Journal articles: 'UNICEF Uganda Country Programme'

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Rakotomanana, Hasina, Joel J. Komakech, Christine N. Walters, and Barbara J. Stoecker. "The WHO and UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) Indicators for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene and Their Association with Linear Growth in Children 6 to 23 Months in East Africa." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 17 (August 28, 2020): 6262. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176262.

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The slow decrease in child stunting rates in East Africa warrants further research to identify the influence of contributing factors such as water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH). This study investigated the association between child length and WASH conditions using the recently revised WHO and UNICEF (United Nations Children’s Fund) Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) indicators. Data from households with infants and young children aged 6–23 months from the Demographic and Health Surveys in Burundi, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia were used. Associations for each country between WASH conditions and length-for-age z-scores (LAZ) were analyzed using linear regression. Stunting rates were high (>20%) reaching 45% in Burundi. At the time of the most recent Demographic and Health Survey (DHS), more than half of the households in most countries did not have basic or safely managed WASH indicators. Models predicted significantly higher LAZ for children living in households with safely managed drinking water compared to those living in households drinking from surface water in Kenya (β = 0.13, p < 0.01) and Tanzania (β = 0.08, p < 0.05) after adjustment with child, maternal, and household covariates. Children living in households with improved sanitation facilities not shared with other households were also taller than children living in households practicing open defecation in Ethiopia (β = 0.07, p < 0.01) and Tanzania (β = 0.08, p < 0.01) in the adjusted models. All countries need improved WASH conditions to reduce pathogen and helminth contamination. Targeting adherence to the highest JMP indicators would support efforts to reduce child stunting in East Africa.

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Laird, Siobhan E. "International Child Welfare: Deconstructing UNICEF's Country Programmes." Social Policy and Society 4, no. 4 (October 2005): 457–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474746405002642.

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There has been exhaustive scrutiny of the policies of the Bretton Woods institutions and the United Nations Population Fund. UNICEF, despite a prominent role in agenda setting for children's welfare in developing countries, has not been subject to comparable scrutiny. This paper argues that the Country Programmes promulgated by UNICEF to improve children's welfare reflect ethnocentric conceptualisations of the family. As a case study, Ghana's Country Programme 2001–2005 is considered in detail. Anthropological studies are adduced to highlight underlying ethnocentric assumptions around social organisation. The ramifications of these assumptions are then considered.

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Swift, Bethan, Annette Imohe, Cristina H. Perez, and Louise Mwirigi. "An in-depth review of the UNICEF NutriDash platform, lessons learnt and future perspectives: a mixed-methods study." BMJ Open 13, no. 1 (January 2023): e062684. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-062684.

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ObjectivesRobust data on nutrition are essential to realise the right to nutrition for every child. Created in 2009, UNICEF’s Nutrition Dashboard (NutriDash) collects nutrition programme information from 125 countries. An in-depth review of NutriDash was conducted to understand its strengths and identify key actions to increase its effectiveness and efficiency.MethodsAdapting the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention updated guidelines for evaluating public health surveillance systems, a mixed-methods approach was used. A questionnaire was designed to capture information on key attributes of NutriDash and disseminated to UNICEF country offices for quantitative feedback on user experiences. Structured key informant interviews were held with internal and external stakeholders to gain qualitative perceptions on data generated from NutriDash. Analysis involved producing frequency distributions for the questionnaire data and performing thematic analyses on interview data.ResultsA total of 53 respondents completed the questionnaire (42% response rate), representing 48 countries and good regional geographic representation. Most respondents (96%) worked in UNICEF country offices. The percentages of participants who agreed or strongly agreed with each attribute of the NutriDash system were as follows: acceptability: 71%, stability: 68%, simplicity; 63%, data quality: 60%, flexibility: 58% and usefulness: 43%. Internal and external stakeholders commented on the value of NutriDash; its use ranging from nutrition global trend monitoring for programme planning to producing reports and dashboards. Key themes derived from this review as areas for improvement included communication, access to data and data quality.ConclusionsThis review has identified key themes that will inform improvements to NutriDash and form a baseline for future periodic reviews to continuously enhance the system to improve availability of timely quality nutrition programme data. UNICEF will continue to engage with countries, key partners and governments to improve the NutriDash data value chain and ensure the right to nutrition for every child.

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Adebisi, Yusuff Adebayo, Kirinya Ibrahim, Don Eliseo Lucero-Prisno, Aniekan Ekpenyong, Alumuku Iordepuun Micheal, Iwendi Godsgift Chinemelum, and Ayomide Busayo Sina-Odunsi. "Prevalence and Socio-economic Impacts of Malnutrition Among Children in Uganda." Nutrition and Metabolic Insights 12 (January 2019): 117863881988739. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1178638819887398.

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Malnutrition is one of the common problems that afflict the poor in low- and middle-income countries like Uganda. The rate of decline of malnutrition in the country has been very slow for the last 15 years. This problem is of utmost concern in this era of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in which achieving the goals is imperative. The aim of our study was to review literature on the prevalence and socio-economic impacts of malnutrition among children under 5 in Uganda and provide recommendations to address identified gaps. This review assesses available evidences, including journal articles, country reports, the World Health Organization (WHO) reports, the United Nations International Children’s Emergency Funds (UNICEF) reports, and other reports on issues pertaining to malnutrition among children in Uganda. Malnutrition, poverty, and chronic diseases are interconnected in such a way that each of the factors influences the presence and permanence of the other, resulting in a synergistic impact. The prevalence of acute and severe malnutrition among children under 5 is above the World Health Assembly target to reduce and maintain the prevalence under 5% by 2025. There are also limited studies on etiology of anemia as regards its prevalence in Uganda. The study presents a better understanding of the social and economic impact of child malnutrition on the families and the country’s development. The study also strongly suggests that, for Uganda to achieve sustainable development goal 2, financial investments by the government are necessary to address nutrition in the early stages of an individual’s life.

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Isanaka, Sheila, Christopher T. Andersen, Simon Cousens, Mark Myatt, André Briend, Julia Krasevec, Chika Hayashi, Amy Mayberry, Louise Mwirigi, and Saul Guerrero. "Improving estimates of the burden of severe wasting: analysis of secondary prevalence and incidence data from 352 sites." BMJ Global Health 6, no. 3 (March 2021): e004342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-004342.

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IntroductionEstimates of incident cases of severe wasting among young children are not available for most settings but are needed for optimal planning of treatment programmes and burden estimation. To improve programme planning, global guidance recommends a single ‘incidence correction factor’ of 1.6 be applied to available prevalence estimates to account for incident cases. This study aimed to update estimates of the incidence correction factor to improve programme planning and inform the approach to burden estimation for severe wasting.MethodsA global call was issued for secondary data from severe wasting treatment programmes including prevalence, population size, programme admission and programme coverage through a UNICEF-led effort. Site-specific incidence correction factors were calculated as the number of incident cases (annual programme admissions/programme coverage) divided by the number of prevalent cases (prevalence*population size). Estimates were aggregated by country, region and overall using inverse-variance weighted random-effects meta-analysis.ResultsWe estimated incidence correction factors from 352 sites in 20 countries. Estimates aggregated by country ranged from 1.3 (Nigeria) to 30.1 (Burundi). Excluding implausible values, the overall incidence correction factor was 3.6 (95% CI 3.4 to 3.9).ConclusionOur results suggest that incidence correction factors vary between sites and that the burden of severe wasting will often be underestimated using the currently recommended incidence correction factor of 1.6. Application of updated incidence correction factors represents a simple way to improve programme planning when incidence data are not available and could inform the approach to burden estimation.

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Sorketti, Ehab Ali. "Sudan's national mental health programme and burden of mental illness." International Psychiatry 6, no. 1 (January 2009): 16–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s1749367600000254.

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Sudan occupies 2 500 000 km2 in East Africa. It has borders with nine countries, two of which are Arab: Egypt, Libya, Kenya, Uganda, Congo, Chad, the Central African Republic, Ethiopia and Eritrea. Sudan is the largest country in Africa. The heart of the country, in terms of population, lies at the confluence of the Blue and White Niles. The complex of the ‘three towns', comprising the three largest cities, Khartoum, Khartoum North and Omdurman, is situated there and contains almost 20% of the population. The total population of Sudan is about 35.4 million (projected from the 2005 census). The urban population was estimated at 33% of the total. About 2.2 million are still entirely nomadic. Sudan's peoples are as diverse as its geography. There are 19 major ethnic groups and 597 subgroups.

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Simuyemba, Moses C., Obrian Ndlovu, Felicitas Moyo, Eddie Kashinka, Abson Chompola, Aaron Sinyangwe, and Felix Masiye. "Real-time evaluation pros and cons: Lessons from the Gavi Full Country Evaluation in Zambia." Evaluation 26, no. 3 (February 3, 2020): 367–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1356389019901314.

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The Full Country Evaluations were Gavi-funded real-time evaluations of immunisation programmes in Bangladesh, Mozambique, Uganda and Zambia, from 2013 to 2016. The evaluations focused on providing evidence for improvement of immunisation delivery in these countries and spanned all phases of Gavi support. The process evaluation approach of the evaluations utilised mixed methods to track progress against defined theories-of-change and related milestones during the various stages of implementation of the Gavi support streams. This article highlights complexities of this type of real-time evaluation and shares lessons learnt on conducting such evaluation from the Zambian experience. Real-time process evaluation is a complex evaluation methodology that requires sensitivity to the context of the evaluation, catering for various information needs of stakeholders, and establishment of mutually beneficial relationships between programme implementers and evaluators. When used appropriately, it can be an effective means of informing programme decisions and aiding programme improvement for both donors and local implementers.

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Nayebare, J. G., M. M. Owor, R. Kulabako, L. C. Campos, E. Fottrell, and R. G. Taylor. "WASH conditions in a small town in Uganda: how safe are on-site facilities?" Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 10, no. 1 (November 19, 2019): 96–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2019.070.

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Abstract Inadequate hygiene coupled with the conjunctive use of the shallow subsurface as both a source of water and repository of faecal matter pose substantial risks to human health in low-income countries undergoing rapid urbanisation. To evaluate water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) conditions in a small, rapidly growing town in central Uganda (Lukaya) served primarily by on-site water supply and sanitation facilities, water-point mapping, focus group discussions, sanitary-risk inspections and 386 household surveys were conducted. Household surveys indicate high awareness (82%) of domestic hygiene (e.g. handwashing, boiling water) but limited evidence of practice. WHO Sanitary Risk Surveys and Rapid Participatory Sanitation System Risk Assessments reveal further that community hygiene around water points and sanitation facilities including their maintenance is commonly inadequate. Spot sampling of groundwater quality shows widespread faecal contamination indicated by enumerated thermo-tolerant coliforms (TTCs) (Escherichia coli) ranging from 0 to 104 cfc/100 mL and nitrate concentrations that occasionally exceed 250 mg/L. As defined by the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring programme, there are no safely managed water sources in Lukaya; ∼55% of improved water sources comprising primarily shallow hand-dug wells show gross faecal contamination by E. coli; and 51% of on-site sanitation facilities are unimproved. Despite the critical importance of on-site water supply and sanitation facilities in low-income countries to the realisation of UN Sustainable Goal 6 (access to safe water and sanitation for all by 2030), the analysis highlights the fragility and vulnerability of these systems where current monitoring and maintenance of communal facilities are commonly inadequate.

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FLEMING, F. M., A. FENWICK, E. M. TUKAHEBWA, R. G. N. LUBANGA, H. NAMWANGYE, S. ZARAMBA, and N. B. KABATEREINE. "Process evaluation of schistosomiasis control in Uganda, 2003 to 2006: perceptions, attitudes and constraints of a national programme." Parasitology 136, no. 13 (August 21, 2009): 1759–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182009990709.

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SUMMARYSchistosomiasis is widespread in Uganda along large lakes and rivers with approximately 4 million people infected. Hookworm infections also prevalent throughout the country, while infections withAscaris lumbricoidesandTrichuris trichiuraare mainly found in south-western Uganda. A national programme aimed at controlling morbidity due to these infections was launched in 2003. This article describes the perceptions, attitudes, constraints and experiences of those implementing the programme and those receiving the treatment. The study used qualitative data collected largely in two districts but also from 18 other districts implementing the programme. Results showed that mass treatment was perceived to be beneficial because the drugs make people feel better. However, side-effects of praziquantel (PZQ), the smell and size of the tablets and the use of height, not weight, to determine dose were raised as major factors discouraging people from taking the drug. Generally, most of the end-users were appreciative of the programme and were beginning to demand regular treatment. Nevertheless, intensive and sustained health education is still vital for improvement of treatment coverage, especially among the non-compliers. It was repeatedly highlighted that there is a need to stock PZQ in all health facilities in endemic areas. Provision of incentives to drug distributors and to involve as many stakeholders as possible in the planning phase were also raised by respondents. Lessons learned for the development and success of a helminth control programme at a national scale are discussed.

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Soi, Caroline, Jessica C. Shearer, Ashwin Budden, Emily Carnahan, Nicole Salisbury, Gilbert Asiimwe, Baltazar Chilundo, et al. "How to evaluate the implementation of complex health programmes in low-income settings: the approach of the Gavi Full Country Evaluations." Health Policy and Planning 35, Supplement_2 (November 1, 2020): ii35—ii46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czaa127.

