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Journal articles on the topic 'Uniaxial loading'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 11 February 2022

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1

Liu, Zhixi, Guangming Zhao, Xiangrui Meng, Ruofei Zhang, Dong Chunliang, and Wensong Xu. "Energy Analysis Method for Uniaxial Compression Test of Sandstone under Static and Quasi-Dynamic Loading Rates." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2021 (June 14, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9933243.

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To investigate the energy evolution characteristics of sandstone under static-quasi-dynamic loading rates (1.0 × 10−3, 5.0 × 10−3, 1.0 × 10−2, 5.0 × 10−2, and 1.0 × 10−1 mm/s), the uniaxial compression tests, the uniaxial cyclic loading-unloading tests, and the uniaxial incrementally cyclic loading-unloading tests were conducted under five different loading rates. Through analysis of the elastic energy of the uniaxial cyclic loading-unloading test and the uniaxial incremental cyclic loading-unloading test, show that the impact of the loading rate and the cycle numbers on the elastic energy is less. Hence, we can deem that when the loads of the uniaxial incremental cyclic loading-unloading test and the uniaxial compression test are equal, the elastic energy of the two also equals. The energy in the uniaxial compression tests analyzed by the uniaxial incrementally cyclic loading-unloading test show that elastic energy increased linearly when the input energy increased under different loading rates. Through the linear energy storage law and the uniaxial incremental cyclic loading and unloading test, it is possible to analyze the energy in the uniaxial compression test at any loading rates. The results show that the greater the loading rate, the greater the peak elastic energy and peak input energy. But when the load is equal, the greater the loading rate, the smaller the input energy and elastic energy. Compared with traditional methods, the new energy analysis method is accurate and simple. Meanwhile, based on energy dissipation, the damage of rock during uniaxial compression tests was studied.

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2

Petrenec, Martin, Veronique Aubin, Jaroslav Polák, and Suzanne Degallaix. "Dislocation Structures of Duplex Stainless Steel in Uniaxial and Biaxial Cyclic Loading." Materials Science Forum 482 (April 2005): 179–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.482.179.

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Austenitic-ferritic duplex stainless steel has been subjected to uniaxial and biaxial nonproportional cyclic loading with the same equivalent strain amplitude. The dislocation structures in specimens fatigued to fracture using both types of loadings were studied and compared. Uniaxial cyclic loading, both in austenitic and in ferritic grains, produces simple structures due to activation of predominantly one slip system. Non-proportional cyclic loading results in formation of cell and wall structures and thus in higher stress response of the material.

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3

Pun, Chung Lun, Qian Hua Kan, Peter J. Mutton, Guo Zheng Kang, and Wen Yi Yan. "On Constitutive Models for Ratcheting of a High Strength Rail Steel." Advanced Materials Research 891-892 (March 2014): 1146–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.891-892.1146.

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The ratcheting behaviour of a hypereutectoid high strength rail steel with carbon content of 0.85% was experimentally studied under both uniaxial and bi-axial cyclic loadings recently by the authors. To numerically simulate the multiaxial ratcheting behaviour of the rail steel, the Abaqus built-in Lemaitre-Chaboche model was applied first in current study. Following Abaqus documentation, the material data for the Lemaitre-Chaboche model were calibrated from the uniaxial loading test results. Comparing with experimental data, the Lemaitre-Chaboche model with the calibrated data provides overpredictions for the ratcheting responses of the rail steel under both uniaxial and bi-axial loadings. After that, a modified cyclic plasticity model with a coupling multiaxial parameter in the isotropic and kinematic hardening rules was applied for the material. The material data for this modified model were calibrated from both uniaxial and bi-axial loading tests. Comparison between the simulated results and the experimental data show that this modified cyclic plasticity model has the capacity to simulate both uniaxial and multiaxial ratcheting behaviour of the hypereutectoid rail steel with an acceptable accuracy.

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4

Stouffer, D. C., V. G. Ramaswamy, J. H. Laflen, R. H. Van Stone, and R. Williams. "A Constitutive Model for the Inelastic Multiaxial Response of Rene’ 80 at 871C and 982C." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 112, no. 2 (1990): 241–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2903315.

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This paper contains an extension of the uniaxial state variable constitutive model of Ramaswamy et al. (1988) to the case of multiaxial loading. The correlation between uniaxial and multiaxial loading conditions is achieved through the assumptions of material isotropy and conservation of inelastic volume. The multiaxial extension is based only on the material parameters evaluated from uniaxial loading. The research is accompanied by a multiaxial experimental program to evaluate the response of Rene’ 80 at 871°C and 982° C. Experiments in the program include torsion, proportional axial and torsion, and nonproportional loading. It was shown experimentally that there is no extra hardening from the multiaxial loading than results from uniaxial loading. Further, it is shown that the multiaxial model is successful in predicting the experimental results using only the parameters determined from the uniaxial experiments.

