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1
Chang, Yi-Ying, Wei-Chung Chao, Che-Yuan Chang, and Hui-Ru Chi. "Transformational leadership influence on unit performance." Leadership & Organization Development Journal 39, no. 4 (June 4, 2018): 554–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/lodj-08-2017-0224.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore the role of mediation and moderation mechanisms between firm-level effects of transformational leadership (TFL) on unit-level performance across levels.Design/methodology/approachThe authors used surveys to collect data from 800 senior managers at the firm level and 1,377 unit managers from 800 units of 100 firms from semiconductors, optoelectronics, computer electronics, and telecommunications industries. The industries were chosen because these firms focus on expanding their businesses and encourage extensive knowledge sharing among the firms and at all levels within the organizations.FindingsIn this study, the authors theorized that firm-level effects of TFL on unit-level performance across levels were positively related to unit-level performance. Unit-level knowledge sharing mediates the positive relationship between firm-level TFL and unit-level performance. A cross-level interaction effect of firm-level TFL and unit-level absorptive capacity showed that a positive unit-level absorptive capacity enhanced firm-level influence of TFL on unit-level knowledge sharing. Unit-level absorptive capacity moderates the positive relationship between unit-level knowledge sharing and unit-level performance.Originality/valueFirst, the authors attempt to integrate the leadership and knowledge management research by exploring the critical mediator of unit-level knowledge sharing in explaining the effects of firm-level TFL on employees’ performance at the unit level. This approach is important because it extends the research areas of the two fields, and also clarifies issues regarding how and why TFL at the top of the organization positively impacts the performance of employees at a lower level of the organizational hierarchy. Second, the effectiveness of firm-level TFL depends on the absorptive capacity of each unit. The importance of absorptive capacity and the consequences of leadership behaviors have been emphasized in studies.
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PAUWELS, WILFRIED, PETER M. KORT, and EVE VANHAECHT. "R&D INVESTMENTS AS PREBARGAINING STRATEGIES." International Game Theory Review 16, no. 03 (May 6, 2014): 1450003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219198914500030.
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This paper analyzes a semicollusive, differentiated duopoly. Firms first compete in cost reducing R&D and then cooperate on the output market. The sharing of the joint profit on the output market is modeled as a Nash bargaining game. We study an asymmetric setting in which one firm has a lower unit cost of production than the other firm, before any R&D expenditures. If firms do not agree on how to share their joint profit, they play a noncooperative Nash equilibrium. Assuming linear demand functions, we show that the Nash bargaining outcome is independent of whether firms play a Cournot or a Bertrand Nash equilibrium, as long as both firms supply positive outputs in these equilibria. If the two products are sufficiently differentiated, there is a unique equilibrium in which both firms supply a positive output, and in which the low cost firm always invests more in R&D than the high cost firm. If the two products are not very differentiated, and if the difference in unit costs between the two firms is not too large, there exist two equilibria. In each of these equilibria only one firm supplies a positive output. This can be the low cost or the high cost firm. In the latter case, the initially high cost firm invests so much in R&D that its unit cost after R&D is lower than that of the other firm. This firm then leapfrogs the other firm. If the two products are very similar and if firms apply Bertrand strategies when disagreeing, there exist equilibria in which only one firm supplies a positive output, while in the noncooperative Nash equilibrium that same firm can prevent the other firm from entering the market. We show that, in the context of the Nash bargaining model, this latter firm still has the power to claim a share of the joint profit.
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Chang, Yi-Ying. "Multilevel transformational leadership and management innovation." Leadership & Organization Development Journal 37, no. 2 (April 4, 2016): 265–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/lodj-06-2014-0111.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to extend management innovation theory and research by going beyond analysis at a single level. Focussing on management innovation at the lower level in the organizational hierarchy, the authors develop a multilevel framework; in doing so, the authors answer earlier calls for a study of the effects of multilevel transformational leadership (TFL) on management innovation and innovation in general. Design/methodology/approach – This study collected multisource and multilevel data from 169 managers, 423 employees of 141 units from 21 banking service firms in an emerging economy. Findings – The results from hierarchial linear modeling analysis reveal that unit-level TFL was positively related to unit-level management innovation. Furthermore, firm-level TFL was positively associated with firm-level empowerment climate, which in turn enhanced unit-level management innovation. In addition, firm-level empowerment climate strengthened the relationship between unit-level TFL and unit-level management innovation. Finally, the unit-level trust mediates the relationship between firm-level empowerment climate and unit-level management innovation. Practical implications – Firms operate more effectively when they generate management innovation. To help ensure the effectiveness of management innovation, it is essential that firms, especially those from the banking sector, encourage their managers to engage in TFL behaviors. The managers must consider how to utilize their TFL behaviors to create trusting relationships in order to achieve the organizational goals. Firms can also take steps to develop a supportive climate of higher levels of autonomy, delegation, freedom and task accountability, in order to promote higher levels of trust at the lower levels of the organizational hierarchy. Originality/value – The current study develops and tests a mediation model that links firm-level TFL to unit-level management innovation, and identifies unit-level trust as the intermediate outcome. With this theorizing and the findings, the authors deepen the current knowledge regarding the organizational implications of TFL behaviors for management innovation.
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Gadepalli, Sarada Devi, and Arindam Mondal. "Sources of Business Unit Performance Heterogeneity in India: The Influence of Ownership." Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers 43, no. 4 (December 2018): 207–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0256090918817160.
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Executive Summary This article examines the differential impact of ownership on the relative importance of corporate headquarters, industry, and business units on the performance of business units of firms in India. Different sets of owners have diverse objectives due to which there are variations in strategic choices resulting in the variance in performance of firms. This article first examines the extent to which variance in business unit performance can be attributed to ownership. It subsequently evaluates the relative importance of industry, corporate headquarters, and business units in explaining business unit performance variance of domestic firms and MNEs. The analysis for this article is based on a unique hand-collated database that contains details of the business units of domestic firms and MNEs operating in India. These details include business unit performance as well as the industry affiliation of the business unit. The article leverages multilevel analysis to understand the relative importance of the various effects. This analysis helps to know the magnitude of the various effects as well as their statistical significance. The results indicate that ownership is a significant institutional variable that explains business unit performance. An examination of the magnitudes of the effects also suggest that business unit effects and corporate effects are more important than industry effects in explaining business unit performance of firms operating in India. The magnitude of the business unit effects is greater than the corporate effects in the case of domestic firms. In the case of the MNE affiliates, although the magnitude of the corporate effects are greater than the business unit effects, this difference is not statistically significant. Overall, these results reinforce other empirical results that establish the importance of firm resources and capabilities in influencing firm performance as compared to the industry structure. These results are significant because in the Indian context, although studies have so far evaluated firm performance, they have not disaggregated the business unit and corporate headquarters effects. This article aligns the study of performance variance of Indian firms with those conducted across the globe and helps to compare how the relative importance of various effects vary. It makes an important contribution by including ownership in the study of business unit performance variance of Indian firms.
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Wan, Qin, Jing Zhu, Huijing Li, and Lili Wang. "How to offer mobile targeting promotion under asymmetry." Nankai Business Review International 8, no. 3 (August 7, 2017): 289–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/nbri-01-2017-0004.
