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1
Mutin, Marie-Thérèse. Jean Poperen tel qu'en lui-même. Cessey-sur-Tille: Mutine, 2006.
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2
socialiste, Amis de Tribune, and Institut Tribune socialiste, eds. Le Parti socialiste unifié: Une étoile filante dans l'univers politique de la Catalogne du Nord (1960-1990). Canet: Trabucaire, 2014.
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4
Kostrikov, S. P. Obʺedinennai͡a︡ sot͡s︡ialisticheskai͡a︡ partii͡a︡ v politicheskoĭ zhizni Frant͡s︡ii: Konet͡s︡ 50-kh-70-e gody. Moskva: Izd-vo Moskovskogo universiteta, 1985.
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5
socialiste, Amis de Tribune, ed. Parti et mouvement social: Le chantier ouvert par le PSU. Paris: L'Harmattan, 2011.
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6
Party building in Nepal: Organization, leadership and people : a comparative study of the Nepali Congress and the Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist). Kathmandu: Mandala Book Point, 2002.
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7
Le combat nationalitaire de la fédération corse du Parti Socialiste Unifié (1960-1990). Ajaccio: Éditions Alain Piazzola, 2013.
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8
US GOVERNMENT. An Act to Extend the Authority of the Los Angeles Unified School District to Use Certain Park Lands in the City of South Gate, California, Which Were Acquired with Amounts Provided from the Land and Water Conservation Fund, for Elementary School Purposes. [Washington, D.C: U.S. G.P.O., 2000.
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9
Du syndicalisme au politique: Regard intérieur sur la CGT, le PSU et le PS. Rennes: Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2013.
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11
Au coeur des années soixante: Les étudiants du PSU : une utopie porteuse d'avenir? [Paris]: Publisud, 2010.
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12
Childress, Lionel. Body Parts: Becoming the Unified Body of Christ. Sermon To Book, 2018.
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13
Parfit, Derek. Towards a Unified Theory. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198778608.003.0023.
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This chapter builds towards a wider theory combining a version of common sense morality with a particular rule consequentialist justification. It asks whether the most plausible principles of common sense morality can all be given some further justification, which may appeal to some feature that these principles have in common. On one plausible hypothesis, the best principles of common sense morality are also the principles whose acceptance would on the whole make things go best. We might justifiably accept this hypothesis. The two parts of this theory, furthermore, would achieve more by being combined. Rule consequentialism would be strengthened if this theory supports that seems to be the best version of common sense morality. This version of Common Sense Morality would be similarly strengthened if it can be plausibly supported in this rule consequentialist way.
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Champollion, Lucas. Parts of a Whole. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198755128.001.0001.
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Why can I tell you that I ran for five minutes but not that I *ran all the way to the store for five minutes? Why can you say that there are five pounds of books in this package if it contains several books, but not *five pounds of book if it contains only one? What keeps you from using *sixty degrees of water to tell me the temperature of the water in your pool when you can use sixty inches of water to tell me its height? And what goes wrong when I complain that *all the ants in my kitchen are numerous? The constraints on these constructions involve concepts that are generally studied separately: aspect, plural and mass reference, measurement, and distributivity. This work provides a unified perspective on these domains, connects them formally within the framework of algebraic semantics and mereology, and uses this connection to transfer insights across unrelated bodies of literature and formulate a single constraint that explains each of the judgments above. This provides a starting point from which various linguistic applications of mereology are developed and explored. The main foundational issues, relevant data, and choice points are introduced in an accessible format.
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Melamed, Daniel R. Listening to the Christmas Oratorio with a Calendar. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190881054.003.0005.
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Johann Sebastian Bach’s Christmas Oratorio has six parts that Bach performed on six days from Christmas to Epiphany. We usually experience it as a unified work, and Bach considered it one, but in some ways, its designation as a single oratorio was more conceptual than real. Our best tool for understanding the Oratorio’s original context might be a calendar. The work’s place in the church year helps us understand its construction and scoring, stimulates our thinking about the independence of its parts, and aids in examining the musical elements that make it a unified work. Despite modern attempts to invent a tradition of multiday Christmas pieces stretching back to the seventeenth century, there was no such tradition. Bach’s model was a central German practice of Passion settings spread over days or weeks. Bach could not present a Passion this way, but that was evidently his inspiration for the Christmas Oratorio.
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Pfeiffer, Christian. Conclusions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779728.003.0008.