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5

Arthington, M. R., C. R. Siviour, N. Petrinic, and B. C. F. Elliott. "Cross-section reconstruction during uniaxial loading." Measurement Science and Technology 20, no. 7 (2009): 075701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/20/7/075701.

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6

Omrani, Amine, Sébastien Langlois, Pierre Van Dyke, Sasan Sattarpanah Karganroudi, and Sébastien Lalonde. "Fatigue strength evaluation for individual strands of overhead conductors using a biaxial fretting fatigue test bench." MATEC Web of Conferences 300 (2019): 06003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201930006003.

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This paper presents a biaxial fretting fatigue test bench which provides the capability of performing fretting fatigue experiments on individual wires of a conductor combining the effect of both alternating tension and bending loadings to represent a more realistic state of a conductor individual strand under periodic loading caused by aeolian vibrations. Preliminary tests with only uniaxial alternating tension loading were carried out on 1350-H19 aluminum wires having the same mechanical and geometric characteristics as those of the ACSR Bersfort conductor aluminum strands. Different levels of alternating stress were tested in order to validate the performance of the apparatus. Preliminary results showed that the experimental setup allows reproducing the local loading state which leads to the fretting fatigue damage on the tested wires. Biaxial tests were also conducted at a high level of alternating loadings. The results of these tests reveals that, at high alternating stress amplitudes, the biaxial loading allows to observe some fretting fatigue failures, whereas early plain fatigue failures were observed when applying similar uniaxial loading.

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7

Xie, Bing, Jin Jun Guo, and Xiang Xia. "Influence of Loading Rate on Uniaxial Compression Test of Rock Specimen with Random Joints." Advanced Materials Research 396-398 (November 2011): 217–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.396-398.217.

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Numerical specimens with ramdom joints is established by particle flow code PFC2D and uniaxial compression tests are conducted under three different loading rate. Studies have shown that strength of uniaxial compression are all increased with the loading rate no matter what specimen is complete or with random joints. The sensitivity of changes of uniaxial compressive strength of specimen with random joints decreases with increasing of the loading rate.

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8

Li, Zong Zhan, Jun Lin Tao, and Yi Li. "Experimental Research on Acoustic Emission of Granite under Uniaxial Compression and Splitting Tensile." Applied Mechanics and Materials 232 (November 2012): 24–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.232.24.

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This paper makes the acoustic emission of granite under uniaxial compression and splitting tensile test by electro-hydraulic testing machine and AE .We studied the relationship of uniaxial compressive strength and splitting tensile strength with the loading rate and AE characteristics of granite .The results show that uniaxial compressive strength and peak strain raise with loading rate, the AE energy gradually increases and get maximum in the 30% of the peak stress in the process of uniaxial compression test, and in the splitting tensile AE energy generates in the initial loading and gets maximum when the granite brittle fracture.

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9

Yan, Gui Ling, Hong Wang, Guo Zheng Kang, and Zhou Chen. "The Study on Fatigue Behavior in Very High Cycle of 5083 Aluminum Alloy." Key Engineering Materials 626 (August 2014): 359–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.626.359.

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Fatigue tests were carried out at frequent of 20 kHz for 5083 aluminum alloy. The loading way is uniaxial and bending loading. The S-N curve of uniaxial loading presents a duplex curve corresponding to surface fracture and interior fracture. However the S-N curve of the bending fatigue shows the continuous curve. This demonstrates that different loading ways lead to different S-N curve characteristics. For uniaxial loading, almost all crack initiated interior of specimen in the very high cycle regime. The crack source zone appears wear away because of the constant pressure and grinding of this area in the process of cyclic loading. For the symmetric bending loading, the crack of corner in the specimen expands at different rates and direction.

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10

Slota, Ján, Miroslav Jurčišin, Miroslav Tomáš, and Emil Spišák. "Cyclic Test of DP600 Steel under Tension-Compression Load for Different Pre-Strain Levels." Key Engineering Materials 635 (December 2014): 71–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.635.71.

