Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Union européenne - constitution'
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Croché, Sarah. "Bologne confisqué : constitution, autour de la Commission européenne, d'un acteur-réseau et d'un dispositif européen de l'enseignement supérieur." Lyon 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LYO20023.
Full textAs the result of an intergovernmental agreement of cooperation between the ministers of higher education of four states at the Sorbonne in 1998, the Bologna process was initially steered by the representatives of the states. Its initiator, the French minister Claude Allègre, had explicitly excluded the European Commission from the exclusive club of the initiators of the process. The Bologna process to create a "European Higher Education Area" did not remain for long under the control of the states alone. In 2001, at the summit of Prague, the ministers created a follow-up group composed by the representatives of the states and the European Commission, to which was added the EUA (European University Association), the EURASHE (European Association of Institutions of Higher Education), the ESIB (National Unions of Students in Europe) and the Council of Europe. Since 2001, the European Commission plays a central role in the Bologna process, alongside actor’s organizations who see themselves forced to discuss issues that had previously divided them and to modify their relationships at a national level. Since 2005, the Commission has the right to vote in the follow-up group of the Bologna process, in a Europeanization process in a field of national competence. The Commission has oriented the reform of the university, would like to define the good institution (with European Institute of Technology as model) and the good science (with the European Research Council). The Commission promotes its "knowledge triangle" composed by education, research and innovation. This thesis focuses on the decision making mechanism of the Bologna process. It analyses the networks that constitute the new sociopolitical area in higher education, the strategies and the tactics developed by its actors. Moreover, this thesis analyzes the actions of the European Commission to integrate the Bologna process and to control higher education policies. This thesis takes its theoretical support on Foucault’s work (especially concept of device, governmentality, knowledge/power report, regime of truth) and on the Actor-network theory from Callon and Latour (with some of the concept of translation process). Some second theoretical support comes from the work of Boltanski and Thevenot, Kingdon (with policy entrepreneurs), the institutionalism (with Morpey and Huisman). The argument of this thesis is that Allègre has activated a "European device of higher education" in 1998, a device progressively oriented by the European Commission. With the concept of translation sociology, this work describes the different stage traversed by the European Commission to become the "macroactor" or the "actor-network" of the Bologna process
Durelle-Marc, Sarah. "La personnalité juridique internationale et l'identité de l'Union européenne." Rennes 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011REN1G016.
Full textEuropean Union is a subject of international law due to the explicit recognition of its international legal personality by the Lisbon Treaty. This quality has long been refused to the Union, even though it is the indispensable legal support to the emerging identity of the European Union. It allows both the assertion of the Union’s identity on the international scene and, by a boomerang effect, a strengthening of the constitutional identity of the Union. The international legal personality, as legal technique, is indeed the cornerstone of the construction of the European Union as “an ever closer union among the peoples of Europe”. Its political translation through the demonstrations of its identity cannot be enough: it must be a full subject of law to build a European political space in which every citizen will recognize himself. Two successive movements can then be identified: a first movement going from the assertion of the international identity of the European Union and leading to the birth of an implicit legal personality; a second movement rooted in the explicit recognition of international legal personality to the European Union and leading to the affirmation of the particular identity of the Union. The concepts of international legal personality and identity that are each one side of the European Union are not opposed: they are complementary and are reconciled at the end by the Lisbon Treaty in a European Union that proved to be a global and renewed model of integration taking into account all aspects and policies of the entity in a coherent whole contributing to the development of an integrated identity
Wlazlak, Anne. "L'influence de la construction communautaire sur la constitution française." Phd thesis, Université d'Avignon, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01059135.
Full textVardar, Deniz. "Le problème de l'intégration de la Turquie en Europe occidentale : constitution d'un nouvel enjeu politique." Paris 10, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA100004.
