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Journal articles on the topic 'Unfair price'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 16 February 2022

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1

Serences, Roman, and Dagmar Kozelova. "Dumping – Unfair Trade Practice." SHS Web of Conferences 92 (2021): 06033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20219206033.

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Research background:The Globalisation gradually has removed the protection that has existed to protect producers against unfair trade practices. Existence of imperfect competition within an international trade is presented by descending curve of average costs while increasing economies of scale; it often leads some producers not to adjust the price in relation to the marker. In this case, we speak about dumping.Purpose of the article:The article deals with dumping issue – an unfair trade practice analysing EU trade policy including antidumping, related Slovak legislation, price discrimination

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2

Huangfu, Gang, and Liqi Zhu. "Do Consumers' Perceptions of Price Fairness Differ According to Type of Firm Ownership?" Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 40, no. 4 (2012): 693–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2012.40.4.693.

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We investigated Chinese consumers' perceptions of price fairness by introducing the type of firm ownership (state-owned monopoly, and non-state-owned corporation) as an independent variable, to investigate whether or not people's feelings of price fairness differ between stateand non-state-owned firms. Results showed that our participants tended to accept price rise because of cost increase, but not price rise because of an increase in demand. Participants also regarded as unfair the price remaining high when cost decreased. Auction in the situation of shortage of goods, was also regarded as u

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Höhler, Julia, and Julia A. Schreiner. "Unfair milk prices? Lessons from a split-sample choice experiment." British Food Journal 122, no. 2 (2019): 515–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-04-2019-0298.

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Purpose In times of “milk price crises”, “fair” milk prices are repeatedly demanded. Various studies indicate an increased willingness to pay (WTP) for the additional attribute of price fairness. Nevertheless, market shares have been low so far. The purpose of this paper is to discuss three possible reasons for this: low reference prices, socially desirable responses in choice experiments and the lack of justification of the claim “fair” by further attributes. Design/methodology/approach In a split sample, one group facing alternatives with a higher price range and the other with a lower price

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Elegido, Juan M. "The Ethics of Price Discrimination." Business Ethics Quarterly 21, no. 4 (2011): 633–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/beq201121439.

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ABSTRACT:Price discrimination is the practice of charging different customers different prices for the same product. Many people consider price discrimination unfair, but economists argue that in many cases price discrimination is more likely to lead to greater welfare than is the uniform pricing alternative—sometimes for every party in the transaction. This article shows i) that there are many situations in which it is necessary to engage in differential pricing in order to make the provision of a product possible; and ii) that in many such situations, the seller does not obtain an above-aver

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Damiri, Devi Melisa. "Analisis Persaingan Tarif antara Telkomsel dan Indosat di Industri Telekomunikasi." Journal of Secretary and Business Administration 1, no. 1 (2017): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31104/jsab.v1i1.4.

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Established Law No. 5 of 1999 on the prohibition of monopolistic practices and unfair business competition can not be separated from IMF pressure on the Indonesian government on the government to combat monopolistic practices and unfair business competition that occurred in Indonesia by immediately enacting the legislation. The purpose of this study is analyzing the telecommunications industry price war that occurs between the Telkomsel operator and Indosat Ooredoo against unfair competition. The method used in this research is descriptive method of analysis. Data used are secondary data. Resu

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Reinartz, Werner, and Nico Wiegand. "The Perils of Retail Price Differentiation: Why Nobody Wins When Customers Lose." NIM Marketing Intelligence Review 11, no. 1 (2019): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/nimmir-2019-0005.

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AbstractPrice differentiation is a longstanding marketing instrument in retailing. In our digital omni-channel environment its implementation may get technically easier, but also more transparent and obvious. As consumers generally consider price differentiation as unfair, systems need to be implemented cautiously and hold potential benefits for all parties. Some practices are perceived as more unfair than others. Dissimilarity of the purchase situation, control over the final price, the suspected motive of the company, and fairness of the pricing rule are decisive factors in the consumer eval

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Xia, Lan, Kent B. Monroe, and Jennifer L. Cox. "The Price is Unfair! A Conceptual Framework of Price Fairness Perceptions." Journal of Marketing 68, no. 4 (2004): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.68.4.1.42733.