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Modeling sheet metal forming operations requires understanding of the plastic behavior of the sheet metal along the non-proportional strain paths. Measurement of hardening under reversed uniaxial loading is because of its simplicity very effective mechanical test to achieve several important features of material behavior. With the reversed uniaxial loading can be examined features as Bauschinger effect, work hardening stagnation, permanent softening etc., which are necessary to defined kinematic hardening in the numerical simulations. The biggest problem of uniaxial reversed loading is buckling of the sheet metal during the compression phase. In this article is described development of the simple fixture, used for the reversed uniaxial loading and results of tension-compression test for the steel DP 600 in various pre-strain levels are specified.

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11

Whiteman, G., P. T. Keightley, and J. C. F. Millett. "The Behaviour of 2169 Steel Under Uniaxial Stress and Uniaxial Strain Loading." Journal of Dynamic Behavior of Materials 2, no. 3 (2016): 337–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40870-016-0069-z.

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12

Tian, Jun, Xiaolong Fu, Xuejiao Shao, Lu Jiang, Jian Li, and Qianhua Kan. "Damage-coupled ratcheting behaviors of SA508 Gr.3 steel at room and elevated temperatures: Experiments and simulations." International Journal of Damage Mechanics 29, no. 9 (2020): 1379–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1056789520930406.

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A series of experiments subjected to uniaxial and non-proportionally multiaxial cyclic loadings were performed to investigate the ratcheting responses of SA508 Gr.3 steel at room and elevated temperatures. The influences of different stress levels and nonproportional loading paths on the damage-coupled ratcheting responses were discussed. From experimental results, cyclic softening characteristic and dynamic strain aging can be observed under cyclic loadings. Moreover, the steel exhibits an obvious nonproportional path-dependence of the damage evolution under multiaxial loading paths. To numerically simulate the ratcheting responses under uniaxial and multiaxial loadings with the extended cyclic plastic model, the damage-coupled variable was introduced into the classic isotropic and nonlinear kinematic hardening rules. Corresponding material parameters could be calibrated from experimental data, and comparisons between experimental and simulated results were performed to validate the proposed model.

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13

Harmon, Thomas G., Seetharaman Ramakrishnan, and Edward H. Wang. "Confined Concrete Subjected to Uniaxial Monotonic Loading." Journal of Engineering Mechanics 124, no. 12 (1998): 1303–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9399(1998)124:12(1303).

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14

Bellett, D., F. Morel, A. Morel, and J. L. Lebrun. "A Biaxial Fatigue Specimen for Uniaxial Loading." Strain 47, no. 3 (2011): 227–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-1305.2009.00674.x.

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15

Adda-Bedia, Mokhtar, and Martine Ben Amar. "Stability of Quasiequilibrium Cracks under Uniaxial Loading." Physical Review Letters 76, no. 9 (1996): 1497–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.76.1497.

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16

Lee, H. T., and J. C. Chen. "Temperature effect induced by uniaxial tensile loading." Journal of Materials Science 26, no. 21 (1991): 5685–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01130102.

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17

Andersons, J., R. Joffe, and R. Sandmark. "Constrained fragmentation of composites under uniaxial loading." Mechanics of Composite Materials 31, no. 1 (1995): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00616733.

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18

Zhong, Sheng, Chuan Xiao Liu, Zhi Hao Liu, and Long Wang. "Creep Characteristics of Mudstone under Devastating or Integrated States by Uniaxial Tests." Applied Mechanics and Materials 204-208 (October 2012): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.204-208.16.

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Based on general instantaneous strength test and uniaxial creep tests under devastating or integrated states, strain characteristics of mudstone in different stages have been determined. Analyzing strain features of mudstone developing in every stage of different tests, evolving creep law of mudstone under uniaxial devastating state may be validated, which axial limited creep strain under the decided loading standard is equal to that value at uniaxial complete strain-stress curve rearwards ultimate strength. Relationship between designed loading stress and its corresponding creep strain can be linear in uniaxial creep test of mudstone under integrated state, while must not be a determinate secant of uniaxial complete strain-stress curve. Studying results present that terminal creep strain of rock with certain loading levels and under devastating state can be only corresponded with an exclusive point of traditional uniaxial complete strain-stress curve rearwards the ultimate strength, and the extended limited creep courses of mudstone will answer for Boltzmann function.

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19

Gong, Fengqiang, Jingyi Yan, Yunliang Wang, and Song Luo. "Experimental Study on Energy Evolution and Storage Performances of Rock Material under Uniaxial Cyclic Compression." Shock and Vibration 2020 (October 20, 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8842863.

