Log in

Relevant bibliographies by topics / Uniformity of legislation

Contents

Journal articles
Dissertations / Theses
Books
Book chapters
Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Uniformity of legislation'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 10 February 2022

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles

Select a source type:

Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Uniformity of legislation.'

Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.

You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.

Journal articles on the topic "Uniformity of legislation"

1

Gilroy-Scott, Clare, and James Dalglish. "New Anti-Discrimination Legislation." Legal Information Management 4, no. 1 (March 2004): 56–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1472669603001130.

Full text

Abstract:

From December 2003, for the first time, people looking for work and those in jobs or training will have a right to complain about discriminatory behaviour based on their sexual orientation and religion or religious belief. Similar protection against discrimination based on age should also some into force in 2006. It seems clear that these regulations represent a significant step forward in addressing unfair discrimination in the UK and in achieving a certain level of uniformity and coherence across discrimination legislation.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Hill, Guzyal. "Categories of the ‘Art of the Impossible’: Achieving Sustainable Uniformity in Harmonised Legislation in the Australian Federation." Federal Law Review 48, no. 3 (May 28, 2020): 350–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0067205x20927808.

Full text

Abstract:

National uniform legislation links the federal distribution of powers achieved more than 119 years ago with the challenges and opportunities faced by Australia in an interconnected world. Over this span of time, developing national uniform legislation has been described as the ‘art of the impossible’. The main objective of this article is to critically examine the database of national uniform legislation with a view to applying public policy and federalist theory to explain how sustainable uniformity has been achieved. Rather than focusing on why an individual set of uniform Acts has not achieved a high level of uniformity or has diverged through unilateral amendment, this article examines national uniform legislation by analysing the factors at play. This approach allows the common patterns impacting sustainable uniformity to be identified. From among 84 sets of uniform Acts, four discernible links with theory have been found: (1) the ‘incrementalism and policy cycle’ model—to explain harmonisation that may take decades (31 sets); (2) the ‘multiple streams’ framework, explaining legislation that emerges as sustainably uniform from the outset due to an ‘open policy window’ (16 sets); (3) ‘pragmatic federalism’ solutions, such as skeletal legislation and the conferral of powers, which are developed in the course of inter-jurisdictional negotiations when uniformity is required but is particularly difficult to achieve (14 sets); and (4) the ‘advocacy coalition’ framework, which in contrast, explains situations where jurisdictions hold firm views about retaining diversity (23 sets). Developing and drafting national uniform legislation can become the ‘art of the possible’ with this improved understanding.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

DI VITA, GIUSEPPE, FABIO DI VITA, and GIANLUCA CAFISO. "The economic impact of legislation and litigation on growth: a historical analysis of Italy from its unification to World War II." Journal of Institutional Economics 15, no. 1 (November 23, 2017): 121–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744137417000583.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractThis paper aims to evaluate the impact of Italy's unification on its economic growth from 1861 to the outbreak of World War II. This historical analysis attempts to prove that the process of legislative harmonization intrinsic to the unification had a positive effect on Italy's GDP because legislative uniformity facilitates economic transactions. Moreover a uniform and more effective legislation would have caused less litigation and therefore favoured economic growth, thanks to smoother relations between economic agents.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

McCrystal, Shae, and Belinda Smith. "Industrial Legislation in 2010." Journal of Industrial Relations 53, no. 3 (June 2011): 288–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185611402004.

Full text

Abstract:

Two themes in legislative activity in 2010 were national uniformity and some movement in using law to promote equality, especially gender equality. The Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth) came into full effect with the commencement of the new safety net provisions and the referral to the Commonwealth of industrial relations powers over private-sector workforces in all states except Western Australia. Progress continued on the promised harmonization of Australian occupational health and safety laws with the release of a model Work Health and Safety Bill by Safe Work Australia, although developments in some states threaten to derail the process. An attempt to repeal most of the industry-specific regulation of the building and construction industry failed. The Federal Parliament passed legislation establishing a national paid parental leave scheme, and a number of changes to federal discrimination laws came into effect or were proposed, including the potential consolidation of federal discrimination legislation. This article provides an overview of these developments at federal level and concludes with a discussion of developments in the states including a brief overview of Victoria’s new equal opportunity legislation.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Saumier, Geneviève. "Uniformity and Diversity in the Enforcement of Arbitration Clauses in Canada." THEMIS Revista de Derecho, no. 77 (December 21, 2020): 111–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.18800/themis.202001.005.