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The conclusion looks back over the study, which consists of two parts. Part I shows the necessity of a study of bodies and magnitudes for the project of Aristotelian physical science. An analysis of the notion of body is crucial for the physicist. Part II identifies a theory of body in Aristotle. Although Aristotle does not devote several continuous chapters in his works to an analysis of body and magnitude as he does with motion, time, and place, passages scattered over the corpus Aristotelicum offers us a unified and elegant analysis of the notion of body. This final chapter closes by situating this study in the wider context of Aristotelian scholarship.
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Castagnez, Noëlline, Laurent Jalabert, Jean-François Sirinelli, Marc Lazar, and Gilles Morin, eds. Le Parti socialiste unifié. Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/books.pur.133836.
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Buchler, Justin. A Unified Spatial Model of Congress. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190865580.003.0004.
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This chapter presents a unified model of legislative elections, parties, and roll call voting, built around a party leadership election. First, a legislative caucus selects a party leader who campaigns based on a platform of a disciplinary system. Once elected, that leader runs the legislative session, in which roll call votes occur. Then elections occur, and incumbents face re-election with the positions they incrementally adopted. When the caucus is ideologically homogeneous, electorally diverse, and policy motivated, members will elect a leader who solves the collective action problem of sincere voting with “preference-preserving influence.” That leader will threaten to punish legislators who bow to electoral pressure to vote as centrists. Consequently, legislators vote sincerely as extremists and get slightly lower vote shares, but they offset that lost utility with policy gains that they couldn’t have gotten without party influence. Party leaders will rarely pressure legislators to vote insincerely.
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Gatens, Moira. Politicizing the Body: Property, Contract, and Rights. Edited by John S. Dryzek, Bonnie Honig, and Anne Phillips. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199548439.003.0037.
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This article examines the politicization of the human body focusing on the way this issue was conceived in the West. The human body has long been used as a source of metaphor for political theorists and the very notion of body politic leans on the image of a unified and discrete entity that has commanding parts and obeying parts that may be robust or ailing, strong or weak. This article suggests that aside from political theory with a rich source of metaphor, the human body also serves as the nexus where political conceptions of the universal and the particular meet.
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Koslicki, Kathrin. Unity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198823803.003.0008.
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A serviceable account of unity is needed which can capture the idea that matter–form compounds are more unified than other types of composite entities (e.g., heaps, collections, or mereological sums). This chapter develops a conception of unity according to which a structured whole derives its unity from the way its parts interact with other parts to allow the whole and its parts to manifest their “team-work”-requiring capacities. With this conception of unity in place, interesting differences emerge between paradigmatic matter–form compounds belonging to natural (e.g., physical, chemical, or biological) kinds and composite entities belonging to social kinds, in particular artifacts. In the latter case, the interactional dependencies that connect the components of a system can be traced to mind-dependent factors that are extrinsic or external to the system in question, viz., the mental states of intentional agents who invent, design, produce, or use an artifact.
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Cooley, Timothy J., ed. Cultural Sustainabilities. University of Illinois Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252042362.001.0001.
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This collection of essays is driven by the proposition that environmental and cultural sustainability are inextricably linked. The authors are unified by the influence of the pioneering work of Jeff Todd Titon in developing broadly ecological approaches to folklore, ethnomusicology, and sustainability. These approaches lead to advocacy and activism. Building on and responding to Titon's work, the authors call for profoundly integrated efforts to better understand sustainability as a challenge that encompasses all living beings and ecological systems, including human cultural systems. While many of the chapters address musicking and ecomusicology, others focus on filmmaking, folklore, digital media, philosophy, and photography. Organized into five parts, Part 1 establishes a theoretical foundation and suggests methods for approaching the daunting issues of sustainability, resilience, and adaptive management. Part 2 offers five case studies interpreting widely divergent ways that humans are grappling with ecological and environmental challenges by engaging in expressive culture. Part 3 illustrates the role of media in sustainable cultural practices. Part 4 asks how human vocal expression may be central to human self-realization and cultural survival with case studies ranging from the digital transmission of Torah chanting traditions to Russian laments. Part 5 embraces Titon's highly influential work establishing and promoting applied ethnomusicology, and speaks directly to the themes of advocacy and activism.
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Smithies, Declan. The Epistemic Role of Consciousness. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199917662.001.0001.
