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Journal articles on the topic 'Unification of Forces'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 7 June 2025

Last updated: 2 August 2025

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1

Hashimoto, Junichi. "Forces, Hierarchy, Unification." European Journal of Theoretical and Applied Sciences 2, no. 5 (2024): 202–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.59324/ejtas.2024.2(5).21.

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Force or energy is both a relationship and a pulse between objects (relational physics). Based on this idea, I have succeeded in unifying the gravitational and electromagnetic forces, as well as the strong and weak forces, using the same framework. Through this verification work, I have also been able to determine the radius and mass of the neutrino. In my deep consideration of the background of the formation of the weak and strong forces, I also succeeded in unifying alpha and beta decay by combining radioactive decay with the vision of the pulse.

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2

Junichi, Hashimoto. "Forces, Hierarchy, Unification." European Journal of Theoretical and Applied Sciences 2, no. 5 (2024): 202–17. https://doi.org/10.59324/ejtas.2024.2(5).21.

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Force or energy is both a relationship and a pulse between objects (relational physics). Based on this idea, I have succeeded in unifying the gravitational and electromagnetic forces, as well as the strong and weak forces, using the same framework. Through this verification work, I have also been able to determine the radius and mass of the neutrino. In my deep consideration of the background of the formation of the weak and strong forces, I also succeeded in unifying alpha and beta decay by combining radioactive decay with the vision of the pulse. 

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3

Shannon, Darwin L. "Unification of the forces." Foundations of Physics Letters 5, no. 1 (1992): 83–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00689800.

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4

Tajuddin, M. "Einstein: Unification Theory and Unification of Basic Forces." American Journal of Physics and Applications 3, no. 3 (2015): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpa.20150303.12.

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5

Tajuddin, M. "Einstein: Unification Theory and Unification of Basic Forces-II." American Journal of Physics and Applications 3, no. 5 (2015): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpa.20150305.12.

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6

Tajuddin, M. "Einstein: Unification Theory and Unification of Basic Forces-III." American Journal of Physics and Applications 3, no. 6 (2015): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpa.20150306.12.

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7

Shaw, Geoffrey D. T. "The Canadian Armed Forces and Unification." Defense Analysis 17, no. 2 (2001): 159–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07430170120064230.

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8

Aranda, Alfredo, Francisco J. de Anda, and Stephen F. King. "Exceptional unification of families and forces." Nuclear Physics B 960 (November 2020): 115209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysb.2020.115209.

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9

Wang, Ling Jun. "On the speed of gravitational wave." Physics Essays 38, no. 2 (2025): 119–21. https://doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-38.2.119.

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It has been shown that Einstein’s general relativity is not derived from his field equation, but manufactured with a few invalid ad hoc assumptions. Our recently proposed Ether Dynamics truly, for the first time ever, yields a complete set of field equations of the gravitational field, including the wave equation. The speed of the gravitational wave, however, cannot be determined without direct experimental measurement. Whether the speed of gravitation equals the speed of light logically remains an open question. It does not, however, affect the rigorousness of Ether Dynamics. If the two speed

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10

Kang, Min Sik. "A Study on the Military's Political Neutrality in the Process of North-South Reunification." Unification and North Korean Law Studies 29 (June 30, 2023): 175–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.31999/sonkl.2023.29.175.

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It is difficult to predict the process of inter-Korean unification. However, we cannot abandon standards as principles of popular sovereignty, liberal democracy, respect for basic human rights, rule of law, and pacifism in our Constitution. In order to maintain these standards, it is necessary to think about controlling the armed forces of the two Koreas. Regarding the control of the armed forces of the two Koreas, it is necessary to review the legal system for military integration, but the scope is very wide. In this study, I look at the ‘political neutrality’ of the military, which is a prer

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11

Dhiman, Devinder Kumar. "Unification of fundamental forces under normal atmospheric conditions." Physics Essays 33, no. 3 (2020): 325–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-33.3.325.

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Super unified theories unifying the four fundamental forces require very high temperatures, which are possible only within <mml:math display="inline"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>34</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> second after Big Bang. This article aims to unite the fundamental forces of nature under normal conditions of atmosphere. Well-established relation of general theory of relativity, between m

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12

Sharafiddinov, Rasulkhozha S. "An allgravity as a grand unification of forces." Physics Essays 34, no. 3 (2021): 397–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-34.3.397.