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Purpose Based on consumers’ geographic real-time locations, firms can utilize mobile targeting promotion (MTP) to target consumers through some applications embedded in mobile device. This paper aims to focus on two competing firms about how to make MTP strategies under asymmetric mobile accessibilities, i.e. the proportions of consumers who can be targeted by firms through apps are different. Design/methodology/approach This paper develops a game model for two competing firms. Aiming to maximizing profit, firms should consider how to utilize MTP strategies to trade off the benefit (expand market share) and the cost (intensive price competition). Findings The optimal MTP strategies and equilibrium prices have been presented under different scenarios. This paper verifies that asymmetry can make the firm with high mobile accessibility obtain extra profits. Furthermore, when unit targeting cost is relatively low, profit of the firm with low mobile accessibility increases first and decreases later with respect to its mobile accessibility. Practical implications Competing firms’ optimal MTP strategies and equilibrium prices are determined not only by unit targeting cost but also by consumers’ mobile accessibilities to firms. Firms have strong incentive to enlarge the mobile accessibility to procure more profit in monopoly context, but, under competing context, a higher mobile accessibility may not mean better for firm. Originality/value This is one of the few papers which study mobile targeting based on game theory considering unit targeting cost and asymmetric mobile accessibility simultaneously.
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Wang, Jia, and Xijia Huang. "The Optimal Carbon Reduction and Return Strategies under Carbon Tax Policy." Sustainability 10, no. 7 (July 14, 2018): 2471. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10072471.
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Recently, consumers have been increasingly shopping due to the development of e-commerce; thus, many traditional firms producing green products are entering e-commerce platforms to sell products for their survival. In the contexts of online sales and carbon tax policy, firms need to determine an optimal carbon reduction level and online return strategies. To address firms’ decision-making challenges, we consider a firm producing and selling its green products via an e-commerce platform. For optimal online return strategies, we find that if the residual value of the returned product is relatively small, the firm should not offer an online return service; otherwise, the firm should offer this service. Moreover, the results show that carbon tax policy is detrimental to the firm and consumers, while increasing the average customer satisfaction rate of the product benefits the firm and consumers. Interestingly, we find that the platform should reduce its referral fee as the unit carbon tax increases.
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Amirapu, Amrit, and Michael Gechter. "Labor Regulations and the Cost of Corruption: Evidence from the Indian Firm Size Distribution." Review of Economics and Statistics 102, no. 1 (March 2020): 34–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/rest_a_00837.
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In this paper, we estimate the costs associated with an important suite of labor regulations in India by taking advantage of the fact that these regulations apply only to firms above a size threshold. Using distortions in the firm size distribution together with a structural model of firm size choice, we estimate that the regulations increase firms' unit labor costs by 35%. This estimate is robust to potential misreporting on the part of firms and enumerators. We also document a robust positive association between regulatory costs and exposure to corruption, which may explain why regulations appear to be so costly in developing countries.
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Holt, Daniel T., Allison W. Pearson, Jon C. Carr, and Tim Barnett. "Family Firm(s) Outcomes Model: Structuring Financial and Nonfinancial Outcomes Across the Family and Firm." Family Business Review 30, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 182–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0894486516680930.
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Family firms are distinguished theoretically from nonfamily firms due to their pursuit of unique, family-related aspirations and goals. The pursuit of these aspirations and goals leads many family firms to define success or failure in terms of a broader set of outcomes than nonfamily firms. Despite this, family firm research has generally taken a constricted view of family firm outcomes by concentrating on narrowly defined financial performance as measured by accounting and/or market-based indicators. We contend that this somewhat myopic focus has slowed the field’s development to some degree, by constraining our ability to test its fundamental tenets. To address this, we draw on several disciplines to systematically order family firm outcomes within a family firm(s) outcomes model that encompasses both financial and nonfinancial dimensions. While financial performance is important in research and practice, herein we refer to both financial and nonfinancial outcomes and explain how these outcomes map on the family unit and the family firm. Furthermore, we suggest measures that can be used and explain how the model can be applied when researchers select financial and nonfinancial outcomes important to family members as the family firm’s success or failure is gauged.
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Bowles, Samuel, and Herbert Gintis. "A Political and Economic Case for the Democratic Enterprise." Economics and Philosophy 9, no. 1 (April 1993): 75–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266267100005125.
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We consider two reasons why firms should be owned and run democratically by their workers. The first concerns accountability: Because the employment relationship involves the exercise of power, its governance should on democratic grounds be accountable to those most directly affected. The second concerns efficiency: The democratic firm uses a lower level of inputs per unit of output than the analogous capitalist firm.
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Ciani, Andrea. "Income inequality and the quality of imports." Review of World Economics 157, no. 2 (January 11, 2021): 375–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10290-020-00401-2.
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AbstractThis paper studies the role of income inequality in the importing country as a determinant of export unit value and product quality estimated employing information on market shares and prices. Using detailed firm-level data, we find that higher inequality in the destination market is associated with lower unit value and product quality. Noticeably, the negative effect of inequality is stronger in richer destinations. Firm-level heterogeneous responses to market conditions explain changes in unit value and quality. Incumbent exporting firms report lower unit value when income inequality increases, while entrants supply products of lower quality. All in all, our findings show that income inequality is a determinant of import demand which ultimately induces quality and unit value differentials across markets.
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Doran, Justin, and Geraldine Ryan. "Eco-Innovation – does additional engagement lead to additional rewards?" International Journal of Social Economics 41, no. 11 (November 4, 2014): 1110–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-07-2013-0169.
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Purpose – Eco-innovation is any form of product, process or organisational innovation that contributes towards sustainable development. Firms can eco-innovate in a variety of ways. The purpose of this paper is to identify nine different eco-innovation activities – including such items as reducing material use per unit of output, reducing energy use per unit of output, reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) “footprint” – and the authors ask whether these act as substitutes or complements to one another. Design/methodology/approach – Eco-innovation is any form of product, process or organisational innovation that contributes towards sustainable development. Firms can eco-innovate in a variety of ways. In this paper the authors identify nine different eco-innovation activities – including such items as reducing material use per unit of output, reducing energy use per unit of output, reducing CO2 “footprint” – and the authors ask whether these act as substitutes or complements to one another. Findings – Introducing only one eco-innovation activity has little payoff (in terms of turnover per worker) with only those firms who reduce their CO2 “footprint” having higher levels of turnover per worker. When introducing more than one eco-innovation activity the authors find that certain eco-innovation activities complement one another (e.g. reducing material use within the firm at the same time as improving the ability to recycle the product after use) others act as substitutes (e.g. reducing material use within the firm at the same time as recycling waste, water or materials within the firm). Practical implications – The results suggest that firms can maximise their productive capacity by considering specific combinations of eco-innovation. This suggests that firms should plan to introduce eco-innovation which act as complements, thereby, boosting productivity. It also suggests that eco-innovation stimuli, introduced by policy makers, should be targeted at complementary eco-innovations. Originality/value – The paper analyses whether eco-innovations act as complements or substitutes. While a number of studies have analysed the importance of eco-innovation for firm performance, few have assessed the extent to which diverse types of eco-innovation interact with each other to complement or substitute for one another.
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Tirmizi, Syed Muhammad Ali, Muhammad Jawad Haider, and Shahab Ud Din. "The Risk of Foreign Exchange Exposure of Stock Returns Concerning Non-Financial Listed Firms." Global Economics Review VI, no. I (March 30, 2021): 105–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/ger.2021(vi-i).09.
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The foreign exchange rate fluctuations do create an impact on stock returns, which has been investigated for non-financial listed Pakistani firms. The real effective exchange rate has been used as the true measure of foreign exchange exposure. The modelled econometric equation includes; firm size, firm liquidity, money supply and inflation as predictors of stock returns. Twenty-five non-financial listed firms have been evaluated for the study period 2004 to 2013, which signifies the military regime era proceeded by peoples party rule in Pakistan. Financial data analysis, including; ADF unit root and Johansen Co-integration tests, have been applied to evaluate financial data, which further led to correlation, descriptive stats and panel data regression analysis. The results have suggested a very weak relationship between stock returns and foreign exchange exposure. Therefore, sample non-financial listed firms have not been foreign exchange exposed; however, firm size, liquidity, money supply and inflation rates have definitely created an impact on stock returns.