Full textThe relation that Turkey keep up with Western European organizations have an important impact on its political life. Its membership of the organizations of cooperation like OECD, Council of Europe, NATO or its partnerships or its presentation of candidature for full membership to an organization of integration, like E. C. , produced many transformations. As a country, where political center is settled-up by importation of a formula of legitimity from West, who needs to legitimize, and to reinforce itself, its integration in those organisations has got a very symbolical aspect. They constitute a real political barometer of political action. A very wide consensus is established around the membership to the community, even if the belonging to the West remains ambiguous in popular imaginary and that public opinion be aware of the economic and political weaknesses of the country. Anti-system forces have reinforced their formulas of counterlegitimity on the refusal of that stake. By its particular caracter of developing country, the legitimity of the system is connected to its success. A failure of it in its stake of integration
Augoyard, Marc. "Les procédures de révision des traités de l'Union Européenne : Contribution à l'étude de la rigidité en droit de l'Union Européenne." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO30033.
Full textSingle European Act, Maastricht, Amsterdam, Nice, Lisbon, enlargements… Over a 25-year period, the major revisions of the European Union treaties followed one another at an intensive pace. If that series is necessary for a progressive process of integration, it also illustrates the challenge of reforming the Union. The purpose of this study is to determine the level of rigidity of the European Union Treaties by searching the legal causes, obstacles and consequences of the (in)adaptability of the treaties. Rigidity originates from the constitutionalisation process of the treaties, which consolidated their formal and substantial protection through the emergence of limits to the revision power. The rigidity of the treaties is further increased by that of the ordinary revision procedure, which is based on two notions that may appear antinomic: the respect of the Member States sovereignty (through the plurality of the national mechanisms of ratification), and the willingness of democratisation (through the emergence of European mechanisms of legitimacy). In order to facilitate the adaptability of the treaties, the Member States established simplified procedures, which complement and derogate to the general procedure. As they do not significantly differ from the ordinary revision procedure, they are not efficient; a reconsideration of the rigidity of the treaties can then be observed through the development of an implicit revision of their provisions as well as a cooperation between Member States, the intensity of which is differentiated, and which may grow beside the Union’s institutional framework. Therefore, the pursuit of efficient ways to relax the rigidity of the treaties is necessary to maintain both their position within the legal order and the unity of the European integration process within the framework of the European Union
Moulinier, Bénédicte. "La France face au processus constitutionnel européen [2000-2007] : recherche sur les incidences de la construction communautaire en droit interne." Tours, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2007TOUR1008.
Full textThis study intends to prove that the plan for the adoption of a European constitution, often seen as a digression in the building of the European Community, has led to a deeply renewed French Constitutional law. It is exemplified by the systematization efforts made by the theorists as they have resulted in some original notions now at the basis of a European constitutional theory. More than that, such an experience has shown a will to get rid of an outdated conception of the state as exclusively sovereign and in charge of high politics, for the benefit of an approach focused on identities issues. Thus, bringing sovereignty back to the people seems to be a key element to understand the links between the European Union and its members. But the European constitutional process has also had more concrete impacts on law. If it has sometimes only been an opportunity to find out new laws and practices, it has very often directly caused such an improvement. Most of the lessons linked to the May 29, 2005 consultation exemplify the first hypothesis – with the exception of the proximity between some referendums on articles 11 and 89 in the Constitution. The second scenario happens when the constitutional Court judges notice the operational reach of article 88-1 in the Constitution and further explain the ways they have resorted to as part of article 54. The same is true when the constituent authorities start reviewing title XV in the Constitution in March 2005. There is no denying that implementing the modifying treaty in France as it has been sketched by the European Council in June 2007 will confirm how important the pressure from the European Union on national constitutional law is
Nguyen, Van Hai Vincent. "Les entreprises de rationalisation doctrinale de l'union europenne comme voie federale : contribution a une étude de la mise en causes de la construction europeenne." Paris 8, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA084187.