Full text

Abstract:

Arbitration is well established in Canada. All jurisdictions have implemented the 1958 New York Convention, the UNCITRAL Model Law on Arbitration and equivalent legislation for domestic arbitration. This generally supportive legal landscape for arbitration is often at odds with access to justice for consumers. As a result, several jurisdictions in Canada have adopted legislation to guarantee consumers’ access to local courts, including through class actions, notwithstanding the inclusion of arbitration clauses in their contracts. The constitutional division of powers in Canada entitles each province to adopt its own policy, leading to diversity across the country with regard to the enforceability of arbitration clauses in consumer contracts. In this paper, the author examines the tension between general support for arbitration and differentiated treatment of consumer arbitration in Canada. To that end, the author examines relevant legislation in several provinces (including Quebec and Ontario) as well as recent jurisprudence from the Supreme Court of Canada (Dell Computer (2007), Telus (2011) and Wellman (2019)). The 2020 decision from the Supreme Court of Canada in Uber may signal a new openness toward extending protection to other vulnerable contracting parties such as employees.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Skinningsrud, Tone, and Randi Skjelmo. "Regional Differentiation and National Uniformity: Norwegian Elementary School Legislation in the Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Century." Nordic Journal of Educational History 3, no. 1 (May 24, 2016): 25–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.36368/njedh.v3i1.66.

Full text

Abstract:

Previous research on Norwegian educational reforms after 1814, the year when Norway became a constitutional state, has emphasized the conservatism of the elementary education acts of 1816 and 1827. Contrary to expectations for a constitutional state, these acts did not reflect a concern for fostering politically active citizens. Neither did they follow up the enlightenment idea of teaching secular knowledge to the common people. We raise a new question concerning post-1814 educational legislation in Norway: was there an increased emphasis on national uniformity after 1814? A close reading of the earlier 1739/41 acts and the 1827 act, including the Plan and Instruction from 1834, studies of the debates in the Norwegian Parliament 1815–1827 and the temporary 1816 act on elementary education, show that policy after 1814 emphasised national uniformity more than before. Despite continued local funding of elementary schooling, national policy and legislation promoted uniformity.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Dessemontet, François. "Langage et système des lois suisses." La rédaction des lois 21, no. 3-4 (April 12, 2005): 579–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/042405ar.

Full text

Abstract:

This paper addresses the issue of a systematic approach to the drafting of legislation, in the light of Swiss experience. Starting from a brief survey of inflationary tends in the production of Legislative material, the author brings out the mutually reinforcing interplay between these tends and a widening lack of consensus about the contents and enforceability of legislation. While such factors hardly favour systematic lawmaking, a number of institutional features in the Swiss federal legislative process help maintain the quality of legislative instruments — namely the very length of the process, the bicameralism, the plurality of official languages, and the subjection of laws to the referendum procedure. Further, the practice of Swiss Legislators shows concern for the preservation of systematic unity. Thus, the federal department of Justice has devised a set of Principles of legislative drafting, supplemented by a checklist that can be applied to any draft legislative instrument. In a number fields where lawmaking authority vests in the cantons rather than in the Confederation, federal authorities have drafted model laws in the hope of promoting uniformity between cantonal legislation. In.other fields, where law-making authority has been given to the Confederation, federal legislation has sometimes been limited to a basic law, containing broad provisious only leaving details to be filled in by each of the cantons. The technique of codification, by contrast, has not been resorted to since the major achievements in civil and criminal law during the first half of this century. Finally, Swiss legislative draftsmen, both federal and cantonal, have been concerned lately with the improvement of drafting and style, as is shown by the recent spread of guidelines, instructions and even laws on the subject.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Einhorn, Robin L. "SPECIES OF PROPERTY: THE AMERICAN PROPERTY-TAX UNIFORMITY CLAUSES RECONSIDERED." Journal of Economic History 61, no. 4 (December 2001): 974–1008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002205070104205x.