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Crowley, Frank. "Product and service innovation and discontinuation in manufacturing and service firms in Europe." European Journal of Innovation Management 20, no. 2 (May 8, 2017): 250–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejim-03-2016-0027.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore product/service innovation and discontinuation using the firm as a unit of analysis. A key objective of the paper is to compare the results between manufacturing and service firms. Design/methodology/approach A two-step production function approach is employed to examine first, a firm’s decision to innovate and second, a firm’s decision to discontinue products/services. Findings The results indicate that the factors affecting product innovation and discontinuation are similar for manufacturing and service firms, where innovation was significant for product/service discontinuation and process innovation was found to be important for innovations. Similarly, monopoly power was important for innovation in both industry types. However, there were also some underlying differences, particularly in relation to firm age and economic geography effects. Practical implications The conclusion of the paper is that it is not appropriate to assume that the process of product innovation and discontinuation will be identical across industry types. Originality/value This study is the first study in the literature that examines product/service discontinuation at the firm level and the relationship between innovation and product/service discontinuation using the firm as a unit of analysis. This study further adds to the under-researched (relative to manufacturing studies) area of service innovation.
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Madugba, Joseph U., E. Ben-Caleb, Adedoyin I. Lawal, and Uche T. Agburuga. "Firm Size and Tax Saving Behaviour of Listed Companies in Nigeria." Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 9, no. 3 (May 10, 2020): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2020-0054.
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In this paper has been investigated tax savings behaviour of firms in Nigeria with the objective of finding out how it affects firm size. The ex-post facto research design was employed, and secondary data obtained from the annual reports of firms listed on the Nigeria Stock Exchange was used. Descriptive statistics and panel data regression tests were conducted. The data were further subjected to unit root test to establish the stationarity of the data. The result revealed that interest tax savings behaviour and depreciation savings behaviour have negative but significant relationship with firm size while effective tax rate has negative and insignificant relationship with firm size. The study concluded that the lower the firm size the higher the tax savings behaviour and vice versa of quoted companies in Nigeria. The paper recommended that tax regulatory authorities should focus their searchlight on tax aggressiveness of small sized companies as a strategy to reduce tax evasion while encouraging appropriate tax savings strategies to ensure tax compliance.
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Boneva, Lena, James Cloyne, Martin Weale, and Tomasz Wieladek. "Firms’ Price, Cost and Activity Expectations: Evidence from Micro Data." Economic Journal 130, no. 627 (November 27, 2019): 555–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ej/uez059.
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Abstract Firms’ expectations play a central role in modern macroeconomic models, but little is known empirically about them. Using panel data on manufacturing firms’ expectations about prices and wage rates, new orders, employment and unit costs for the United Kingdom, we document a range of stylised facts about firms’ expectations and their determinants. There is wide dispersion of expectations across firms. Firms' expectations are influenced by both firm-specific factors and macroeconomic factors. We find a significant connection between past expected price and wage increases and their out-turns. Firms’ expectations are, however, clearly not rational.
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Woo, Hyun-Soo, Albert Cannella, and Luiz F. Mesquita. "Intra- and Inter-Firm Agglomeration: The Location Decisions of Multi-Unit Firms." Academy of Management Proceedings 2017, no. 1 (August 2017): 11208. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2017.260.
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Cristea, Anca D., and Daniel X. Nguyen. "Transfer Pricing by Multinational Firms: New Evidence from Foreign Firm Ownerships." American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 8, no. 3 (August 1, 2016): 170–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.20130407.
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Using a firm-level dataset of Danish exports between 1999–2006, we find robust evidence for profit shifting by multinational corporations. Our triple difference estimations exploit the response of export unit values to acquisitions of foreign affiliates and to changes in statutory corporate tax rates. This identification strategy corrects for a downward bias resulting from firms adjusting arm's length prices to obscure transfer price manipulations. We find that Danish multinationals reduce the unit values of their exports to low tax countries between 5.7 to 9.1 percent. This difference corresponds to a tax revenue loss of 3.24 percent of Danish multinationals' tax returns. (JEL D21, D22, F14, F23, H25, H32)
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Abe, Takaaki. "Cartel Formation in Cournot Competition with Asymmetric Costs: A Partition Function Approach." Games 12, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/g12010014.
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In this paper, we use a partition function form game to analyze cartel formation among firms in Cournot competition. We assume that a firm obtains a certain cost advantage that allows it to produce goods at a lower unit cost. We show that if the level of the cost advantage is “moderate”, then the firm with the cost advantage leads the cartel formation among the firms. Moreover, if the cost advantage is relatively high, then the formed cartel can also be stable in the sense of the core of a partition function form game. We also show that if the technology for the low-cost production can be copied, then the cost advantage may prevent a cartel from splitting.
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Jensen, Frank, and Linda Nøstbakken. "A corporate-crime perspective on fisheries: liability rules and non-compliance." Environment and Development Economics 21, no. 3 (September 18, 2015): 371–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x15000315.
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AbstractThe existing fisheries economics literature analyzes compliance problems by treating the fishing firm as one cohesive unit, but in many cases violations are committed by agents acting on behalf of a firm. To account for this, we analyze the principal–agent relationship within the fishing firm. In the case where the firm directly benefits from illegal fishing, the firm must induce its crew to violate regulations through the incentive scheme. Within this framework, we analyze how the allocation of liability between fishing firms and crew affects quota violations and the ability to design a socially efficient fisheries policy. We show that without wage frictions, it does not matter who is held liable. However, under the commonly used share systems of remuneration, crew liability generally yields a more efficient outcome than firm liability. Furthermore, asset restrictions may affect the outcome under various liability rules.
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McCarthy, Daniel M., and Peter S. Fader. "Customer-Based Corporate Valuation for Publicly Traded Noncontractual Firms." Journal of Marketing Research 55, no. 5 (October 2018): 617–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022243718802843.
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There is growing interest in “customer-based corporate valuation”—that is, explicitly tying the value of a firm’s customer base to its overall financial valuation using publicly disclosed data. While much progress has been made in building a well-validated customer-based valuation model for contractual (or subscription-based) firms, there has been little progress for noncontractual firms. Noncontractual businesses have more complex transactional patterns because customer churn is not observed, and customer purchase timing and spend amounts are more irregular. Furthermore, publicly disclosed data are aggregated over time and across customers, are often censored, and may vary from firm to firm, making it harder to estimate models for customer acquisition, ordering, and spend per order. The authors develop a general customer-based valuation methodology for noncontractual firms that accounts for these issues. They apply this methodology to publicly disclosed data from e-commerce retailers Overstock.com and Wayfair, provide valuation point estimates and valuation intervals for the firms, and compare the unit economics of newly acquired customers.
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Belderbos, René, Marcelina Grabowska, Stijn Kelchtermans, Bart Leten, Jojo Jacob, and Massimo Riccaboni. "Whither geographic proximity? Bypassing local R&D units in foreign university collaboration." Journal of International Business Studies 52, no. 7 (April 12, 2021): 1302–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s41267-021-00413-6.
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AbstractMNCs often engage in international research collaborations with foreign universities through one of their central R&D laboratories (at headquarters or elsewhere) even though they operate a local R&D unit close to that university, and hence forego the benefits of geographic proximity and local collaboration. Drawing on the knowledge-based theory of the firm, we hypothesize that the choice between distant and local collaboration systematically relates to the knowledge capabilities of the firms’ R&D units, the characteristics of the focal knowledge, and local knowledge leakage risks. Analysis of close to 13,000 research collaborations with foreign universities by the world’s major biopharmaceutical firms (1995–2015) confirms that collaboration at distance occurs if this allows the firm to benefit from scale and knowledge diversity advantages, if the central unit has strong basic research capabilities, and if collaboration is in a core research domain of the MNC while rival firms are locally present. Maturity of the focal research domain is associated with local collaboration. Our findings qualify the common arguments in favor of collaboration in proximity and suggest that (distant) central R&D units are important orchestrators of research collaboration with universities around the globe.