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Abstract Vaccination, like most other public health services, relies on a complex package of intervention components, functioning systems and committed actors to achieve universal coverage. Despite significant investment in immunization programmes, national coverage trends have slowed and equity gaps have grown. This paper describes the design and implementation of the Gavi Full Country Evaluations, a multi-country, prospective, mixed-methods approach whose goal was to monitor and evaluate processes, inputs, outputs and outcomes of immunization programmes in Bangladesh, Mozambique, Uganda and Zambia. We implemented the Full Country Evaluations from 2013 to 2018 with the goal of identifying the drivers of immunization programme improvement to support programme implementation and increase equitable immunization coverage. The framework supported methodological and paradigmatic flexibility to respond to a broad range of evaluation and implementation research questions at global, national and cross-country levels, but was primarily underpinned by a focus on evaluating processes and identifying the root causes of implementation breakdowns. Process evaluation was driven by theories of change for each Gavi funding stream (e.g. Health Systems Strengthening) or activity, ranging from global policy development to district-level programme implementation. Mixing of methods increased in relevance and rigour over time as we learned to build multiple methods into increasingly tailored evaluation questions. Evaluation teams in country-based research institutes increasingly strengthened their level of embeddedness with immunization programmes as the emphasis shifted over time to focus more heavily on the use of findings for programme learning and adaptation. Based on our experiences implementing this approach, we recommend it for the evaluation of other complex interventions, health programmes or development assistance.

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PARKER, MELISSA, TIM ALLEN, and JULIE HASTINGS. "RESISTING CONTROL OF NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES: DILEMMAS IN THE MASS TREATMENT OF SCHISTOSOMIASIS AND SOIL-TRANSMITTED HELMINTHS IN NORTH-WEST UGANDA." Journal of Biosocial Science 40, no. 2 (March 2008): 161–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932007002301.

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SummaryA strong case has recently been made by academics and policymakers to develop national programmes for the integrated control of Africa’s ‘neglected tropical diseases’. Uganda was the first country to develop a programme for the integrated control of two of these diseases: schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminths. This paper discusses social responses to the programme in Panyimur, north-west Uganda. It shows that adults are increasingly rejecting free treatment. Resistance is attributed to a subjective fear of side-effects; divergence between biomedical and local understandings of schistosomiasis/bilharzia; as well as inappropriate and inadequate health education. In addition, the current procedures for distributing drugs at a district level are problematic. Additional research was carried out in neighbouring areas to explore the generalizability of findings. Comparable problems have arisen. It is concluded that the national programme will not fulfil its stated objectives of establishing a local demand for mass treatment unless it can establish more effective delivery strategies and promote behavioural change in socially appropriate ways. To do so will require new approaches to social, economic and political aspects of distribution. There are reasons why populations infected with the ‘neglected tropical diseases’ are themselves neglected. Those reasons cannot just be wished away.

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Griffiths, Ulla K., Jennifer Asman, Alex Adjagba, Marina Yo, James O. Oguta, and Chloe Cho. "Budget line items for immunization in 33 African countries." Health Policy and Planning 35, no. 7 (May 27, 2020): 753–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czaa040.

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Abstract When seeking to ensure financial sustainability of a health programme, existence of a line item in the Ministry of Health (MOH) budget is often seen as an essential, first step. We used immunization as a reference point for cross-country comparison of budgeting methods in Sub-Saharan African countries. Study objectives were to (1) verify the number and types of budget line items for immunization services, (2) compare budget execution with budgeted amounts and (3) compare values with annual immunization expenditures reported to WHO and UNICEF. MOH budgets for 2016 and/or 2017 were obtained from 33 countries. Despite repeated attempts, budgets could not be retrieved from five countries (Chad, Eritrea, Guinea Bissau, Somalia and South Sudan), and we were only able to gather budget execution from eight countries. The number of immunization line items ranged between 0 and 42, with a median of eight. Immunization donor funding was included in 10 budgets. Differences between budgeted amounts and expenditures reported to WHO and UNICEF were greater than 50% in 66% of countries. Immunization budgets per child in the birth cohort ranged from US$1.37 (Democratic Republic of Congo) to US$67.51 (Central African Republic), with an average of US$10.05. Out of the total Government health budget, immunization comprised between 0.04% (Madagascar) and 5.67% (Benin), with an average of 1.98% across the countries, when excluding on-budget donor funds. It was challenging to obtain MOH budgets in many countries and it was largely impossible to access budget execution reports, preventing us from assessing budget credibility. Large differences between budgets and expenditures reported to WHO and UNICEF are likely due to inconsistent interpretations of reporting requirements, diverse approaches to reporting donor funds, challenges in extracting the relevant information from public financial management systems and broader issues of public financial management capacity in MOH staff.

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Nakanjako, Damalie, Flavia Zalwango, Pamela Wairagala, Fiona Luboga, Irene Andia Biraro, Victoria Diana Bukirwa, Mary Gorrethy Mboowa, Steve Cose, Janet Seeley, and Alison Elliott. "Career development for infection and immunity research in Uganda: a decade of experience from the Makerere University – Uganda Virus Research Institute research and training programme." AAS Open Research 3 (June 24, 2020): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/aasopenres.13066.1.

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Background: The Makerere University/Uganda Virus Research Institute (UVRI) Centre of Excellence for Infection & Immunity Research and Training (MUII) is a collaborative programme supporting excellence in Infection and Immunity (I&I) research in Uganda. Set up in 2008, MUII aims to produce internationally competitive Ugandan and East African I&I research leaders, and develop human and infrastructural resources to support research and training excellence. We undertook an internal evaluation of MUII’s achievements, challenges and lessons learned between August 2008 and December 2019, to inform programmes seeking to build Africa’s health research expertise. Methods: Quantitative data were abstracted from programme annual reports. Qualitative data were obtained in March and April 2019: a cross-sectional evaluation was undertaken among a purposefully selected representative sample of 27 trainees and two programme staff. Qualitative data was analysed according to pre-determined themes of achievements, challenges, lessons learned and recommendations for improvement. Results: By December 2019, MUII had supported 68 fellowships at master’s-level and above (50% female: 23 Masters, 27 PhD, 15 post-doctoral, three group-leader fellows) and over 1,000 internships. Fellows reported career advancement, mentorship by experts, and improved research skills and outputs. Fellows have published over 300 papers, secured grants worth over £20m, established over 40 international collaborations, and taken on research and academic leadership positions in the country. Key lessons for success include the following: efficient administration provides an enabling environment; institutions need supportive policies for procurement, including provisions for purchases of specific biological research reagents from international manufacturers; strong international, multi-disciplinary collaboration provides a critical mass of expertise to mentor researchers in development; and mentorship catalyses young scientists to progress from graduate trainees to productive academic researchers, relevant to society’s most pressing health challenges. Conclusions: Sustainable academic productivity can be achieved through efficient operational support, global collaboration and mentorship to provide solutions to Africa’s health challenges.

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Codling, Karen, Christiane Rudert, France Bégin, and Juan Pablo Peña-Rosas. "The legislative framework for salt iodization in Asia and the Pacific and its impact on programme implementation." Public Health Nutrition 20, no. 16 (September 7, 2017): 3008–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980017001689.

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AbstractObjectiveFortification of food-grade (edible) salt with iodine is recommended as a safe, cost-effective and sustainable strategy for the prevention of iodine-deficiency disorders. The present paper examines the legislative framework for salt iodization in Asian countries.DesignWe reviewed salt iodization legislation in thirty-six countries in Asia and the Pacific. We obtained copies of existing and draft legislation for salt iodization from UNICEF country offices and the WHO’s Global Database of Implementation of Nutrition Actions. We compiled legislation details by country and report on commonalities and gaps using a standardized form. The association between type of legislation and availability of iodized salt in households was assessed.ResultsWe identified twenty-one countries with existing salt iodization legislation, of which eighteen were mandatory. A further nine countries have draft legislation. The majority of countries with draft and existing legislation used a mandatory standard or technical regulation for iodized salt under their Food Act/Law. The remainder have developed a ‘stand-alone’ Law/Act. Available national surveys indicate that the proportion of households consuming adequately iodized salt was lowest in countries with no, draft or voluntary legislation, and highest in those where the legislation was based on mandatory regulations under Food Acts/Laws.ConclusionsLegislation for salt iodization, particularly mandatory legislation under the national food law, facilitates universal salt iodization. However, additional important factors for implementation of salt iodization and maintenance of achievements include the salt industry’s structure and capacity to adequately fortify, and official commitment and capacity to enforce national legislation.

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Robert, Tabaro, and Katusiimeh Mesharch. "Public Sector Provision of Free Agricultural Inputs in Uganda: The Rationale and Challenges of Operation Wealth Creation Programme." Journal of Public Administration and Governance 8, no. 2 (May 25, 2018): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jpag.v8i2.13196.

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The paper analyses the rationale and challenges of public sector provision of free agricultural inputs in Uganda focusing on Operation Wealth Creation (OWC) programme. The programme officially started in 2014 and targets subsistence farmers in the country. OWC aims at commercialization of agriculture thus creating wealth and reducing poverty. It uses the military (Uganda Peoples Defence forces) to distribute and supervise delivery of inputs on the assumption that the army is efficient, organized and disciplined. The study was conducted in the new district of Sheema using purely a qualitative approach. We interviewed farmers, local leaders, opinion leaders and central government officials (key stakeholders) and conducted two Focus Group Discussions. Observation was also used to see how input distribution was being done. Our findings revealed that although OWC is well intended (creation of wealth and reduction of poverty at household level), it faces numerous challenges that hamper smooth implementation. The most common identified challenges were: small quantities of inputs supplied due to limited budget, poor quality inputs, elite capture and stringent entry requirements. Others are fear of the military by farmers, late deliveries of inputs and poor information flow between suppliers, district leadership and farmers. We recommend that government should increase agriculture sector budget, improve on quality of inputs and information flow between suppliers, district leaders and farmers but also fully involve the district leadership in programme implementation.

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Danert, Kerstin, Dotun Adekile, and Jose Gesti Canuto. "Striving for Borehole Drilling Professionalism in Africa: A Review of a 16-Year Initiative through the Rural Water Supply Network from 2004 to 2020." Water 12, no. 12 (November 24, 2020): 3305. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12123305.

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Drilled boreholes are vital to achieving universal, safe drinking water and meeting Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6.1, particularly in Africa. Poor quality siting, borehole design, drilling and completion lead to premature failure of the water supply. From 2004 to 2020, a multi-stakeholder initiative through the Rural Water Supply Network (RWSN) has endeavored to raise the professionalism of borehole drilling and its management in Africa. The initiative comprised in-country and desk studies, training, and the development of guidelines, manuals, training materials, short animated films for advocacy as well as using blogs, webinars and online communities of practice to share experiences. The initiative was funded to approximately USD 750,000 in total. Funding was fragmented throughout, but the initial support by the World Bank Water and Sanitation Programme Africa (WSP-AF), consistent leadership and subsequent partnerships between Skat Foundation, United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), WaterAid UK and others enabled progression on the topic, as well as innovation and opportunities to be harnessed. The initiative has raised the profile of drilling professionalism, provided a wealth of materials and inspired others to take action. Thousands of stakeholders have improved their knowledge. Academic research on the topic has also increased and capacity strengthening of groundwater management and professional drilling is now an action area for the African Ministers Council on Water (AMCOW). UNICEF and WaterAid are among the organizations that have made changes to procurement and project management as a result of the initiative. Despite a growing recognition of the importance of drilling professionalism, reliable, long-term investment in in-country training and professional development, and addressing challenges in the institutional environment remains inadequate. Despite the importance of water well drilling, and commitments to SDG 6.1, capacity strengthening in this area remains a marginal issue for national and international political leadership, and arguably for international funding agencies.

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Nakanjako, Damalie, Flavia Zalwango, Pamela Wairagala, Fiona Luboga, Irene Andia Biraro, Victoria Diana Bukirwa, Mary Gorrethy Mboowa, Steve Cose, Janet Seeley, and Alison Elliott. "Career development for infection and immunity research in Uganda: a decade of experience from the Makerere University – Uganda Virus Research Institute research and training programme." AAS Open Research 3 (August 17, 2020): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/aasopenres.13066.2.

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Background: The Makerere University/Uganda Virus Research Institute (UVRI) Centre of Excellence for Infection & Immunity Research and Training (MUII) is a collaborative programme supporting excellence in Infection and Immunity (I&I) research in Uganda. Set up in 2008, MUII aims to produce internationally competitive Ugandan and East African I&I research leaders, and develop human and infrastructural resources to support research and training excellence. We undertook an internal evaluation of MUII’s achievements, challenges and lessons learned between 08-2008 and 12-2019, to inform programmes seeking to build Africa’s health research expertise. Methods: Quantitative data were abstracted from programme annual reports. Qualitative data were obtained in 03-04/2019: a cross-sectional evaluation was undertaken among a purposefully selected representative sample of 27 trainees and two programme staff. Qualitative data was analysed according to pre-determined themes of achievements, challenges, lessons learned and recommendations for improvement. Results: By 12-2019, MUII had supported 68 fellowships at master’s-level and above (50% female: 23 Masters, 27 PhD, 15 post-doctoral, three group-leaders) and over 1,000 internships. Fellows reported career advancement, mentorship by experts, and improved research skills and outputs. Fellows have published over 300 papers, secured grants worth over £20m, established over 40 international collaborations, and taken on research and academic leadership positions in the country. Key lessons were: i) Efficient administration provides a conducive environment for high quality research; ii) Institutions need supportive policies for procurement, including provisions for purchases of specific biological research reagents from international manufacturers; iii) Strong international and multi-disciplinary collaboration provides a critical mass of expertise to mentor researchers in development; and iv) Mentorship catalyses young scientists to progress from graduate trainees to productive academic researchers, relevant to society’s most pressing health challenges. Conclusions: Sustainable academic productivity can be achieved through efficient operational support, global collaboration and mentorship to provide solutions to Africa’s health challenges.

