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Books on the topic 'Unified parts'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Mutin, Marie-Thérèse. Jean Poperen tel qu'en lui-même. Mutine, 2006.

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2

socialiste, Amis de Tribune, and Institut Tribune socialiste, eds. Le Parti socialiste unifié: Une étoile filante dans l'univers politique de la Catalogne du Nord (1960-1990). Trabucaire, 2014.

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3

Heurgon, Marc. Histoire du PSU. Découverte, 1994.

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4

Kostrikov, S. P. Obʺedinennai͡a︡ sot͡s︡ialisticheskai͡a︡ partii͡a︡ v politicheskoĭ zhizni Frant͡s︡ii: Konet͡s︡ 50-kh-70-e gody. Izd-vo Moskovskogo universiteta, 1985.

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5

socialiste, Amis de Tribune, ed. Parti et mouvement social: Le chantier ouvert par le PSU. L'Harmattan, 2011.

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6

Party building in Nepal: Organization, leadership and people : a comparative study of the Nepali Congress and the Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist). Mandala Book Point, 2002.

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7

Le combat nationalitaire de la fédération corse du Parti Socialiste Unifié (1960-1990). Éditions Alain Piazzola, 2013.

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8

US GOVERNMENT. An Act to Extend the Authority of the Los Angeles Unified School District to Use Certain Park Lands in the City of South Gate, California, Which Were Acquired with Amounts Provided from the Land and Water Conservation Fund, for Elementary School Purposes. U.S. G.P.O., 2000.

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9

Du syndicalisme au politique: Regard intérieur sur la CGT, le PSU et le PS. Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2013.

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10

Antoine Gizenga pour la gauche en RDC. L'Harmattan, 2011.

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11

Au coeur des années soixante: Les étudiants du PSU : une utopie porteuse d'avenir? Publisud, 2010.

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12

Childress, Lionel. Body Parts: Becoming the Unified Body of Christ. Sermon To Book, 2018.

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13

Parfit, Derek. Towards a Unified Theory. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198778608.003.0023.

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This chapter builds towards a wider theory combining a version of common sense morality with a particular rule consequentialist justification. It asks whether the most plausible principles of common sense morality can all be given some further justification, which may appeal to some feature that these principles have in common. On one plausible hypothesis, the best principles of common sense morality are also the principles whose acceptance would on the whole make things go best. We might justifiably accept this hypothesis. The two parts of this theory, furthermore, would achieve more by being

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14

Champollion, Lucas. Parts of a Whole. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198755128.001.0001.

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Why can I tell you that I ran for five minutes but not that I *ran all the way to the store for five minutes? Why can you say that there are five pounds of books in this package if it contains several books, but not *five pounds of book if it contains only one? What keeps you from using *sixty degrees of water to tell me the temperature of the water in your pool when you can use sixty inches of water to tell me its height? And what goes wrong when I complain that *all the ants in my kitchen are numerous? The constraints on these constructions involve concepts that are generally studied separat

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15

Melamed, Daniel R. Listening to the Christmas Oratorio with a Calendar. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190881054.003.0005.

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Johann Sebastian Bach’s Christmas Oratorio has six parts that Bach performed on six days from Christmas to Epiphany. We usually experience it as a unified work, and Bach considered it one, but in some ways, its designation as a single oratorio was more conceptual than real. Our best tool for understanding the Oratorio’s original context might be a calendar. The work’s place in the church year helps us understand its construction and scoring, stimulates our thinking about the independence of its parts, and aids in examining the musical elements that make it a unified work. Despite modern attemp

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16

Pfeiffer, Christian. Conclusions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779728.003.0008.