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Karanja, Erastus. "Does the hiring of chief risk officers align with the COSO/ISO enterprise risk management frameworks?" International Journal of Accounting & Information Management 25, no. 3 (August 7, 2017): 274–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijaim-04-2016-0037.
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Purpose There are two main industry-sanctioned enterprise risk management (ERM) models, that is, COSO 2004 and ISO 31000:2009, that firms refer to when implementing ERM programs. Taken together, the two ERM models specify that firms should implement ERM programs to meet a strategic need, improve operations and reporting or to comply with government regulations or industry best practices. In addition, the focus of ERM implementation should be either the subsidiary, business unit, division, firm/entity or global level. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether firms are aligning their ERM implementations with these tenets: strategy, operations, reporting, compliance and the level of implementation. Design/methodology/approach The proxy for ERM implementation is the hiring of a Chief Risk Officer (CRO). The research data come from a sample of 122 US firms that issued a press release following the hiring of a CRO between 2010 and 2014. The press releases were retrieved and aggregated through content analysis in LexisNexis Academic. Findings The results reveal that many ERM implementations are occurring at the firm/entity level, and with the exception of reporting, firms consider ERM to be a strategic firm resource capable of improving business operations and compliance initiatives. Originality/value There is a dearth of research studies specifically investigating whether ERM programs adopted by firms are aligned with the specification of COSO 2004 and ISO 31000:2009 frameworks. The apparent lack of a clear understanding of the alignment between the firm ERM programs and the industry’s ERM frameworks may limit the development and implementation of ERM and the eventual realization of the benefits associated with a successful ERM implementation.
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Mugwe, Margaret Wangui, and Dr Thomas Chuma Mose. "Effect of Diversity Management on Organizational Performance of Information, Communication and Technology Firms in Nairobi County." Human Resource and Leadership Journal 5, no. 1 (October 16, 2020): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.47941/hrlj.459.
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Purpose: The study sought to establish the effects of diversity management on organizational performance of ICT firms in Nairobi County. The study specifically sought to establish the effects of creativity and innovation, employee commitment, corporate image and human capital pool on organizational performance of ICT firms in Nairobi County.Methodology: The study targeted ICT firms in Nairobi County categorized into networking, software development, hardware maintenance and distribution, communication and system security. The study adopted a purposive sampling technique to acquire a sample of 15 firms. The unit of observation comprised eight employees per each of the targeted firms thus making a total of 120 respondents. The study used a census survey since the population was small and adequate for study. Primary data was gathered through questionnaires. A pilot study was conducted to test the validity and reliability of the data collection instruments. The data was analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively through SPSS, results presented in form of tables, and figures.Findings: The findings show that creativity and innovation have a positive and significant effects on the performance of ICT firms as shown by β = 0.233 and Sig = 0.010 <0.05. Employee commitment likewise, has a positive and significant effects on the performance of ICT firms as shown by β = 0.397 and Sig = 0.001 <0.05. The results further show that corporate image has a positive and significant effects on the performance of ICT firms as shown by β = 0.121 and Sig = 0.012 <0.05. In addition, human capital tool has a positive and significant effects on the performance of ICT firms as shown by β = 0.406 and Sig = 0.000 <0.05.Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: The study recommended that the management of ICT firms in Nairobi County should focus on enhancing elements that boost the levels of innovation amongst employees in the firm since the practice bears positive and significant effects on performance of the firm. The study also recommended that the management of ICT firms in Nairobi County should focus on advancing the factors that contribute to increased levels of employee commitment in the firm since the practice bears positive and significant effects on performance of the firm. The study further recommended that the management of ICT firms in Nairobi County should focus on improving the corporate image since the practice bears positive and significant effects on performance of the firm. The study finally recommended that the management of ICT firms in Nairobi County should advance their human capital pool since the practice bears positive and significant effects on performance of the firm.
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Tubaishat, Hamza, Refaat Faouri, and Hussam Alshammar. "Exponential Organizations Hypergrowth Strategies And Firm Performance: The Moderating Role of Firm Size And Marketing Spending." Regular Issue 5, no. 7 (March 30, 2021): 112–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijmh.f1262.035721.
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With the increasing concerns of hypergrowth in order to compete in the international markets and survive, this study aids all firms in various industries, entrepreneurs and decision makers and draw their attention to business models and hypergrowth strategies that are applied by the fast-growing firms in the world. This study investigates the impact of hypergrowth strategy- leveraging assets that developed by Salim, (2014) and firm performance in exponential organizations; The sample size tested constituted of (34) exponential organizations form the fortune 500 and multiple regressions via Stata version 15 was applied for the time period of (2016-2019). Preliminary analysis was conducted to check the assumptions related to the regression models which include unit root, autocorrelation, residuals normality and heteroskedasticity issues. The results showed significant positive relationships between Growth in Fixed Assets (leveraging Assets strategy) and firm performance measured by ROA and ROE whereas, the moderating role of marketing spending and firm size showed insignificant impact in the relationship.
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Tubaishat*, Hamza, Refaat Faouri, and Hussam Alshammari. "Exponential Organizations Hypergrowth Strategies and Firm Performance: The Moderating Role of Firm Size and Marketing Spending." International Journal of Management and Humanities 5, no. 7 (March 30, 2021): 112–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijmh.g1262.035721.
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With the increasing concerns of hypergrowth in order to compete in the international markets and survive, this study aids all firms in various industries, entrepreneurs and decision makers and draw their attention to business models and hypergrowth strategies that are applied by the fast-growing firms in the world. This study investigates the impact of hypergrowth strategy- leveraging assets that developed by Salim, (2014) and firm performance in exponential organizations; The sample size tested constituted of (34) exponential organizations form the fortune 500 and multiple regressions via Stata version 15 was applied for the time period of (2016-2019). Preliminary analysis was conducted to check the assumptions related to the regression models which include unit root, autocorrelation, residuals normality and heteroskedasticity issues. The results showed significant positive relationships between Growth in Fixed Assets (leveraging Assets strategy) and firm performance measured by ROA and ROE whereas, the moderating role of marketing spending and firm size showed insignificant impact in the relationship.
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Sadikoglu, Esin, and Hilal Olcay. "The Effects of Total Quality Management Practices on Performance and the Reasons of and the Barriers to TQM Practices in Turkey." Advances in Decision Sciences 2014 (March 16, 2014): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/537605.
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Previous studies reported mixed and ambiguous results of the relationship between TQM practices and performances. This study investigated impacts of TQM practices on various performance measures as well as the reasons and the barriers of the TQM practices of firms in Turkey. We used a cross-sectional survey methodology in this study, and the unit of the sample was at the plant level. The sample was selected from the member firms to Turkish Quality Association and the firms located in the Kocaeli-Gebze Organized Industrial Zone. We obtained 242 usable questionnaires, with a satisfactory response rate of 48.4 percent. We conducted exploratory factor analysis and multiple regression analysis. This study has shown that different TQM practices significantly affect different performance outcomes. Results revealed that primary obstacles that the firms in Turkey face were lack of employee involvement, awareness and commitment of the employees, inappropriate firm structure, and lack of the resources. It is recommended that firms should continue implement TQM with all variables to improve performance. Firms should improve employees’ involvement/commitment/awareness to TQM, enhance firm structure, and provide resources to overcome the barriers that prevent effective implementation of TQM practices.
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M. Lo, Sonia. "Effects of supply chain position on the motivation and practices of firms going green." International Journal of Operations & Production Management 34, no. 1 (December 20, 2013): 93–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijopm-04-2012-0133.