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S, Chintya Amelia, Pujiyono Pujiyono, and Hari Purwadi. "Consumer Protection in Resale Price Maintenance Practices." International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding 8, no. 1 (2021): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v8i1.2195.

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Fair business competition is greatly needed to create a conducive business climate. Regulations governing the fair business competition are expected to ensure the business opportunities for business actors and to prevent monopolistic practices and or unfair business competitions, and at the same time to protect the consumers. In Indonesia, the Resale Price Maintenance (RPM) is applied as an effort or actions of the upstream businesses such as manufacturing companies or suppliers to control the price when the goods are resold. Control and supervision of the Resale Price Maintenance practices ar

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Trujillo, Antonio J., Taruja Karmarkar, Caleb Alexander, William Padula, Jeremy Greene, and Gerard Anderson. "Fairness in drug prices: do economists think differently from the public?" Health Economics, Policy and Law 15, no. 1 (2018): 18–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744133118000427.

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AbstractUsing dual-entitlement theory as the guide, we conducted a survey of economists from the National Bureau of Economic Research asking them a series of questions about the fairness of drug prices in the United States. Public opinion surveys have repeatedly shown that the public perceives drug prices to be unfair, but economists trained in laws of supply and demand may have different perceptions. Three hundred and ten senior economists responded to our survey. Forty-five percent agreed that drug prices were unfair when people, specifically low-income individuals, could not afford their pr

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Friesen, Mark. "A dynamic perspective on consumers’ price fairness perception: Empirical evidence from the airline industry." Die Unternehmung 74, no. 4 (2020): 403–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0042-059x-2020-4-403.

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This paper investigates the concept of perceived price fairness and its dynamic alteration along the customer buying cycle. Today, variable pricing is widespread in many service industries. Besides the current sales price, customers are extensively exposed to varying external reference prices (for example, advertised prices). Thus, this pricing practice risks being perceived as unfair at some stage along the purchasing process, and negative consumer reactions cannot be ruled out. However, previous research has adopted a quite static approach, which only offered an incomplete picture of fairnes

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Быкова, О., O. Bykova, М. Ольховская, M. Ol'hovskaya, Д. Рябушева, and D. Ryabusheva. "Features of Unfair Competition in the MediaSphere." Scientific Research and Development. Economics of the Firm 7, no. 3 (2018): 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5ba211bb6c64b9.38607648.

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Civilized market relations suggest active entrepreneurial activity and as a matter of fact competitive relations acting as an acting force in the change of price politics and production quality. However, the modern world economy characterizes not only with progressive development with correctly aligned competitive relations, but also characterizes with dishonest methods of leading entrepreneurial activity, dealing damage not only to the business, but also to the consumers and society as a whole.

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Andrés Martínez, Mª Encarnación, Miguel Ángel Gómez Borja, and Juan Antonio Mondéjar Jiménez. "Un análisis del efecto de la percepción de justicia de precios en el comportamiento del consumidor en el proceso de reserva de hotel online." PASOS. Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural 13, no. 4 (2015): 849–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.25145/j.pasos.2015.13.058.

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The fairness perception has an important role in consumer decision. The economic situation of many households makes that the fairness price perception was very important in the purchase behavior. This situation is not alien to such an important sector as the tourism sector, and specifically to the hotel booking. In this paper we consider the online hotel booking to analyze the consequences on purchase behavior stemming from the fairness price perception. These effects can be seen in the long term when the situation is irreversible, therefore the sellers should know those consequences to be cle

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Giarratana, Marco, Myriam Mariani, and Ingo Weller. "The price of unfair prizes to R&D inventors." Academy of Management Proceedings 2014, no. 1 (2014): 13775. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2014.13775abstract.

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Lee, Woo Baik. "The Effect of KRX Halts on Overheated Short-selling Stocks." Korean Journal of Financial Studies 49, no. 5 (2020): 741–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.26845/kjfs.2020.10.49.5.741.