Full textSince the 1990s, Lawyers and Philosophers have been re-investing the idea of the EU construction, revisiting the concept of Federalism to create a totally new version of it. First, this thesis aims to show that this doctrinal approach is no more than a transposition to the EU construction of causes that ocurred well before its creation. Doctrinal rationalization is how this transposition takes place and these doctrines, compiles in a telos, show how they are intricated with the future of the EU construction, even if they seem totally external to it. This leads to the following demonstration : there is no such a thing as a real oposition to a political union between the European state members. But this does not mean there is no oposition or debate about the EU itself (as an institution) and its future. Especiallly when it comes to deal with those specific causes EU is associated to. This assumption has two major consequences : the versality of the causes leads to numerous debates on the EU and its political construction, meanwhile legitimating it, proving that the more versatile the causes are, the more possibilities it exists for this construction. And this even highlights the necessity of this political construction, since all the causes are linked to the EU via a telos and since these differences calls for a building-up of political unity
Hémon, Jacques. "Le rôle de la Cour de justice de l'Union européenne dans le processus de constitution et d'évolution du marché intérieur des marchandises." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015REN1G007/document.
Full textThe influence of the Court of Justice of the EU on the evolution of the internal market for goods within the EU is at the heart of the issue to determine the degree of freedom that Community law intends to grant to the member states through the process of negative integration. The criteria selected by the judicial body of the EU to interpret and apply the provisions of the treaty are not neutral. Our analysis emphasizes a sometimes criticisable compromise between commercial issues on one hand, and non economic issues, on the other hand. It also promotes the idea that the time for a stabilised jurisprudence would be a sign of maturity in the search for a compromise between the need for an integrated market and respect of national sovereignties
Heine, Sophie. "Les résistances à l'intégration européenne en France et en Allemagne: une analyse des idéologies sous-tendant les critiques de gauche contre le Traité constitutionnel européen." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210553.
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This doctoral dissertation analyses the content of the critiques made by some left-wing social and political actors in France and Germany against the current EU. The study focuses on the debates that surrounded the project of European Constitution and more specifically on the more general ideologies underlying these arguments. In order to understand, compare and classify these critiques, idealtypes have been elaborated on four dimensions (socio-economic, political, identity-related and strategic). This research fills a gap in the literature analysing so-called "eurosceptic" actors by concentrating on the ideas conveyed by these currents. Indeed, most of this literature mostly tries to explain this phenomenon. And when it addresses the issue of ideology, it is only to build too far-reaching categories. The conclusion also aims at exploring possible explanations of theses resistances to the EU beyond the traditional theories, based on strategic agency, culturalism and institutionalism, and insisting more on the role of ideas and material structures.
Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales
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Céspedes, Arteaga Jackeline Patricia. "La contribution de la jurisprudence de la cour de justice de l'Union européenne à la constitution de l'ordre juridique de la Communauté andine." Thesis, Paris 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA01D017.
Full textThe model of the European Union is the most remarkable source of inspiration for systems of integration developing throughout the world, not only because of the wealth and diversity of its institutions but also due to the existence of the Court of Justice of the European Union and its constructive jurisprudence.In particular, this unionist model has been adopted within the South American continent, which has effectively developed an institution comparable to the European Union: the Andean Community.Created in 1969, it differs from other systems of integration in the region in that it constitutes a distinct Andean Community law independent from the legal structures of its Member States, and based on primacy and direct applicability - two principles that have shaped the construction of the European Union. In addition, the Andean Community has a unique structure since the Andean system of integration incorporates administrative, political and judicial institutions.Among them, as does the Court of Justice of the European Union, the Court of the Andean Community ensures that "the interpretation and application of the law" is respectful of the standards of the Andean Community. Thus, the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Union undeniably serves as a helpful model for the Court of Justice of the Andean Community.It is on this point that this research focuses, aiming to highlight the contribution of the European Union to the constitution of the legal order of the Andean Community through its continuously-evolving jurisprudence which carries influence both inside and outside of the borders of the European continent.The Andean Community has developed as a gradually-consolidated system of integration. It is currently undergoing a process of renewal in response to the new economic and political challenges emerging in the region, while still seeking to achieve a balance between the needs for legal stability and the necessary evolution of its legal system
Martineau, Jean-Luc. "L'Union européenne et la reconstruction post-conflit de l'Etat : contribution à la formation d'un droit international de la reconstruction de l'Etat." Thesis, Lille 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL20027.