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Purpose – The aim of this study is to understand the effect of a firm's position in a supply chain in its industry on the attitude of the firm toward green strategies through empirical data analysis. This study aims to answer the following research questions: Do the environmental uncertainties a firm faces differ with the firm's position in the supply chain when going green?, Would the motivation of a firm for going green vary with uncertainties it faces in the supply chain? and Would green-related practices a firm accepts or executes vary with the firm's position in the supply chain? Design/methodology/approach – The case study method was utilized in this study. The main objects are firms in the high-tech industry of Taiwan, and 12 firms were selected for in-depth investigation. The unit of analysis was a firm. Face-to-face in-depth interviews, approximately 90-105 minutes for each, were conducted with each of the 12 cases. The respondents were middle- to high-level managers. The interviews were recorded and transcribed. Additionally, second-hand information was acquired regarding each case through channels such as firm web sites, documents, and media reports. These integrated data were later utilized in the single-case and cross-case analysis stages. Findings – In this study, firms of Taiwan's high-tech industry are divided into the upstream (raw material supplier), midstream (original design manufacturers/original equipment manufacturer), and downstream (brand company) categories. It is first found the uncertainties a firm encounters when implementing green practices are related to its position in the supply chain. The closer a firm is to the upstream of the supply chain, the higher the competitive uncertainty. In contrast, the closer a firm is to the downstream, the higher the demand uncertainty. Furthermore, the internal and external driving forces of firms in promoting green practices are related to the types of uncertainties the firms encounter in the supply chain. A firm's internal driving force is positively associated with the demand uncertainty it faces, however, negatively with the competition and supply uncertainties. On the other hand, a firm's external driving force is positively associated with the competition and supply uncertainties it faces, however, negatively with the demand uncertainties. Additionally, the association between firm willingness to promote green practices and its position in the supply chain is explored. It is found that, for firms located in the downstream of supply chain, it emphasizes more on the practices of green design, purchase, and internal environmental management. If a firm is located in the midstream of supply chain, it will focus more on the practice of green manufacturing and logistics. Originality/value – This study has expanded the discussion of green supply chain management. It establishes the relationship between the uncertainties and the major driving forces of firms for implementing green practices. This approach is rare in previous literature. Furthermore, past literature has suggested that a specific relationship exists between driving factors and firm practices. The author believes that such a relationship must be based on the position of firms in the supply chain; thus, the author has identified the relationship between supply chain position and green practices.
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Chang, Yi-Ying. "High-performance work systems, joint impact of transformational leadership, an empowerment climate and organizational ambidexterity." Journal of Organizational Change Management 29, no. 3 (May 9, 2016): 424–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jocm-09-2015-0150.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to test a multilevel model, supported by an ambidexterity perspective, to examine the process linking high-performance work systems (HPWS) and organizational ambidexterity using both unit- and firm-level analyses. Design/methodology/approach – The author collected multisource and multilevel data from 346 employees and 184 managers of 33 electronic engineering firms. Findings – The results revealed that unit HPWS were positively related to unit organizational ambidexterity. The author considers that the role of firm-level transformational leadership (TFL) is to create a climate of autonomy that can be delegated to promote organizational ambidexterity within units. Furthermore, a firm-level empowerment climate moderates the effect of unit-level HPWS on a unit’s organizational ambidexterity. The author contributes to the research on leadership and ambidexterity by revealing the impact of HPWS as experienced in the unit- and of firm-level TFL. The author also identify boundary conditions for pursuing unit organizational ambidexterity. Originality/value – Responding to the call for more research into the effects of the empowerment climate on employees’ behaviors and the behavioral outcomes of employees, this research reveals that not only is the macro perspective of HPWS at the organizational level useful to promote ambidextrous activities at lower levels, but also that the unit experience of HPWS more directly affects employees’ behaviors in engaging in the search for new opportunities for new products/services and refining current products simultaneously at the unit level. The broader implication is that the effectiveness of HPWS as an antecedent for organizational ambidexterity (Gibson and Birkinshaw, 2004; Kang and Snell, 2009) depends on the unit experience of HPWS being used to influence autonomous employees to actively undertake ambidextrous activities at the unit level.
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Ray, Korok, and Jacob Gramlich. "Reconciling Full-Cost and Marginal-Cost Pricing." Journal of Management Accounting Research 28, no. 1 (September 1, 2015): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jmar-51285.
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ABSTRACT Despite the clear prescription from economic theory that a firm should set price based only on variable costs, firms routinely factor fixed costs into pricing decisions. We show that full-cost pricing (FCP) can achieve the optimal price. FCP marks up variable cost with the contribution margin per unit, which, in equilibrium, includes the fixed cost. FCP converges to the optimal price when the firm can estimate its equilibrium income. We compare FCP to alternative pricing algorithms that require less information, but converge to optimal price under more narrow conditions than FCP.
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Nkundabanyanga, Stephen Korutaro. "Board governance, intellectual capital and firm performance." Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences 32, no. 1 (May 16, 2016): 20–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jeas-09-2014-0020.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between the combined (multiplicative) effect of board governance and intellectual capital (IC) on firm performance. Design/methodology/approach – This study is cross-sectional and follows a positivist view of testing pre-specified hypotheses. The study uses a respondent sample of 128 service firms operating in Kampala, directors or managers are the unit of enquiry. Structural equation modelling with analysis of moment structures is used for statistical modelling. Findings – Board governance and IC make significant contributions to firm performance. However, their interaction is a significant booster to services sector firms’ performance in Uganda. Research limitations/implications – Although an attempt is made at controlling for common method variance in particular by proactive instrument design and testing, and usage of the Harman single factor analytical technique, its influence may not have been dealt away completely owing to failure to obtain a plausible common marker variable. Well, it is meaningful to identify the significant positive multiplicative effects of board governance and IC so as uncover what is needed in service firms to improve their performance. Originality/value – Studies explaining firm performance via board governance only and which ignored the synergistic effects of board governance and IC have often missed the reality that the performance of the firm can significantly be improved by means of leveraging IC while simultaneously calling for effective board governance.
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Hartini, Sri. "HUBUNGAN ORIENTASI PASAR, STRATEGI BERSAING, KEWIRAUSAHAAN KORPORASI DAN KINERJA PERUSAHAAN." EKUITAS (Jurnal Ekonomi dan Keuangan) 17, no. 1 (February 6, 2017): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.24034/j25485024.y2013.v17.i1.2220.
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This study aims to explain the research gap in the relationship of market orientation on firm performance. To explain the gap, this study focused on the role of moderator variables, that are competitive strategy and corporate and entrepreneurship. Unit analysis in the study is Small Medium Entreprise (SMEs) in East Java. This study used 250 samples, but only 120 companies are responded. Hypothesis test by MRA analysis and sub-groups analysis. MRA analysis is used to test the moderating role corporate entrepreneurship on relationship market orientation on firm performance. The study found that higher corporate entrepreneurship increasing the influence of market orientation on firm performance. Sub-groups analysis is used to examine the role of the firms competitive strategy as moderated variables in the relationship of market orientation on firm performance. The study found that the influence of market orientation on firm performance will be different on each difference competitive strategy. The competitive strategy moderating the relationship market orientation on firm performance.
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Hanousek, Jan, Anastasiya Shamshur, and Jiří Trešl. "Corruption and Firm Efficiency in New EU Countries." Politická ekonomie 64, no. 8 (December 1, 2016): 905–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.18267/j.polek.1117.