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What is the role of consciousness in our mental lives? This book argues that consciousness plays an essential role in explaining how we can acquire knowledge and epistemically justified belief about ourselves and our surroundings. On this view, our mental lives cannot be preserved in unconscious creatures—zombies—who behave just as we do. Only conscious creatures have epistemic justification to form beliefs about the world. Zombies cannot know anything about the world, since they have no epistemic justification to believe anything. On this view, all epistemic justification depends ultimately on consciousness. This book builds a sustained argument for the epistemic role of phenomenal consciousness, which draws on a range of considerations in epistemology and the philosophy of mind. The book is divided into two parts, which approach the theory of epistemic justification from opposite directions. Part I argues from the bottom up by drawing on considerations in the philosophy of mind about the role of consciousness in mental representation, perception, cognition, and introspection. Part II argues from the top down by arguing from general principles in epistemology about the nature of epistemic justification. These mutually reinforcing arguments form the basis for a unified theory of the epistemic role of phenomenal consciousness, one that bridges the gap between epistemology and the philosophy of mind.
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Thompson, William R. Constructing a General Model Accounting for Interstate Rivalry Termination. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.291.
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Unlike many topics in international relations, a large number of models characterize interstate rivalry termination processes. But many of these models tend to focus on different parts of the rivalry termination puzzle. It is possible, however, to create a general model built around a core of shocks, expectation changes, reciprocity, and reinforcement. Twenty additional elements can be linked as alternative forms of catalysts/shocks and perceptual shifts or as facilitators of the core processes. All 24 constituent elements can be encompassed by the general model, which allows for a fair amount of flexibility in delineating alternative pathways to rivalry de-escalation and termination at different times and in different places. The utility of the unified model is then applied in an illustrative fashion to the Anglo-American rivalry, which ended early in the 20th century.
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Arthur, Richard T. W. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812869.003.0001.
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This chapter introduces the chief themes and arguments of the book. It is shown how some of the main current interpretations of Leibniz’s theory of substance are inconsistent with his description of how the paradoxes of the continuum are to be avoided: the phenomenalist interpretation is unable to account for the actuality of parts; the view that bodies are only real in essence is contradicted by Leibniz’s realistic talk of containment; the view that corporeal substances are unified aggregates is hard to reconcile with their being pluralities. A solution is sketched, and then the arguments of the individual chapters are summarized. In keeping with the theme of the labyrinth, each of the chapters follows a certain clue or Ariadnean thread that suggests a path through the labyrinth, and thus a resolution to the problem of the continuum.
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Baker, Lynne Rudder. Dennett on Breaking the Spell. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199367511.003.0021.
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Dennett’s has recently attempted to break the “spell” that prevents people from submitting their religious beliefs and practices to scientific investigation. But what spell is being broken? Religion is not a unified phenomenon. By supposing that it is, Dennett is led to adopt an implausible mimetic theory of religious belief, and to mistakenly assume that the presence of a Hyperactive Agency Detection Device would impugn religious belief. More troublingly, although religious beliefs and practices should be studied scientifically, it would be a mistake to treat science as the exclusive arbiter of reality. Dennett makes human beings (persons) seem like aggregates of parts. Such a view seems to have no room for human dignity, except as artifacts of an intentional stance. A plausible theory of human dignity would take people to be ontologically significant unities, who, on my view, have first-person perspectives essentially.
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Thompson-Brenner, Heather, Melanie Smith, Gayle E. Brooks, Dee Ross Franklin, Hallie Espel-Huynh, and James Boswell. The Renfrew Unified Treatment for Eating Disorders and Comorbidity. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190947002.001.0001.
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This treatment program is designed to address any type of eating disorder along with the other emotional problems that people with eating disorders also commonly experience. Eating disorders are related to emotional functioning in many important ways. The overall goal of this treatment is for clients to become more accepting of their emotions in order to respond to them in more productive ways. Each chapter of this workbook teaches clients the skills to manage their emotions. This workbook was developed to help people who have eating disorders and who are also struggling with intense and difficult emotions like anxiety, sadness, anger, and guilt. Having an eating disorder is a difficult emotional experience, and many people develop depression and anxiety in reaction to their eating disorder symptoms. So, emotions create the context in which eating disorders develop, emotions are a part of what drives eating disorder symptoms on a daily level, and emotional experience become worse as a result of having an eating disorder.
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Strahan, Ronald, and Pamela Conder. Dictionary of Australian and New Guinean Mammals. CSIRO Publishing, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643098404.
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Dictionary of Australian and New Guinean Mammals is the first unified guide to the mammals of both Australia and New Guinea. Based on Ronald Strahan’s first dictionary of Australian mammals, published in 1981, it includes all species, both native and introduced. For each species and genus, it provides a clear guide to pronunciation, the derivation and significance of the component parts of the name, and the citation that identifies its earliest valid description.