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Each type of Coulomb (Newton) charge corresponds to a kind of Coulomb (Newton) mass. Such a mass-charge duality principle explains the availability of the united rest mass and charge in a neutrino equal to all its mass and charge consisting of the electric, weak, and strong components and the range of other innate components. A neutrino itself, similarly to all other quantum matter with Coulomb (Newton) mass and charge, testifies hereby in favor of a kind of mononeutrino with magnetocoulomb (magnetonewton) rest mass and charge equal to all its mass and charge including the magnetoelectric, mag

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13

Liu, Chuang. "Gauge gravity and the unification of natural forces." International Studies in the Philosophy of Science 17, no. 2 (2003): 143–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0269859031000160612.

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14

Green, Michael B. "Unification of forces and particles in superstring theories." Nature 314, no. 6010 (1985): 409–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/314409a0.

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15

Dent, Thomas, and Malcolm Fairbairn. "Time-varying coupling strengths, nuclear forces and unification." Nuclear Physics B 653, no. 1-2 (2003): 256–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0550-3213(03)00043-9.

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16

Wu, Yueliang, and Guangzhao Zhou. "A possible unification model for all basic forces." Science in China Series A: Mathematics 41, no. 3 (1998): 324–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02879052.

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17

Caillon, J. C. "A possible unification of Newton's and Coulomb's forces." Physics Letters A 382, no. 46 (2018): 3307–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physleta.2018.09.005.

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18

Galeana, Albino H., Roberto E. Martinez, William A. Ponce, and Arnulfo Zepeda. "Unification of forces and flavors for three families." Physical Review D 44, no. 7 (1991): 2166–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.44.2166.

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19

Maalampi, J., and J. Pulido. "Unification of fundamental forces in a composite picture." Physics Letters B 165, no. 1-3 (1985): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0370-2693(85)90696-3.

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20

Vayenas, Constantinos G. "The Standard Model (SM) and the goal of force unification." Open Access Government 37, no. 1 (2023): 228–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.56367/oag-037-10539.

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The Standard Model (SM) and the goal of force unification The unification of gravitational, Strong and Weak Forces has been a long-sought goal [1-3]. In general, force unification refers to the idea that it is possible to view all of the forces of nature as manifestations of one single, all-encompassing force. Today, within the context of the Standard Model (SM) of elementary particles, [7] scientists seek to unify Gravity with the Strong force under a Grand Unified Theory which binds quarks together and is responsible for the stability of atomic nuclei. These efforts have not been successful

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21

Zhuo, Rui Hua, Shu Wang Yan, and Lei Yu Zhang. "Dynamic Stability Analysis of Viscoelastic Beam under the Follower Forces." Advanced Materials Research 413 (December 2011): 283–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.413.283.

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The unification differential equation of buckling and motion of viscoelastic beam subjected to the uniformly distributed follower forces in time domain was established by differential operators including extension viscosity, shearing viscosity and moment of inertia. According to the unification differential equation, dynamic stability of three-parameter model of viscoelastic beams subjected to follower forces with clamped-free supported boundary condition was firstly analyzed by power series. The relations of the follower force versus vibration frequency and decay coefficient were obtained, so

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22

Gimsa, Andreas. "The Unification of the Fundamental Interactions." International Journal of Scientific Research and Management 9, no. 05 (2021): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijsrm/v9i05.aa01.

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The known fundamental interactions of nature are to be examined for mathematical connections existing among themselves. This would be a further indication that nature has a mathematical basic framework. The investigation shall show whether a unification of the fundamental forces is reasonable and possible.

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23

Ramandi, Gh Fasihi, and N. Boroojerdian. "Forces Unification in the Framework of Transitive Lie Algebroids." International Journal of Theoretical Physics 54, no. 5 (2014): 1581–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10773-014-2357-5.

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24

Kassem, Ayman. "Main Title: Quanton Based Model of Field Interactions,." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN PHYSICS 20 (May 4, 2022): 110–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jap.v20i.9217.

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The search for a unification of the physical phenomena was the preoccupation of many physicists for long time. Starting from the seventeenth century with the unification of celestial mechanics and gravitation, then the unification of the electromagnetism in the nineteenth century. The early twentieth century brought about the unification of space and time and the unification of energy and mass while the advent of gauge theory enabled the unification of the weak interaction with the electromagnetism in the middle of the twentieth century. More recent theories are proposed as the answer to the u

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25

SCHÜCKER, THOMAS. "NONCOMMUTATIVE GEOMETRY AND THE STANDARD MODEL." International Journal of Modern Physics A 20, no. 11 (2005): 2471–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x05024791.