Full textIn the framework of International Relations, Post Conflict Reconstruction of the State is a major and actual stake. European Union under the auspices of United Nations, supports all initiatives to restore or build a state order which give a chance for a stable peace based on human values. Nevertheless, European Union defines his interventions in function of his own interests. Post-conflicts States don’t have a right to reconstruction. A mix of european institutional actors decide and design the european response dedicated to failed Post-conflict States. This response is not isolated, she is included in a network of parternship.After a conflict, the regional organization set up a mix of legal or operational mechanisms, and military or civilian capacities. The european activism in this domain can be very strong. Sometimes, it seems as a trusteeship of EU on Post conflicts States. Consequently, European Union contributes to design and implement the international law of the State reconstruction. EU promotes norms and international standards. It initiates european norms and standards dedicated to the recovery of states. Consequently, European Union possess global capacities in the matter of post-conflict reconstruction. That is to say that Europe is proposing to rebuild the state in its three traditional components: population, territory and state apparatus
Leguicheux, Manuela. "La loi négociée en droit du travail." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE2097.
Full textThe involvement of social actors in the legislative making of labour norms is not enshrined in the French Constitution. The State is nevertheless aware of the virtues of collective bargaining. Although it existed in practice before, the government has enhanced the development of prelegislative collective bargaining, mainly through the adoption of the law of January 31st 2007 that resulted in the introduction of articles L.1 to L.3 in the Labour Code, a process that was designed to mirror existing EU law procedures. As a consequence, the participation of social actors in the making of labour norms has been favoured. But this does not necessarily imply their full participation. The consolidation of their legitimacy is also the result of a redesign of the rules governing representativeness and the law making process in the labour field in general. However, a competition between the professional legitimacy of social actors and the institutional legitimacy of Parliament still exists. So, going beyond the simple acknowledgment of the involvement of social actors in the making of labour norms, we demonstrate that they have been instrumentalised. The role of social actors alongside the legislator in the implementation of such negotiated laws has been strengthened in many legislative instances. But Parliament is still in charge of dividing competences between social actors and the government when it comes to the attribution of regulatory powers, it can decide whether those powers should remain in the hands of the latter or should be entrusted to the former. It is clear that social actors are not entirely free when it comes to implementing social norms, although the use of suppletive rules is encouraged today. During control of the implementation of those negotiated laws, social actors play only a secondary role despite their expertise on the matter. In that respect, we conclude that their instrumentalisation is also established when it comes to the implementation of negotiated labour norms
Drexler, Alexander. "Die richtlinienkonforme Interpretation in Deutschland und Frankreich." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO30092.
Full textTo guarantee the consistent and effective transposition of European Union directives by the member states, the European Court of Justice has developed three measures, namely, direct effect, state liability in the event of non-implementation and directive-conform interpretation, considered the most complex of these measures.In the first part, the author describes and compares these measures and examines their relationship to each other. The case law of the European Court of Justice establishing the legal basis and the requirements of directive-conform interpretation is analyzed in detail.In the second part, the acceptance and adoption of the aforementioned requirements in Germany is examined. After describing the relationship of European Union law to national law, the author engages in a discourse on the German model of constitutional-conform interpretation. The implementation of directive-conform interpretation as determined by German court decisions and from the German legal doctrine perspective is also set forth. In the third part, French legal doctrine and court decisions pertinent to directive –conform interpretation are presented. The relationship between European Union law, public international law and national law provides the starting point for this analysis. The author identifies the possibilities within French legal methods of implementing the requirements of the directive-conform interpretation
Ripoche, Elléa. "La liberté et l’ordre public contractuels à l’épreuve des droits fondamentaux." Thesis, Paris 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA020061.