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Bolliger, Flavio, Dramane Bako, Chiara Brunelli, Neli Georgieva, Karla Koudelka, Silvia Missiroli, and Lassina Pare. "The 50x2030 Initiative and production of SDG 2 indicators: Country challenges and experiences." Statistical Journal of the IAOS 38, no. 1 (March 21, 2022): 75–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/sji-210913.

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An important objective of the 50x2030 Initiative to Close the Agricultural Data Gap is to empower partner countries’ statistical systems for evidence-based decision-making, especially to achieve Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 2. The reference survey instruments of the Initiative allow the monitoring of SDG 2, particularly through indicators 2.3.1, 2.3.2 and 2.4.1. As the lead agency of the Initiative’s Data Production component, FAO assists countries in collecting the required data. The paper discusses the experiences, challenges and solutions encountered in the partner countries engaged in the 50x2030 Initiative and one of its preceding survey programs, the AGRISurvey Programme – namely Cambodia, Ecuador, Georgia, Indonesia, Nepal, Senegal, and Uganda. The experiences encompass data collection and the computation and dissemination of the Indicators.

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Achiro, Elizabeth Dorky, and David Mwesigwa. "The Relationship between Skills Development Support and Self-Reliance among the Youths: A Study on Youth Livelihood Program in Lira City, Uganda." American Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 7, no. 2 (December 9, 2022): 154–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.55284/ajssh.v7i2.800.

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Uganda, being one of the youngest with a number of rapidly growing population in the world of about 3.7% annual growth rate, poses a great challenge to the government seeing that approximately one million young people enter into job market annually yet the youth unemployment rate remains stack at 30%. One way to reverse the unfortunate situation was adoption of the robust Youth livelihood programme, which was designed as a response to the high rate of unemployment and poverty among the youths in the country. Initially, the program covered 112 districts with a budget of Uganda Shillings 265 billion from 2014 to 2017 intended to facilitate the implementation of the programme. However available studies indicate that several interventions have been supported by government, the private sector and non-governmental organizations but the rate of youth unemployment and poverty continues to worsen. This study sought to assess the contribution of skills development support towards enhancing self-reliance among youth in Lira city, mid-north Uganda. Focus was put on the relationship between skills development support and self-reliance. A sample of 254 was selected using simple random sampling technique and data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire. Results suggest that youth livelihood program, through skills development support plays a significant role towards ensuring self-reliance among the youths in the region. It was recommended that the government of Uganda rethinks its strategy on poverty reduction among young people from a top-bottom approach to a bottom-up approach where the target beneficiaries take a lead role in the program design, its implementation and evaluation.

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Lipeikaite, Ugne, Raymond Amanyabyoona, Asia Kamukama, and Adonia Katungisa. "Community engagement for meaningful and sustainable digital literacy training in Uganda." Journal of Library Outreach and Engagement 2, no. 1 (July 12, 2022): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21900/j.jloe.v2i1.875.

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This article provides practical insight on how public library programmes can deploy community needs assessment as a tool to engage the community into the development of library services and programmes for specific target groups. This approach contributes to the practice of needs-based library service development as well as demonstrates how community needs assessment can also serve as a library outreach mechanism to community members. The community needs assessment study, described in this article, was done in Uganda in early 2021 by EIFL (Electronic information for libraries), Peer 2 Peer University, National Library of Uganda and Maendeleo Foundation. The study was aimed at developing a meaningful and sustainable digital literacy skills training for women and youth to be delivered via a nation-wide network of public and community libraries. The study is a part of a project “Digital skills and inclusion through libraries in Uganda”, which is funded by Belgium through the Wehubit Programme implemented by the Belgian development agency, Enabel. The study consisted of interviews with librarians and meetings with library authorities and community members across the country. The study was used both to gain a deeper understanding of expectations and preferences of women and youth in relation to the digital skills and online content, and also to raise awareness about the upcoming training by the project at early stages. In this article, we are sharing learnings from the process, as well as discussing how the findings were used to inform and shape the development of the digital literacy training programme.

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Baumgartner, Joy Noel, Jennifer Headley, Julius Kirya, Josh Guenther, James Kaggwa, Min Kyung Kim, Luke Aldridge, Stefanie Weiland, and Joseph Egger. "Impact evaluation of a maternal and neonatal health training intervention in private Ugandan facilities." Health Policy and Planning 36, no. 7 (June 29, 2021): 1103–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czab072.

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Abstract Global and country-specific targets for reductions in maternal and neonatal mortality in low-resource settings will not be achieved without improvements in the quality of care for optimal facility-based obstetric and newborn care. This global call includes the private sector, which is increasingly serving low-resource pregnant women. The primary aim of this study was to estimate the impact of a clinical and management-training programme delivered by a non-governmental organization [LifeNet International] that partners with clinics on adherence to global standards of clinical quality during labour and delivery in rural Uganda. The secondary aim included describing the effect of the LifeNet training on pre-discharge neonatal and maternal mortality. The LifeNet programme delivered maternal and neonatal clinical trainings over a 10-month period in 2017–18. Direct clinical observations of obstetric deliveries were conducted at baseline (n = 263 pre-intervention) and endline (n = 321 post-intervention) for six faith-based, not-for-profit primary healthcare facilities in the greater Masaka area of Uganda. Direct observation comprised the entire delivery process, from initial client assessment to discharge, and included emergency management (e.g. postpartum haemorrhage and neonatal resuscitation). Data were supplemented by daily facility-based assessments of infrastructure during the study periods. Results showed positive and clinically meaningful increases in observed handwashing, observed delayed cord clamping, partograph use documentation and observed 1- and/or 5-minute APGAR assessments (rapid scoring system for assessing clinical status of newborn), in particular, between baseline and endline. High-quality intrapartum facility-based care is critical for reducing maternal and early neonatal mortality, and this evaluation of the LifeNet intervention indicates that their clinical training programme improved the practice of quality maternal and neonatal healthcare at all six primary care clinics in Uganda, at least over a relatively short-term period. However, for several of these quality indicators, the adherence rates, although improved, were still far from 100% and could benefit from further improvement via refresher trainings and/or a closer examination of the barriers to adherence.

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Ganamotse, Gaofetoge Ntshadi, Mikael Samuelsson, Ruth, M. Abankwah, Tibaingana Anthony, and Thuso Mphela. "The Emerging Properties of Business Accelerators: The Case of Botswana, Namibia and Uganda Global Business Labs." Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation in Emerging Economies 3, no. 1 (January 2017): 16–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2393957516684469.

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Entrepreneurship is an engine for economic development worldwide ( Kelley, Singer, & Herrington 2016 ). For developing economies, the importance of entrepreneurship is associated with increased productivity and reduction in the rising unemployment rates, particularly among the youths. Consequently, several models and support programmes have been designed to facilitate successful entrepreneurial activities amongst youth. The article discusses the business acceleration model of the Global Business Labs (GBL) which is replicated in Botswana, Namibia and Uganda based on a Swedish model, between 2012 and 2015 but failed in Mozambique and Zambia. Using a multiple case study method, this article presents the results of a cross-country case analysis of the GBL programme with a view to understand the emergence of a business accelerator. Despite replication of the programme in respect of concepts, materials and operational systems, the cases reveal variations in operational experiences and acceleration performance across the five countries. Using the emergence theory, the article highlights these differences. The major contribution of the study to theory, in determining how business accelerators come into being, includes the duality of intentions and exchange between key stakeholders and the resource burst as a triggering mechanism in developing countries. The study further informs development of a model for successful business acceleration launch and subsequent performance for developing economies.

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Luies, Sharmin Khan, Tahmina Sultana, Ashwin Budden, Mohammad Asaduzzaman, Md Billal Hossain, Matthew Kelly, Darren Gray, Md Jasim Uddin, and Haribondhu Sarma. "Partnerships in the introduction of new routine vaccines in Bangladesh: evidence from a prospective process evaluation." BMJ Open 12, no. 9 (September 2022): e061742. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-061742.

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ObjectiveTo assess the contribution of partners in the introduction of two new vaccines concurrently: pneumococcal 10-valent conjugate vaccine (PCV-10) and inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) into the routine Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) in Bangladesh.DesignWe conducted a prospective process evaluation that included the theory of change development, root cause analysis and in-depth investigation. As part of process tracking, we reviewed relevant documents, observed trainers’ and vaccinators’ training and key stakeholder meetings. We analysed the data thematically.SettingWe purposively selected eight Upazila (subdistrict) and one city corporation covering nine districts and seven administrative divisions of Bangladesh.ParticipantsNineteen national key informants were interviewed and 16 frontline health workers were invited to the group discussions considering their involvement in the vaccine introduction process.ResultsThe EPI experienced several challenges during the joint introduction of PCV-10 and IPV, such as frequent changes in the vaccine introduction schedule, delays in budget allocation, vaccine supply shortage and higher wastage rates of IPV. EPI addressed these challenges in collaboration with its partners, that is, the World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), who provided technical assistance to develop a training curriculum and communication materials and enhanced demand generation at the community level. In addition, the WHO conducted a country readiness assessment for PCV-10, and UNICEF supported vaccine shipment. Other government ministries, City Corporations and municipalities also supported the EPI.ConclusionsThe partnership among the EPI stakeholders effectively addressed various operational challenges during the joint introduction of PCV-10 and IPV helped strengthen Bangladesh’s immunisation systems. These accomplishments are attributed to several factors that should be supported and strengthened for future vaccine introductions in Bangladesh and other low and-middle countries.

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Banerjee, Subhanil, Ashok Kumar Sar, and Shilpa Pandey. "Improved yet Unsafe: An Aquatic Perspective of Indian Infant Mortality." Journal of Health Management 22, no. 1 (March 2020): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972063420908379.

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Infant mortality rate (IMR) is an important development indicator and a vital component of millennium development goals (MDGs) set by United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). According to UNDP, so far India has only fared moderately in reducing IMR (Goal 4 of MDGs). India (32) ranks 144th among 196 countries regarding IMR as per the 2017 data availed from World Development Indicators. Its adjacent countries such as Bhutan (25.6), Bangladesh (26.9) and Nepal (27.8) have fared much better regarding infant survival. Numbers within the parentheses indicate the IMR of the respective country. The United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) has identified that IMR among families with better access to improved drinking water sources and toilet is much lower than those bereft of the same. This inference has been drawn from National Family Health Survey 3 data (NFHS III). The present study investigates into the aforementioned relation analysing NFHS IV data. The result depicts that contrary to UNICEF’s findings, IMR increases with better accessibility to improved water sources. Further to this, the article shows that an additional aqua-related practice together with improved drinking water sources might lead to the betterment of IMR for India.

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Rao, Sheila, and Rebecca Tiessen. "Whose feminism(s)? Overseas partner organizations’ perceptions of Canada’s Feminist International Assistance Policy." International Journal: Canada's Journal of Global Policy Analysis 75, no. 3 (September 2020): 349–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020702020960120.

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Canada’s Feminist International Assistance Policy, introduced in 2017, is an ambitious and forward-thinking policy focussed on gender equality and women’s empowerment. The emphasis on a feminist vision, however, raises questions about how feminism is defined and interpreted by Canada’s partners in the Global South. In this article, we examine the interpretations of feminism(s) and a feminist foreign policy from the perspective of NGO staff members in East and Southern Africa. The research involved interviews with 45 Global South partner country NGO staff members in three countries (Kenya, Uganda, and Malawi). We consider the partner organization reflections on Canada’s Feminist International Assistance Policy using a transnational feminist lens. Our findings provide insights into future considerations for Canada’s feminist foreign policy priorities, consultations, and programme design.

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Doğan, Şehri. "Okul Temelli Zorbalık Önleme Programlarının İncelenmesi." Journal of Social Research and Behavioral Sciences 8, no. 16 (September 13, 2022): 661–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.52096/jsrbs.8.16.45.

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Schools are social environments where students learn to socialize and participate in society. While the school environment aims to enhance the student socially and psychologically, there can be some problems in achieving these goals. One of the biggest issues is peer bullying. Bullying is the practice of physical and psychological pressure from larger individuals or groups that are repeated to less powerful individuals and groups (Olweus, 1993). There is a systematic misuse of perseverance and power in bullying, and there is also a power imbalance (Rigby, 1999). The frequency of bullying varies depending on the country, culture, student age and the measurement tools used. In addition to the role of the student's personality, family and cultural characteristics in bullying behaviors; The structure and size of the school, the attitudes of teachers and administrators, and the school environment have an impact. Worldwide, bullying is on the school education agenda. According to UNICEF 2020 data, half of the world's youth are victims of peer bullying in and around school. Although anti-bullying programmes have been discussed for some time, this issue has recently been raised in Turkey. The statistics in our research will show that bullying affects many students in our country. Although included in the counselling programmes in Turkey, a specific preventive programme is not used. The aim of this study is to compare school-based programs, which are considered to be successful in the world, and to examine their characteristics. Keywords: Bullying, KiVa , OBBP, ViSC, NoTrap,

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Schneider, Helen, and Nelisiwe Maleka. "Patterns of authorship on community health workers in low-and-middle-income countries: an analysis of publications (2012–2016)." BMJ Global Health 3, no. 3 (May 2018): e000797. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2018-000797.