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26

Cai, Zi-Jian. "The Electromagnetic Unification of Four Forces: Supporting Planck and Rectifying Einstein." European Journal of Theoretical and Applied Sciences 2, no. 3 (2024): 494–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.59324/ejtas.2024.2(3).38.

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It was Zi-Jian Cai and the satellite operators from China, India and USA who led the world people in television to make the electromagnetic unification of four forces, and altogether achieved many important progressions, such as the spatially localized electromagnetic mass structure, the electromagnetic orienting force, the electromagnetic multi-hairy structure, the non-relativity of ideal time and space, the electromagnetic curve and red-shift for gravity, the stable strong force from electromagnetic multi-hairy hybrid, the weak processes from hybrid split and oscillatory pair of bound electr

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27

Zi-Jian, Cai. "The Electromagnetic Unification of Four Forces: Supporting Planck and Rectifying Einstein." European Journal of Theoretical and Applied Sciences 2, no. 3 (2024): 494–503. https://doi.org/10.59324/ejtas.2024.2(3).38.

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It was Zi-Jian Cai and the satellite operators from China, India and USA who led the world people in television to make the electromagnetic unification of four forces, and altogether achieved many important progressions, such as the spatially localized electromagnetic mass structure, the electromagnetic orienting force, the electromagnetic multi-hairy structure, the non-relativity of ideal time and space, the electromagnetic curve and red-shift for gravity, the stable strong force from electromagnetic multi-hairy hybrid, the weak processes from hybrid split and oscillatory pair of bound electr

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28

Press, Michelle. "Quantum Drama ▪ Insect Societies ▪ The Unification of Forces." Scientific American 299, no. 5 (2008): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican1108-106.

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29

Sidharth, B. G. "Comments on the unification of the fundamental forces in space." Chaos, Solitons & Fractals 12, no. 5 (2001): 989–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0960-0779(00)00080-1.

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30

Krauss, Lawrence M., and Frank Wilczek. "From B-modes to quantum gravity and unification of forces." International Journal of Modern Physics D 23, no. 12 (2014): 1441001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271814410016.

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It is commonly anticipated that gravity is subjected to the standard principles of quantum mechanics. Yet some — including Einstein — have questioned that presumption, whose empirical basis is weak. Indeed, recently Dyson has emphasized that no conventional experiment is capable of detecting individual gravitons. However, as we describe, if inflation occurred, the universe, by acting as an ideal graviton amplifier, affords such access. It produces a classical signal, in the form of macroscopic gravitational waves, in response to spontaneous (not induced) emission of gravitons. Thus recent BICE

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31

Salam, Abdus. "Einstein’s last dream: The space — Time unification of fundamental forces." Resonance 3, no. 1 (1998): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02838648.

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32

Salam, Abdus. "Einstein’s last dream: The space — time unification of fundamental forces." Resonance 10, no. 12 (2005): 246–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02835149.

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33

Lee, Chang-Ho. "Tension, War, Peace, and Unification: South Korea’s Unification Policies in the Light of Theological-Ethical Theories of War and Peace." International Journal of Public Theology 17, no. 1 (2023): 74–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15697320-20230070.

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Abstract This article analyzes South Korea’s unification policies and makes ethical suggestions in light of Christian theological and ethical theories of war and peace. Since 1948, South and North Korea have repeatedly confronted each other with heavily armed forces. Unification would be considered the achievement of the Korean people’s endeavour to deter military warfare and promote peace between the two Koreas. In this regard, it is understandable that unification policy-making should retain tension reduction and peaceful coexistence as its fundamental goals. Public discussions in unificatio

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34

Antoniadis, I. "Quarks and a unified theory of Nature fundamental forces." International Journal of Modern Physics A 30, no. 02 (2015): 1530015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x1530015x.