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The conclusion looks back over the study, which consists of two parts. Part I shows the necessity of a study of bodies and magnitudes for the project of Aristotelian physical science. An analysis of the notion of body is crucial for the physicist. Part II identifies a theory of body in Aristotle. Although Aristotle does not devote several continuous chapters in his works to an analysis of body and magnitude as he does with motion, time, and place, passages scattered over the corpus Aristotelicum offers us a unified and elegant analysis of the notion of body. This final chapter closes by situat

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17

Castagnez, Noëlline, Laurent Jalabert, Jean-François Sirinelli, Marc Lazar, and Gilles Morin, eds. Le Parti socialiste unifié. Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/books.pur.133836.

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18

Buchler, Justin. A Unified Spatial Model of Congress. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190865580.003.0004.

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This chapter presents a unified model of legislative elections, parties, and roll call voting, built around a party leadership election. First, a legislative caucus selects a party leader who campaigns based on a platform of a disciplinary system. Once elected, that leader runs the legislative session, in which roll call votes occur. Then elections occur, and incumbents face re-election with the positions they incrementally adopted. When the caucus is ideologically homogeneous, electorally diverse, and policy motivated, members will elect a leader who solves the collective action problem of si

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19

Gatens, Moira. Politicizing the Body: Property, Contract, and Rights. Edited by John S. Dryzek, Bonnie Honig, and Anne Phillips. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199548439.003.0037.

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This article examines the politicization of the human body focusing on the way this issue was conceived in the West. The human body has long been used as a source of metaphor for political theorists and the very notion of body politic leans on the image of a unified and discrete entity that has commanding parts and obeying parts that may be robust or ailing, strong or weak. This article suggests that aside from political theory with a rich source of metaphor, the human body also serves as the nexus where political conceptions of the universal and the particular meet.

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20

Koslicki, Kathrin. Unity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198823803.003.0008.

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A serviceable account of unity is needed which can capture the idea that matter–form compounds are more unified than other types of composite entities (e.g., heaps, collections, or mereological sums). This chapter develops a conception of unity according to which a structured whole derives its unity from the way its parts interact with other parts to allow the whole and its parts to manifest their “team-work”-requiring capacities. With this conception of unity in place, interesting differences emerge between paradigmatic matter–form compounds belonging to natural (e.g., physical, chemical, or

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21

Cooley, Timothy J., ed. Cultural Sustainabilities. University of Illinois Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252042362.001.0001.

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This collection of essays is driven by the proposition that environmental and cultural sustainability are inextricably linked. The authors are unified by the influence of the pioneering work of Jeff Todd Titon in developing broadly ecological approaches to folklore, ethnomusicology, and sustainability. These approaches lead to advocacy and activism. Building on and responding to Titon's work, the authors call for profoundly integrated efforts to better understand sustainability as a challenge that encompasses all living beings and ecological systems, including human cultural systems. While man

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22

Smithies, Declan. The Epistemic Role of Consciousness. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199917662.001.0001.

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What is the role of consciousness in our mental lives? This book argues that consciousness plays an essential role in explaining how we can acquire knowledge and epistemically justified belief about ourselves and our surroundings. On this view, our mental lives cannot be preserved in unconscious creatures—zombies—who behave just as we do. Only conscious creatures have epistemic justification to form beliefs about the world. Zombies cannot know anything about the world, since they have no epistemic justification to believe anything. On this view, all epistemic justification depends ultimately o

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23

Thompson, William R. Constructing a General Model Accounting for Interstate Rivalry Termination. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.291.

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Unlike many topics in international relations, a large number of models characterize interstate rivalry termination processes. But many of these models tend to focus on different parts of the rivalry termination puzzle. It is possible, however, to create a general model built around a core of shocks, expectation changes, reciprocity, and reinforcement. Twenty additional elements can be linked as alternative forms of catalysts/shocks and perceptual shifts or as facilitators of the core processes. All 24 constituent elements can be encompassed by the general model, which allows for a fair amount

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24

Arthur, Richard T. W. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812869.003.0001.