Full textFar from being exclusively hierarchical, the relationship between the contract and fundamental rights also appears to be dialectical. The phenomenon of the fundamentalization of the contract, leading to the restriction of contractual freedom, is met by an inverse phenomenon of the contractualization of fundamental rights, tending on the contrary to promote it. The emergence of fundamental rights disturbs as much as it exalts the contractual freedom, which constitutes therefore the core of the interactions between contract and fundamental rights. It is in the light of a renewed reflection on contractual public order that the solidarity of these two antagonistic phenomena can be tested, and their relationship systematized. Owing to reciprocal influences, the meeting of the contract and fundamental rights is indeed the source of a new contractual balance. Fundamental rights are gradually replacing public order and are changing both its structure and substance. More specifically, it is the articulation of contractual freedom and public order that operates differently, so that it appears, tested by fundamental rights, in a new light. Both an order to promote and limit freedom, contractual public order turns out to be, above all, an order to establish freedom
Bailly, David. "La notion d'identité constitutionnelle de l'Etat membre de l'Union européenne : Etude de droit constitutionnel européen." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON10013.
Full textIf the history of European integration has been marked, from the 1970s, by the tensions between, on one hand, the Community and the Union, imposing the absolute primacy of its law and, on the other hand, the Member States, claiming the supremacy of their constitutional right, this problem aims to crystallize in recent years around the notion of the constitutional identity of the Member State. Yet, the unifying virtue which we could lend it contrasts with the polysemy of the notion. This is precisely the purpose of this study of European constitutional law to try to extract from the data of the positive law of the Member States and the Union an empirically viable concept of the notion of constitutional identity of the Member State, inspired by an analytical framework from the social sciences. The fundamentality, objectified by reference to the history of the state, is a necessary but insufficient defining criterion of constitutional identity, regardless of how it is conceived. Put apart the contingent forms of constitutional identity that lead ultimately to the decline of the notion, according to variable processes – that identity is seen as identical between Member States or as specific to each Member States towards the Union (and ultimately toward its peers) – it's a conception of inherent constitutional identity to the Member State which will finally be stand out. Based on what is ontologically common to the Member States and irreducibly specific towards the Union, the constitutional identity ultimately ensures the continuity of the statehood of the Members of the Union and the nation-state origin of any public authority, state or European, in Europe
Ménard, Arnaud. "L'office des juges constitutionnels français des droits fondamentaux." Thesis, Normandie, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NORMR023.
Full textThis thesis presents an original definition of fundamental rights. It relates to a study of the competences of French constitutional judges. These judges apply and classify fundamental rights. The identification and classification of fundamental rights are based on a criterion of priority of application, or "prevalence"
Tetang, Franc de Paul. "La subsidiarité inversée en droit européen : contribution à l’étude des rapports de systèmes entre les ordres juridiques nationaux et l’ordre juridique de l’Union européenne." Thesis, Poitiers, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012POIT3018.