Full text

Abstract:

Economic historians have traced the origin of the uniform property tax in the United States to the insertion of uniformity clauses into state constitutions in the Northwest and to efforts to tax commercial wealth. This article shows that the tax was created by legislation in the Northeast and that the first constitutional clauses were adopted in the South to protect slaveholders. It is time for historians of the U.S. political economy to abandon the dated paradigms of the “progressive history” tradition.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Ovchinnikov, S. N. "The Concept of Import of Goods in the Context of Customs Procedures." Actual Problems of Russian Law 16, no. 1 (January 28, 2021): 64–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1994-1471.2021.122.1.064-070.

Full text

Abstract:

The paper, based on comparative analysis of the legislation of the Russian Federation and acts of the Eurasian Economic Union, examines the legislative definition of the concept of import of goods, different approaches to understanding of the concept under consideration. The legislator’s definition of imports as importation of goods without the obligation to re-export them is not entirely consistent with the description of customs procedures in customs legislation, which gives rise to problems in law enforcement. In particular, the importation of alcoholic products by duty-free shops is considered as imports, which results in the requirement to obtain a license for the purchase (import) of alcohol products. The author highlights the discrepancy between this requirement and the law of the Eurasian Economic Community and the lack of uniformity of judicial practice on this issue. Conflicts of this kind in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the Customs Code of the EAEU should be resolved in favor of international agreements. It is proposed to exclude the obligation to obtain a license to import alcohol products for duty-free shops.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Belyakova, Yuliya. "Tax Risks in Projects Public-Private Partnership." Scientific Research and Development. Economics of the Firm 9, no. 4 (January 11, 2021): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2306-627x-2020-76-81.

Full text

Abstract:

A scientific article discusses such an instrument of interaction between the state and business as public-private partnership. The statement that one of the most important tasks of the project is the need to solve the tasks of the financial mechanism for raising capital with maximum benefit for all project participants is universally recognized. The author analyzes the requirements of tax legislation in the framework of the financial mechanism for the functioning of the state and business. The lack of uniformity of tax legislation approaches to the implementation of projects under various forms of public-private partnership generates tax risks in terms of income tax, VAT, depreciable property, and grants received.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

More sources

Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Uniformity of legislation"

1

Phanraksa, Orakanoke. "Uniformity of the patent policy in technology transfer in Thailand : to what extent can the Bayh-Dole Act concept be adapted for the Thai technology transfer system? /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/9626.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Books on the topic "Uniformity of legislation"

1

Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Committee on State Food Labeling. Food labeling: Toward national uniformity. Edited by Porter Donna Viola and Earl Robert O. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press, 1992.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Humphrey, Thomas F. Uniformity efforts in oversize/overweight permits. Washington, D.C: Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, 1988.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

American Institute of Certified Public Accountants. Tax Division. Report on corporate state tax administrative uniformity. Washington, D.C. (1455 Pennsylvania Ave., N.W., Washington 20004-1081): American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, 1995.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Federalism in taxation: The case for greater uniformity. Washington, D.C: AEI Press, 1993.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

National Uniformity for Food Act of 2000: Report (to accompany S. 1155). [Washington, D.C: U.S. G.P.O., 2000.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Pittman, Kenny. Tax uniformity doctrine and Washington's sales tax: A history of judicial review and application. [Olympia, Wash.]: Office of Program Research, Washington House of Representatives, 2001.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Pittman, Kenny. Tax uniformity doctrine and Washington's sales tax: A history of judicial review and application. [Olympia, Wash.]: Office of Program Research, Washington House of Representatives, 2001.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

National Uniformity for Food Act of 2005: Report together with dissenting views (to accompany H.R. 4167) (including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office). [Washington, D.C: U.S. G.P.O., 2006.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