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Korea Exchange (KRX) has adopted several measures to ease temporary overheating of short-selling stocks in the market since March 27, 2017. These measures aim to curb excessive volatility and unfair trade, promoting efficient price discovery. This study examines the effect of overheated short-selling halts using the sample data from these KRX measures during the period of September 2017 to October 2019. The major empirical results are: first, the drop in prices of overheated short-selling stocks on a downward trend slows significantly after KRX announcement. Moreover, the stock price rise on t

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15

Svensson, Ola. "The Unfair Contract Terms Directive." Nordic Journal of European Law 3, no. 2 (2020): 24–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.36969/njel.v3i2.22099.

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The harmonisation of consumer law in Europe has been an important objective within the EU. Efforts have focused not only on improving the functioning of the internal market, but also on securing a high level of consumer protection in the Member States. With regard to consumer contracts, the Unfair Contract Terms Directive has come to play a key role, not least due to the case law of the European Court of Justice in this area in recent years. This article examines the need for an unfairness test of standard contracts and argues that the directive can be expanded to also include individually neg

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Watts, Alison. "Fairness and Efficiency in Online Advertising Mechanisms." Games 12, no. 2 (2021): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/g12020036.

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Online advertising often involves targeting ads to certain types of consumers where ads are commonly sold by generalized second price auctions. However, such an auction or mechanism could be considered unfair if similar consumers are consistently shown different ads or consistently receive different payoffs. Results show that such ascending bid auctions may result in unfair treatment and additionally that uncertainty regarding an ad’s value can result in inefficiency. An alternative way to assign ads to consumers is presented called the random assignment mechanism. Results show that the random

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Gal, Michal S. "THE CASE FOR LIMITING PRIVATE EXCESSIVE PRICING LITIGATION." Journal of Competition Law & Economics 15, no. 2-3 (2019): 298–326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/joclec/nhz015.

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ABSTRACT In the European Union, private litigation of competition law violations is in its nascence. As this article shows, excessive pricing raises strong concerns for such litigation, for three reasons: (1) the inherent difficulty of defining what constitutes an unfair price; (2) additional challenges inherent to private excessive pricing litigation, such as the need to pinpoint when exactly a price becomes unfair; and (3) the institutional features of general courts in EU member states, which are ill-suited to the required tasks. We elaborate on these concerns, pointing to four specific cha

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Davis, Peter, and Vivek Mani. "The Law and Economics of Excessive and Unfair Pricing:: A Review and a Proposal." Antitrust Bulletin 63, no. 4 (2018): 399–430. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003603x18807804.

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The law on excessive pricing by a dominant firm derives from Article 102 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), considered in the United Brands (UB) decision by the European Court of Justice (ECJ). The UB decision described a test that requires an assessment of whether prices are excessive to the point of being unfair in the sense that it has no reasonable relation to economic value of the product supplied (either in itself or in comparison to other products). In this article, we describe a coherent microeconomic framework for understanding the proper relationships betw

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Быкова, O. Bykova, Ольховская, M. Ol'hovskaya, Сысоева, and A. Sysoeva. "Features of the Unfair Competition in Russia and Abroad." Economics of the Firm 6, no. 1 (2017): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/25154.

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The competition is the primary mechanism for modern market system. The competition serves as regulator. It motivates producer to introduce the newest methods and solutions, improve productivity and access to markets, to improve the production technology organization of work. The competition is a necessary attribute of an advanced economy. It is an incentive for improving the quality products, increased volume of productions, formation of feasible price, accurate advertising. At the same time, certain types of competition conflict with established business customs and traditions. The unfair com

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Pathak, Akhileshwar. "Legal Responses to Economic Liberalization: The Case of Unfair Trade Practices." Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers 29, no. 3 (2004): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0256090920040305.

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This paper traces the evolution of law and practices in the past 20 years focusing on one aspect of unfair trade practices — unfairness in holding of games, contests, lotteries, and similar schemes for promoting sales and services in the context of India transitioning from a state controlled to a liberalized economy. With competition in the economy, firms have got into aggressive and competitive trade practices to entice the customers. These practices raise questions about the truthfulness and fairness of representation of products, services, advertisements, and schemes and modalities for prom

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Rydzewski, Marissa. "Price Gouging During a Pandemic: The Federal Government’s Response." DttP: Documents to the People 48, no. 4 (2020): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/dttp.v48i4.7480.