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Rehman, Ajid Ur, Tanveer Ahmad, Shahzad Hussain, and Shoaib Hassan. "Corporate cash holdings and firm life cycle: evidence from China." Journal of Asia Business Studies 15, no. 4 (May 26, 2021): 625–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jabs-07-2020-0272.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate how corporate cash holdings changes across firm life cycle and how firms undergo heterogeneous dynamic cash adjustment as they advance from one stage to the next stage. Design/methodology/approach This study uses an extensive data set of 2,994 Chinese A-listed firms. The authors use generalized method of moments (GMM) and Fisher Panel unit root testing to investigate the targeting behavior of Chinese firms. Findings The uni-variate investigation reveals that firms in the growth stage exhibits the highest cash levels and firms in the decline stage report the lowest cash levels. As growth firms have high investment needs, they may require raising external capital to meet investment needs. To avoid the costly external financing, firms in growth stage tend to hold more cash. The GMM estimation reveals that along all the phases of firm life cycle there are evidences of trade-off behavior of corporate cash holdings. The authors report that adjustment rate increases as firms enters into the growth stage. Practical implications The findings provide both theoretical and practical insight to align cash policies with the available strategic choices along firm life cycle in an emerging market characterized by market imperfections. Originality/value The study is unique from the context that it is applying robust methodology to one of rarely investigated area in corporate cash policy. The peculiar Chinese study setting characterized by higher information asymmetry, high cost of external financing and heterogeneous access to financing sources provide theoretical and empirical underpinnings to investigate and gain insight about how corporate cash policy can be aligned with strategic choices available across different stages of life cycle.
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Martin, Ludivine, and Nicolas Poussing. "IT Outsourcing and Firm Characteristics." International Journal of Technology and Human Interaction 10, no. 1 (January 2014): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijthi.2014010101.
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This paper seeks to identify the characteristics of firms that choose to transfer all or at least part of the fulfilment of their information technology needs to an outside party. The authors focus both on outsourcing and on offshoring. With a statistical approach, based on a large and nationally representative data set at the firm unit level, the authors look at the profiles of firms that have decided to outsource and/or offshore at least part of their ICT activities. The authors show that the firms with the most specific ICT needs choose to acquire these services from external suppliers or firms located abroad. The firms with the highest level of ICT investment are also the firms that choose to resort to outsourcing to a great extent.
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Bouwens, Jan, Christian Hofmann, and Laurence van Lent. "Performance Measures and Intra-Firm Spillovers: Theory and Evidence." Journal of Management Accounting Research 30, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 117–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jmar-51903.
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ABSTRACT We revisit the question of how performance measures are used to evaluate business unit managers in response to intra-firm spillovers. Specifically, we are interested in variation in the relative incentive weightings of aggregated “above-level” measures (e.g., firm-wide net income), “own-level” business unit measures (e.g., business unit profit), and specific “below-level” measures (e.g., R&D expenses) in response to spillover arising from either the focal unit's effect on other business units or the other units' effect on the focal unit. Our theory highlights complementarity between above- and below-level measures and the existence of an interaction between the two directions of spillovers. Based on a survey of 122 business unit managers, we report evidence consistent with an interaction effect and with complementarity between above- and below-level measures. In particular, we show that firms increase the weighting on both above- and below-level measures when they are coping simultaneously with high levels of spillovers on other units and spillovers from other units. JEL Classifications: D23; L22; M12; M4.
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Saini, Neha, and Monica Singhania. "Corporate governance, globalization and firm performance in emerging economies." International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management 67, no. 8 (November 12, 2018): 1310–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijppm-04-2017-0091.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine relationship between corporate governance (CG) and firm performance for a set of 255 foreign-funded firms in the form of foreign direct investment (FDI) and private equity (PE). The authors employ a wide range of CG measures including board size, meetings, board gender and foreign ownership which are used as the proxy of globalisation and control variables like firm age, leverage, firm size and capital expenditure to arrive at a conclusion.Design/methodology/approachPanel data set of 255 (187 companies funded by foreign capital in the form of FDI, and 68 companies having foreign capital in the form PE) companies listed on Bombay Stock Exchange, for the period of eight years (2008–2015) are analysed by using static (fixed and random effects) and dynamic (generalised method of moments (GMM)) panel data specifications to examine the relationship among CG, globalisation and firm performance.FindingsThe empirical results of static model indicate the relationship between CG and performance of foreign firms, which are not very strong in India. This is due to the fact that most of the firms are not following the guidelines and regulations strictly in the initial period of sample years. Diversity in board is found as an important variable in accessing firm performance. And the authors also found that foreign firms are very particular about the implementation of CG norms. The results of GMM model highlight the interaction term of foreign ownership with governance indicators. CG is having a positive and significant impact over performance, inferring that higher foreign ownership (in the form of FDI and PE) in firm leading to positive effect on profitability.Practical implicationsThe investor’s preference of financing a unit is guided by the performance of a firm. Investors are more inclined towards high-performing firms, and hence higher profitability leads to higher inflow of capital. The result indicates that higher accounting and market performance may be achieved by good governance practices, in turn, leading to reduced agency costs. Countries with high governance scores attract more of foreign capital. Similar to the best governed countries, the companies having good governance practices attract more foreign inflows in the form of capital.Originality/valueWhile previous literature considered a single measurement framework in the form of a CG index, the authors tried to incorporate a range of CG indicators to study the effect of globalisation and CG on firm performance. The authors segregated foreign-owned funds into two parts, especially FDI and PE. This paper examined heterogeneity in the form of FDI-funded and PE-funded firms, as no prior literature is available which has evaluated different sets of foreign funds simultaneously on CG.
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Daepp, Madeleine I. G., Marcus J. Hamilton, Geoffrey B. West, and Luís M. A. Bettencourt. "The mortality of companies." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 12, no. 106 (May 2015): 20150120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2015.0120.
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The firm is a fundamental economic unit of contemporary human societies. Studies on the general quantitative and statistical character of firms have produced mixed results regarding their lifespans and mortality. We examine a comprehensive database of more than 25 000 publicly traded North American companies, from 1950 to 2009, to derive the statistics of firm lifespans. Based on detailed survival analysis, we show that the mortality of publicly traded companies manifests an approximately constant hazard rate over long periods of observation. This regularity indicates that mortality rates are independent of a company's age. We show that the typical half-life of a publicly traded company is about a decade, regardless of business sector. Our results shed new light on the dynamics of births and deaths of publicly traded companies and identify some of the necessary ingredients of a general theory of firms.
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Coulmont, Michel, Kamille Lambert, and Sylvie Berthelot. "National culture and UN global compact affiliation." Social Responsibility Journal 14, no. 3 (August 6, 2018): 584–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/srj-09-2016-0155.
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Purpose Despite the global nature of the UN Global Compact (UNGC), a platform for the development, implementation and disclosure of responsible and sustainable corporate policies and practices, the participation of organisations is unequally distributed across societies. This paper aims to explore the relationship between national cultures, as defined by Hofstede, and organisations voluntarily affiliating with the UNGC. Design/methodology/approach This study tests the relationship between national culture and firm affiliation with the UNGC using data derived from Hofstede’s works and information available on the UNGC website and other websites and accounting databases, covering 282 firms in 30 countries on 4 continents. Findings The results indicate that firms in countries with high individualism or high masculinity rankings are more likely to affiliate with the UNGC. In addition, organisations in countries with less uncertainty avoidance, short-term orientation and high restraint are also more likely to affiliate with the UNGC. Originality/value The results are interesting for initiatives like the UNGC. The development strategies and democratisation tools developed by this initiative will have to take into account the specific cultural features of different countries.
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Galpin, Timothy. "Strategy beyond the business unit level: corporate parenting in focus." Journal of Business Strategy 40, no. 3 (May 9, 2019): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jbs-01-2018-0011.