Full textSince Maastricht Treaty, the principle of subsidiarity is the subject of many striking written works in quantity as well as in quality. It's so interesting for the doctrine that an “Europe of subsidiarity” has been built a in order to describe the different forms and applications of the subsidiarity in the connection between the national and European juridical orders. The result of this intellectual construction shines by the notable lack, in the “Europe unionaire”, of a variation on the subsidiarity. This one came through a “secret life” to a “public life” and has to be integrated in this “Europe of the subsidiarity” like a real principle of the constitutional structure of the process of integration. This other form of subsidiarity is the reversed subsidiarity and is plainly found in the European Union. It can either be defined as the possibility for some member States to interfere in case of failure in supranational institution in a limited area (here the fundamental rights), or as a national activity in order to control, always in a subsidiary way, the quality of the right “coming from somewhere else” in order to guaranty the respect of the “fundamental European constitution”. Yet there never was any conceptualization of it as an “only descriptive proposition through which the jurist is able to give a move of the law”. However the Europeanist doctrine can't deny it because the reversed subsidiarity is recognized (as a simple phenomenon this time) by many authors seeing only a way of breaking, a way to make the juridical construction more fragile or complicated. But a detailed analysis of its functions makes it possible to defend the contrary and to assert that the rev
Rojas, Danielle. "L'utilisation de la notion d'identité constitutionnelle : recherche axée sur les acteurs de la mobilisation de l’identité constitutionnelle nationale dans l’Union européenne." Thesis, Paris Est, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PESC0105.
Full textThe notion of constitutional identity occupies a pivotal place in relations between the Member States and the European Union. It is therefore not surprising that this notion focuses interest. However, the choice of the term "constitutional identity" raises a paradox. The semantics chosen to express this counter-limit is, in essence, fuzzy.However, while there has already been a lot of literature on the subject, the function and even the conceptualization of this notion, there are few writings which, beyond the very notion, relate to the actors who are at the origin and on those who exploit it effectively, make it live, interpret it, in a word, who use it.It is therefore the path that wants to be taken here: that of seeking the concrete use of the notion of national constitutional identity and, beyond that, the bearers of this notion
Pignarre, Pierre-Emmanuel. "La Cour de justice de l'Union européenne, juridiction constitutionnelle." Thesis, Paris 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA020018.
Full textThe Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) is the judicial institution that nowadays garners the most attention from scholars. One could even claim that, after the Supreme Court of the United States, it is the most studied judicial organ in the world. This research aims to demonstrate that the CJEU is a constitutional court. First of all, the CJEU enjoys constitutional legitimacy that extends to its Members as well as its procedure. The appointment procedure and the function of the Members of the CJEU shape its subjective constitutional legitimacy. A thorough exploration of the rules of procedure leads to the finding that the process before the Court of Justice of the European Union has the trappings of a constitutional process. The latter give form to the objective constitutional legitimacy of the CJEU.The jurisdiction of the Court of Justice can be qualified as constitutional because it has powers which are traditionally vested in the constitutional judge. The CJEU reviews the conformity of both national and European acts with European Union law lato sensu, which is analogous to the constitutional review exercised by national constitutional courts. Secondly, it scrutinizes the horizontal and vertical distribution of powers, which is a typical attribute of constitutional judges in federal states. Finally, the constitutional similarities can be found in the realm of fundamental rights protection: the judge of the European Union ensures that these rights, of which he/she is the authentic interpreter, are upheld within the legal order
Batista, Sandie. "La protection des droits de l'enfant dans l'action extérieure de l'Union européenne." Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMR035.
Full textThe Treaty of Lisbon has deeply changed the scope of the external action of the European Union. One of the most important changes it has made to the European Union's external action is the constitutional objectives it now has to meet. Indeed, Article 3 §5 of the Treaty on EU concerns the international objectives of the EU. Among these objectives, one of them is particularly important. Firstly, because it reflects a new interest of the EU and, on the other hand, because it was unexpected: it is the aim of protecting children’s rights. The new status of the protection of children's rights in EU law has been relatively unnoticed and the doctrine has barely relayed it. This new aim on the international scene raises several questions related to the existence of legal tools for its realization or to the effectiveness of the measures adopted to protect children’s rights at an international level. These different issues are answered. However, the achievement of this objective reveals other difficulties that raise issues about the limits of European action and therefore the limits of the functioning of the EU. Children’s rights are a particular matter because they carry legal aspects, of course, but not only. The European Union, by deciding to incorporate their protection into its international objectives, finds itself in a balancing act, particularly in regard of the current international context, which combines armed conflicts, humanitarian crisis and major migratory movements. It is clear that, faced with this situation, there are many difficulties encountered by the EU for the achievement of this aim of protection of children’s right and even in making it a part of its external action
Van, Waeyenberge Arnaud. "Les nouveaux instruments juridiques de la gouvernance européenne." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209759.