National Uniformity for Food Act of 2004: Report together with dissenting views (to accompany H.R. 2699) (including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office). [Washington, D.C: U.S. G.P.O., 2004.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

S. 3128: The National Uniformity for Food Act : hearing of the Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions, United States Senate, One Hundred Ninth Congress, second session, on examining S. 3128, to amend the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act to provide for uniform food safety warning notification requirements, July 27, 2006. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2007.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

More sources

Book chapters on the topic "Uniformity of legislation"

1

Boyd, Sally. "Chapter 2. Do National Languages Need Support and Protection in Legislation? The Case of Swedish as the ‘Principal Language’ of Sweden." In Uniformity and Diversity in Language Policy, edited by Catrin Norrby and John Hajek, 22–36. Bristol, Blue Ridge Summit: Multilingual Matters, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21832/9781847694478-006.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Behnke, Nathalie, and Sabine Kropp. "Administrative Federalism." In Public Administration in Germany, 35–51. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53697-8_3.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractThe German federal architecture is shaped by a peculiar mix of strong decentralisation and high autonomy at lower levels of government coupled with an administrative culture of uniformity, solidarity and coordination. This system has been described as ‘administrative federalism’ to emphasise the prominent role of executives and administrations in policymaking and policy implementation. The federal level relies on the Länder for executing its tasks; in turn, the Länder executives possess rights of co-decision in federal legislation via the Bundesrat. While formal jurisdictions are strongly decentralised, a dense web of interlocking powers and processes, as well as institutions of coordination, creates incentives for territorial governments to closely cooperate with each other. The German-style administrative federalism has been successful, but is requiring adaptation and developments caused by trends like the upward shift of tasks from the Länder to the federal level and increasing party-system fragmentation.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Schimmelfennig, Frank, and Thomas Winzen. "Explaining Differentiation in EU Legislation." In Ever Looser Union?, 83–104. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198854333.003.0006.

Full text

Abstract:

This chapter offers an empirical analysis of member state opt-outs from EU legislation throughout the history of European integration. The analysis shows that similar factors, including wealth, existing opt-outs, and Eurosceptic governments explain legislative and treaty differentiation. The analysis also shows a historical shift from instrumental to constitutional differentiation. This shift entails a growing interdependence of treaty and legislative differentiation since the 1990s; a strong consolidation and trend towards uniformity in the European market and flanking policies; and a corresponding rise of legislative differentiation in core state powers. The drivers of differentiation have changed as well. Whereas differentiation used to be produced by relatively poor countries, it has become driven by the Union’s richest members. While government Euroscepticism was of minor importance before 1990, it has since become an important source of differentiation in core state powers.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Steinberg, Marc I. "Private Securities Litigation." In Rethinking Securities Law, 163–210. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197583142.003.0006.

Full text

Abstract:

This chapter focuses on the erratic and unacceptable private securities litigation framework that prevails in the United States. The litigation structure contained in the federal securities acts was based on a different era and is not suitable for today’s securities markets. Although federal legislation has been enacted to address perceived shortcomings on an episodic basis, significant gaps and inconsistencies exist. Likewise, the federal courts, faced with a fractured statutory regimen, frequently have construed the remedial provisions in a wooden and unduly restrictive manner. The consequence of these congressional and judicial actions is a disparate liability framework that lacks sound logic, consistency, and even-handed treatment for plaintiffs and defendants alike. This chapter provides several examples of the inconsistencies and disparate treatment that prevail under the federal securities laws. Thereafter, recommendations for corrective measures are proffered. These proposals, if adopted and effectively implemented, should instill a substantially greater degree of certainty, uniformity, and equity than currently exists.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Trimmings, Katarina, and Burcu Yüksel. "Non-uniform Application of European Union Private International Law." In Diversity and Integration in Private International Law, 83–94. Edinburgh University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474447850.003.0006.