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IntroductionStudies of authorship provide a barometer of local research capacity and ownership of research, considered key to defining appropriate research priorities, developing contextualised responses to health problems and ensuring that research informs policy and practice. This paper reports on an analysis of patterns of research authorship of the now substantial literature on community health workers (CHWs) in low-and-middle-income countries (LMICs) for the 5-year period: 2012–2016.MethodsA search of five databases identified a total of 649 indexed publications reporting on CHWs in LMICs and meeting the inclusion criteria. The country, region and income classification of studies, affiliations (country, organisation) of lead (first) and last authors, proportions of all authors locally affiliated, programme area (eg, maternal child health) and funding source were extracted.ResultsThe 649 papers reported experiences from 51 countries, 55% from middle-income countries (MICs) and 32% from low-income countries (LICs), with the remaining 13% multicountry studies. Overall, 47% and 54% of all the papers had a high-income country (HIC) lead and last author, respectively. Authorship followed three patterns: (1) a concentrated HIC pattern, with US-based authors numerically dominating LIC-based and multicountry studies; (2) an MIC pattern of autonomy, with a handful of countries—India, South Africa and Brazil, in particular—leading >70% of their CHW publications and (3) a pattern of unevenness among LICs in their lead authorship of publications varying from 14% (Malawi) to 54% (Uganda). Region, programme area and funding source were all associated with the distribution of authorship across country income categories.ConclusionThe findings in this analysis mirror closely that of other authorship studies in global health. Collectively these provide a common message—that investments in global health programmes in the Millennium Development Goal era may have benefited health but not necessarily capacity for knowledge generation in LMICs.

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Chisholm, Dan, Emily Garman, Erica Breuer, Abebaw Fekadu, Charlotte Hanlon, Mark Jordans, Tasneem Kathree, et al. "Health service costs and their association with functional impairment among adults receiving integrated mental health care in five low- and middle-income countries: the PRIME cohort study." Health Policy and Planning 35, no. 5 (March 9, 2020): 567–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czz182.

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Abstract This study examines the level and distribution of service costs—and their association with functional impairment at baseline and over time—for persons with mental disorder receiving integrated primary mental health care. The study was conducted over a 12-month follow-up period in five low- and middle-income countries participating in the Programme for Improving Mental health carE study (Ethiopia, India, Nepal, South Africa and Uganda). Data were drawn from a multi-country intervention cohort study, made up of adults identified by primary care providers as having alcohol use disorders, depression, psychosis and, in the three low-income countries, epilepsy. Health service, travel and time costs, including any out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditures by households, were calculated (in US dollars for the year 2015) and assessed at baseline as well as prospectively using linear regression for their association with functional impairment. Cohort samples were characterized by low levels of educational attainment (Ethiopia and Uganda) and/or high levels of unemployment (Nepal, South Africa and Uganda). Total health service costs per case for the 3 months preceding baseline assessment averaged more than US$20 in South Africa, $10 in Nepal and US$3–7 in Ethiopia, India and Uganda; OOP expenditures ranged from $2 per case in India to $16 in Ethiopia. Higher service costs and OOP expenditure were found to be associated with greater functional impairment in all five sites, but differences only reached statistical significance in Ethiopia and India for service costs and India and Uganda for OOP expenditure. At the 12-month assessment, following initiation of treatment, service costs and OOP expenditure were found to be lower in Ethiopia, South Africa and Uganda, but higher in India and Nepal. There was a pattern of greater reduction in service costs and OOP spending for those whose functional status had improved in all five sites, but this was only statistically significant in Nepal.

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Athiyaman, Anithasree, Tosin Ajayi, Faith Mutuku, Fredrick Luwaga, Sarah Bryer, Omotayo Giwa, Shadrack Mngemane, Nnang Nadege Edwige, and Leslie Berman. "Recovering from the Unprecedented Backsliding in Immunization Coverage: Learnings from Country Programming in Five Countries through the Past Two Years of COVID-19 Pandemic Disruptions." Vaccines 11, no. 2 (February 7, 2023): 375. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11020375.

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Between 2020 and 2021, the COVID-19 pandemic severely strained health systems across countries, leaving millions without access to essential healthcare services. Immunization programs experienced a ‘double burden’ of challenges: initial pandemic-related lockdowns disrupted access to routine immunization services, while subsequent COVID-19 vaccination efforts shifted often limited resources away from routine services. The latest World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) estimates suggest that 25 million children did not receive routine vaccinations in 2021, six million more than in 2019 and the highest number witnessed in nearly two decades. Recovering from this sobering setback requires a united push on several fronts. Intensifying the catch-up of routine immunization services is critical to reach children left behind during the pandemic and bridge large immunity gaps in countries. At the same time, we must strengthen the resilience of immunization systems to withstand future pandemics if we hope to achieve the goals of Immunization Agenda 2030 to ensure vaccinations are available for everyone, everywhere by 2030. In this article, leveraging the key actions for sustainable global immunization progress as a framework, we spotlight examples of strategies used by five countries—Cambodia, Cameroon, Kenya, Nigeria, and Uganda—who have exhibited exemplar performance in strengthening routine immunization programs and restored lost coverage levels in the last two years of the COVID-19 pandemic. The contents of this article will be helpful for countries seeking to maintain, restore, and strengthen their immunization services and catch up missed children in the context of pandemic recovery and to direct their focus toward building back a better resilience of their immunization systems to respond more rapidly and effectively, despite new and emerging challenges.

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Amonya, Fred. "Post-COVID world: The controls of moulding states." Corporate Law and Governance Review 2, no. 2 (2020): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/clgrv2i2p4.

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Crises force us to stop and think. And COVID-19 should. This paper examines the prospect of deep reform of national planning in the young post-colonial states (the moulding states). The paper is a contrasted case study of Kenya and Uganda. The attempt at generalisation across moulding states draws on a shared history of state formation. Two trunks define that history – post-independence conflicts and structural adjustment programme (SAP). A contrast between the two countries teases out a tension, which tension the paper uses to illuminate the two policy spaces. The analytical frame draws on control theory. The paper argues that neither country is likely to see structural reform of their national planning. Yet, the epistemological thrust of the paper is not that deduction but questions arising along with the scrutiny of the policy spaces. Those questions should provoke Africa and more broadly, the emerging economies

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Lubaale, Grace. "Gender Imbalance in Science Disciplines at Kyambogo University of Uganda and Development Implications." Journal of Science and Sustainable Development 8, no. 1 (March 18, 2022): 17–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jssd.v8i1.2.

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Kyambogo University (KyU) is one of Uganda’s nine public universities. Like any other University, KyU is experiencing gender imbalance in science disciplines. This comes with glaring development implications in a country of 34.6 million people, women being the majority. This paper presents results from the study that focused on the nature of gender imbalance in science disciplines at KyU; its causes, development implications, and possible remedies. The study followed a mixed methods approach that combined desk review and in-depth interviews. Documents reviewed produced quantitative data using the checklist while in-depth interviews generated qualitative data that was collected through face-to-face interaction with 42 respondents. Quantitative data was analysed using descriptive statistics while qualitative data was analysed through content analysis. Findings indicate that the nature of gender imbalance in science disciplines is reflected in the admissions and completion; while causes are patriarchy, gender stereotypes, and limited mentorship. The development implications on women and society are in terms of low enrolments, self-esteem, academic staff recruitment, and education returns. The study concludes that gender imbalance in science disciplines at KyU is a reality, socially constructed, and can be deconstructed. In order to enhance gender balance in science disciplines, this study recommends creating science awareness in primary and secondary schools, providing scholarships for females to offer sciences at university, affirmative action through STEM Programme, empower the people at KyU to explore the Gender policy and strengthening the Gender Mainstreaming Directorate while ensuring appropriate gender monitoring and evaluation processes.

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Agyepong, Irene Akua, Uta Lehmann, Elizeus Rutembemberwa, Suzanne M. Babich, Edith Frimpong, Aku Kwamie, Jill Olivier, Gina Teddy, Boroto Hwabamungu, and Lucy Gilson. "Strategic leadership capacity building for Sub-Saharan African health systems and public health governance: a multi-country assessment of essential competencies and optimal design for a Pan African DrPH." Health Policy and Planning 33, suppl_2 (July 1, 2018): ii35—ii49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czx162.

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Abstract Leadership capacity needs development and nurturing at all levels for strong health systems governance and improved outcomes. The Doctor of Public Health (DrPH) is a professional, interdisciplinary terminal degree focused on strategic leadership capacity building. The concept is not new and there are several programmes globally–but none within Africa, despite its urgent need for strong strategic leadership in health. To address this gap, a consortium of institutions in Sub-Saharan Africa, UK and North America have embarked on a collaboration to develop and implement a pan-African DrPH with support from the Rockefeller Foundation. This paper presents findings of research to verify relevance, identify competencies and support programme design and customization. A mixed methods cross sectional multi-country study was conducted in Ghana, South Africa and Uganda. Data collection involved a non-exhaustive desk review, 34 key informant (KI) interviews with past and present health sector leaders and a questionnaire with closed and open ended items administered to 271 potential DrPH trainees. Most study participants saw the concept of a pan-African DrPH as relevant and timely. Strategic leadership competencies identified by KI included providing vision and inspiration for the organization, core personal values and character qualities such as integrity and trustworthiness, skills in adapting to situations and context and creating and maintaining effective change and systems. There was consensus that programme design should emphasize learning by doing and application of theory to professional practice. Short residential periods for peer-to-peer and peer-to-facilitator engagement and learning, interspaced with facilitated workplace based learning, including coaching and mentoring, was the preferred model for programme implementation. The introduction of a pan-African DrPH with a focus on strategic leadership is relevant and timely. Core competencies, optimal design and customization for the sub-Saharan African context has broad consensus in the study setting.

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Nabisubi, Patricia, Stephen Kanyerezi, Grace Kebirungi, and Gerald Mboowa. "Knowledge and attitude of secondary school students in Nakaseke, Uganda towards HIV transmission and treatment." AAS Open Research 4 (May 5, 2021): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/aasopenres.13210.1.

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Background: One of the major health concerns in Nakaseke district, Uganda is the high prevalence of HIV/AIDS. According to the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), as of March 2014, the prevalence rate of the disease in the district was estimated at about 8%, compared to the national average of 6.5%, making Nakaseke district have the sixth-highest prevalence rate of HIV/AIDS in the entire country. We set out to explore the knowledge and attitude of secondary school students in Nakaseke, Uganda on HIV transmission and treatment. Methods: This was a cross sectional survey-based study with data collected during the month of February 2020. Data were analyzed using R programming language version 3.6.2. Results: A total of 163 participants volunteered for the study, 53.37% males and 46.63% females with ages ranging from 12 – 20 years. Participants came from 5 senior classes (S1, S2, S3, S4 and S6). In total, 87.73% participants were aware of HIV/AIDS while 12.27% were not. The major source of information was through teachers/schools. 96.50% knew the mode of transmission of HIV/AIDS and 95.11% were conversant with HIV/AIDS prevention. 63.6% were aware of the terms DNA and genes whereas 36.36% were not. Discussion: Generally, the students in Nakaseke district, Uganda had a high level of awareness of HIV/AIDS. However, with regards to aspects such as the cause and modern prevention methods like taking prep and prevention of mother to child transmission were less known to them. Efforts to find a cure for HIV/AIDS are still in vain. Therefore, strong emphasis on up to date control and prevention methods should be implemented to fight the HIV/AIDS scourge.

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Nabisubi, Patricia, Stephen Kanyerezi, Grace Kebirungi, and Gerald Mboowa. "Knowledge and attitude of secondary school students in Nakaseke, Uganda towards HIV transmission and treatment." AAS Open Research 4 (July 12, 2021): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/aasopenres.13210.2.

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Background: One of the major health concerns in Nakaseke district, Uganda is the high prevalence of HIV/AIDS. According to the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), as of March 2014, the prevalence rate of the disease in the district was estimated at about 8%, compared to the national average of 6.5%, making Nakaseke district have the sixth-highest prevalence rate of HIV/AIDS in the entire country. We set out to explore the knowledge and attitude of secondary school students in Nakaseke, Uganda on HIV transmission and treatment. Methods: This was a cross sectional survey-based study with data collected during the month of February 2020. Data were analyzed using R programming language version 3.6.2. Results: A total of 163 participants volunteered for the study, 53.37% males and 46.63% females with ages ranging from 12 – 20 years. Participants came from 5 senior classes (S1, S2, S3, S4 and S6). In total, 87.73% participants were aware of HIV/AIDS while 12.27% were not. The major source of information was through teachers/schools. 96.50% knew the mode of transmission of HIV/AIDS and 95.11% were conversant with HIV/AIDS prevention. 63.6% were aware of the terms DNA and genes whereas 36.36% were not. Discussion: Generally, the students in Nakaseke district, Uganda had a high level of awareness of HIV/AIDS based on Bloom’s cut-off point. However, with regards to aspects such as the cause and modern prevention methods like taking prep and prevention of mother to child transmission were less known to them. Efforts to find a cure for HIV/AIDS are still in vain. Therefore, strong emphasis on up to date control and prevention methods should be implemented to fight the HIV/AIDS scourge.

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Godfrey, Samuel, Mary Wambugu, Priti Parikh, and Farai Tunhuma. "Validation of the Sustainable Development Goal 6 Monitoring Structures across East and Southern Africa Using Fuzzy Logic Analysis." Water 14, no. 19 (September 29, 2022): 3065. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14193065.

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The United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and World Health Organisation (WHO) Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) reports that only three African countries are on track to achieve universal access to at least basic water services by 2030 and only one country, Botswana, within the East and Southern Africa region (ESAR). Monitoring is crucial to advancing progress on SGD 6 in the region through providing reliable data to decision makers for policy, planning and much needed investment in the sector. This paper presents findings of the rapid assessment termed SDG 6 + 5 which relates to monitoring systems for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) in 21 countries of ESAR, five years into the SDGs. The paper presents the results of a fuzzy logic analysis applied to aspects and findings from the rapid assessment. Fuzzy logic benefits the study by managing unconscious bias from qualitative assessment and evaluating the strengths of countries’ WASH monitoring systems. The paper demonstrates similarities and variations between results from the rapid assessment and fuzzy analysis including Angola and Botswana scoring more favourably in enabling environments for monitoring from the analysis. The paper provides methods of rapid assessment of key aspects that impact on effective WASH monitoring and recommends the use of fuzzy logic to reduce data bias from qualitative methods. The methodology presented in the paper can be adapted and applied to other regions of the world and settings to enhance evaluations on the strength of systems within other sectors.