Full textAfin d’identifier les caractéristiques, les contours et les nouvelles formes de normativités de ce modèle alternatif, cette recherche a adopté une approche pragmatique de l’étude droit et étudie empiriquement et systématiquement six politiques publiques européennes :la stratégie européenne pour l’emploi (SEE) et la Méthode Ouverte de Coordination (MOC), le programme européen REACH; la politique européenne de l’eau; la politique comptable européenne; la politique de régulation des services financiers; et la lutte contre le réchauffement climatique et le marché européen du carbone. Ces politiques publiques sont étudiées au moyen d’une approche par les instruments d’action publique qui s’inspire de la démarche et des recherches effectuées par Michel Foucault sur la « gouvernementalité ».
Cette analyse nous aura permis de démontrer que la transformation de la méthode communautaire classique se constate à au moins trois niveaux. Au niveau des acteurs, on assiste à un renforcement de la place des acteurs privés et de la société civile dans les politiques publiques étudiées. La transformation de l’action publique européenne réside également dans l’utilisation abondante de nouveaux instruments d’action publique - plus techniques que politiques et plus incitatifs que contraignants (du type benchmarking) - qui impliquent systématiquement une collaboration entre acteurs publics et privés à différents niveaux du processus décisionnel (coproduction normative). Enfin le mode de sanction est devenu une « contrainte par l’image » reposant sur la figure du « mauvais élève de la classe » véhiculée principalement par des publications de classements basées sur une classification des bonnes pratiques. Corrélativement, cette transformation se constate également dans les phases d’élaboration, d’exécution et de contrôle du droit de l’Union européenne.
Une fois les caractéristiques et les contours de ce modèle alternatif dessinés sur base des politiques publiques étudiées, cette recherche s’est ensuite tournée vers une présentation des discours (politiques et juridiques) et écoles de pensées (Law and Economics / New Public Management / Démocratie délibérative / Expérimentalisme démocratique) permettant de justifier son existence et, par là, de fonder sa légitimité. Enfin, si ce nouveau modèle peut prétendre à une certaine légitimité ou nécessité et s’il n’apparaît pas envisageable de revenir en arrière, sa non-concordance avec le traité est problématique. En effet, ce modèle pose une série de questions relatives au manque de contrôle sur l’activité des institutions de l’Union et à la sauvegarde de l’ordre juridique constitutionnel européen. Plus précisément, l’étude de la question de la protection juridictionnelle effective et du respect du principe de l’équilibre des pouvoirs permet d’identifier un certains nombre d’écueils et de proposer des suggestions d’amélioration pragmatique du modèle décisionnel européen au regard des nouveaux instruments juridiques de la gouvernance européenne.
The starting point of my doctoral research is that the Classic Community Method, as described in the Lisbon Treaty, does not enable one to understand the manner in which law is currently produced in the European Union. I claim that the Community Method is in fact challenged and transformed by new legal instruments that, far from being isolated initiatives, are part of an alternative model of governance.
My research adopts a programmatic approach as to identify the features, contours and new forms of normativity of this alternative model. It studies empirically and systematically six European public policies through “an approach by instruments” inspired in the writings of Michel Foucault on "governmentality”.
This analysis shows that the transformation of the Classic Community method occurs at least at three levels. First, there is a strengthening of the role of private actors and civil society in policy making. Second, the transformation of European public action also lies in the abundant use of new policy instruments - rather technical and political incentives than binding rules (benchmarking) - that involve a systematic collaboration between public and private actors at different levels of decision-making (co-regulation). Third, control and sanctions rely greatly on a “constrained by image” system based primarily on publications of rankings and classifications of good practices.