This unique work includes biographical notes on fifty-one zoologists who, over the past three centuries, have named Australian and New Guinean mammals.
The book also includes an account of the principles and practices of zoological nomenclature, together with a comprehensive bibliography and an index of common names.
Dictionary of Australian and New Guinean Mammals is an invaluable reference for mammal researchers and students, as well as anyone interested in natural history.
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Gordon, Gregory S. Atrocity Speech Law. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190612689.001.0001.
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Hate speech is widely considered a precondition for mass atrocity. Since World War II a large body of case law has interpreted the key offenses criminalizing such discourse: (1) incitement to genocide; and (2) persecution as a crime against humanity. But the law has developed in a fragmented manner. Surprisingly, no volume has furnished a comprehensive analysis of the entire jurisprudential output and the relation of each of its parts to one another and to the whole. Atrocity Speech Law fills this gap and provides needed perspective for courts, government officials, and scholars. Part 1, “Foundation,” explores the historical relationship between speech and atrocity and the foundations of the current legal framework. Part 2, “Fragmentation,” details the discrepancies and deficiencies within that framework. Part 3, “Fruition,” proposes fixes for the individual speech offenses and suggests a more comprehensive solution: a “Unified Liability Theory,” pursuant to which there would be four criminal modalities placed in one statutory provision and applying to genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes: (1) incitement; (2) speech abetting; (3) instigation; and (4) ordering. Apart from the issue of fragmentation, experts have failed to find an accurate designation for this body of law. “International Incitement Law” and “International Hate Speech Law,” two of the typical labels, do not capture the law’s breadth or its proper relationship to mass violence. So with a more holistic and accurate approach in mind, this book proposes a new name for the overall body of international rules and jurisprudence: “atrocity speech law.”
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Thompson-Brenner, Heather, Melanie Smith, Gayle E. Brooks, Rebecca Berman, Angela Kaloudis, Hallie Espel-Huynh, Dee Ross Franklin, and James Boswell. The Renfrew Unified Treatment for Eating Disorders and Comorbidity. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190946425.001.0001.
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This treatment is designed to address eating disorders along with other emotional problems that individuals with eating disorders also commonly experience. Eating disorders are related to emotional functioning in many important ways. First, negative emotions—and the desire to avoid or control negative emotions—have been shown repeatedly to be related to the development of eating disorders, as well as most other emotional disorders, for many people. Depression and anxiety are known risk factors for the development of an eating disorder. Research also shows that emotional events—such as feeling sadness, feeling anxiety, or feeling stress—are often the immediate triggers for eating disorder symptoms. Furthermore, having an eating disorder is a difficult emotional experience, and many people develop depression and anxiety in reaction to their eating disorder symptoms. Therefore, emotions often create the context in which eating disorders develop, emotions are a part of what drives eating disorder symptoms on a daily level, and emotional experience become worse as a result of having an eating disorder. This Unified Treatment (UT) manual, like the Unified Protocol (UP) manual, is cohesive, with a continuous focus on the relationship between the interventions/concepts included in each module and the overall goal of reducing emotion avoidance and promoting emotion regulation.
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Little, Conor, and David M. Farrell. Party Organization and Party Unity. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198758631.003.0012.
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This chapter examines the crucial role that political parties play in maintaining a unified voting bloc in parliament. This party-based approach sets it apart from most existing studies in this area. The focus of this chapter is on the factors that incentivize MPs to vote in a unified manner. The chapter tests three hypotheses: (1) whether party unity is improved by greater party organizational strength; (2) whether the greater threat of disciplinary sanctions increases party unity; and (3) whether greater access to resources by MPs reduces party unity. The authors use the Political Party Database (PPDB) dataset to test these hypotheses in thirteen of Europe’s democracies, finding strong support for the third hypothesis, some support for the first hypothesis, but little support for the second hypothesis. This study adds an important new dimension to research on how institutions affect party unity by showing the distinct role party organizations can play in this regard.
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Schechter, Elizabeth. Duality Myths. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809654.003.0009.
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This chapter addresses the intuitive fascination of the split-brain phenomenon. According to what I call the standard explanation, it is because we ordinarily assume that people are psychologically unified, while split-brain subjects are not psychologically unified, which suggests that we might not be unified either. I offer a different interpretation. One natural way of grappling with people’s failures to conform to various assumptions we make about them is to conceptualize them as having multiple minds. Such multiple-minds models take their most dramatic form in narrative art as duality myths. The split-brain cases grip people in part because the subjects strike them as living embodiments of such myths.
