and distrust. This study aims to show that commercial and economical activities could not be designed as exempted from moral codes and motives, rather it insists on that some notions as character, and virtue should be in heart in place of responsibility, duty, or benefit.
5
Arslan, Çetin, Didar Özdemir, and Ethem Atay. "Unfair Competition Offence in the Turkish Commercial Code." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c07.01535.
Full textAbstract:
The competition is the key element of the free market economy because the prices cannot be determined according to the supply and demand equilibrium when there is no competition or the competition is violated by conducts against good faith. In this regard, the fraudulent acts between providers and customers and unfair commercial applications constitute tortious acts. The aim of the articles embodying unfair competition of the Turkish Commercial Code (TCC) dated 13.01.2011 and numbered 6102 is to maintain fair, untainted competition for the good of all parties (art. 54/2). The acts and commercial applications against good faith are determined in the article 55 of the TCC in order to protect the competition system. According to the article 62 of the TCC entitled “Criminal Acts”, performing one of these acts intentionally; giving wrong or deceptive information about his personal situation, goods, products, commercial activity and work intentionally in order to make his own offer preferred; deceiving employees, administrators and other assistants to obtain the production and commercial secrets of the employer or clients; not preventing the unfair competition acts of the workers, employees or administrators during their work or not correcting the declarations contrary to facts constitute the unfair competition offence. In our study, at first the notion of unfair competition, then the unfair competition offence –especially focusing on the controversial points- will be examined.