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On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) characterized the COVID-19 outbreak as a pandemic. Two days later, the US president declared a state of emergency in Proclamation No. 9994. One of the many problems that arise with a public health crisis is the shortage of essential medical supplies like ventilators, masks, and hand sanitizer. When these items become scarce, some businesses or entrepreneurs try to inflate their prices to make a higher profit when they know they can still sell these necessary items. These high costs on goods during disasters or emergencies can seem unfair a

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Hawk, Barry E. "Antitrust in History." Antitrust Bulletin 63, no. 3 (2018): 275–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003603x18783124.

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The antitrust world before 1890 looks barren when compared with today’s global antitrust industry. The most common antitrust laws in pre-modern societies condemned practices that had the perceived tendency to raise prices: forestalling, hoarding and price fixing. Enforcement was focused on retail markets and trade in essential foodstuffs, like grain. Laws intended to ensure fair prices are common throughout history. Rules prohibiting unfair or excessive prices raise the more general question of price controls in pre-industrial societies. The historical evidence is ambiguous. Laws prohibiting m

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Mandal, Pratap Chandra. "Public Policy Issues in Pricing." International Journal of Applied Management Theory and Research 1, no. 2 (2019): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijamtr.2019070102.

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Companies adopt pricing policies which maximize their revenues and profits generated. Sometimes, those pricing policies are not fair. The major public policy issues include unfair pricing practices within distribution channel levels such as price-fixing and predatory pricing, and across distribution channel levels such as retail price maintenance, deceptive pricing, and discriminatory pricing. Companies also set dynamic pricing. They set high prices for products to cover distribution costs, advertising and promotion costs, and excessive markups to generate extra revenues. Companies try adoptin

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Mandal, Pratap Chandra. "Pricing and Public Policy Issues." International Journal of Business Strategy and Automation 2, no. 4 (2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijbsa.20211001.oa2.

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Companies adopt pricing policies to maximize the revenues and profits generated. Some of the policies are not fair. Major public policy issues in pricing include unfair pricing practices within distribution channel levels such as price-fixing and predatory pricing, and across distribution channel levels such as retail price maintenance, deceptive pricing, and discriminatory pricing. Companies set dynamic pricing and high prices for products to cover distribution costs, advertising and promotion costs, and excessive mark-ups. Companies try adopting fair pricing policies. Nevertheless, laws and

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Schotanus, Fredo, Jan Telgen, and Luitzen de Boer. "Unfair allocation of gains under the Equal Price allocation method in purchasing groups." European Journal of Operational Research 187, no. 1 (2008): 162–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2007.03.009.

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Freeman, Anne. "Contracting with small businesses: include unfair terms in your standard form contracts at your peril." APPEA Journal 58, no. 2 (2018): 550. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj17060.

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Many companies operating in the oil and gas space might think that the Australian Consumer Law has little impact on them. However, in November 2016, amendments were made to the Competition and Consumer Act extending the unfair contract terms regime under that legislation beyond dealings with individual consumers to small businesses. This reform has potential far-reaching consequences for companies in the oil and gas sector which use standard form contracts with suppliers of goods and services. A standard form contract is one that is prepared by one party to the contract where the other party h

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Pukthuanthong, Kuntara, and Thomas J. Walker. "A review of IPO selling methods: Is there a clear winner?" Corporate Ownership and Control 3, no. 2 (2006): 68–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv3i2p8.

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After the hot IPO market of 1999/2000, numerous U.S. underwriters have been sued in connection with unfair IPO allocation schemes. In these lawsuits, plaintiffs contend that the underwriters engaged in illegal tactics by soliciting and receiving kickbacks in exchange for allocations of portions of a company’s IPO, required tie-in purchases creating an artificial demand for the stock, and artificially inflated the price of the stock through “laddering” (requiring purchases of additional stock in the aftermarket at escalating prices). The proliferation of these laddering schemes has inspired sev

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Phillips Sawyer, Laura. "California Fair Trade: Antitrust and the Politics of “Fairness” in U.S. Competition Policy." Business History Review 90, no. 1 (2015): 31–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007680515001063.