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This chapter introduces the chief themes and arguments of the book. It is shown how some of the main current interpretations of Leibniz’s theory of substance are inconsistent with his description of how the paradoxes of the continuum are to be avoided: the phenomenalist interpretation is unable to account for the actuality of parts; the view that bodies are only real in essence is contradicted by Leibniz’s realistic talk of containment; the view that corporeal substances are unified aggregates is hard to reconcile with their being pluralities. A solution is sketched, and then the arguments of

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25

Baker, Lynne Rudder. Dennett on Breaking the Spell. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199367511.003.0021.

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Dennett’s has recently attempted to break the “spell” that prevents people from submitting their religious beliefs and practices to scientific investigation. But what spell is being broken? Religion is not a unified phenomenon. By supposing that it is, Dennett is led to adopt an implausible mimetic theory of religious belief, and to mistakenly assume that the presence of a Hyperactive Agency Detection Device would impugn religious belief. More troublingly, although religious beliefs and practices should be studied scientifically, it would be a mistake to treat science as the exclusive arbiter

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26

Thompson-Brenner, Heather, Melanie Smith, Gayle E. Brooks, Dee Ross Franklin, Hallie Espel-Huynh, and James Boswell. The Renfrew Unified Treatment for Eating Disorders and Comorbidity. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190947002.001.0001.

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This treatment program is designed to address any type of eating disorder along with the other emotional problems that people with eating disorders also commonly experience. Eating disorders are related to emotional functioning in many important ways. The overall goal of this treatment is for clients to become more accepting of their emotions in order to respond to them in more productive ways. Each chapter of this workbook teaches clients the skills to manage their emotions. This workbook was developed to help people who have eating disorders and who are also struggling with intense and diffi

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27

Strahan, Ronald, and Pamela Conder. Dictionary of Australian and New Guinean Mammals. CSIRO Publishing, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643098404.

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Dictionary of Australian and New Guinean Mammals is the first unified guide to the mammals of both Australia and New Guinea. Based on Ronald Strahan’s first dictionary of Australian mammals, published in 1981, it includes all species, both native and introduced. For each species and genus, it provides a clear guide to pronunciation, the derivation and significance of the component parts of the name, and the citation that identifies its earliest valid description.  This unique work includes biographical notes on fifty-one zoologists who, over the past three centuries, have named Australia

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28

Gordon, Gregory S. Atrocity Speech Law. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190612689.001.0001.

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Hate speech is widely considered a precondition for mass atrocity. Since World War II a large body of case law has interpreted the key offenses criminalizing such discourse: (1) incitement to genocide; and (2) persecution as a crime against humanity. But the law has developed in a fragmented manner. Surprisingly, no volume has furnished a comprehensive analysis of the entire jurisprudential output and the relation of each of its parts to one another and to the whole. Atrocity Speech Law fills this gap and provides needed perspective for courts, government officials, and scholars. Part 1, “Foun

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29

Thompson-Brenner, Heather, Melanie Smith, Gayle E. Brooks, et al. The Renfrew Unified Treatment for Eating Disorders and Comorbidity. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190946425.001.0001.

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This treatment is designed to address eating disorders along with other emotional problems that individuals with eating disorders also commonly experience. Eating disorders are related to emotional functioning in many important ways. First, negative emotions—and the desire to avoid or control negative emotions—have been shown repeatedly to be related to the development of eating disorders, as well as most other emotional disorders, for many people. Depression and anxiety are known risk factors for the development of an eating disorder. Research also shows that emotional events—such as feeling

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30

Little, Conor, and David M. Farrell. Party Organization and Party Unity. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198758631.003.0012.

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This chapter examines the crucial role that political parties play in maintaining a unified voting bloc in parliament. This party-based approach sets it apart from most existing studies in this area. The focus of this chapter is on the factors that incentivize MPs to vote in a unified manner. The chapter tests three hypotheses: (1) whether party unity is improved by greater party organizational strength; (2) whether the greater threat of disciplinary sanctions increases party unity; and (3) whether greater access to resources by MPs reduces party unity. The authors use the Political Party Data

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31

Schechter, Elizabeth. Duality Myths. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809654.003.0009.