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Purpose The gap between management theory and practice has been much criticized. To help bridge the divide, a synthesis of empirical, theoretical and practice literature is offered, along with an application of the widely used VRIO framework, to contend that developing a focused corporate parenting approach as a core competence serves as a source of competitive advantage for diversified companies. Design/methodology/approach A synthesis of empirical, theoretical and practice literature is presented, beginning with a discussion of why and how firms diversify; the relative performance of firms that pursue related and unrelated diversification; an application of the resource-based view, core competencies and the VRIO framework; a description of focused corporate parenting as a core competency; a prescription for how diversified firms can implement a focused corporate parenting approach; and implications for research. Findings Developing a focused corporate parenting approach as a core competence serves as a source of competitive advantage for diversified companies. Research limitations/implications The synthesis of empirical, theoretical and practice literature presented provides a foundation for future research into the impact of focused corporate parenting on diversified firm performance. Practical implications The paper includes a prescription for how diversified firms can implement a focused corporate parenting approach. Originality/value The application of the resource-based view and core competency theories to corporate parenting provides managers with the rationale for and methodology to focus their corporate parenting activities.
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Durceylan, Esra. "Tax efficiency in a model of endogenous markups." SERIEs 10, no. 3-4 (October 30, 2019): 401–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13209-019-00209-w.
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Abstract Efficiency comparison of ad valorem and unit taxes has been traditionally based on consumer welfare. However, if the tax instrument also affects the distribution of firms over their productivities, the policy maker may be concerned about the implications on aggregate productivity as well. This paper makes an efficiency comparison of ad valorem and unit taxes by allowing the distribution of firms to respond to changes in policy. First, I make an efficiency comparison in a model with monopolistically competitive firms that are homogenous with respect to their productivity levels. Consumer preferences exhibit love for variety and allow firms to adjust their markups. I find that ad valorem tax is more efficient. Allowing for firm heterogeneity overturns this result at high revenue requirements. As the tax rate increases, ad valorem tax causes excessive exit of firms which makes the market more competitive. Hence, few surviving firms price lower by decreasing their markups. Lower prices decrease the tax revenue collected. As a result under ad valorem tax regime, higher consumer surplus is dominated by lower tax revenue. On the other hand, production is concentrated among relatively more productive firms. Thus, aggregate productivity is higher under ad valorem tax regime.
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Pfeifer, Christian, and John P. Weche. "Temporary Agency Work and Firm Performance: A Replication Study with Extensions." Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik 240, no. 4 (March 26, 2020): 455–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbnst-2018-0038.
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AbstractThe authors analyze the nexus between temporary agency work (TAW) and firm performance. Compared to Hirsch and Mueller (2012, The Productivity Effect of Temporary Agency Work: Evidence from German Panel Data. Economic Journal 122 (562): F216-F235) and Nielen and Schiersch (2014, Temporary Agency Work and Firm Competitiveness: Evidence from German Manufacturing Firms. Industrial Relations 53: 365–393), the authors support a concave relationship between the TAW share and productivity, but find a convex relationship between the TAW share and unit labor costs, instead of a u-shape. Moreover, a new finding is that the correlation between the TAW share and profitability is only moderate.
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Chen, Shibin, and Yuyin Yi. "The Manufacturer Decision Analysis for Corporate Social Responsibility under Government Subsidy." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (April 5, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6617625.
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Charitable donation and energy-saving R&D are two common approaches to fulfill corporate social responsibility (CSR). A recent survey in China shows that most firms prefer donating to investing in energy-saving research and development. To understand firms’ preference, we develop a game model to investigate the optimal CSR decisions and profit of the firm, which considers donation and energy-saving R&D approaches, respectively. Then, we analyze how the government subsidies for CSR, as well as the unit production cost and the R&D cost of energy-saving product, affect the firm’s CSR decisions and the CSR rate of return. Finally, we study the triple bottom line approach, i.e., considering donation and energy-saving R&D approaches simultaneously, and investigate the interaction between the above two approaches. The results show the following. (1) Government subsidy is an important driver for the firm’s CSR fulfillment and the triple bottom line approach is optimal if the government simultaneously provides two subsidies. (2) When the government subsidy for energy-saving product is moderate, the firm will choose the approach with high profit and high CSR rate of return. (3) The CSR rates of return of different approaches are also compared to reveal the efficiency of the CSR fulfillment and the firm may sometimes choose an approach with low CSR rate of return to pursue high profit. We identify why and when firms prefer charitable donation to energy-saving R&D approach and determine the threshold of the firm engaging CSR for the government to formulate CSR subsidy policies.
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Melander, Lisa, and Fredrik Tell. "Inter-firm and intra-firm coordination of buyer-supplier collaborations in new product development under conflicts of interest." Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing 34, no. 4 (June 7, 2019): 850–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jbim-09-2017-0216.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze coordination mechanisms in buyer-supplier collaborations in new product development (NPD) and the influence of conflicts of interest. Inter- and intra-organizational coordination mechanisms are investigated. Design/methodology/approach The findings reported are based on a multiple case study consisting of four cases at two firms. Theoretical sampling consisted in selecting two projects with opposite levels of conflicts of interest between the collaborating firms. In total, 38 interviews were conducted with employees in buying and supplying firms. Findings The findings illustrate how inter-firm conflicts of interest affect the way firms coordinate both externally and internally. A high level of conflicts of interest related to information leakage emanated in more distant relationships with limited coordination between buyer and supplier. This restrictive relationship is also reflected in limited coordination between the buyer’s purchasing and research and development (R&D) units. Research limitations/implications Generalizability is limited, as only two large industrial firms have been studied, but with four projects investigated in detail. The study shows that in situations, in which there is a conflict of interest, external coordination affects the firms’ internal coordination. Conflicts of interest in buyer-supplier NPD collaborations are managed by limiting information sharing, which is reflected in the way R&D and purchasing are coordinated. Practical implications Managers need to be aware of that a firm’s fear of sharing information with its supplier can also transfer to intra-firm unit coordination, as R&D may limit its information sharing with purchasing. On the other hand, in buyer-supplier collaborations with little conflict of interest, firms can form close relationships. Such a close relationship is also mirrored in how R&D and purchasing openly share information and coordinate. Originality/value This research contributes to an increased understanding of coordination in buyer-supplier innovation collaboration. Firms not only need to consider their external coordination but also how coordination with suppliers may affect the way they coordinate in NPD projects within the firm between purchasing and R&D.
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Raźniak, Piotr. "Kryzys gospodarczy czy referendum brexit? Wpływ międzynarodowych i krajowych wydarzeń na wyniki finansowe największych korporacji w Wielkiej Brytanii." Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis Studia Geographica 14 (December 15, 2020): 147–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.24917/20845456.14.10.
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W 2016 roku w referendum Brytyjczycy zadecydowali o opuszczeniu Unii Europejskiej. Celem opracowania jest określenie zmian sytuacji finansowej największych korporacji notowanych na liście Forbes Global 2000, których siedziba zarządu znajduje się na terytorium Wielkiej Brytanii w latach 2006–2018. Około ¾ z nich zlokalizowanych jest w Londynie, wobec czego przeprowadzono również bliższą analizę sytuacji finansowej firm znajdujących się w Londynie. W latach 2015–2018 nieznacznie spadła liczba siedzib zarządów zarówno w całej Wielkiej Brytanii, jak i Londynie. Również w tym czasie pogorszyły się wyniki finansowe firm, jednakże spadki były mniejsze w Londynie, niż w firmach zlokalizowanych w pozostałej części kraju. Zdecydowanie większy wpływ na liczbę firm i ich wyniki finansowe z siedzibami zarządów w Wielkiej Brytanii i w Londynie miało kryzys ekonomiczny i gospodarczy z lat 2007–2008. Mimo znaczącego spadku liczby siedzib zarządów w latach 2006–2018 są one znacznie bogatsze i potężniejsze niż przed spowolnieniem gospodarczym. Firmy operujące w skali globalnej są mniej uzależnione od rynków europejskich, natomiast bardziej wrażliwe na załamania gospodarcze w skali globalnej. Nieznaczne spadki wyników finansowych po referendum spowodowane były przez brak wiary wśród zarządzających korporacjami, że jednak dojdzie do Brexitu, co mogłoby utrudnić prowadzenie biznesu z pozostałymi krajami Unii Europejskiej.