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Ye, Zhengdao, ed. The Semantics of Nouns. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198736721.001.0001.
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This volume represents state-of-the-art research on the semantics of nouns. It offers detailed and systematic analyses of scores of individual nouns across many different conceptual domains—‘people’, ‘beings’, ‘creatures’, ‘places’, ‘things’, ‘living things’, and ‘parts of the body and parts of the person’. A range of languages, both familiar and unfamiliar, is examined. These include Australian Aboriginal languages (Pitjantjatjara/Yankunytjatjara), (Mandarin) Chinese, Danish, English, French, German, Koromu (a Papuan language), Russian, Polish, and Solega (a Dravidian language). Each rigorous and descriptively rich analysis is fully grounded in a unified methodological framework consistently employed throughout the volume, and each chapter not only relates to central theoretical issues specific to the semantic analysis of the domain in question, but also empirically investigates the different types of meaning relations holding between nouns, such as meronymy, hyponymy, taxonomy, and antonymy. This is the first time that the semantics of typical nouns has been studied in such breadth and depth, and in such a systematic and coherent manner. The collection of studies shows how in-depth meaning analysis anchored in a cross-linguistic and cross-domain perspective can lead to extraordinary and unexpected insights into the common and particular ways in which speakers of different languages conceptualize, categorize, and order the world around them. This unique volume brings together a new generation of semanticists from across the globe, and will be of interest to researchers in linguistics, psychology, anthropology, biology, and philosophy.
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Shapiro, Stewart, and Geoffrey Hellman, eds. The History of Continua. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809647.001.0001.
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Mathematical and philosophical thought about continuity has changed considerably over the ages. Aristotle insisted that continuous substances are not composed of points, and that they can only be divided into parts potentially; a continuum is a unified whole. The most dominant account today, traced to Cantor and Dedekind, is in stark contrast with this, taking a continuum to be composed of infinitely many points. The opening chapters cover the ancient and medieval worlds: the pre-Socratics, Plato, Aristotle, Alexander, and a recently discovered manuscript by Bradwardine. In the early modern period, mathematicians developed the calculus the rise of infinitesimal techniques, thus transforming the notion of continuity. The main figures treated here include Galileo, Cavalieri, Leibniz, and Kant. In the early party of the nineteenth century, Bolzano was one of the first important mathematicians and philosophers to insist that continua are composed of points, and he made a heroic attempt to come to grips with the underlying issues concerning the infinite. The two figures most responsible for the contemporary hegemony concerning continuity are Cantor and Dedekind. Each is treated, along with precursors and influences in both mathematics and philosophy. The next chapters provide analyses of figures like du Bois-Reymond, Weyl, Brouwer, Peirce, and Whitehead. The final four chapters each focus on a more or less contemporary take on continuity that is outside the Dedekind–Cantor hegemony: a predicative approach, accounts that do not take continua to be composed of points, constructive approaches, and non-Archimedean accounts that make essential use of infinitesimals.
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Buchler, Justin. Conclusions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190865580.003.0008.
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Several puzzles remain unresolved by the unified model. The first is why legislators have noncentrist preferences in the first place. The unified model, because it begins with a legislative session, takes preferences as initial conditions, so it is unsuited to explaining this puzzle. Second, while the model focuses on explaining polarization in the House of Representatives, the Senate too has become more polarized. Finally, it remains to be seen what will happen to the divisions among congressional Republicans as the legislative agenda shifts back to an agenda under unified government. Moving forward, spatial models of elections must consider the institutional rules of the office being sought, and explore alternative structures. Party scholars must also rethink the role of parties in representation if their primary purpose is to prevent responsiveness to legislators’ constituents.
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Cappelen, Herman. Fixing Language. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198814719.001.0001.
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Fixing Language is a book about ways in which language (and other representational devices) can be defective and improved. In all parts of philosophy there are philosophers who criticize the concepts we have and propose ways to improve them. Once one notices this about philosophy, it’s easy to see that revisionist projects occur in a range of other intellectual disciplines and in ordinary life. That fact gives rise to a cluster of questions: How does the process of conceptual amelioration work? What are the limits of revision (how much revision is too much)? How does the process of revision fit into an overall theory of language and communication? This book is an effort to answer those questions. In so doing, it is also an attempt to draw attention to a tradition in twentieth- and twenty-first-century philosophy that isn’t sufficiently recognized as a unified tradition. There’s a straight intellectual line from Frege (e.g. of the Begriffsschrift) and Carnap to a cluster of contemporary work that isn’t typically seen as closely related: much work on gender and race, revisionism about truth, revisionists about moral language, and revisionists in metaphysics and philosophy of mind. These views all have common core commitments: revision is both possible and important. They also face common challenges: how is amelioration done, what assumptions need to be made, e.g., about the nature of concepts, and what are the limits of revision?