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This chapter addresses the intuitive fascination of the split-brain phenomenon. According to what I call the standard explanation, it is because we ordinarily assume that people are psychologically unified, while split-brain subjects are not psychologically unified, which suggests that we might not be unified either. I offer a different interpretation. One natural way of grappling with people’s failures to conform to various assumptions we make about them is to conceptualize them as having multiple minds. Such multiple-minds models take their most dramatic form in narrative art as duality myth

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32

Ye, Zhengdao, ed. The Semantics of Nouns. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198736721.001.0001.

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This volume represents state-of-the-art research on the semantics of nouns. It offers detailed and systematic analyses of scores of individual nouns across many different conceptual domains—‘people’, ‘beings’, ‘creatures’, ‘places’, ‘things’, ‘living things’, and ‘parts of the body and parts of the person’. A range of languages, both familiar and unfamiliar, is examined. These include Australian Aboriginal languages (Pitjantjatjara/Yankunytjatjara), (Mandarin) Chinese, Danish, English, French, German, Koromu (a Papuan language), Russian, Polish, and Solega (a Dravidian language). Each rigorous

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33

Shapiro, Stewart, and Geoffrey Hellman, eds. The History of Continua. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809647.001.0001.

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Mathematical and philosophical thought about continuity has changed considerably over the ages. Aristotle insisted that continuous substances are not composed of points, and that they can only be divided into parts potentially; a continuum is a unified whole. The most dominant account today, traced to Cantor and Dedekind, is in stark contrast with this, taking a continuum to be composed of infinitely many points. The opening chapters cover the ancient and medieval worlds: the pre-Socratics, Plato, Aristotle, Alexander, and a recently discovered manuscript by Bradwardine. In the early modern pe

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34

Buchler, Justin. Conclusions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190865580.003.0008.

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Several puzzles remain unresolved by the unified model. The first is why legislators have noncentrist preferences in the first place. The unified model, because it begins with a legislative session, takes preferences as initial conditions, so it is unsuited to explaining this puzzle. Second, while the model focuses on explaining polarization in the House of Representatives, the Senate too has become more polarized. Finally, it remains to be seen what will happen to the divisions among congressional Republicans as the legislative agenda shifts back to an agenda under unified government. Moving

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35

Cappelen, Herman. Fixing Language. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198814719.001.0001.

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Fixing Language is a book about ways in which language (and other representational devices) can be defective and improved. In all parts of philosophy there are philosophers who criticize the concepts we have and propose ways to improve them. Once one notices this about philosophy, it’s easy to see that revisionist projects occur in a range of other intellectual disciplines and in ordinary life. That fact gives rise to a cluster of questions: How does the process of conceptual amelioration work? What are the limits of revision (how much revision is too much)? How does the process of revision fi

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36

Nolte, David D. Introduction to Modern Dynamics. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198844624.001.0001.

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Introduction to Modern Dynamics: Chaos, Networks, Space and Time (2nd Edition) combines the topics of modern dynamics—chaos theory, dynamics on complex networks and the geometry of dynamical spaces—into a coherent framework. This text is divided into four parts: Geometric Mechanics, Nonlinear Dynamics, Complex Systems, and Relativity. These topics share a common and simple mathematical language that helps students gain a unified physical intuition. Geometric mechanics lays the foundation and sets the tone for the rest of the book by emphasizing dynamical spaces, like state space and phase spac

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37

Stonecash, Jeffrey M. Political Parties and Social Policy. Edited by Daniel Béland, Kimberly J. Morgan, and Christopher Howard. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199838509.013.024.