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In the decades before World War II, U.S. antitrust law was anything but settled. Considerable pressure for antitrust revision came from the states. A perhaps unlikely leader, Edna Gleason, organized California's retail pharmacists and coordinated trade networks to monitor and enforce Resale Price Maintenance (RPM) contracts, a system of price-fixing, then known as “fair trade.” Progressive jurists, including Louis Brandeis and institutional economist E. R. A. Seligman, supported RPM as a protection to independent proprietors. The breakdown of legal and economic consensus regarding what constit

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Awwal, Muhammad Al Faridho, and Dewi Wahyu Setyo Rini. "Remain Results of Network Retail Transactions: Potential Charity in Indonesia." IQTISHODUNA: Jurnal Ekonomi Islam 9, no. 1 (2020): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.36835/iqtishoduna.v9i1.467.

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In the modern market or what is usually known as retail chains, most goods are sold with non-rounded price which creates price differences that cannot be translated into any physical value of printed money. The accumulated price differences are usually donated into charities which are managed by certain companies. However, it makes people worried about any indications of management overlap between charity donations and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) due to the intransparency of datas in terms of their financial managements.Not to mention, the unfair distribution of the donation money on

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Mashum, AM Hafidz, Marlina Marlina, Marlina Marlina, Marlina Marlina, and Marlina Marlina. "Nusantara Syariah Economy (Construction of Economic Cooperation between the Indonesian Muslim Community)." IQTISHODUNA: Jurnal Ekonomi Islam 9, no. 2 (2020): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.36835/iqtishoduna.v9i2.490.

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In the modern market or what is usually known as retail chains, most goods are sold with non-rounded price which creates price differences that cannot be translated into any physical value of printed money. The accumulated price differences are usually donated into charities which are managed by certain companies. However, it makes people worried about any indications of management overlap between charity donations and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) due to the intransparency of datas in terms of their financial managements.Not to mention, the unfair distribution of the donation money on

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Dearden, Nick. "Is shifting to US-style deregulation the inevitable consequence of Brexit?" Soundings 75, no. 75 (2020): 82–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3898/soun.75.05.2020.

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A US trade deal is a crucial part of Johnson's post-Brexit drive towards deregulation. The deal is seen as a golden opportunity to import an American-style lax approach to regulation. For the US negotiators, any imposition of regulations and standards on imported goods is seen as creating unfair barriers for trade. This is the cause of headlines about chlorinated chickens, but will also affect public services - which are regarded as unfair competition. Price regulation - as, for example, for drugs used by the NHS - is also seen as interference. A deal is also likely to include clauses binding

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Monaghan, Maura J., and Michael S. Monaghan. "Do Market Components Account for Higher US Prescription Prices?" Annals of Pharmacotherapy 30, no. 12 (1996): 1489–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106002809603001219.

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BACKGROUND: Although only 7–8% of US healthcare expenditures are spent on prescription drug products, the pharmaceutical industry's profitability and high cost of prescriptions to consumers make prescription drugs a visible target for reform. When compared with other products, it appears as if unfair pricing tactics are used. The pharmaceutical industry cites costs of research and development and a short patent life as justifiable grounds for high prices, but the reason why US drug prices appear to be so high has yet to be answered. OBJECTIVE: To examine identified components of the pharmaceut

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Nababan, Roida, and Jeremia Saragih. "TINJAUAN YURIDIS TERHADAP PERJANJIAN YANG DILARANGDALAM UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 5 TAHUN 1999 TENTANG LARANGAN PRAKTEK MONOPOLI DAN PERSAINGAN USAHA TIDAK SEHAT YANG DILAKUKAN OLEH PELAKU USAHA KERAMBA JARING APUNGDI HARANGGAOLHORISON KABUPATEN SIMALUNGUN." Visi Sosial Humaniora 1, no. 2 (2020): 8–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.51622/vsh.v1i2.76.

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This study aims to analyze the forms of agreement prohibited in Law Number 5 of 1999 concerning the Prohibition of Monopolistic Practices and Unfair Business Competition carried out by floating net cage business actors in Haranggaol Horison, Simalungun Regency. This study uses a juridical empirical and normative juridical approach, through field research and literature research to obtain primary data and secondary data. Literature study is carried out on statutory regulations and other literature and field research is carried out by interviewing business actors of floating net cages in Harangg

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Suhonen, Niko, and Mikael Linden. "UNFAIR GAMES, SUBJECTIVE PROBABILITIES, AND FAVOURITE-LONGSHOT BIAS IN FINNISH HORSE RACING." Journal of Gambling Business and Economics 4, no. 2 (2013): 43–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5750/jgbe.v4i2.555.