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Harman, Sophie. "Bottlenecks and Benevolence." Journal of Health Management 11, no. 2 (May 2009): 297–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097206340901100203.

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This article looks at how Goal 6 of the United Nations (UN) Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) impacts on the well-being of the people affected by Human Immunodeficiency Virus/ Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS). The focus is on a specific aspect : how the aid emphasised by Goal 6 is channelled towards community groups responding to the HIV/AIDS crisis. It does so by exploring the institutional mechanisms used by one of the key international organisations involved in the realisation of the MDGs—the World Bank and its Multi-Country HIV/AIDS Programme (MAP) in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda. The article explores the role of local government, rivalry between different forms of civil society organisations, the problems associated with effective delivery and community feedback, donor responses to these problems and how these factors impact upon the immediate and long-term realisation of Goal 6, and the position of communities within it. Key to which are themes of conditionality and divisions between implementation and decision-making. The article is based upon extensive qualitative research into MAP in East Africa.

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Stevenson, Anne, Dickens Akena, Rocky E. Stroud, Lukoye Atwoli, Megan M. Campbell, Lori B. Chibnik, Edith Kwobah, et al. "Neuropsychiatric Genetics of African Populations-Psychosis (NeuroGAP-Psychosis): a case-control study protocol and GWAS in Ethiopia, Kenya, South Africa and Uganda." BMJ Open 9, no. 2 (February 2019): e025469. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025469.

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IntroductionSchizophrenia and bipolar disorder account for a large proportion of the global burden of disease. Despite their enormous impact, little is known about their pathophysiology. Given the high heritability of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, unbiased genetic studies offer the opportunity to gain insight into their neurobiology. However, advances in understanding the genetic architecture of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder have been based almost exclusively on subjects of Northern European ancestry. The Neuropsychiatric Genetics of African Populations-Psychosis (NeuroGAP-Psychosis) project aims to expand our understanding of the causes of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder through large-scale sample collection and analyses in understudied African populations.Methods and analysisNeuroGAP-Psychosis is a case-control study of 34 000 participants recruited across multiple sites within Ethiopia, Kenya, South Africa and Uganda. Participants will include individuals who are at least 18 years old with a clinical diagnosis of schizophrenia or bipolar disorder (‘psychosis’) or those with no history of psychosis. Research assistants will collect phenotype data and saliva for DNA extraction. Data on mental disorders, history of physical health problems, substance use and history of past traumatic events will be collected from all participants.DNA extraction will take place in-country, with genotyping performed at the Broad Institute. The primary analyses will include identifying major groups of participants with similar ancestry using the computation-efficient programme single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) weights. This will be followed by a GWAS within and across ancestry groups.Ethics and disseminationAll participants will be assessed for capacity to consent using the University of California, San Diego Brief Assessment of Capacity to Consent. Those demonstrating capacity to consent will be required to provide informed consent. Ethical clearances to conduct this study have been obtained from all participating sites. Findings from this study will be disseminated in publications and shared with controlled access public databases, such as the database of Genotypes and Phenotypes, dbGaP.

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Ezeh, Alex C., Blessing U. Mberu, and Jacques O. Emina. "Stall in fertility decline in Eastern African countries: regional analysis of patterns, determinants and implications." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364, no. 1532 (October 27, 2009): 2991–3007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0166.

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We use data from the Demographic and Health Surveys to examine the patterns of stall in fertility decline in four Eastern African countries. Contrary to patterns of fertility transition in Africa that cut across various socio-economic and geographical groups within countries, we find strong selectivity of fertility stall across different groups and regions in all four countries. In both Kenya and Tanzania where fertility decline has stalled at the national level, it continued to decline among the most educated women and in some regions. While fertility has remained at pre-transition level in Uganda over the past 20 years, there are signs of decline with specific groups of women (especially the most educated, urban and those in the Eastern region) taking the lead. For Zimbabwe, although fertility has continued to decline at the national level, stall is observed among women with less than secondary education and those in some of the regions. We link these intra-country variations to differential changes in socio-economic variables, family planning programme environment and reproductive behaviour models. The results suggest that declines in contraceptive use, increases in unmet need for family planning, increasing preferences for larger families, and increases in adolescent fertility were consistently associated with stalls in subgroup fertility across all four countries. These results are consistent with models that emphasize the role of declines in national and international commitments to family planning programmes in the premature stall in sub-Saharan fertility transition.

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Pati, Rabindra Nath, and Selemawit Tekie. "Biocultural Dynamics of Teenage Pregnancies in Ethiopia: Medico Anthropological Appraisal." International Journal of Social Sciences and Management 3, no. 1 (January 21, 2016): 68–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijssm.v3i1.14368.

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Teenage pregnancy is a burning public health and demographic problem in Ethiopia.The adolescent girls of rural regions in Ethiopia account for alarming higher proportion of teenage pregnancies and contribute serious threats to health and development interventions by the Government.Teenage pregnancies and adolescent reproductive health hazards are burning global issues which have obstructed effective implementation of agenda of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The UNICEF estimates that 80 per cent of teenage pregnancies are reported in least developed countries of the world.The multiple socio-cultural factors such as lack of parental control and guidance, gender inequality, poverty, social exclusion, peer pressure, adoption of transactional and intergenerational sex by unemployed adolescent girls in poor homes as coping mechanism, gender based sexual assault prevailing in and around schools have stimulated increased teenage pregnancies in rural regions of Ethiopia.This paper based on review of research articles and research synthesis argues that teenage pregnancies is a national concern of Ethiopia preventing a significant section of adolescent girls availing access to preparedness for adulthood, exercising reproductive rights, opportunities for skill development, education, safe sex and reproductive health.This paper is an attempt to develop framework of research hypothesis and research questions to be adopted for further research on this thematic area.In rural regions of Ethiopia, increased number of women headed families coupled with rising poverty; unemployment and family disorganization breed sexual exploitation of adolescent girls exposing them to high risk sexual transmitted diseases and HIV/AIDS.The growing teenage pregnancies in the country have drastically affected achievement of agenda in Millennium Development Goals (MGDs) in term of reduction of maternal death by 75 percent by 2015.The health inequalities is a major contributing factor to deprive women of equal opportunity and availing access to reach her health potential irrespective of social status, ethnicity, gender, religion and economic status.The socio-economic conditions of family and community in rural regions of Ethiopia contribute to increasing teenage pregnancies and adolescent motherhood.These factors are inadequate opportunity in community level for positive youth development, illiteracy, poverty and limited employment opportunities.The study recommends for a comprehensive community driven approach promoting childhood interventions and adolescent development programme towards minimizing unintended teenage pregnancy and gender discrimination prevailing in rural and urban region of Ethiopia.Int. J. Soc. Sci. Manage. Vol-3, issue-1: 68-77

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Abdulla, Faruq, Md Moyazzem Hossain, Md Karimuzzaman, Mohammad Ali, and Azizur Rahman. "Likelihood of infectious diseases due to lack of exclusive breastfeeding among infants in Bangladesh." PLOS ONE 17, no. 2 (February 16, 2022): e0263890. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263890.

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Background Bangladesh is a South Asian developing country trying to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG)-3 and the objective of the Rural Electrification Board (REB) regarding child mortality. Infectious diseases are leading causes of child mortality, and lack of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) among infants aged 0–6 months increases child morbidity and mortality from various infectious diseases in developing countries. However, as per existing literature, no study has been conducted yet to determine the lack of EBF practice effect on child mortality in Bangladesh. With this backdrop, the authors intend to measure the likelihood of infectious diseases due to the lack of EBF of infants aged 0–6 months in Bangladesh. Materials and methods This study used Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) data over 1996–97 to 2017–18. The mothers of infants aged 0–6 months who were willingly participated in the BDHSs were considered to include in our analysis. Initially, there were 9,133 cases in the combined dataset. After filtering, there were 5,724 cases in the final dataset. We have considered diarrhea (D), acute respiratory infection (ARI) separately as well as the presence of either D or ARI or both and named as CoDARI as outcome variables. This study used both graphical and statistical techniques (Chi-square test, Wald test, and logistic regression) to analyze the data. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to quantify the likelihood of infectious diseases due to lack of EBF practice and its elasticity, respectively. Results The EBF practice got a conspicuous increasing trend, but the prevalence of infectious diseases was declined from 0 to 3 months of age of infants, whereas an inverse scenario is observed between 4–6 months. The significance of that inverse relationship was confirmed by p-value corresponding to the chi-square test and the Wald test of the adjusted regression coefficients after adjusting the associated factor’s effect on infectious diseases. The adjusted ORs also concluded that the lack of EBF practice up to six months of age could enhance the risk of D, ARI, and CoDARI by 2.11 [95% CI: 1.56–2.85], 1.43 [95% CI: 1.28–1.60], and 1.48 [95% CI: 1.32–1.66] times higher, respectively. Conclusion Findings of this study emphasize the importance of EBF up to six months of age of infants against diarrhea and ARI specific morbidity and mortality. Our results also agreed to the recommendation of the World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF), American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP), and National Nutrition Programme of Ethiopia (NNPE) that the EBF practice for the first six months of age could be a best, cost-effective, long-lasting natural preventive way to reduce the child morbidity and mortality due to infectious diseases in developing countries. Therefore, findings would help policymakers ensuring the achievement target of REB and SDG-3 associated with the health sector in Bangladesh.

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Lund, C., A. Alem, M. Schneider, C. Hanlon, J. Ahrens, C. Bandawe, J. Bass, et al. "Generating evidence to narrow the treatment gap for mental disorders in sub-Saharan Africa: rationale, overview and methods of AFFIRM." Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 24, no. 3 (April 2, 2015): 233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2045796015000281.

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There is limited evidence on the acceptability, feasibility and cost-effectiveness of task-sharing interventions to narrow the treatment gap for mental disorders in sub-Saharan Africa. The purpose of this article is to describe the rationale, aims and methods of the Africa Focus on Intervention Research for Mental health (AFFIRM) collaborative research hub. AFFIRM is investigating strategies for narrowing the treatment gap for mental disorders in sub-Saharan Africa in four areas. First, it is assessing the feasibility, acceptability and cost-effectiveness of task-sharing interventions by conducting randomised controlled trials in Ethiopia and South Africa. The AFFIRM Task-sharing for the Care of Severe mental disorders (TaSCS) trial in Ethiopia aims to determine the acceptability, affordability, effectiveness and sustainability of mental health care for people with severe mental disorder delivered by trained and supervised non-specialist, primary health care workers compared with an existing psychiatric nurse-led service. The AFFIRM trial in South Africa aims to determine the cost-effectiveness of a task-sharing counselling intervention for maternal depression, delivered by non-specialist community health workers, and to examine factors influencing the implementation of the intervention and future scale up. Second, AFFIRM is building individual and institutional capacity for intervention research in sub-Saharan Africa by providing fellowship and mentorship programmes for candidates in Ethiopia, Ghana, Malawi, Uganda and Zimbabwe. Each year five Fellowships are awarded (one to each country) to attend the MPhil in Public Mental Health, a joint postgraduate programme at the University of Cape Town and Stellenbosch University. AFFIRM also offers short courses in intervention research, and supports PhD students attached to the trials in Ethiopia and South Africa. Third, AFFIRM is collaborating with other regional National Institute of Mental Health funded hubs in Latin America, sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia, by designing and executing shared research projects related to task-sharing and narrowing the treatment gap. Finally, it is establishing a network of collaboration between researchers, non-governmental organisations and government agencies that facilitates the translation of research knowledge into policy and practice. This article describes the developmental process of this multi-site approach, and provides a narrative of challenges and opportunities that have arisen during the early phases. Crucial to the long-term sustainability of this work is the nurturing and sustaining of partnerships between African mental health researchers, policy makers, practitioners and international collaborators.

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Mdetele, Daniel Pius, Erick Komba, Misago Dimson Seth, Gerald Misinzo, Richard Kock, and Bryony Anne Jones. "Review of Peste des Petits Ruminants Occurrence and Spread in Tanzania." Animals 11, no. 6 (June 7, 2021): 1698. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11061698.

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Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is an important transboundary animal disease of domestic small ruminants, camels, and wild artiodactyls. The disease has significant socio-economic impact on communities that depend on livestock for their livelihood and is a threat to endangered susceptible wild species. The aim of this review was to describe the introduction of PPR to Tanzania and its subsequent spread to different parts of the country. On-line databases were searched for peer-reviewed and grey literature, formal and informal reports were obtained from Tanzanian Zonal Veterinary Investigation Centres and Laboratories, and Veterinary Officers involved with PPR surveillance were contacted. PPR virus (PPRV) was confirmed in northern Tanzania in 2008, although serological data from samples collected in the region in 1998 and 2004, and evidence that the virus was already circulating in Uganda in 2003, suggests that PPRV might have been present earlier than this. It is likely that the virus which became established in Tanzania was introduced from Kenya between 2006–7 through the cross-border movement of small ruminants for trade or grazing resources, and then spread to eastern, central, and southern Tanzania from 2008 to 2010 through movement of small ruminants by pastoralists and traders. There was no evidence of PPRV sero-conversion in wildlife based on sera collected up to 2012, suggesting that they did not play a vectoring or bridging role in the establishment of PPRV in Tanzania. PPRV lineages II, III and IV have been detected, indicating that there have been several virus introductions. PPRV is now considered to be endemic in sheep and goats in Tanzania, but there has been no evidence of PPR clinical disease in wildlife species in Tanzania, although serum samples collected in 2014 from several wild ruminant species were PPRV sero-positive. Similarly, no PPR disease has been observed in cattle and camels. In these atypical hosts, serological evidence indicates exposure to PPRV infection, most likely through spillover from infected sheep and goats. Some of the challenges for PPRV eradication in Tanzania include movements of small ruminants, including transboundary movements, and the capacity of veterinary services for disease surveillance and vaccination. Using wildlife and atypical domestic hosts for PPR surveillance is a useful indicator of endemism and the ongoing circulation of PPRV in livestock, especially during the implementation of vaccination to control or eliminate the disease in sheep and goats. PPR disease has a major socio-economic impact in Tanzania, which justifies the investment in a comprehensive PPRV eradication programme.