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Party battles for control of government are seen as efforts to reshape public policy. In prior decades, the impact of parties was limited by divided control of branches of government. The impact of party control was also limited because neither party had a distinctive constituency with clear and different policy goals. Over time, realignment has produced parties with very different electoral bases. Republicans now are more unified and willing to cut government while Democrats are more supportive of government programs. This chapter reviews our expectations of the impact of parties, the changes

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38

Buchler, Justin. Polarization and Solving the Collective Action Problem. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190865580.003.0005.

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The unified model predicts that a legislative caucus that is ideologically homogeneous, electorally diverse and policy-motivated will empower party leaders to solve the collective action problem of sincere voting. The result will be that legislators incrementally adopt ideologically extreme, electorally suboptimal positions in the policy space. Over the course of the post-World War II period, the party caucuses became more ideologically homogeneous, but retained their electoral diversity, thereby creating the conditions for party government. Legislators from centrist, competitive districts clo

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39

Bader, Ralf. Counterfactual Justifications of the State. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801221.003.0006.

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By providing an interpretation of Nozick’s justification of the state in Anarchy, State, and Utopia, this paper identifies and illustrates a form of justification that is distinct from traditional hypothetical, teleological, and historical justifications. The proposed counterfactual or rectificationist justification treats the justification of institutional structures as being analogous to that of property distributions, subsuming these domains under a unified theory of justification. The first part of the paper resolves three interpretative puzzles that arise when trying to understand Nozick’

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40

Posy, Carl. Intuitionism and Philosophy. Edited by Stewart Shapiro. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195325928.003.0009.

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The first part of this article shows some main points of Brouwer's mathematics and the philosophical doctrines that anchor it. It points out that Brouwer's special conception of human consciousness spawns his positive ontological and epistemic doctrines as well as his negative program. The second part focuses on intuitionistic logic: once again a brief picture of the technical field will precede the philosophical analyses—this time those of Heyting and Dummett—of formal intuitionistic logic and its role in intuitionism. The third part, however, aims to show that matters aren't (or needn't be)

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41

Conversi, Daniele. Cultural Homogenization, Ethnic Cleansing, and Genocide. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.139.

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Cultural homogenization is understood as a state-led policy aimed at cultural standardization and the overlap between state and culture. Homogeneity, however, is an ideological construct, presupposing the existence of a unified, organic community. It does not describe an actual phenomenon. Genocide and ethnic cleansing, meanwhile, can be described as a form of “social engineering” and radical homogenization. Together, these concepts can be seen as part of a continuum when considered as part of the process of state-building, where the goal has often been to forge cohesive, unified communities o

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42

Drakopoulou, Maria. Feminist Historiography of Law. Edited by Markus D. Dubber and Christopher Tomlins. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198794356.013.32.

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This chapter examines how feminist legal history is conceived of as a unified field of study. The first part surveys the current state of the field, and by setting aside national borders and disciplinary origins, pays attention to the broader themes, topics, and issues feminist legal history has chosen to privilege. The second part, building upon this presentation of the field, by drawing attention, not only to the thematics of feminist legal history, but also to the process of its production, offers a critical understanding of what exists; in particular, the implications of its interdisciplin

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43

Fields, Keota. Berkeley’s Semiotic Idealism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198755685.003.0005.

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This chapter proposes an interpretation of Berkeley as a semiotic idealist. According to semiotic idealism internal ideas are signs for external divine ideas, and sensible objects are composite entities with external divine ideas as their essential parts and internal ideas of the imagination and (where applicable) sensations as their contingent parts. Signification is the ontological glue that unifies these parts into individuals. Divinely instituted normative linguistic rules govern the use of internal ideas as signs for external divine ideas. This semiotic relation gives objective form and m

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44

Clark, J. C. D. Church, Parties, and Politics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199644636.003.0016.