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Nolte, David D. Introduction to Modern Dynamics. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198844624.001.0001.
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Introduction to Modern Dynamics: Chaos, Networks, Space and Time (2nd Edition) combines the topics of modern dynamics—chaos theory, dynamics on complex networks and the geometry of dynamical spaces—into a coherent framework. This text is divided into four parts: Geometric Mechanics, Nonlinear Dynamics, Complex Systems, and Relativity. These topics share a common and simple mathematical language that helps students gain a unified physical intuition. Geometric mechanics lays the foundation and sets the tone for the rest of the book by emphasizing dynamical spaces, like state space and phase space, whose geometric properties define the set of all trajectories through those spaces. The section on nonlinear dynamics has chapters on chaos theory, synchronization, and networks. Chaos theory provides the language and tools to understand nonlinear systems, introducing fixed points that are classified through stability analysis and nullclines that shepherd system trajectories. Synchronization and networks are central paradigms in this book because they demonstrate how collective behavior emerges from the interactions of many individual nonlinear elements. The section on complex systems contains chapters on neural dynamics, evolutionary dynamics, and economic dynamics. The final section contains chapters on metric spaces and the special and general theories of relativity. In the second edition, sections on conventional topics, like applications of Lagrangians, have been strengthened, as well as being updated to provide a modern perspective. Several of the introductory chapters have been rearranged for improved logical flow and there are expanded homework problems at the end of each chapter.
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Stonecash, Jeffrey M. Political Parties and Social Policy. Edited by Daniel Béland, Kimberly J. Morgan, and Christopher Howard. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199838509.013.024.
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Party battles for control of government are seen as efforts to reshape public policy. In prior decades, the impact of parties was limited by divided control of branches of government. The impact of party control was also limited because neither party had a distinctive constituency with clear and different policy goals. Over time, realignment has produced parties with very different electoral bases. Republicans now are more unified and willing to cut government while Democrats are more supportive of government programs. This chapter reviews our expectations of the impact of parties, the changes that have made party control mean more, and how these changes affect policy areas like economic policy, welfare, and health care.
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Buchler, Justin. Polarization and Solving the Collective Action Problem. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190865580.003.0005.
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The unified model predicts that a legislative caucus that is ideologically homogeneous, electorally diverse and policy-motivated will empower party leaders to solve the collective action problem of sincere voting. The result will be that legislators incrementally adopt ideologically extreme, electorally suboptimal positions in the policy space. Over the course of the post-World War II period, the party caucuses became more ideologically homogeneous, but retained their electoral diversity, thereby creating the conditions for party government. Legislators from centrist, competitive districts closely tracked their party medians rather than adopting centrist positions, which would have satisfied their constituents. That suggests parties are solving the collective action problem of sincere voting. No other institution is comparably suited to creating that effect, and even the rise of competitive primaries serves as a poor explanation for the phenomenon.
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Bader, Ralf. Counterfactual Justifications of the State. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801221.003.0006.
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By providing an interpretation of Nozick’s justification of the state in Anarchy, State, and Utopia, this paper identifies and illustrates a form of justification that is distinct from traditional hypothetical, teleological, and historical justifications. The proposed counterfactual or rectificationist justification treats the justification of institutional structures as being analogous to that of property distributions, subsuming these domains under a unified theory of justification. The first part of the paper resolves three interpretative puzzles that arise when trying to understand Nozick’s attempt to justify the minimal state by means of a hypothetical invisible-hand account, whereas the second part of the paper develops the general approach in abstraction from Nozick’s framework.
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Posy, Carl. Intuitionism and Philosophy. Edited by Stewart Shapiro. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195325928.003.0009.
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The first part of this article shows some main points of Brouwer's mathematics and the philosophical doctrines that anchor it. It points out that Brouwer's special conception of human consciousness spawns his positive ontological and epistemic doctrines as well as his negative program. The second part focuses on intuitionistic logic: once again a brief picture of the technical field will precede the philosophical analyses—this time those of Heyting and Dummett—of formal intuitionistic logic and its role in intuitionism. The third part, however, aims to show that matters aren't (or needn't be) so bleak. It suggests, in particular, that putting all this in historical perspective will show intuitionism as technically less quixotic and philosophically more unified than it had initially seemed.