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To investigate the energy evolution and storage performances of rock under uniaxial cyclic compression, a series of uniaxial cyclic loading and unloading compression tests were conducted on Green sandstone and Yueyang granite. Two methods for calculating the total input energy of the specimen under each cycle were proposed. One is based on the actual stress-strain curve of the specimen (ASC method); the other is based on the stress-strain envelope curve during the loading process (SEC method). The experimental results show that, for those two methods, the total input energy, elastic energy, and dissipated energy of the specimen show a quadratic function increasing trend with the increase of stress levels. Besides, the elastic energy increases linearly with the increase of total input energy for both methods, which confirms that the linear energy storage law is also applicable to rock materials under uniaxial cyclic loading and unloading compression conditions. Moreover, the uniaxial compression energy storage coefficient calculated by the SEC method is highly close to that obtained based on the single cycle loading and unloading test, which indicates that the uniaxial compression energy storage coefficient of rock can also be calculated by multiple cyclic loading and unloading test. In conclusion, the linear energy storage law is a basic physical property of rock materials, and the uniaxial compression energy storage coefficient is a physical index reflecting the energy storage capacity of rock materials.

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20

Calado, Luís, and António Brito. "Stress-Strain Relationship for Steel under Uniaxial Cyclic Loadings." Advances in Structural Engineering 5, no. 3 (2002): 143–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/136943302760228095.

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The mechanical properties of steel in the inelastic range can generally be described by mathematical relationships. Many such constitutive relationships have been validated by static or uniaxial cyclic loading tests. Very few models have been substantiated by test results under complex loading conditions. For that reason, the implementation of such models in general purpose structural analysis programs for steel structures under seismic actions, is in some cases complex and in others impossible. This paper is concerned with a uniaxial non-linear model for structural steel under complex loading condition and with damage accumulation. The Giuffré, Menegoto and Pinto model was taken as a basis for the development of this model. The accuracy of the proposed numerical model was drawn with uniaxial cyclic experiments. Some numerical simulations are presented in order to illustrate the capabilities of the model for use as a stress-strain relationship for steel under uniaxial complex loading conditions up to the complete failure of the material.

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21

ZHANG, HAIXIA, DI ZHANG, XIAO QIN, HUI WANG, and LIN LI. "STUDY OF THE TRANSVERSAL DEFORMATION OF CORNEAL STRIP UNDER UNIAXIAL LOADING." Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 18, no. 07 (2018): 1840018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219519418400183.

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Uniaxial test is easy to access and to obtain accuracy data, but it is difficult to acquire two-dimensional deformation information. We investigated the relationship between the two strain components of corneal strip in uniaxial tests, which is the basis for determining of anisotropic strain energy function of cornea via uniaxial tests. Nine rabbits were taken. The left and right corneas were cut along superior-inferior (SI) and nasal-temporal (NT) direction, respectively. For each strip the uniaxial test was carried out, and the tensile displacements, strip images and loads were recorded. Then the stretching strain, the transversal strains and stress were obtained. Optimization based inverse analysis was utilized to find the best among six fitting models that characterizes the relationship between two strain components in uniaxial tests. All models fitted well the experimental data gathered for corneal strips ([Formula: see text]). According to the model selection index, the power model achieved the best performance index: 0.1268 for SI strips and 0.1063 for NT strips versus 0.151 (SI strips) and 0.107 (NT strips) found at most by other models. Thus, it is the most suitable one for describing the relationship between the two strain components of corneal strip during uniaxial stretching.

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22

Šumarac, Dragoslav, and Zoran Perović. "Elastoplastic and Damage Analysis of Trusses Subjected to Cyclic Loading." Applied Mechanics and Materials 784 (August 2015): 68–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.784.68.

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In the present paper, the Preisach model of hysteresis is extended to structural analysis of trusses damaged under cyclic loading in plastic range. Parameters for the Preisach model of cyclic plasticity are obtained from uniaxial loading experiment. Damage, as a consequence of micro cracks appearance due to alternating loading in plastic domain, is modeled using brittle elements according to Preisach procedure. Results of this research are compared with the already existing in the literature. In the paper examples of trusses under various cyclic loadings are presented.

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23

Zhang, Chun Hui, Hong Liang Yue, and Lai Gui Wang. "Tests on Effects of Loading Rate on Modulus and Strength of Sandstone." Advanced Materials Research 1065-1069 (December 2014): 214–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1065-1069.214.

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For studying on the effects of loading rate on modulus and strength of sandstone, uniaxial compression experiment of the samples, from Balikun mine, was performed at different loading rates. The influence of loading rate on average modulus, uniaxial compressive strength and post-peak strength degradation angle was analyzed, and the results indicate that:: The average modulus of sandstone samples increases with loading rate increasing; the both almost obey linear relationship. The peak strength of sandstone grows with the increase of loading rate; there is an approximately exponential relationship between the two. With loading rate increasing, the post-peak strength degradation angle decreases; the relationship between the both is approximately exponential.