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This paper discusses risky and uncertain decision-making in the framework of gambling. The well-known anomaly of favourite-longshot bias is considered. We argue that gambling behaviour can be seen as consumption. Thus, gambling behaviour is more than a risky choice. It is reasonable to assume that the price of gambling is the take-out rate or the expected loss. We illustrate, with some elementary gambling, that the gambling markets constitute an environment where risky choices can be measured only with probabilities. Typical gambling behaviour (e.g. horse betting) is modelled by an approach th

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Dipu, SMMA, MR Begum, and S. Sultana. "Socio-economic, farm and technological characteristics of the peri-urban small and marginal dairy farmers of Chittagong metro area, Bangladesh." SAARC Journal of Agriculture 17, no. 1 (2019): 77–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sja.v17i1.42763.

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The paper depicted the salient features of the socio-economic, farm and technological background and the existing problems of the peri-urban small and marginal dairy farmers of Chittagong Metro Area (CMA), Bangladesh. Data were collected using a pre-tested structured questionnaire. Snowball sampling method was used to gather socioeconomic, farm and technological data. Both descriptive statistics and mathematical analyses were used for analyzing the data. The study finds the peri-urban small and marginal dairy farmers are not fully dependent on dairy farming for income and young people are less

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Breslow, Alex D., Ananta Tiwari, Martin Schulz, Laura Carrington, Lingjia Tang, and Jason Mars. "Enabling Fair Pricing on High Performance Computer Systems with Node Sharing." Scientific Programming 22, no. 2 (2014): 59–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/906454.

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Co-location, where multiple jobs share compute nodes in large-scale HPC systems, has been shown to increase aggregate throughput and energy efficiency by 10–20%. However, system operators disallow co-location due to fair-pricing concerns, i.e., a pricing mechanism that considers performance interference from co-running jobs. In the current pricing model, application execution time determines the price, which results in unfair prices paid by the minority of users whose jobs suffer from co-location. This paper presents POPPA, a runtime system that enables fair pricing by delivering precise onlin

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Sukma, Ria Permata. "Price agreement and market provision between principal and distributor in the constitution no. 5, 1999." Jurnal Hukum Volkgeist 3, no. 2 (2019): 127–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.35326/volkgeist.v3i2.121.

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Market structure is one of the things that determines potential occurance of price fixing. Market characteristics with large entry barriers for newcomers causing difficulties for competitors to enter so that there are no substitutes. Distributor is one of the business actors namely a national trading company that acts for and in its own name based on an agreement with the principal to make purchases, storage, sales and marketing of goods and/or services. There are pricing activities in business activities carried out by distributors with their networks in controlled markets, so the main issue

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CHAPUIS, Jean Michel. "Consumers’ Perceptions of Price Steering in Shopping Online for Tourism." Journal of Management Research 13, no. 3 (2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jmr.v13i3.18810.

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When confronting discriminations during the buying process, the consumers may perceive unfair transactions and some untrustworthy providers. Price steering is a common manipulation of listing offers tailored to a customer’s request. The consumers receive a same-products list in a different order for the same query on e-shop. The study questions whether its performance is related to discrimination among consumers. This paper mobilizes the theory of Justice to explore perceptions of fairness and trust in the practice of price steering. The proposed framework states that the post-purchase stage r

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Goncharuk, Anatoliy, Veronika Khudolei, Olena Stanislavyk, Vadym Yatsyshyn, and Yuliia Semenchuk. "Barriers to energy sustainability: A case study from Ukraine." E3S Web of Conferences 307 (2021): 05004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202130705004.