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Conversi, Daniele. Cultural Homogenization, Ethnic Cleansing, and Genocide. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.139.
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Cultural homogenization is understood as a state-led policy aimed at cultural standardization and the overlap between state and culture. Homogeneity, however, is an ideological construct, presupposing the existence of a unified, organic community. It does not describe an actual phenomenon. Genocide and ethnic cleansing, meanwhile, can be described as a form of “social engineering” and radical homogenization. Together, these concepts can be seen as part of a continuum when considered as part of the process of state-building, where the goal has often been to forge cohesive, unified communities of citizens under governmental control. Homogenizing attempts can be traced as far back as ancient and medieval times, depending on how historians choose to approach the subject. Ideally, however, the history of systematic cultural homogenization begins at the French Revolution. With the French Revolution, the physical elimination of ideological-cultural opponents was pursued, together with a broader drive to “nationalize” the masses. This mobilizing-homogenizing thrust was widely shared by the usually fractious French revolutionary elites. Homogenization later peaked during the twentieth century, when state nationalism and its attendant politics emerged, resulting in a more coordinated, systematic approach toward cultural standardization. Nowadays, there are numerous methods to achieving homogenization, from interstate wars to forced migration and even to the more subtle shifts in the socio-political climate brought about by neoliberal globalization.
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Drakopoulou, Maria. Feminist Historiography of Law. Edited by Markus D. Dubber and Christopher Tomlins. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198794356.013.32.
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This chapter examines how feminist legal history is conceived of as a unified field of study. The first part surveys the current state of the field, and by setting aside national borders and disciplinary origins, pays attention to the broader themes, topics, and issues feminist legal history has chosen to privilege. The second part, building upon this presentation of the field, by drawing attention, not only to the thematics of feminist legal history, but also to the process of its production, offers a critical understanding of what exists; in particular, the implications of its interdisciplinary nature. Finally, in pursuing a critical account of the work produced, possibilities for otherwise thinking of and ‘doing’ feminist legal history are considered.
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Fields, Keota. Berkeley’s Semiotic Idealism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198755685.003.0005.
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This chapter proposes an interpretation of Berkeley as a semiotic idealist. According to semiotic idealism internal ideas are signs for external divine ideas, and sensible objects are composite entities with external divine ideas as their essential parts and internal ideas of the imagination and (where applicable) sensations as their contingent parts. Signification is the ontological glue that unifies these parts into individuals. Divinely instituted normative linguistic rules govern the use of internal ideas as signs for external divine ideas. This semiotic relation gives objective form and meaning to internal ideas. Furthermore, Berkeley explicitly links this semiotic relation with rewards and sanctions, and claims that such connections allow us to make predictions about advantageous and disadvantageous courses of action. Sensible objects turn out to be values (rather than facts) because they are sources of pleasure and pain, guides to human flourishing, and sources of external meaning for Berkeley.
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Clark, J. C. D. Church, Parties, and Politics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199644636.003.0016.
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Was the Church of England, between the Restoration and the Oxford movement, divided into parties? W. J. Conybeare, in a famous article of 1853, claimed that High and Low Church faded away, leaving a complacent worldliness. This chapter traces the emergence and track record of the identities ‘High Church’, ‘Latitudinarian’, and ‘Low Church’, shows their origin in polemic, traces their trajectories in political and religious conflict, and concludes that Conybeare’s reifications of identities were partly retrojections. Both the assertion and the denial of party labels were tactically motivated, but party identities nevertheless had both theological and parliamentary party-political purposes. The Broad Church cause that Conybeare sought to promote is revealed, and the seriousness of principled conflicts in earlier decades reasserted. The chapter centrally contends that since Conybeare’s account was inadequate, Norman Sykes’s model of the Hanoverian Church as consensual, unified, and moderate cannot now be sustained.
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Buchler, Justin. The Collective Action Problem in Practice. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190865580.003.0006.
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The manner in which the House of Representatives passed the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act in 2010 demonstrated the principles of the unified model and the concept of “preference-preserving influence.” Representative Bart Stupak led a group of pro-life Democrats who threatened to sink the Senate’s unamended version of the bill, which the House needed to pass once Scott Brown won a special election, and Democrats could no longer invoke cloture on a House-Senate reconciliation bill. Any one of Stupak’s group could vote against the bill without causing the bill to fail and had electoral incentives to do so, but each had policy reasons to prefer passage, meaning that they were subject to a collective action problem. Party leadership solved that collective action problem, and without party leadership doing so, the Affordable Care Act would not have passed.