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24

RODRIGUES, HUGO, ANTONIO ARÊDE, HUMBERTO VARUM, and ANIBAL COSTA. "BEHAVIOR OF RC BUILDING COLUMNS UNDER CYCLIC LOADING: EXPERIMENTAL STUDY." Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami 06, no. 04 (2012): 1250026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793431112500261.

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An experimental campaign is underway in order to understand the behavior of rectangular columns under uniaxial and biaxial flexure. The present paper addresses the initial part of that campaign, by reporting on two columns tested under uniaxial bending in one horizontal direction and then submitted to another uniaxial test in the other direction. The test result analysis focuses on the contributions of flexure, shear and slip components to the global deformation. The experimental results were compared with a simplified method for column response. The Park and Ang damage index is calculated and compared with the physical damage observed.

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25

Zhang, Qing Hang, Soon Huat Tan, and Siaw Meng Chou. "Plastic behaviour of two-dimensional regular hexagonal structures with bilinear and uniaxial strength asymmetry in cellular materials." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 222, no. 12 (2008): 2365–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544062jmes916.

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An elasto-plastic micromechanical model of the two-dimensional regular hexagonal structure was developed. General analytical expressions for the incremental constitutive relations were derived in terms of parameters defining the architecture and material of an internal beam. Non-linearity of the structure was introduced by considering the elastic—linear strain hardening behaviour of each internal beam, in which uniaxial strength asymmetry of the cellular material was accounted for. The plastic stress—strain relationship of the structure under any loading conditions can therefore be analysed by localized beam deformation. The results show that the bending deformation of the internal beam dominates under uniaxial stress loading conditions, however, the axial displacement dominates under the uniaxial strain conditions. The structure will present different behaviours under different loading conditions. The corresponding stresses under the uniaxial strain condition are greater than those under the uniaxial stress condition. The analyses also show that the volume fraction is highly correlated with the elastic constants and yield stresses of the structure. The denser the structure, the higher the moduli and yield stresses.

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26

Rhim, Hong C., Bo Hwan Oh, and Hyo Seon Park. "Magnetoelastic Measurements of Steel Stress under Uniaxial Loading." Key Engineering Materials 321-323 (October 2006): 377–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.321-323.377.

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An attempt has been made to measure existing steel stress using magnetoelasticity. A device has been developed and used for the measurement of magnetism in response to the deformation of a steel bar. The proposed technique can be used for the assessment of existing reinforced concrete structures by the measurements of steel stress embedded inside concrete. A traditional technique requires to break the existing steel bar to measure existing strain. However, the proposed technique is developed to measure the stress without damaging the steel bar. A successful application of magnetoelasticity depends on the establishment of relationship between elastic and magnetic response due to loading. To investigate the correlation between the two, steel bars are loaded in tension under uniaxial loading while the magnetic reading is recorded. Based on the test results, equations are suggested to predict stress for steel bars with different diameters.

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27

Faturechi, Rahim, Alireza Karimi, Seyyed Ataollah Hashemi, and Mahdi Navidbakhsh. "Mechanical Characterization of Peritoneum/Fascia Under Uniaxial Loading." Journal of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering 4, no. 3 (2014): 189–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbt.2014.1156.

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28

Insana, M. F., T. J. Hall, P. Chaturvedi, and Ch Kargel. "Ultrasonic properties of random media under uniaxial loading." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 110, no. 6 (2001): 3243–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.1414703.

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29

Xiong, Ying, and Yanyao Jiang. "Fatigue of ZK60 magnesium alloy under uniaxial loading." International Journal of Fatigue 64 (July 2014): 74–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2014.02.019.

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30

Kang, Guozheng, and Xinfeng Wu. "Ratchetting of porcine skin under uniaxial cyclic loading." Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials 4, no. 3 (2011): 498–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2010.12.015.

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31

Ranjith, P. G., M. Fourar, S. F. Pong, W. Chian, and A. Haque. "Characterisation of fractured rocks under uniaxial loading states." International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 41, no. 3 (2004): 361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2003.12.067.

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Ranjith, P. G., M. Fourar, S. F. Pong, W. Chian, and A. Haque. "Characterisation of fractured rocks under uniaxial loading states." International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 41 (May 2004): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2004.03.017.

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33

Saffarini, Mohammed H., George Z. Voyiadjis, and Carlos J. Ruestes. "Scaling laws for nanoporous metals under uniaxial loading." Journal of Materials Research 36, no. 13 (2021): 2729–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s43578-021-00161-1.