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Was the Church of England, between the Restoration and the Oxford movement, divided into parties? W. J. Conybeare, in a famous article of 1853, claimed that High and Low Church faded away, leaving a complacent worldliness. This chapter traces the emergence and track record of the identities ‘High Church’, ‘Latitudinarian’, and ‘Low Church’, shows their origin in polemic, traces their trajectories in political and religious conflict, and concludes that Conybeare’s reifications of identities were partly retrojections. Both the assertion and the denial of party labels were tactically motivated, b

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Buchler, Justin. The Collective Action Problem in Practice. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190865580.003.0006.

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The manner in which the House of Representatives passed the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act in 2010 demonstrated the principles of the unified model and the concept of “preference-preserving influence.” Representative Bart Stupak led a group of pro-life Democrats who threatened to sink the Senate’s unamended version of the bill, which the House needed to pass once Scott Brown won a special election, and Democrats could no longer invoke cloture on a House-Senate reconciliation bill. Any one of Stupak’s group could vote against the bill without causing the bill to fail and had elector

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46

McKeon, Andrew. Autoimmune Encephalitis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0097.

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Autoimmune encephalitis clinically encapsulates a spectrum of disorders including limbic encephalitis, and other autoimmune CNS disorders, which often have a paraneoplastic cause. Unlike multiple sclerosis, autoimmune encephalitides are unified by well-characterized neural-specific IgG biomarkers detectable in serum or CSF. Diagnostic laboratory, in vitro and neuropathological studies have demonstrated two broad groups. The first, characterizable by the detection of neuronal nuclear, cytoplasmic, or nucleolar antibodies (such as ANNA-1, aka anti-Hu), likely have a cytotoxic T cell mediated pat

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47

Buchler, Justin. Extreme Reversion Points and Party Leadership from 2011 through 2016. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190865580.003.0007.

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When a majority party works on normal legislation, it faces a collective action problem of sincere voting, and must prevent legislators from centrist districts from voting against noncentrist legislation. From 2011 through 2016, though, Republican Party leadership faced a different challenge, and leaders were pitted against the extremists in their caucus. This occurred because of a change to the legislative agenda resulting from the combination of extreme polarization and divided government introduced by the 2010 election. With no incentive to work on normal legislation, the agenda did little

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48

Sandler, Willeke. The Second Gleichschaltung in 1936. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190697907.003.0006.

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In 1936, Joachim von Ribbentrop, representing Hitler and the Nazi Party, rejected colonialists’ self-perception of independence and forcibly “coordinated” the German Colonial Society (DKG) and the dozen smaller colonialist organizations into a unified Reichskolonialbund. This chapter traces this coordination by following the ultimately unsuccessful efforts of Heinrich Schnee, DKG president, to halt its progress. Schnee considered this coordination premature as long as Nazi officials obstructed colonialists’ work and as long as Hitler had not issued a public declaration of support. Reflecting c

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49

Leunissen, Mariska. Perfection and the Psychophysical Process of Habituation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190602215.003.0005.

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Chapter 5 offers a psychophysical account of how habituation changes the bodies and souls of men and makes them virtuous, by building on Aristotle’s discussion of habituation as a form of perfection in Physics VII 3, which is the only extended natural scientific treatment of the processes of habituation in the corpus. Character virtue, then, is a proportionate, unified, and stable relation that exists among the capacities that are constitutive of the perceptive part of the soul, have all individually undergone qualitative changes so that each is in the best condition possible, and are suitably

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50

Rhidian, Thomas. Part I How Practices Become Norms: The Continued Development of Shipping Law, 2 The Significance of Commercial Customs, Usages, and Practices in the Resolution of Commercial Disputes. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198757948.003.0002.

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This chapter examines the related but distinct concepts of practice, custom, and usage; and how and the extent to which they ‘form part of the fabric’ of shipping law. It suggests that although it might be more accurate to speak of commercial custom, usages, and practices as an influence on the development of commercial law rather than as a source, they are very clearly part of the fabric of commercial jurisprudence. Their contribution may have diminished as the practice of domestic and international commerce has become more closely managed, professionalized, bureaucratic, and harmonized, with

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