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Quarks were introduced 50 years ago opening the road towards our understanding of the elementary constituents of matter and their fundamental interactions. Since then, a spectacular progress has been made with important discoveries that led to the establishment of the Standard Theory that describes accurately the basic constituents of the observable matter, namely quarks and leptons, interacting with the exchange of three fundamental forces, the weak, electromagnetic and strong force. Particle physics is now entering a new era driven by the quest of understanding of the composition of our Univ

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35

CHEN, F., U. MOHIDEEN, and P. W. MILONNI. "LIMITS ON NON-NEWTONIAN GRAVITY AND HYPOTHETICAL FORCES FROM MEASUREMENTS OF THE CASIMIR FORCE." International Journal of Modern Physics A 20, no. 11 (2005): 2222–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x05024420.

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Modern unification theories that seek to unify gravity with the other fundamental forces predict a host of new particles outside the standard model. Many also invoke extra dimensions. Both of these effects lead to deviations from Newtonian gravity. For sub micron distance between two bodies, the Casimir force far exceeds the gravitational force. Thus both understanding and using the Casimir force is very important for checking the relevance of these unification theories. In particular, measurements of the Casimir force has allowed one to set some of the strongest constraints for corresponding

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36

Kondrat'eva, N. "EC Single Market: Theory and Practice." World Economy and International Relations, no. 3 (2014): 74–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2014-3-74-87.

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In terms of several economic and political theories the author explains driving forces and consequences of the European countries markets’ unification. Also, the article comprehends practical implementation and expert interpretations of these theories.

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37

Bazaluk, Oleg. "Unification of fundamental interactions: strong, weak, electromagnetic and gravitational (in the light of the new cosmological concept)." Sententiae 10, no. 1 (2023): 272–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.31649/sent10.01.272.

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The author offers his own vision of the unification of four fundamental interactions through a philosophical analysis of the categories of time and space. Time and space are coexisting self-sufficient phenomena. Time connects three global spaces (inert, living and intelligent substances) into a single hierarchy of the universe. The unification of space and time took place at the first stage of the modern world structure, during the formation of the first global space-time. The cosmological singularity was determined by two main parameters: substance (state of matter) and the energy embedded in

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38

Machulenko, Vladimir A., and Dmitry I. Novoselov. "ABOUT THE CURRENT GEOSTRATEGIC SITUATION ON THE KOREAN PENINSULA." Globus: technical sciences 8, no. 1(42) (2022): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.52013/2713-3079-42-1-2.

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The article addresses some issues related to the geostrategic situation on the Korean peninsula. The composition of the US Armed Forces stationed in the Republic of Korea was briefly analyzed. Information is given on the number of personnel, main bases and locations of the US Armed Forces in Korea. The probability of a military conflict between the DPRK and the Republic of Korea or the possibility of their unification was analyzed.

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39

Cai, Zi-Jian. "The Electromagnetic Unification of Four Forces and Electromagnetic Structures of Particles." OALib 05, no. 04 (2018): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1104514.

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40

Vayenas, Constantinos G. "Neutrinos, light, matter, and the unification of gravitational and nuclear forces." Open Access Government 43, no. 1 (2024): 226–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.56367/oag-043-11228.

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Neutrinos, light, matter, and the unification of gravitational and nuclear forces The discovery of neutrinos and the measurement of their masses are significant events in the history of science. The Rotating Lepton Model provides a useful basis for understanding particles and nuclear reactions, highlighting the importance of Special Relativity, Gravity, and Quantum Mechanics in our universe. Professor Constantinos G. Vayenas explains. The discovery of neutrinos by Pauli some 90 years ago and the measurement of their masses by Kajita and McDonald (1) some 20 years ago constitute significant dev

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41

El Naschie, M. S. "Towards a geometrical theory for the unification of all fundamental forces." Chaos, Solitons & Fractals 11, no. 9 (2000): 1459–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0960-0779(99)00194-0.

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42

El Naschie, M. S. "P-Adic unification of the fundamental forces and the standard model." Chaos, Solitons & Fractals 38, no. 4 (2008): 1011–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2008.04.047.

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43

Yildiz, Asim, M. K. Hinders, B. A. Rhodes, and G. V. H. Sandri. "Asymmetric Einstein field unification of gravity with electroweak and strong forces." Il Nuovo Cimento A 102, no. 5 (1989): 1417–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02800347.

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44

Jehonathan, Bentovish. "Empirical Validation of the "G-d's Physics' Critical Prediction Resolves the "Gravitational Enigma"!" Research & Reviews Journal of Modern Physics 01, Special Issue (2023): 05. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8266781.