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Rehman, Ajid ur. "Mean reverting leverage policy in China: theory and evidence from industrial and sectorial level unit root analysis." Journal of Asia Business Studies 12, no. 3 (August 6, 2018): 290–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jabs-10-2016-0138.
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Purpose This study aims to apply unit root test to investigate the behavior of Chinese firms toward their leverage policy. The study is based on two influential and competing theories of capital structure. Design/methodology/approach This study applies unit root test to investigate the behavior of Chinese firms toward their leverage policy. The study is based on two influential and competing theories of capital structure. Trade off theory advocates that firms have a target level of leverage ratio and that firms try to achieve that optimal leverage ratio, whereas pecking order theory argues that firms have no target level of leverage and that they follow a specific pattern of leverage. For this purpose, this study applies a Fisher type unit root test to 12,808 firm level observations. The data are unbalanced and cover a period from 1991 to 2014. Findings The results reveal the presence of a stationary behavior across short-term, long-term and total leverage policies. For short-term leverage policy, 21 per cent firms show stationary behavior, while for long-term, 20 per cent show a targeting behavior; for the total leverage policy 17 per cent of firms are found to follow a tradeoff model. To make the findings more interesting sample was further classified into profit and loss making firms. The study finds that loss making firms do not follow a target level of leverage in China. Furthermore, unit root is applied to all firms before and after crises-2008. It is revealed that stationary behavior is more prevalent before crises-2008. Originality/value This study is highly important from the point of view that it quantifies firms into distinct categories of following specific model of capital structure. To the best of the author’s knowledge, the findings of this study add to current research knowledge about Chinese firms with respect to adjustment behavior toward a target capital structure.
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Hill, Susan A., and Julian Birkinshaw. "Ambidexterity and Survival in Corporate Venture Units." Journal of Management 40, no. 7 (May 17, 2012): 1899–931. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0149206312445925.
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Corporate venture (CV) units constitute vehicles through which firms may act ambidextrously, thereby increasing their longevity, but they suffer from a high failure rate. The authors examine why and how some CV units last significantly longer than others. They argue that CV units endure by developing an ambidextrous orientation themselves—they build new capabilities for the parent firm while simultaneously leveraging its existing strengths. They argue that CV units become ambidextrous by nurturing a supportive relational context, defined by the strength of their relationships with three different sets of actors—parent firm executives, business unit managers, and members of the venture capital community. Using primary data collected from 95 CV units over a three-year period, the authors test and find support for these arguments.
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Kabachia, Sheila, and Dr Allan Kihara. "EFFECT OF PROCUREMENT OUTSOURCING ON PERFORMANCE OF KENYA AIRWAYS LIMITED." International Journal of Supply Chain and Logistics 3, no. 3 (July 24, 2019): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.47941/ijscl.v3i3.310.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose: The study sought to establish the effects of procurement outsourcing on performance of firms in the airline industry in Kenya with a focus on Kenya Airways Limited. The study specifically looked at the effect of purchasing functions outsourcing, transport and logistics services outsourcing, warehousing services outsourcing and procurement information systems management outsourcing on performance of firms in the airline industry with a focus on Kenya Airways Company Limited.Methodology: The study was guided by Transaction Cost Theory, SCOR Model, the Principal Agency Theory and Resource Dependency Theory. A case study was adopted in the study as a research design and targeted 75 employees in procurement and logistics departments at Kenya Airways Company departments. The study adopted a census technique with respect to the unit of analysis which was Kenya Airways Company Limited. The study used both descriptive as well as inferential statistics for analysis. Descriptive statistics of frequency distributions, percentages and frequency tables were used while inferential statistics of correlation and regression analysis were employed using SPSS version 24.0 to establish the relationship between procurement outsourcing practices and performance of firms in the airline industry.Results: The findings of the study revealed that purchasing functions outsourcing, transport and logistics services outsourcing, warehousing services outsourcing and procurement information system management outsourcing positively and significantly affect performance of firms in the airline industry.Contributions to policy and practice: The study recommends that Kenya Airways Limited should focus on outsourcing purchasing functions since the practice positively and significantly affects performance of the firm. The study also recommends that Kenya Airways Limited should enhance transport and logistics outsourcing since the practice positively and significantly affects performance of the firm. The study further recommends that Kenya Airways Limited should promote outsourcing of warehousing services since the practice positively and significantly affects performance of the firm. The study finally recommends that Kenya Airways Limited should enhance outsourcing of procurement information system management since the practice positively and significantly affects performance of the firm.
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Li, Jun, and Di (Andrew) Wu. "Do Corporate Social Responsibility Engagements Lead to Real Environmental, Social, and Governance Impact?" Management Science 66, no. 6 (June 2020): 2564–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2019.3324.
Full textAbstract:
We construct an event-based outcome measure of firm-level environmental, social, and governance (ESG) impact for public and private firms globally from 2007 to 2015 using data from RepRisk. Then we measure the societal impact of corporate social responsibility (CSR) engagements using participation in the United Nations Global Compact (UNGC) as a proxy. We demonstrate a robust and striking difference between public and private firms: whereas private firms significantly reduce their negative ESG incident levels after UNGC engagements, public firms fail to do so and are more likely to engage in decoupled CSR actions—actions with no subsequent real impact. We then conduct a series of in-depth analyses to examine possible economic mechanisms. Our results are most consistent with shareholder–stakeholder conflicts of interest being the main moderator of decoupling. The intensity of this conflict is further moderated by three factors: ownership type, proximity to final consumers on the value chain, and specific ESG incident types. Other possible mechanisms, such as selective entry into UNGC and heterogeneities in media exposure, country representation, and entry timing, do not survive our analysis. Our results suggest that existing CSR engagements and one-size-fits-all CSR policy mandates might not necessarily lead to better societal outcomes, and a multi-tiered policy targeting different ownership and industry types might be more efficient at maximizing ex post ESG benefits.
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Namada, Juliana Mulaa. "The Role of Strategy Implementation in the Relationship Between Strategic Planning Systems and Performance." International Journal of Business Strategy and Automation 1, no. 1 (January 2020): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijbsa.2020010101.
Full textAbstract:
While substantial research has been done on strategic planning and performance, there is little research on the moderating role of strategy implementation. This study attempts to bridge this gap. The study adopted a descriptive cross-sectional survey with the firm as the unit of analysis. The findings indicate that strategy implementation moderates the relationship between strategic planning systems and market performance as well as internal business process performance but not on return on investment performance. In conclusion, the configuration of planning systems with its theoretical underpinning as resource bundles explain performance variations among firms. The study's implication for practice is that strategic planning systems should be emphasized by business firms as a configuration and not by its domains.
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Chaykowski, Richard P. "Union and Firm Preferences for Bargaining Outcomes in the Private Sector." Articles 45, no. 2 (April 12, 2005): 326–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/050586ar.
Full textAbstract:
The relative importance that firms and unions place on bargaining issues in the long run is investigated for the Canadian private sector. Survey results suggest that rankings are similarfor some outcomes, but diverge markedly for others. Variations in union rankings are more sensitive to economic conditions than are firm rankings, and union characteristics such as bargaining unit size and percentage of female membership determine union rankings over alternative outcomes, whereas a firm's industrial classification is an important determinant of management priorities.