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Devi Artanti, Guspri, Fidesrinur, and Meyke Garzia. "Stunting and Factors Affecting Toddlers in Indonesia." JPUD - Jurnal Pendidikan Usia Dini 16, no. 1 (April 30, 2022): 172–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/jpud.161.12.

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ABSTRACT: Asia is the second region after Africa to have the tallest prevalence of stunting in the world. Indonesia is one of the countries in Southeast Asia with the fifth highest prevalence of stunting in the world at 37%, or nearly 9 million children who experience stunting. This study aims to examine the factors that influence and risk the occurrence of stunting in children in Indonesia. The research method uses a type of qualitative research with a traditional literature review. This study found that stunting is influenced by several complex factors not only at the individual level but also at the family and community levels. A comprehensive synthesis of the available evidence on the determinants of stunting in children in Indonesia outlines who is most vulnerable to stunting, which interventions are successful, and what new research is needed to fill knowledge gaps. Keywords: Indonesian toddlers, stunting factors References: Adair, L. S., & Guilkey, D. K. (1997). Age-specific Determinants of Stunting in Filipino Children. The Journal of Nutrition, 127(2), 314–320. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/127.2.314 Akombi, B. J., Agho, K. E., Hall, J. J., Merom, D., Astell-Burt, T., & Renzaho, A. M. N. (2017). Stunting and Severe Stunting Among Children Under-5 Years in Nigeria: A Multilevel Analysis. BMC Pediatrics, 17(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-016-0770-z Asfaw, M., Wondaferash, M., Taha, M., & Dube, L. (2015). Prevalence of Undernutrition and Associated Factors Among Children Aged Between Six to Fifty Nine Months in Bule Hora District, South Ethiopia. BMC Public Health,15(1), 41. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-1370-9 Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan. (2018). Hasil Utama RISKESDAS 2018. Bardosono, S., Sastroamidjojo, S., & Lukito, W. (2007). Determinants of Child Malnutrition During the 1999 Economic Crisis in Selected Poor Areas of Indonesia. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 16(3), 512–526. Best, C. M., Sun, K., De Pee, S., Sari, M., Bloem, M. W., & Semba, R. D. (2008). Paternal Smoking and Increased Risk of Child Malnutrition Among Families in Rural Indonesia. Tobacco Control, 17(1), 38–45. https://doi.org/10.1136/tc.2007.020875 Biadgilign, S., Shumetie, A., & Yesigat, H. (2016). Does Economic Growth Reduce Childhood Undernutrition in Ethiopia? PLoS ONE, 11(8), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0160050 Black, R. E., Victoria, C. G., Walker, S. P., Bhutta, Z. A., Christian, P., Onis, M. de, Ezzati, M., McGregor, S. G., Katz, J., Martorell, R., Uauy, R., & The Maternal and Child Nutrition Study Group. (2013). Maternal and Child Undernutrition and Overweight in Low-income and Middle-income Countries. The Lancet, 382, 396. Budge, S., Parker, A. H., Hutchings, P. T., & Garbutt, C. (2019). Environmental Enteric Dysfunction and Child Stunting. Nutrition Reviews, 77(4), 240–253. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuy068 Burchi, F. (2010). Child Nutrition in Mozambique in 2003: The Role of Mother’s Schooling and Nutrition Knowledge. Economics and Human Biology, 8(3), 331–345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2010.05.010 Casale, D., Espi, G., & Norris, S. A. (2018). Estimating the pathways through which maternal education affects stunting: Evidence from an urban cohort in South Africa. 21(10), 1810–1818. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980018000125 Casanovas, M. del C., Lutter, C. K., Mangasaryan, N., Mwadime, R., Hajeebhoy, N., Aguilar, A. M., Kopp, C., Rico, L., Ibiett, G., Andia, D., & Onyango, A. W. (2013). Multi-sectoral Intervensions for Healthy Growth. Matern Child Nutrition, 2, 46–57. https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12082 Chirande, L., Charwe, D., Mbwana, H., Victor, R., Kimboka, S., Issaka, A. I., Baines, S. K., Dibley, M. J., & Agho, K. E. (2015). Determinants of Stunting and Severe Stunting Among Under-Fives in Tanzania: Evidence from The 2010 Cross-sectional Household Survey. BMC Pediatrics, 15(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-015-0482-9 Creswell, J. W. (2014). A Concise Introduction to Mixed Methods Research. SAGE Publications Inc. Dao, D., Thang, V. Van, & Hoa, D. T. (2010). Malnutrition Status and Related Factors Within Ethnic Minority Children Under 5 Years Old in North Tra My District, Quang Nam Province in 2010. Journal of Science, 61. Fantay Gebru, K., Mekonnen Haileselassie, W., Haftom Temesgen, A., Oumer Seid, A., & Afework Mulugeta, B. (2019). Determinants of Stunting Among Under-Five Children in Ethiopia: A Multilevel Mixed-Effects Analysis of 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey Data. BMC Pediatrics, 19(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-019-1545-0 Fitri, L. (2018). Hubungan BBLR dan ASI Eksklusif Dengan Kejadian Stunting di Puskesmas Lima Puluh Pekanbaru. Jurnal Endurance, 3(1), 131–137. Goldstein, H. (2010). Multilevel Statistical Models, 4th Edition. Wiley. Handayani, F., Siagian, A., & Aritonang, E. (2017). Mother’s Education as A Determinant of Stunting among Children of Age 24 to 59 Months in North Sumatera Province of Indonesia. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 22, 58–64. https://doi.org/10.9790/0837-2206095864 Hendraswari, C. A., Purnamaningrum, Y. E., Maryani, T., Widyastuti, Y., & Harith, S. (2021). The Determinants of Stunting for Children Aged 24-59 Months in Kulon Progo District 2019. Kesmas: Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Nasional, 16(2), 71–77. https://doi.org/10.21109/kesmas.v16i2.3305 Hoddinott, J., Alderman, H., Behrman, J. R., Haddad, L., & Horton, S. (2013). The Economic Rationale For Investing In Stunting Reduction. Maternal & Child Nutrition, 9, 69–82. https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12080 Horrell, S., Humphries, J., & Voth, H.-J. (2001). Destined for Deprivation: Human Capital Formation and Intergenerational Poverty in Nineteenth-Century England. Explorations in Economic History, 38(3), 339–365. https://doi.org/10.1006/exeh.2000.0765 International Food Policy Research Institute. (2016). Global Nutrition Report 2016: From Premise to Impact: Ending Malnutrition by 2030. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. (2016). InfoDATIN: Situasi Balita Pendek. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. (2018). Warta KESMAS: Cegah Stunting itu Penting. Kimani-Murage, E. W., Muthuri, S. K., Oti, S. O., Mutua, M. K., Van De Vijver, S., & Kyobutungi, C. (2015). Evidence of A Double Burden of Malnutrition in Urban Poor Settings in Nairobi, Kenya. PLoS ONE, 10(6), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0129943 Kusumawati, E., Rahardjo, S., & Sari, H. P. (2015). Model Pengendalian Faktor Risiko Stunting pada Anak Usia di Bawah Tiga Tahun Model of Stunting Risk Factor Control among Children under Three Years. Kesmas: Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Nasional, 9, 249–256. Madan, E. M., Haas, J. D., Menon, Purnima., & Gillespie, Stuart. (2018). Seasonal Variation In The Proximal Determinants Of Undernutrition During The First 1000 Days Of Life In Rural South Asia: A Comprehensive Review.Global Food Security, 19, 11–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2018.08.008 McGregor, S. G., Cheung, Y. B., Cueto, S., Glewwe, P., Ritcher, L., Strupp, B., & International Child Development Steering Group. (2007). Developmental Potential in The First 5 Years for Children in Developing Countries. The Lancet, 369, 60–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60032-4 Mugianti, S., Mulyadi, A., Anam, A. K., & Najah, Z. L. (2018). Faktor Penyebab Anak Stunting Usia 25-60 Bulan di Kecamatan Sukorejo Kota Blitar. Jurnal Ners Dan Kebidanan (Journal of Ners and Midwifery), 5(3), 268–278. https://doi.org/10.26699/jnk.v5i3.art.p268-278 Ntenda, P. A. M., & Chuang, Y.-C. (2018). Analysis of Individual-level and Community-level Effects on Childhood Undernutrition in Malawi. Pediatr Neonatol, 59(4), 380–389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedneo.2017.11.019 Oddo, V. M., Rah, J. H., Semba, R. D., Sun, K., Akhter, N., Sari, M., De Pee, S., Moench-Pfanner, R., Bloem, M., & Kraemer, K. (2012). Predictors of Maternal and Child Double Burden of Malnutrition in Rural Indonesia and Bangladesh. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 95(4), 951–958. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.111.026070 Prado, E. L., & Dewey, K. G. (2014). Nutrition and brain development in early life. Nutrition Reviews, 72(4), 267–284. https://doi.org/10.1111/nure.12102 Prakhasita, R. C. (2019). Hubungan Pola Pemberian Makan Dengan Kejadian Stunting Pada Balita Usia 12-59 Bulan di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Wedi Surabaya. Universitas Airlangga. Reynaldo, Martorell., & Young, M. F. (2012). Patterns of Stunting and Wasting: Potential Explanatory Factors. Advances in Nutrition, 3(2), 227–233. https://doi.org/10.3945/an.111.001107 Rosiyati, E., Pratiwi, E. A. D., Poristinawati, I., Rahmawati, E., Nurbayani, R., Lestari, S., Wardani, P. S., & Nugroho, M. R. (2019). Determinants of Stunting Children (0-59 Months) in Some Countries in Southeast Asia. Jurnal Kesehatan Komunitas, 4(3), 88–94. https://doi.org/10.25311/keskom.vol4.iss3.262 Sari, M., De Pee, S., Bloem, M. W., Sun, K., Thorne-Lyman, A. L., Moench-Pfanner, R., Akhter, N., Kraemer, K., & Semba, R. D. (2010). Higher Household Expenditure on Animal-Source and Nongrain Foods Lowers the Risk of Stunting Among Children 0-59 Months Old in Indonesia: Implications of Rising Food Prices. Journal of Nutrition, 140(1), 195–200. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.109.110858 Satriawan, E. (2018). Strategi Nasional Percepatan Pencegahan Stunting 2018-2024. [National Strategy for the Acceleration of Stunting Prevention] Semba, R. D., Kalm, L. M., De Pee, S., Ricks, M. O., Sari, M., & Bloem, M. W. (2007). Paternal Smoking is Associated with Increased Risk of Child Malnutrition Among Poor Urban Families in Indonesia. Public Health Nutrition, 10(1), 7–15. https://doi.org/10.1017/S136898000722292X Semba, R. D., Moench-Pfanner, R., Sun, K., De Pee, S., Akhter, N., Rah, J. H., Campbell, A. A., Badham, J., Bloem, M. W., & Kraemer, K. (2011). Consumption of Micronutrient-fortified Milk and Noodles is Associated with Lower Risk of Stunting in Preschool-Aged Children in Indonesia. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 32(4), 347–353. https://doi.org/10.1177/156482651103200406 Shieh, S. J., Chen, H. L., Liu, F. C., Liou, C. C., Lin, Y. in H., Tseng, H. I., & Wang, R. H. (2010). The Effectiveness of Structured Discharge Education on Maternal Confidence, Caring Knowledge, and Growth of Premature Newborns. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 19(23–24), 3307–3313. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2010.03382.x Stewart, C. P., Iannotti, L., Dewey, K. G., Michaelsen, K. F., & Onyango, A. W. (2013). 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Allers, Eugene, U. A. Botha, O. A. Betancourt, B. Chiliza, Helen Clark, J. Dill, Robin Emsley, et al. "The 15th Biannual National Congress of the South African Society of Psychiatrists, 10-14 August 2008, Fancourt, George, W Cape." South African Journal of Psychiatry 14, no. 3 (August 1, 2008): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v14i3.165.