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McKeon, Andrew. Autoimmune Encephalitis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0097.
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Autoimmune encephalitis clinically encapsulates a spectrum of disorders including limbic encephalitis, and other autoimmune CNS disorders, which often have a paraneoplastic cause. Unlike multiple sclerosis, autoimmune encephalitides are unified by well-characterized neural-specific IgG biomarkers detectable in serum or CSF. Diagnostic laboratory, in vitro and neuropathological studies have demonstrated two broad groups. The first, characterizable by the detection of neuronal nuclear, cytoplasmic, or nucleolar antibodies (such as ANNA-1, aka anti-Hu), likely have a cytotoxic T cell mediated pathogenesis. The second, characterizable by the detection of antibodies targeting plasma membrane antigens, such as NMDA receptor, are likely mediated (at least in part) by pathogenic antibody.
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Buchler, Justin. Extreme Reversion Points and Party Leadership from 2011 through 2016. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190865580.003.0007.
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When a majority party works on normal legislation, it faces a collective action problem of sincere voting, and must prevent legislators from centrist districts from voting against noncentrist legislation. From 2011 through 2016, though, Republican Party leadership faced a different challenge, and leaders were pitted against the extremists in their caucus. This occurred because of a change to the legislative agenda resulting from the combination of extreme polarization and divided government introduced by the 2010 election. With no incentive to work on normal legislation, the agenda did little but avoid reversion points, like debt ceiling breaches, which the extreme elements in the caucus actually found acceptable. Speaker Boehner was forced to solve a new collective action problem, then, convincing a group of Republicans to join with Democrats on bipartisan deals to avoid these reversion points. While historically unusual, the dynamic is what would be expected from the unified model.
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Sandler, Willeke. The Second Gleichschaltung in 1936. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190697907.003.0006.
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In 1936, Joachim von Ribbentrop, representing Hitler and the Nazi Party, rejected colonialists’ self-perception of independence and forcibly “coordinated” the German Colonial Society (DKG) and the dozen smaller colonialist organizations into a unified Reichskolonialbund. This chapter traces this coordination by following the ultimately unsuccessful efforts of Heinrich Schnee, DKG president, to halt its progress. Schnee considered this coordination premature as long as Nazi officials obstructed colonialists’ work and as long as Hitler had not issued a public declaration of support. Reflecting colonialists’ resilience in the face of opposition, however, the chapter ends with a brief survey of the colonialist press’s public image of willing coordination, highlighting the contrast between this portrayal and Schnee’s resistance.
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Leunissen, Mariska. Perfection and the Psychophysical Process of Habituation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190602215.003.0005.
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Chapter 5 offers a psychophysical account of how habituation changes the bodies and souls of men and makes them virtuous, by building on Aristotle’s discussion of habituation as a form of perfection in Physics VII 3, which is the only extended natural scientific treatment of the processes of habituation in the corpus. Character virtue, then, is a proportionate, unified, and stable relation that exists among the capacities that are constitutive of the perceptive part of the soul, have all individually undergone qualitative changes so that each is in the best condition possible, and are suitably obedient to the rational part of the soul, which is practically wise. The perfection that brings about this kind of psychological relation is very hard to achieve because it involves the alteration of many psychological capacities, each of which requires its own particular kind of training from infancy onward.
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Rhidian, Thomas. Part I How Practices Become Norms: The Continued Development of Shipping Law, 2 The Significance of Commercial Customs, Usages, and Practices in the Resolution of Commercial Disputes. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198757948.003.0002.
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This chapter examines the related but distinct concepts of practice, custom, and usage; and how and the extent to which they ‘form part of the fabric’ of shipping law. It suggests that although it might be more accurate to speak of commercial custom, usages, and practices as an influence on the development of commercial law rather than as a source, they are very clearly part of the fabric of commercial jurisprudence. Their contribution may have diminished as the practice of domestic and international commerce has become more closely managed, professionalized, bureaucratic, and harmonized, with a proliferation of standard form documentation, and the promulgation of unified rules of practice. But their potential influence and contribution remains. These concepts are of equal application to litigation and arbitration, and the same legal framework and preconditions to validity apply, as also do the rules relating to burden and standard of proof.