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34

Kallmeyer, Alan R., Ahmo Krgo, and Peter Kurath. "Evaluation of Multiaxial Fatigue Life Prediction Methodologies for Ti-6Al-4V." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 124, no. 2 (2002): 229–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1446075.

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Many critical engineering components are routinely subjected to cyclic multiaxial stress states, which may include non-proportional loading and multidimensional mean stresses. Existing multiaxial fatigue models are examined to determine their suitability at estimating fatigue damage in Ti-6Al-4V under complex, multiaxial loading, with an emphasis on long-life conditions. Both proportional and non-proportional strain-controlled tension/torsion experiments were conducted on solid specimens. Several multiaxial fatigue damage parameters are evaluated based on their ability to correlate the biaxial fatigue data and uniaxial fatigue data with tensile mean stresses (R>−1) to a fully-reversed (R=−1) uniaxial baseline. Both equivalent stress-based models and critical plane approaches are evaluated. Only one equivalent stress model and two critical plane models showed promise for the range of loadings and material considered.

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35

Yao, Jia Wei, Yu Pu Song, Li Kun Qin, and Ling Xia Gao. "Mechanical Properties and Failure Criteria of Concrete under Biaxial Tension and Compression." Advanced Materials Research 261-263 (May 2011): 252–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.261-263.252.

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Utilizing the large static-dynamic triaxial test system, 7 proportional loading biaxial tensile and compressive tests of concrete were conducted. The proportional loading paths are 0 (uniaxial compression), -0.05, -0.1, -0.15, -0.2, -0.25 and ∞ (uniaxial tension). Compressive and tensile strength were measured as well as the strains at two loading directions. Considering the ratio to tension and compression, failure criteria of ordinary concrete under biaxial tension and compression was established, which has a good agreement with test value.

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36

Yan, Xiao Huan, Xiao Dan Ren, and Jie Li. "Heterogeneous Lattice Model Based Simulation of Concrete under Uniaxial Loading." Applied Mechanics and Materials 784 (August 2015): 249–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.784.249.

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The heterogeneous lattice model is presented to simulate the behaviors of concrete, in which the concrete is regarded as random medium and the stochastic damage constitutive model is proposed. The parameters of the stochastic damage constitutive is identified compared with the experiment results of concrete under uniaxial tension and uniaxial compression.

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37

Lei, Jin Sheng, You Wei Zeng, Gang Peng, and Qian Feng Wang. "Dynamic Properties of Steel Fiber Concrete under the Action of Noncyclic Variable Amplitude Load." Applied Mechanics and Materials 482 (December 2013): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.482.20.

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Uniaxial dynamic compression tests were carried out on the triaxial testing machine to investigate the effect of noncyclic variable amplitude load. The characteristic of steel fiber concrete and differences among static uniaxial loading testing and dynamic uniaxial testing were studied systematically. It is shown that both the strain and the stress are directly proportional to the cycle frequency. Meanwhile, as the cycle amplitude increases, the irreversible plastic deformation increases gradually. And increasing the strain ranges, the stress strain curve becomes sparser. The comparison tests indicate that the peak stress relies on the loading modes. Under noncyclic variable amplitude load, the peak stress is higher than that of the static uniaxial load testing and the dynamic uniaxial testing, but the peak stress of the type corresponding to different frequency shows no evident difference.

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38

Shuang, Hai-qing, Shu-gang Li, Lang Liu, Gao-feng Chen, and Ki-Il Song. "Use of Acoustic Emission for the Detection of Brittle Rock Failure under Various Loading Rates." Advances in Civil Engineering 2018 (2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5735139.

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Acoustic emission has a direct correspondence to the internal damage of a material. To determine the effects of the loading rate on the mechanical properties of rock, the initial damage was characterized using the acoustic emission technique when a uniaxial preloading was imposed on a cylindrical rock sample. On this basis, the uniaxial compression test was conducted on sandstone that contains initial damage induced under a range of loading rates. The effects of the initial damage and loading rate on the mechanical properties of rock were analyzed. The uniaxial preloading generated randomly distributed microcracks in the natural rock. The results showed that the acoustic emission and positioning technique can characterize accurately the damage and its position due to preloading. The development of microcracks was found to be strongly dependent on the loading rate. Moreover, the loading rate accelerated the degradation of the rock strength. The effects of the loading rate and initial damage on the mechanical properties of rock are a complicated coupled process. From the experimental test result, a constitutive equation was constructed based on the damage mechanics.