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1. How can we maintain a sustainable private practice in the current political and economic climate?Eugene Allers2. SASOP Clinical guidelines, protocols and algorithms: Development of treatment guidelines for bipolar mood disorder and major depression Eugene Allers, Margaret Nair, Gerhard Grobler3. The revolving door phenomenon in psychiatry: Comparing low-frequency and high-frequency users of psychiatric inpatient services in a developing countryU A Botha, P Oosthuien, L Koen, J A Joska, J Parker, N Horn4. Neurophysiology of emotion and senses - The interface between psyche and somaEugene Allers5. Suicide prevention: From and beyond the psychiatrist's handsO Alonso Betanourt, M Morales Herrera6. Treatment of first-episod psychosis: Efficacy and toleabilty of a long-acting typical antipsychotic B Chiliza, R Schoeman, R Emsey, P Oosthuizen, L KOen, D Niehaus, S Hawkridge7. Treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in the young childHelen Clark8. Holistic/ Alternative treatment in psychiatry: The value of indigenous knowledge systems in cllaboration with moral, ethical and religious approaches in the military servicesJ Dill9. Treating Schizophrenia: Have we got it wrong?Robin Emsley10.Terminal questions in the elderlyMike Ewart Smith11. Mental Health Policy development and implementation in Ghana, South Africa, Uganda and ZambiaAlan J Flisher, Crick Lund, Michelle Frank, Arvin Bhana, Victor Doku, Natalie Drew, Fred N Kigozi, Martin Knapp, Mayeh Omar, Inge Petersen, Andrew Green andthe MHaPP Research Programme Consortium12. What indicators should be used to monitor progress in scaling uo services for people with mental disorders?Lancet Global Mental Health Group (Alan J Flisher, Dan Chisholm, Crick Lund, Vikram Patel, Shokhar Saxena, Graham Thornicroft, Mark Tomlinson)13. Does unipolar mania merit research in South Africa? A look at the literatureChristoffel Grobler14. Revisiting the Cartesian duality of mind and bodyOye Gureje15. Child and adolescent psychopharmacology: Current trends and complexitiesS M Hawkridge16. Integrating mental illness, suicide and religionVolker Hitzeroth17. Cost of acute inpatient mental health care in a 72-hour assessment uniyA B R Janse van Rensburg, W Jassat18. Management of Schizophrenia according to South African standard treatment guidelinesA B R Janse van Rensburg19. Structural brain imaging in the clinical management of psychiatric illnessF Y Jeenah20. ADHD: Change in symptoms from child to adulthoodS A Jeeva, A Turgay21. HIV-Positive psychiatric patients in antiretroviralsG Jonsson, F Y Jeenah, M Y H Moosa22. A one year review of patients admitted to tertiary HIV/Neuropsychiatry beds in the Western CapeJohn Joska, Paul Carey, Ian Lewis, Paul Magni, Don Wilson, Dan J Stein23. Star'd - Critical review and treatment implicationsAndre Joubert24. Options for treatment-resistent depression: Lessons from Star'd; an interactive sessionAndre Joubert25. My brain made me do it: How Neuroscience may change the insanity defenceSean Kaliski26. Child andadolescent mental health services in four African countriesSharon Kleintjies, Alan Flisher, Victoruia Campbell-Hall, Arvin Bhana, Phillippa Bird, Victor Doku, Natalie, Drew, Michelle Funk, Andrew Green, Fred Kigozi, Crick Lund, Angela Ofori-Atta, Mayeh Omar, Inge Petersen, Mental Health and Poverty Research Programme Consortium27. Individualistic theories of risk behaviourLiezl Kramer, Volker Hitzeroth28. Development and implementation of mental health poliy and law in South Africa: What is the impact of stigma?Ritsuko Kakuma, Sharon Kleintjes, Crick Lund, Alan J Flisher, Paula Goering, MHaPP Research Programme Consortium29. Factors contributing to community reintegration of long-term mental health crae users of Weskoppies HospitalCarri Lewis, Christa Kruger30. Mental health and poverty: A systematic review of the research in low- and middle-income countriesCrick Lund, Allison Breen, Allan J Flisher, Ritsuko Kakuma, Leslie Swartz, John Joska, Joanne Corrigall, Vikram Patel, MHaPP Research Programe Consortium31. The cost of scaling up mental health care in low- and middle-income countriesCrick Lund, Dan Chishlom, Shekhar Saxena32. 'Tikking'Clock: The impact of a methamphetamine epidemic at a psychiatric hospital in the Western CapeP Milligan, J S Parker33. Durban youth healh-sk behaviour: Prevalence f Violence-related behaviourD L Mkize34. Profile of morality of patients amitted Weskoppies Psychiatric Hospital in Sout frican over a 5-Year period (2001-2005)N M Moola, N Khamker, J L Roos, P Rheeder35. One flew over Psychiatry nestLeverne Mountany36. The ethical relationship betwe psychiatrists and the pharmaceutical indutryMargaret G Nair37. Developing the frameor of a postgraduate da programme in mental healthR J Nichol, B de Klerk, M M Nel, G van Zyl, J Hay38. An unfolding story: The experience with HIV-ve patients at a Psychiatric HospitalJ S Parker, P Milligan39. Task shifting: A practical strategy for scalingup mental health care in developing countriesVikram Patel40. Ethics: Informed consent and competency in the elderlyWillie Pienaar41. Confronting ommonmoral dilemmas. Celebrating uncertainty, while in search patient goodWillie Pienaar42. Moral dilemmas in the treatment and repatriation of patients with psychtorders while visiting our countryDuncan Ian Rodseth43. Geriatrics workshop (Psegal symposium): Medico-legal issuess in geriatric psyhiatryFelix Potocnik44. Brain stimulation techniques - update on recent researchP J Pretorius45. Holistic/Alternative treatments in psychiatryT Rangaka, J Dill46. Cognitive behaviour therapy and other brief interventions for management of substancesSolomon Rataemane47. A Transtheoretical view of changeNathan P Rogerson48. Profile of security breaches in longerm mental health care users at Weskoppies Hospital over a 6-month periodDeleyn Rema, Lindiwe Mthethwa, Christa Kruger49. Management of psychogenic and chronic pain - A novel approachM S Salduker50. Childhood ADHD and bipolar mood disorders: Differences and similaritiesL Scribante51. The choice of antipsychotic in HIV-infected patients and psychopharmacocal responses to antipsychotic medicationDinesh Singh, Karl Goodkin52. Pearls in clinical neuroscience: A teaching column in CNS SpectrumsDan J Stein53. Urinary Cortisol secretion and traumatics in a cohort of SA Metro policemen A longitudinal studyUgash Subramaney54. Canabis use in Psychiatric inpatientsM Talatala, G M Nair, D L Mkize55. Pathways to care and treatmt in first and multi-episodepsychosis: Findings fm a developing countryH S Teh, P P Oosthuizen56. Mental disorders in HIV-infected indivat various HIV Treatment sites in South AfricaRita Thom57. Attendanc ile of long-term mental health care users at ocupational therapy group sessions at Weskoppies HospitalRonel van der Westhuizen, Christa Kruger58. Epidemiological patterns of extra-medical drug use in South Africa: Results from the South African stress and health studyMargaretha S van Heerden, Anna Grimsrud, David Williams, Dan Stein59. Persocentred diagnosis: Where d ps and mental disorders fit in the International classificaton of diseases (ICD)?Werdie van Staden60. What every psychiatrist needs to know about scansHerman van Vuuren61. Psychiatric morbidity in health care workers withle drug-resistant erulosis (MDR-TB) A case seriesUrvashi Vasant, Dinesh Singh62. Association between uetrine artery pulsatility index and antenatal maternal psychological stressBavanisha Vythilingum, Lut Geerts, Annerine Roos, Sheila Faure, Dan J Stein63. Approaching the dual diagnosis dilemmaLize Weich64. Women's mental health: Onset of mood disturbance in midlife - Fact or fictionDenise White65. Failing or faking: Isses in the fiagnosis and treatment of adult ADHDDora Wynchank

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Allgulander, Christer, Orlando Alonso Betancourt, David Blackbeard, Helen Clark, Franco Colin, Sarah Cooper, Robin Emsley, et al. "16th National Congress of the South African Society of Psychiatrists (SASOP)." South African Journal of Psychiatry 16, no. 3 (October 1, 2010): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v16i3.273.

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List of abstracts and authors:1. Antipsychotics in anxiety disordersChrister Allgulander2. Anxiety in somatic disordersChrister Allgulander3. Community rehabilitation of the schizophrenic patientOrlando Alonso Betancourt, Maricela Morales Herrera4. Dual diagnosis: A theory-driven multidisciplinary approach for integrative careDavid Blackbeard5. The emotional language of the gut - when 'psyche' meets 'soma'Helen Clark6. The Psychotherapy of bipolar disorderFranco Colin7. The Psychotherapy of bipolar disorderFranco Colin8. Developing and adopting mental health policies and plans in Africa: Lessons from South Africa, Uganda and ZambiaSara Cooper, Sharon Kleintjes, Cynthia Isaacs, Fred Kigozi, Sheila Ndyanabangi, Augustus Kapungwe, John Mayeya, Michelle Funk, Natalie Drew, Crick Lund9. The importance of relapse prevention in schizophreniaRobin Emsley10. Mental Health care act: Fact or fiction?Helmut Erlacher, M Nagdee11. Does a dedicated 72-hour observation facility in a district hospital reduce the need for involuntary admissions to a psychiatric hospital?Lennart Eriksson12. The incidence and risk factors for dementia in the Ibadan study of ageingOye Gureje, Lola Kola, Adesola Ogunniyi, Taiwo Abiona13. Is depression a disease of inflammation?Angelos Halaris14. Paediatric bipolar disorder: More heat than light?Sue Hawkridge15. EBM: Anova ConundrumElizabeth L (Hoepie) Howell16. Tracking the legal status of a cohort of inpatients on discharge from a 72-hour assessment unitBernard Janse van Rensburg17. Dual diagnosis units in psychiatric facilities: Opportunities and challengesYasmien Jeenah18. Alcohol-induced psychotic disorder: A comparative study on the clinical characteristics of patients with alcohol dependence and schizophreniaGerhard Jordaan, D G Nel, R Hewlett, R Emsley19. Anxiety disorders: the first evidence for a role in preventive psychiatryAndre F Joubert20. The end of risk assessment and the beginning of startSean Kaliski21. Psychiatric disorders abd psychosocial correlates of high HIV risk sexual behaviour in war-effected Eatern UgandaE Kinyada, H A Weiss, M Mungherera, P Onyango Mangen, E Ngabirano, R Kajungu, J Kagugube, W Muhwezi, J Muron, V Patel22. One year of Forensic Psychiatric assessment in the Northern Cape: A comparison with an established assessment service in the Eastern CapeN K Kirimi, C Visser23. Mental Health service user priorities for service delivery in South AfricaSharon Kleintjes, Crick Lund, Leslie Swartz, Alan Flisher and MHaPP Research Programme Consortium24. The nature and extent of over-the-counter and prescription drug abuse in cape townLiezl Kramer25. Physical health issues in long-term psychiatric inpatients: An audit of nursing statistics and clinical files at Weskoppies HospitalChrista Kruger26. Suicide risk in Schizophrenia - 20 Years later, a cohort studyGian Lippi, Ean Smit, Joyce Jordaan, Louw Roos27.Developing mental health information systems in South Africa: Lessons from pilot projects in Northern Cape and KwaZulu-NatalCrick Lund, S Skeen, N Mapena, C Isaacs, T Mirozev and the Mental Health and Poverty Research Programme Consortium Institution28. Mental health aspects of South African emigrationMaria Marchetti-Mercer29. What services SADAG can offer your patientsElizabeth Matare30. Culture and language in psychiatryDan Mkize31. Latest psychotic episodePovl Munk-Jorgensen32. The Forensic profile of female offendersMo Nagdee, Helmut Fletcher33. The intra-personal emotional impact of practising psychiatryMargaret Nair34. Highly sensitive persons (HSPs) and implications for treatmentMargaret Nair35. Task shifting in mental health - The Kenyan experienceDavid M Ndetei36. Bridging the gap between traditional healers and mental health in todya's modern psychiatryDavid M Ndetei37. Integrating to achieve modern psychiatryDavid M Ndetei38. Non-medical prescribing: Outcomes from a pharmacist-led post-traumatic stress disorder clinicA Parkinson39. Is there a causal relationship between alcohol and HIV? Implications for policy, practice and future researchCharles Parry40. Global mental health - A new global health discipline comes of ageVikram Patel41. Integrating mental health into primary health care: Lessons from pilot District demonstration sites in Uganda and South AfricaInge Petersen, Arvin Bhana, K Baillie and MhaPP Research Programme Consortium42. Personality disorders -The orphan child in axis I - Axis II DichotomyWillie Pienaar43. Case Studies in Psychiatric EthicsWillie Pienaar44. Coronary artery disease and depression: Insights into pathogenesis and clinical implicationsJanus Pretorius45. Impact of the Mental Health Care Act No. 17 of 2002 on designated hospitals in KwaZulu-Natal: Triumphs and trialsSuvira Ramlall, Jennifer Chipps46. Biological basis of addicationSolomon Rataemane47. Genetics of SchizophreniaLouw Roos48. Management of delirium - Recent advancesShaquir Salduker49. Social neuroscience: Brain research on social issuesManfred Spitzer50. Experiments on the unconsciousManfred Spitzer51. The Psychology and neuroscience of musicManfred Spitzer52. Mental disorders in DSM-VDan Stein53. Personality, trauma exposure, PTSD and depression in a cohort of SA Metro policemen: A longitudinal studyUgashvaree Subramaney54. Eating disorders: An African perspectiveChristopher Szabo55. An evaluation of the WHO African Regional strategy for mental health 2001-2010Thandi van Heyningen, M Majavu, C Lund56. A unitary model for the motor origin of bipolar mood disorders and schizophreniaJacques J M van Hoof57. The origin of mentalisation and the treatment of personality disordersJacques J M Hoof58. How to account practically for 'The Cause' in psychiatric diagnostic classificationC W (Werdie) van StadenPOSTER PRESENTATIONS59. Problem drinking and physical and sexual abuse at WSU Faculty of Health Sciences, Mthatha, 2009Orlando Alonso Betancourt, Maricela Morales Herrera, E, N Kwizera, J L Bernal Munoz60. Prevalence of alcohol drinking problems and other substances at WSU Faculty of Health Sciences, Mthatha, 2009Orlando Alonso Betancourt, Maricela Morales Herrera, E, N Kwizera, J L Bernal Munoz61. Lessons learnt from a modified assertive community-based treatment programme in a developing countryUlla Botha, Liezl Koen, John Joska, Linda Hering, Piet Ooosthuizen62. Perceptions of psychologists regarding the use of religion and spirituality in therapyOttilia Brown, Diane Elkonin63. Resilience in families where a member is living with schizophreniOttilia Brown, Jason Haddad, Greg Howcroft64. Fusion and grandiosity - The mastersonian approach to the narcissistic disorder of the selfWilliam Griffiths, D Macklin, Loray Daws65. Not being allowed to exist - The mastersonian approach to the Schizoid disorder of the selfWilliam Griffiths, D Macklin, Loray Daws66. Risky drug-injecting behaviours in Cape Town and the need for a needle exchange programmeVolker Hitzeroth67. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome in adolescents in the Western Cape: A case seriesTerri Henderson68. Experience and view of local academic psychiatrists on the role of spirituality in South African specialist psychiatry, compared with a qualitative analysis of the medical literatureBernard Janse van Rensburg69. The role of defined spirituality in local specialist psychiatric practice and training: A model and operational guidelines for South African clinical care scenariosBernard Janse van Rensburg70. Handedness in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder in an Afrikaner founder populationMarinda Joubert, J L Roos, J Jordaan71. A role for structural equation modelling in subtyping schizophrenia in an African populationLiezl Koen, Dana Niehaus, Esme Jordaan, Robin Emsley72. Caregivers of disabled elderly persons in NigeriaLola Kola, Oye Gureje, Adesola Ogunniyi, Dapo Olley73. HIV Seropositivity in recently admitted and long-term psychiatric inpatients: Prevalence and diagnostic profileChristina Kruger, M P Henning, L Fletcher74. Syphilis seropisitivity in recently admitted longterm psychiatry inpatients: Prevalence and diagnostic profileChristina Kruger, M P Henning, L Fletcher75. 'The Great Suppression'Sarah Lamont, Joel Shapiro, Thandi Groves, Lindsey Bowes76. Not being allowed to grow up - The Mastersonian approach to the borderline personalityDaleen Macklin, W Griffiths77. Exploring the internal confirguration of the cycloid personality: A Rorschach comprehensive system studyDaleen Macklin, Loray Daws, M Aronstam78. A survey to determine the level of HIV related knowledge among adult psychiatric patients admitted to Weskoppies Hospital T G Magagula, M M Mamabolo, C Kruger, L Fletcher79. A survey of risk behaviour for contracting HIV among adult psychiatric patients admitted to Weskoppies HospitalM M Mamabolo, T G Magagula, C Kruger, L Fletcher80. A retrospective review of state sector outpatients (Tara Hospital) prescribed Olanzapine: Adherence to metabolic and cardiovascular screening and monitoring guidelinesCarina Marsay, C P Szabo81. Reported rapes at a hospital rape centre: Demographic and clinical profilesLindi Martin, Kees Lammers, Donavan Andrews, Soraya Seedat82. Exit examination in Final-Year medical students: Measurement validity of oral examinations in psychiatryMpogisheng Mashile, D J H Niehaus, L Koen, E Jordaan83. Trends of suicide in the Transkei region of South AfricaBanwari Meel84. Functional neuro-imaging in survivors of tortureThriya Ramasar, U Subramaney, M D T H W Vangu, N S Perumal85. Newly diagnosed HIV+ in South Africa: Do men and women enroll in care?Dinesh Singh, S Hoffman, E A Kelvin, K Blanchard, N Lince, J E Mantell, G Ramjee, T M Exner86. Diagnostic utitlity of the International HIC Dementia scale for Asymptomatic HIV-Associated neurocognitive impairment and HIV-Associated neurocognitive disorder in South AfricaDinesh Singh, K Goodkin, D J Hardy, E Lopez, G Morales87. The Psychological sequelae of first trimester termination of pregnancy (TOP): The impact of resilienceUgashvaree Subramaney88. Drugs and other therapies under investigation for PTSD: An international databaseSharain Suliman, Soraya Seedat89. Frequency and correlates of HIV Testing in patients with severe mental illnessHendrik Temmingh, Leanne Parasram, John Joska, Tania Timmermans, Pete Milligan, Helen van der Plas, Henk Temmingh90. A proposed mental health service and personnel organogram for the Elizabeth Donkin psychiatric HospitalStephan van Wyk, Zukiswa Zingela91. A brief report on the current state of mental health care services in the Eastern CapeStephan van Wyk, Zukiswa Zingela, Kiran Sukeri, Heloise Uys, Mo Nagdee, Maricela Morales, Helmut Erlacher, Orlando Alonso92. An integrated mental health care service model for the Nelson Mandela Bay MetroStephan van Wyk, Zukiswa Zingela, Kiran Sukeri93. Traditional and alternative healers: Prevalence of use in psychiatric patientsZukiswa Zingela, S van Wyk, W Esterhuysen, E Carr, L Gaauche