Full text

Abstract:

This chapter draws on the findings of an EU-funded project titled (‘Cross-Border Litigation in Europe: Private International Law Legislative Framework, National Courts and the Court of Justice of the European Union’ (EUPILLAR) and discusses concerns over the lack of uniformity in the interpretation and application of the key EU Private International Law Regulations (Brussels I Regulation, Brussels IIa Regulation, Rome I Regulation, Rome II Regulation, Maintenance Regulation) across the EU Member States. The chapter provides examples of differing interpretations and applications of the same EU private international law rules in the EU through examples from various EU Member States, analyses the reasons behind the non-uniform interpretation and application, and suggests specific ways to rectify these problems.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Dose, Nicolai, and Iris Reus. "The effect of reformed legislative competences on Länder policy-making: determinants of fragmentation and uniformity." In Ten Years of Federalism Reform in Germany, 41–75. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315147284-3.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Heber, Caroline. "The Law-making Procedure." In Enhanced Cooperation and European Tax Law, 70–150. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192898272.003.0004.

Full text

Abstract:

This chapter is dedicated to the law-making process, which is predominantly procedural. The first part (subsections B and C) of this chapter reveals the involvement of the European institutions, namely the European Commission, the European Parliament, and the Council and their respective, distinct roles within the legislative process. The second part (subsection D) analyses the requirement protecting the uniformity of European law, namely the last resort nature of enhanced cooperation. The third part (subsection E) explores ways for non-participating Member States to enter into enhanced cooperation, and ways in which participating Member States may leave the group. The last part (subsections F and G) of this chapter is dedicated to a more general question, the question of legislative power. Since the constitutional framework of enhanced cooperation only sets out the authorisation process for a group of Member States to use both the European institutions and the power of the European Union, the question of which laws can be enacted under the enhanced cooperation procedure, in particular with respect to the scope and content, depends on the ordinary competence framework. This part of the study provides an analysis of both the European internal market competence and the subsidiarity principle, and subsequently reveals what the Member States can accomplish in European taxation.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Havelková, Barbara, and Mathias Möschel. "Introduction." In Anti-Discrimination Law in Civil Law Jurisdictions, 1–28. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198853138.003.0001.

Full text

Abstract:

The Introduction draws together the chapters’ findings in relation to the two research questions which have animated the project. The first question asked how anti-discrimination law fares in civil law jurisdictions of Europe and how it fits into them. The Introduction notes that while anti-discrimination law is still seen as a foreign transplant and a legal irritant in many places, it does not uniformly fare poorly. Its success varies and appears to depend not only on the country, but also the area of law, the actors involved, a particular concept or ground of discrimination, and has often evolved over time. The second question asked what factors influence anti-discrimination law’s fit or lack of it. ‘Legal’ as well as ‘extra-legal’ aspects seem to favour or hinder anti-discrimination law, but as they are often not always clearly separable and distinguishable, we locate four types of factors on a spectrum. On the legal side, pre-existing legislation and case law have played a role as have institutional choices. Constitutional and legal foundations and narratives, such as the myth of ‘universalism’ in France, have also influenced the success of anti-discrimination law. Finally, the wider political and social context is discussed, noting that the individual, liberty-oriented politics of common law countries, with their greater reflection of issues of cultural recognition, might be more easily compatible with anti-discrimination law, while the more communitarian, collective approach of continental European countries, with their emphasis on dignity and social-welfare solutions to social problems, might be less so.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Moore, Scott M. "Elites, Civil Society, and Inclusive Institution-Building in the Republic of France." In Subnational Hydropolitics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190864101.003.0011.

Full text

Abstract:

The Republic of France is in many ways the archetype of the centralized, unitary state, and its political institutions contrast sharply with those of the federations of India and the United States. Following the Revolution of 1789, the new republic undertook a series of political reforms intended to strip power from the landed nobility and vest it instead with a new set of egalitarian institutions, the basis of which was both centralization and uniformity. The revolutionaries believed that “justice requires the republic to be one and indivisible” (Berger 1974, 8). Inherent to this new model was a concentration of political authority, as well as political, legislative, and judicial powers, in the hands of the central government. In contrast to more decentralized and federal political systems, the French system is intended to tightly bind officials at both central and local levels and to minimize conflicts between them. Consequently, a defining feature of French political institutions is the relative cohesion of elite decision-making. According to one prominent observer, France “provides the prime example of a highly coherent administration, whereas the United States and Switzerland constitute the typical cases of lack of such coherence” (Kriesi 1995, 171). However, during the past thirty years even the French state has become more decentralized, and powers and responsibilities for some policy areas, including water resource management, have been devolved to regional governments. In comparative perspective, the outstanding feature of the French political system is in fact the presence of strong regional governance organizations, including several organized around river basin boundaries, that are among the world’s most successful interjurisdictional management institutions. France’s system of river basin governance organizations, called “water agencies” (agences de l’eau), is by many accounts the most collaborative and participatory in the world. A global survey of river basin governance institutions concludes, for example, that the French system “is remarkable for its longevity, in how it tries to formalize representation . . . and perhaps most important, how it has attempted local and decentralized water management within the centralist state tradition in France” (Delli Priscoli 2007, 17).

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Marschark, Marc, Harry G. Lang, and John A. Albertini. "Educational Programs and Philosophies." In Educating Deaf Students. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195310702.003.0012.

Full text

Abstract:

In this chapter we explore the continuum of educational alternatives available for deaf children and emphasize the need to consider a variety of factors in determining the best placement for a particular child. Although we focus on schooling, it is important to keep in mind that learning has strong social roots in interactions with adults and peers. The ability to profit from both formal and informal instruction at school requires that children have skills in areas such as attention, problem solving, turn taking, and memorizing and have a positive attitude toward learning. Children must also have a firm foundation in language to access information in the classroom and learn from it. Although a variety of nonverbal, social interaction strategies are available and useful for young deaf (and hearing) children when they enter school, it is through language that the give and take of education really occurs. Parents often find the information available to them in making the school decision both confusing and contradictory. As we described in chapter 2, federal legislation has sought to make access to education easier for deaf children and their families, but the laws often are misinterpreted or overinterpreted by state, regional, and local authorities, making the results less than helpful for parents. Further, there is much disagreement about whether there is one educational setting or format that is best for deaf children, with the issue of residential (i.e., separate) schools versus mainstreaming being the most heated. The school debate is now decades old, and yet the matter is not yet resolved; there is no evidence to indicate that one educational setting is uniformly better than another. Meanwhile, on one issue there appears to be almost unanimous agreement: the importance of early intervention programs for deaf children. Such programs provide communication instruction, parental counseling, and enriching social and cognitive experiences for deaf children. Yet, even with regard to preschool programs, there are some complex decisions to be made because different programs may influence language, cognitive, and social growth in a variety of ways.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Conference papers on the topic "Uniformity of legislation"

1

Saidi, M. H., A. A. Mozafari, and A. Ghasemi. "A New Design for Inlet Diffuser of Automotive Catalytic Converter." In ASME 2006 Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ices2006-1351.

Full text

Abstract:

The monolithic catalytic converter still is the main pollution control device for modern vehicles in order to reach the ever-increasing legislative demands for low emission standards. The catalytic converters require a large expansion from the exhaust pipe to the front face of the monolith. Unfortunately, packaging constraints often do not permit the use of long diffusers. Hence, flow separation within the diffuser leads to a non-uniform flow distribution across the monolith. A uniform flow distribution at the inlet monolith face is favorable for the conversion efficiency as well as the durability of the catalytic converter. Therefore the main problem is to optimize the flow distribution at the catalytic converter. It should be noted that due to flow maldistribution in an enlarged inlet of catalytic converter, some part of the monolith would be non effective. In this research a new design for inlet diffuser of catalytic converter has been proposed and fabricated. The new inlet diffuser is composed of some tube to tube cones that distribute the flow uniformly at the entrance face of monolith. Temperature, pressure drop and concentration of pollutants, before and after catalyst, have been measured. The results show that the new design for inlet diffuser tends in less uniform temperature field at the entrance of monolith but the flow distribution becomes more uniform and an increased conversion efficiency of catalyst will be obtained.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

We offer discounts on all premium plans for authors whose works are included in thematic literature selections. Contact us to get a unique promo code!