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<strong>Abstract</strong> The “Gravitational Enigma” (GE) relates to four different “facets” representing “unexplained” elements within the Old “Material-Causal” Paradigm of General Relativity Theory (GRT) and Quantum Mechanics (QM) that are somehow associated with the phenomenon of the “Gravitational Force”, including: a) unification of GRT & QM. b) a satisfactory explanation for the universe’s accelerated rate of expansion. c) unification of the Gravitational Force and the other Three Forces (e.g., Strong- & Weak- Nucl

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45

Kufuor, Kofi Oteng. "Pathways To African Unification: The Four Riders of The Storm." Fundamina 28, no. 1 (2022): 66–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.47348/fund/v28/i1a2.

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Research on African unification has not yet explained the reason for the belief in the possibility of post-colonial African states swiftly unifying as a federal or strong, functioning, supranational entity. This contribution attempts to fill this gap in the literature by exploring the various paths towards African unification. Some states pressing for unification misconstrued the history of the successful models that they insisted Africa could follow. This led to the assumption that a near frictionless and workable legal edifice for African unification could be easily created. This contributio

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46

ONOFRIO, ROBERTO. "IS THE LAW OF UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION VALID AT SHORT DISTANCES?" Modern Physics Letters A 13, no. 17 (1998): 1401–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732398001467.

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Recently, short-range macroscopic forces superimposed to gravity have been conjectured. We argue that their existence is unavoidable if gravity has to be merged with the other fundamental interactions within the currently accepted paradigms for unification. A first attempt to detect such forces in the macroscopic range using micromechanical resonators is reported, together with a discussion of further sensitivity improvements. Implications of the possible discovery of these new interactions in elementary particle physics and cosmology are outlined.

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47

Williams, L. L. "Long-Range Scalar Forces in Five-Dimensional General Relativity." Advances in Mathematical Physics 2020 (November 9, 2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9305187.

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We present new results regarding the long-range scalar field that emerges from the classical Kaluza unification of general relativity and electromagnetism. The Kaluza framework reproduces known physics exactly when the scalar field goes to one, so we studied perturbations of the scalar field around unity, as is done for gravity in the Newtonian limit of general relativity. A suite of interesting phenomena unknown to the Kaluza literature is revealed: planetary masses are clothed in scalar field, which contributes 25% of the mass-energy of the clothed mass; the scalar potential around a planet

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48

El-Mongy, Sayed. "Sayed`s Theory on Unification of Electromagnetism and Gravity Forces: Innovative Correlation of Electrodynamics and Gravity with Inevitable Violation of E=mc." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN PHYSICS 23 (April 8, 2025): 34–41. https://doi.org/10.24297/jap.v23i.9717.

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The unified universe is a function in the only Great Creator, Allah. The unification of the weak nuclear force and electromagnetism was achieved in 1979 by Noble laureates. This article is a theory and outstanding approach for unification of electromagnetism and gravity forces. The Sayed`s electromagnetic-gravity force (SEMGF) equations were derived and generated by fusion of Newton, Einstein, Planck, Maxwell equations and Coulomb law. The violation of E=mc2 is remarkably concluded. The unified equations lead to introduce the effect of electromagnetic gravity force on the measured and calculat

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49

Ibrahim, Hassan Hassan Osman, and Dirar Abdullah Mubarak. "The general theory of relativity (GFE) is subjected to the quantum principle in the framework of a new concept." International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology 7, no. 11 (2023): 2077–91. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7588242.

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The general theory of relativity (GFE) is subjected to the quantum principle in the framework of a new concept (Duality of Space) that leads to the unification of forces in nature on a base of a general principle, including the two theories, and contains a universal constant 𝐂.

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50

Seibel, Wolfgang. "Necessary Illusions: the Transformation of Governance Structures in the New Germany." Tocqueville Review 13, no. 1 (1992): 179–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/ttr.13.1.179.

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Unified Germany is not simply an extended version of West Germany before 9 November 1989. but a new Germany. The forces dial have made this entity different from the West German model are revealing themselves in the structure of governance that is emerging. In this paper I attempt a preliminary account of this evolving structure of governance. address three questions: First, how the process of unification is being managed politically. Second, what crucial problems and dilemmas arc likely to emerge and how will the German political system deal with these issues. Third, how will the process of u

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