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Rakotomanana, Hasina, Joel Komakech, Christine Walters, and Barbara Stoecker. "Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) Indicators and Their Association with Child Linear Growth: A Multi-Country DHS Analysis in East Africa (P10-013-19)." Current Developments in Nutrition 3, Supplement_1 (June 1, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzz034.p10-013-19.

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Abstract Objectives The reduction of child stunting in the East African region remains slow, emphasizing the need to examine the contributions of less commonly studied determinants of linear growth faltering. The purpose of this study was to determine the association between the newly issued WHO and UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme WASH indicators and child length in East Africa. Methods The most recent Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) nationally representative data from Burundi, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia were used. Data from young children aged 6–23 months were included in the analyses. The association between individual water, sanitation and hygiene indicators and length-for-age (LAZ) was analyzed using linear regression models while controlling for the known child, maternal, and household characteristics for each country. Results Stunting rates were very high in all countries (more than 25%) reaching 44.6% in Burundi. In most of the countries, more than half of the population did not have improved WASH indicators. Better drinking water was significantly associated with higher LAZ in Burundi (b = 0.05, P < 0.05, R2 = 0.24), Kenya (b = 0.04, P < 0.01, R2 = 0.14), Tanzania (b = 0.06, P < 0.01, R2 = 0.21), and Zambia (b = 0.05, P < 0.05, R2 = 0.19) in the adjusted models. Improved sanitation facilities were associated with LAZ in Ethiopia (b = 0.20, P < 0.001, R2 = 0.24) and Uganda (b = 0.12, P < 0.05, R2 = 0.20). Lastly, the positive association between LAZ and hygiene practices remained significant after adjustments only in Ethiopia (b = 0.04, P < 0.01, R2 = 0.23). Conclusions Improved water quality was associated with better LAZ in most countries. Integrating nutrition interventions with WASH components for young children might be effective in reducing high child stunting rates in East Africa. Funding Sources None.

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Williams, Sarah R., Amanda J. Driscoll, Hanna M. LeBuhn, Wilbur H. Chen, Kathleen M. Neuzil, and Justin R. Ortiz. "National routine adult immunisation programmes among World Health Organization Member States: an assessment of health systems to deploy COVID-19 vaccines." Eurosurveillance 26, no. 17 (April 29, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.es.2021.26.17.2001195.

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Introduction As SARS-CoV-2 disproportionately affects adults, the COVID-19 pandemic vaccine response will rely on adult immunisation infrastructures. Aim To assess adult immunisation programmes in World Health Organization (WHO) Member States. Methods We evaluated country reports from 2018 on adult immunisation programmes sent to WHO and UNICEF. We described existing programmes and used multivariable regression to identify independent factors associated with having them. Results Of 194 WHO Member States, 120 (62%) reported having at least one adult immunisation programme. The Americas and Europe had the highest proportions of adult immunisation programmes, most commonly for hepatitis B and influenza vaccines (> 47% and > 91% of countries, respectively), while Africa and South-East Asia had the lowest proportions, with < 11% of countries reporting adult immunisation programmes for hepatitis B or influenza vaccines, and none for pneumococcal vaccines. In bivariate analyses, high or upper-middle country income, introduction of new or underused vaccines, having achieved paediatric immunisation coverage goals and meeting National Immunisation Technical Advisory Groups basic functional indicators were significantly associated (p < 0.001) with having an adult immunisation programme. In multivariable analyses, the most strongly associated factor was country income, with high- or upper-middle-income countries significantly more likely to report having an adult immunisation programme (adjusted odds ratio: 19.3; 95% confidence interval: 6.5–57.7). Discussion Worldwide, 38% of countries lack adult immunisation programmes. COVID-19 vaccine deployment will require national systems for vaccine storage and handling, delivery and waste management to target adult risk groups. There is a need to strengthen immunisation systems to reach adults with COVID-19 vaccines.

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Sell, K., L. M. Pfadenhauer, N. Jessani, B. M. Schmidt, N. Levitt, G. Chapotera, A. R. Akiteng, T. Mpando, S. Ntawuyirushintege, and E. A. Rehfuess. "Collaborative strategies for knowledge translation: the African-German CEBHA+ research network." European Journal of Public Health 30, Supplement_5 (September 1, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckaa166.1251.

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Abstract Background The Collaboration for Evidence-based Healthcare and Public Health in Africa (CEBHA+) is an NCD research consortium that seeks to engage policy-makers and practitioners throughout the research process in order to build lasting relationships, enhance evidence uptake and build long-term capacity among partner institutions in Ethiopia, Malawi, Rwanda, South Africa and Uganda. This integrated knowledge translation (IKT) approach includes the formal development and implementation of country-specific engagement strategies. Methods An early-stage evaluation is taking place in Mid-2020. Online surveys and qualitative interviews with researchers and policy-and-practice partners will inform adaptation of country-specific strategies, advance the initial programme theory and contribute to the science of IKT. Results We present three pertinent observations based on the development and implementation of an overarching CEBHA+ IKT approach and five country-specific strategies over the last two years: Despite being informed by an overarching IKT programme theory, the site-specific strategies and resulting partnerships vary markedly, representing the whole continuum of integrated knowledge translation.The diversity of approaches is due to different understandings of IKT, discontinuity of staff, lack of IKT training, and perceptions of usefulness (compared to ongoing research activities) among CEBHA+ researchers.The individual, dynamic and often pre-existing relationships of researchers and partners from policy and practice are central to IKT, but capturing these within the programme theory and monitoring them remains challenging. Conclusions These observations are useful to guide further evaluation and cross-country comparison. Close examination of relationships and conceptualisation of IKT as a continuum may provide valuable insights into the circumstances that make IKT efforts worthwhile. Key messages Translating evidence into policy and practice is reliant on partnerships between researchers and policy-and-practice partners. These can be formalised but the relationships remain complex and dynamic.

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Pond, Bob, Abebe Bekele, Sandra Mounier-Jack, Habtamu Teklie, and Theodros Getachew. "Estimation of Ethiopia’s immunization coverage – 20 years of discrepancies." BMC Health Services Research 21, S1 (September 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12913-021-06568-0.

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Abstract Background Coverage with the third dose of diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus-containing vaccine (DPT3) is a widely used measure of the performance of routine immunization systems. Since 2015, data reported by Ethiopia’s health facilities have suggested DPT3 coverage to be greater than 95%. Yet, Demographic and Health Surveys in 2016 and 2019 found DPT3 coverage to be 53 and 61% respectively for years during this period. This case study reviews the last 20 years of administrative (based on facility data), survey and United Nations (UN) estimates of Ethiopia’s nationwide immunization coverage to document long-standing discrepancies in these statistics. Methods Published estimates were compiled of Ethiopia’s nationwide DPT3 coverage from 1999 to 2018. These estimates come from the Joint Reporting Form submitted annually to WHO and UNICEF, a series of 8 population-based surveys and the annual reports of the WHO/UNICEF Estimates of National Immunization Coverage (WUENIC). Possible reasons for variation in survey findings were explored through secondary analysis of data from the 2012 immunization coverage survey. In addition, selected health officials involved with management of the immunization program were interviewed to obtain their perspectives on the reliability of various methods for estimation of immunization coverage. Findings Comparison of Ethiopia’s estimates for the same year from different sources shows major and persistent discrepancies between administrative, survey and WUENIC estimates. Moreover, the estimates from each of these sources have repeatedly shown erratic year-to-year fluctuations. Those who were interviewed expressed scepticism of Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) statistics. Officials of the national immunization programme have repeatedly shown a tendency to overlook all survey statistics when reporting on programme performance. Conclusions The present case study raises important questions, not only about the estimation methods of national and UN agencies, but about the reliability and comparability of widely trusted coverage surveys. Ethiopia provides an important example of a country where no data source provides a truly robust “gold standard” for estimation of immunization coverage. It is essential to identify and address the reasons for these discrepancies and arrive at a consensus on how to improve the reliability and acceptability of each data source and how best to “triangulate” between them.

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De Jager, Arjan, and Victor Van Reijswoud. "E-Governance in the Developing World in Action." Journal of Community Informatics 4, no. 2 (August 21, 2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.15353/joci.v4i2.2955.

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E-Governance is a powerful tool for bringing about change to government processes in the developing world. E-governance operates at the cross roads between Information and Communication Technology and government processes, and can be divided into three overlapping domains: e-administration, e-services and e-society. In order to be successful, e-governance must be firmly embedded in the existing government processes, must be supported, both politically and technically, by the governments, and must provide users with reasons to use these on-line domains. In order to maximize the impact, process change needs to be considered part and parcel of e-governance. In this report, we present and evaluate an e-governance programme in the East African country of Uganda. The programme, DistrictNet, tries to provide transparency at the local government level and to improve the provision of public information through the implementation of ICT. DistrictNet started in 2002 and is on-going. The achievements of the programme are presented and evaluated according to the criteria of the three domains of e-governance and their impact on government processes. On the basis of this evaluation, we elicit lessons that can be used to guide similar programmes at the local government levels in the developing world.

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Journal articles on the topic 'UNICEF Uganda Country Programme'

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