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Sustainability goals imply not only economic and environmental components, but also a social one. The energy business around the world is profitable and economically viable, but it does not always bring appropriate benefits to a society. Besides, some governments, instead of protecting the interests of the population, turn a blind eye and generate injustice in relation to some parts of society in collaboration with energy companies. This paper examines one of the cases when the authorities pursue an unfair policy and contribute to the growth of inequality in society through regulating the natu

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Puspasari, Novita, and Yudha Aryo Sudibyo. "No Guts, No Glory: Promoting Economic Independence of Brown Sugar Farmers Through Co-Operative." HOLISTICA – Journal of Business and Public Administration 10, no. 1 (2019): 24–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hjbpa-2019-0003.

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Abstract Banyumas regency is the largest producer of brown sugar in Indonesia. One location which produce brown sugar is in Ketanda Village. Unfortunately, most of brown sugar farmers have been trapped to bad middlemen for decades since they are lack of capital and market access. The farmers pay debt to middlemen with their sugar then the price is determined by the middleman. Moreover, middlemen buy brown sugar in much lower price than the market price. Both the buying price and the debt scheme determined by the middlemen are unfair to brown sugar farmers. This research used action research me

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Jamil, Ahmad Syariful, and Netti Tinaprilla. "PEMASARAN GARAM RAKYAT (Studi Kasus Desa Lembung, Kecamatan Galis, Kabupaten Pamekasan, Jawa Timur)." Forum Agribisnis 5, no. 2 (2017): 121–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/fagb.5.2.121-138.

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Salt is a strategic and high economic valued commodity because it is needed in every human food as a main raw material. The purpose of this research was to analyze marketing channels, function, structure and marketing institutions of farmer salt commodity and to analyze the efficiency of farmer salt marketing in anymarketing channel using marketing margin, farmer’s share and benefit cost ratio approach. The research showed that there were main channels, the formation of which was based on the starting point of the distribution with different institutions, functions and market structure in each

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Yan, Gao, and Qian Pu. "Evaluation and Analysis of Administrative Monopoly in China's Oil Industry." Copenhagen Journal of Asian Studies 32, no. 1 (2014): 49–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.22439/cjas.v32i1.4596.

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China's oil and petrochemical industry is under administrative monopoly. Administrative monopoly, according to the Unirule Institute of Economics, refers to trade monopoly from concessions granted and the monopolistic power conferred by administrative departments through administrative documents on business entities—enterprises or administrative institutions that are also engaged in profit-making activities. Administrative monopolies come in various forms, including barriers to entry, special privileges and price regulation, which lead to multi-level monopolistic powers and status. The adminis

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Sulistyani, Wanodyo, and Soni A. Nulhaqim. "Potensi Konflik dalam Relasi Penjeratan Hutang di Masyarakat Nelayan: Studi Kasus Relasi Bakul dan Langgan di Desa Gebang Mekar Kabupaten Cirebon." EMPATI: Jurnal Ilmu Kesejahteraan Sosial 5, no. 1 (2016): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/empati.v5i1.9773.

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Debt bondage is a relation pattern between Bakul (the capital owner) and Langgan (fishers who are indebted to Bakul) in Gebang Mekar Village, Cirebon District. This debt bondage are imperishable because the lack of Langgan’s ability to pay their debt to Bakul; while Bakul as the capital owner has power to determine the price of fish and other fisheries products, where the fishers have obligation to sell their harvest to their Bakul. Yet, Bakul’s price is lower than the market price. As a result, to increase the fishers’ profit, they sold their harvest to other Bakul; this behavior is potential

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Duzha, Juxhen, Brunilda Hoxhalli, Enxhi Lika, and Steisi Mici. "Statistical Analysis of the Government Expenditure for Greece: January 2008- September 2015." European Journal of Economics and Business Studies 5, no. 1 (2016): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejes.v5i1.p22-32.

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The main purpose of the present study is to develop a statistical analysis of the government expenditure for Greece during the period January 2008- September 2015. The source of the official data is the Greece Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. The Kolmogorov’s Central Limit Theorem, “fair game” concept in the sense of Stein-Vorobiev, Kolmogorov- Smirnov- Lilliefors test and Shapiro- Wilk test are applied. The government expenditure is estimated based on current price or as a percentage of GDP. Some results of the present study include: The official data of quarterly gover

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Rodenberg, Ryan, and Elihu D. Feustel. "FORENSIC SPORTS ANALYTICS: DETECTING AND PREDICTING MATCH-FIXING IN TENNIS." Journal of Prediction Markets 8, no. 1 (2014): 77–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5750/jpm.v8i1.866.