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39

Androulidakis, Ch, E. N. Koukaras, M. G. Pastore Carbone, M. Hadjinicolaou, and C. Galiotis. "Wrinkling formation in simply-supported graphenes under tension and compression loadings." Nanoscale 9, no. 46 (2017): 18180–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7nr06463b.

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Li, Li Xin, Jun Liang Zhao, and Xue Mao Guan. "First-Principles Calculations of Energy Band for Wurtzite ZnO under Uniaxial Loading along [0001] Direction." Applied Mechanics and Materials 633-634 (September 2014): 324–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.633-634.324.

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First-principles calculations are carried out to analyze the variation of the energy gap and the absolute value of the crystal-field splitting energy of wurtzite zinc oxide under uniaxial loading along [0001] direction. The uniaxial loading in [0001] direction is predicted to be more effective to adjust the energy gap than applying the hydrostatic pressure, without changing the direct energy-gap nature. The top of the valence band is sensitive to the uniaxial stress, and the absolute value of the crystal-field splitting energy reaches the minimum when the uniaxial stress is about 2 GPa. The variation in electronic properties originates mainly from the relatively lower density of the valence electrons inc-axis direction.

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41

Fahrenthold, E. P., and K. E. Gray. "A Nonlinear Compaction Model for Sandstone." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 108, no. 2 (1986): 146–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3231254.

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Constitutive relations for the compaction behavior of porous sandstone have been formulated to describe the results of uniaxial and triaxial tests under reservoir pressure and temperature conditions. An expression for loading behavior in uniaxial compression is derived by treating the loading modulus as an independent variable. Similar relations are derived for uniaxial and triaxial compaction tests. Elastic unloading takes a quadratic form when described by incremental stresses and strains. The constitutive equations relate the values of the incremental stress and strain on loading and unloading using parameters that are a function of the state of prestress in the material. Published data on samples cored from three different wells at various depths exhibited a similar dependence of rock properties on mechanical and pore pressure loads.

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42

Volosyuk, M. A. "The role of interstitial (crowdion) mass-transfer for crack high-temperature healing under uniaxial loading." Functional materials 22, no. 1 (2015): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/fm22.01.051.

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43

Gertzricken, D. S., V. F. Mazanko, T. V. Zaporozhets, and Andriy Gusak. "Phase Formation under Pulse Loading." Defect and Diffusion Forum 237-240 (April 2005): 715–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.237-240.715.

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Pulse loading of diffusion couples leads to the formation of the broad metastable solid solutions. Under higher temperatures, combined with high deformation rates, intermetallics also can form. Possible mechanisms of this phenomenon are discussed. Formation of nanostructure under uniaxial compression/decompression (observed in MD simulations) seems to be one of the possibilities.

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Li, Ting Xiu, Yan Zhang, and Lin Hua Jiang. "Dynamic Mechanical Behavior of Concrete under Uniaxial Stress." Applied Mechanics and Materials 166-169 (May 2012): 3273–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.166-169.3273.

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According to existing experimental results, a systematic analysis of stress–strain relation of concrete under uniaxial dynamic loading is carried out. Research shows that the dynamic loading rate has a direct effect on concrete strength and elastic parameters. Finally, a constitutive law is proposed in this paper.

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Stekelenburg, Anke, Gustav J. Strijkers, Henry Parusel, Dan L. Bader, Klaas Nicolay, and Cees W. Oomens. "Role of ischemia and deformation in the onset of compression-induced deep tissue injury: MRI-based studies in a rat model." Journal of Applied Physiology 102, no. 5 (2007): 2002–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01115.2006.

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A rat model was used to distinguish between the different factors that contribute to muscle tissue damage related to deep pressure ulcers that develop after compressive loading. The separate and combined effects of ischemia and deformation were studied. Loading was applied to the hindlimb of rats for 2 h. Muscle tissue was examined using MR imaging (MRI) and histology. An MR-compatible loading device allowed simultaneous loading and measurement of tissue status. Two separate loading protocols incorporated uniaxial loading, resulting in tissue compression and ischemic loading. Uniaxial loading was applied to the tibialis anterior by means of an indenter, and ischemic loading was accomplished with an inflatable tourniquet. Deformation of the muscle tissue during uniaxial loading was measured using MR tagging. Compression of the tissues for 2 h led to increased T2 values, which were correlated to necrotic regions in the tibialis anterior. Perfusion measurements, by means of contrast-enhanced MRI, indicated a large ischemic region during indentation. Pure ischemic loading for 2 h led to reversible tissue changes. From the MR-tagging experiments, local strain fields were calculated. A 4.5-mm deformation, corresponding to a surface pressure of 150 kPa, resulted in maximum shear strain up to 1.0. There was a good correlation between the location of damage and the location of high shear strain. It was concluded that the large deformations, in conjunction with ischemia, provided the main trigger for irreversible muscle damage.

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He, Jun Zheng, Zai Quan Wang, Jin Shan Bai, and Li Ming Zhang. "Study on the Hoek-Brown Parameters under Loading and Unloading Triaxial Laboratory Tests." Advanced Materials Research 250-253 (May 2011): 2074–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.250-253.2074.

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Based on the brittle fracture theory of composite crack, and then overlapping the stresses at the end region of a crack under tension-shear or compression-shear failure conditions, the relationships of parameters in rock macroscopic and microscopic are determined by combining the Hoek-Brown failure criterion. There are many valuable conclusions through a series of loading and unloading triaxial laboratory tests on rock samples. The tension-shear fracture under the unloading triaxial tests at pre-peak is different from the compression-shear fracture under the loading triaxial tests. The Hoek-Brown criterion for rock is applicable and validity under the condition of loading triaxial tests. Because the uniaxial compressive strength is not the fundamental characteristic of rock, the virtual uniaxial compressive strength is proposed for the first time considering the unloading problem. Comparing with the loading tests, the Hoek-Brown material parameters of rock samples change greatly under unloading at pre-peak, and the virtual uniaxial compressive strength improves and Hoek-Brown material constant m reduces.

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47

Zhan, Lin, Si Yu Wang, Hui Feng Xi, and Heng Xiao. "An Explicit, Accurate Approach Toward Modeling Irrecoverable Deformation Effects of Shape Memory Alloys." Key Engineering Materials 831 (February 2020): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.831.15.

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Finite strain plastic deformation effects of SMAs are simulated based on finite strain elastoplastic J2-flow equations, in a direct sense with no reference to any additional variables for phase transition mechanisms. Uniaxial loading-unloading curves of any given shape may be exactly reproduced as uniaxial stress-strain responses of these equations in each loading-unloading cycle. A new technique for combining linear spline functions into a unified, smooth interpolating function is proposed toward the purpose of explicitly, accurately fitting any given test data for both loading and unloading cases.

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48

Abu-Farha, F. K., and M. K. Khraisheh. "Post-Superplastic Forming Analysis Under Different Loading Paths. Part One: Uniaxial Loading Case." Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 17, no. 2 (2007): 153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11665-007-9177-1.

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49

Shirakami, Satoshi, Shigeru Yonemura, Tohru Yoshida, Noriyuki Suzuki, and Toshihiko Kuwabara. "Work-Hardening Behavior of Cold Rolled Interstitial-Free Steel Sheet and Dual Phase High Strength Steel Sheets Subjected to Two-Stage, Coaxial and Non-Coaxial Tension/Compression." Key Engineering Materials 651-653 (July 2015): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.651-653.83.

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In-plane tension/compression tests of a cold rolled interstitial-free (IF) steel and sheet a 980MPa dual phase high strength steel sheet (980DP) were carried out to investigate the work-hardening behavior under two-stage loading paths. The two-stage loading paths consist of the uniaxial tension/compression for the rolling direction (RD) followed by unloading and subsequent uniaxial tension/compression in the 0°, 45° and 90° directions from the first loading direction (0°-, 45°- and 90°-loading). The work hardening behavior in the second loading was different between the 980DP and the IF steel. It was found that the work hardening behaviors were significantly affected by the inner product of the strain rate mode tensors for the first and second loading and that the effect of the deformation mode (tension/compression) was small.

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50

Zhang, Min Xia, Ping Xu, You Kai Wang, and Hai Bin Xu. "Experimental Study on Concrete under Uniaxial and Biaxial Compression." Advanced Materials Research 160-162 (November 2010): 1016–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.160-162.1016.

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In order to study on mechanical character and damage mechanism of the concrete under different loading conditions, the uniaxial and biaxial compression experiment of concrete is investigated by Isotropic Biaxial Loading System of Henan Polytechnic University. The experimental results show the damage of the concrete under uniaxial compression is shear damage, however the damage of the concrete under biaxial compression is tension-shear damage; biaxial compression stress-strain curves of concrete are similar with those of concrete and can equally be divided into three stage; as the result of the intermediate principal stress, 1:1 biaxial compression strength increased 56.12% and 13.30% than that under 2:1 biaxial compression and uniaxial compression, at the same time 2:1 biaxial compression strength increased 37.80 % than that of the uniaxial compression.

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