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Despite some degree of lingering friction between sports leagues and wagering, the eradication of corruption in sports is one issue in which the interests of sports governing bodies, reputable gambling businesses, entities affiliated with the sports industry, and law enforcement are allied. This paper aims to: (i) detect match-fixing corruption in tennis and (ii) predict such match-fixing before it occurs. We first compare proxy measures of effort in fair matches versus possibly unfair matches – matches played in the first round, where wagering-induced manipulation is more likely. The results

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Manalu, Hottua. "Notifikasi Aksi Korporasi Sebagai Instrumen Hukum Pencegah Praktik Monopoli dan Persaingan Usaha Tidak Sehat." Undang: Jurnal Hukum 2, no. 1 (2019): 33–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.22437/ujh.2.1.33-67.

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This article discusses about corporation action notification on the competition law perspective. Corporation action notification is a notification obligations by the business actor to the Business Competition Supervisory Commision about corporation action in the form of incorporation, fusion, or company share acquition that caused asset value or sales value is ecxceed specific value. This article concluded that notification is an important instrument to prevent monopolistic practices and unfair competition, because a corporation action has an influence towards business competition, that can in

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Anavrat, Vinod, Ropan Bante, and Mamta Mokde. "Acid lime Growers’ Feasibility Perception of Contract Farming." Current Agriculture Research Journal 5, no. 3 (2017): 331–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/carj.5.3.11.

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Contract farming is generally practiced by food processing firms wherein the risk is allocated between the company and its growers. Its key aspect is risk sharing and risk reduction. Hence we made an attempt to know the perception of acid lime growers and ascertain the prospects of contract farming. The sample comprised of 200 acid lime growers in 3 districts of Maharashtra, using random walk sampling technique. The data collected through a structured interview schedule were analyzed using the t-test of significance of difference between sample and population means. The study revealed signific

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Minn, Mari. "Excessive Pricing of Pharmaceuticals in the EU: Balancing between Exploitation and Exploitative Abuse." TalTech Journal of European Studies 10, no. 3 (2020): 91–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bjes-2020-0023.

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Abstract Normally, after the end of the exclusivity period offered by patents, medicines fall in public domain attracting competing companies to launch generic production that would bring down price levels. for different reasons, generic production of off-patented medicines does not always take place, allowing the main producer to continue dictate price levels. under some circumstances, this conduct may turn into exploitative abuse. However, excessive pricing itself is not anti-competitive unless other cost-and non-cost-related factors are present that turn excessive pricing a concern of compe

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Heinz, Matthias, Sabrina Jeworrek, Vanessa Mertins, Heiner Schumacher, and Matthias Sutter. "Measuring the Indirect Effects of Adverse Employer Behaviour on Worker Productivity: a field Experiment." Economic Journal 130, no. 632 (2020): 2546–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ej/ueaa038.

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Abstract We conduct a field experiment to study how worker productivity is affected if employers act adversely towards their co-workers. Our employees work for two shifts in a call centre. In our main treatment, we lay off some workers before the second shift. Compared to two control treatments, we find that the lay-off reduces the productivity of unaffected workers by 12%. We find suggestive evidence that this result is not driven by altered beliefs about the job or the management’s competence, but caused by the workers’ perception of unfair employer behaviour. The latter interpretation is co

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Fu, Hongyong, Kok Loy Teo, Yujie Li, and Lei Wang. "Weather Risk–Reward Contract for Sustainable Agri-Food Supply Chain with Loss-Averse Farmer." Sustainability 10, no. 12 (2018): 4540. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10124540.

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Compared with the traditional agri-food supply chain (AFSC) whose only goal is to maximize economic benefits, the sustainable agri-food supply chain (SAFSC) starts to attract more attention. Typical challenges faced by SAFSC development are unfair pricing of produce, yield uncertainty caused by adverse weather, as well as conflict and cooperation between stakeholders and sustainable activities of SAFSC. In this paper, we establish a two-echelon decision-making model consisting of a loss-averse farmer and a loss-neutral company. A guaranteed price mechanism is contrived to mitigate the effects

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