After I present the features and contours of this alternative model, my research analyzes the political and legal discourses, as well as the schools of thought (Law and Economics / New Public Management / Deliberative Democracy / Democratic Experimentalism), that justify its existence and, therefore, its legitimacy.
Finally, my doctoral work rises the question about the lack of control over these regulatory activities and brings to light the safeguards that should be taken by the European Court of Justice to respect European Union’s Constitutional law
Doctorat en Sciences juridiques
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Elabidi, Abdalla. "L'évaluation de l'Union africaine par rapport à l'Union européenne (comme un modèle de régulation juridique internationale d'excellence) : étude comparative." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CLF10477/document.
Full textThe evaluation of African Unity’s experience in relation to the European Unity exceeds the conceptual aspect as oriented toward a philosophy of mutual interest. Thus, we must recognize that the idea of Union itself was born of a set of historical, political and socioeconomic. This evidence highlights the originality of the European Union who, unlike the African Union, sparked a long awareness of the founding countries, which met at the end of World War II faced with the need to rebuild their country at all levels. Conversely, it seems that little new has been made by the African Union to the Organization of African Unity preexisting. It is clear, moreover, that the African Union has only formally renew the institutional structure of the European Union without taking into account the socio-cultural and politico economic peculiarity of the African continent
Ringeisen-Biardeaud, Juliette. "D'une union à l'autre - intégration européenne et désintégration des États? Le cas de l'Écosse (1973-2017)." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCA070.
Full textScotland is an old European nation which remained independent until the 1707 Treaty of Union under which it was united to England and Wales. Under the terms of this treaty, it has preserved a Church of its own (the Church of Scotland), as well as distinct educational and legal systems. In 1998, large transfers of powers enabled it to re-open its Parliament, which had been dissolved at the time of the Union, and to vote its own laws in certain devolved areas, such as health, education, the environment and rural matters. This devolution of powers has also enabled Scotland to maintain and strengthen its presence in the European Union. As early as the mid-1980s, Scotland, whose influence in Europe dated back to the Middle Ages and which benefited from structural funds from the European Commission that were intended to make up for some of its under developed regions, realised the benefit it could reap from the European Economic Community and later on from the European Union. As powers were being devolved from the British Parliament to the Scottish Parliament, the Scottish National Party anchored its Scottish independence project within the comforting framework of a maintained membership of the European Union. During the run-up to the referendum on the independence of 2014, the question of the place of Scotland in Europe was often raised. In the context of the negotiations on Brexit, the possibility of a separate agreement for Scotland (which refused to leave the European Union) is being considered, while a second referendum on independence is looming. For the European Union, the issue of minority nationalisms is a source of difficulties, since it must satisfy the aspirations to democratic representation that are fostered by these movements while avoiding the breaking-up of the Member States and the influx of small Member States which may block the Community's institutional machinery
Auriel, Pierre. "L’équivalence des protections des droits fondamentaux dans l’Union européenne." Thesis, Paris 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA020054.
Full textEquivalence of fundamental rights protection is a requirement formulated by national courts in order to reconcile the constitutional obligations to implement European Union law with the protection of constitutional and conventional fundamental rights. In particular, in order to meet the requirements of unity and primacy of Union law, national courts agree to suspend the review of State acts implementing European Union law in the light of fundamental constitutional and conventional rights as long as European Union law guarantees equivalent protection of fundamental rights. As a baroque and unstable device, this requirement is necessarily precarious, with occasional breaks in equivalence frequently occurring. The study of this requirement and these breaks reveals the structure of the European Union in which it is embedded and to which it responds. In particular, the international nature of the Union and the mechanisms for receiving European Union and national law appear through the interplay of equivalence. European Union law is implemented by being subject to the constraints of national legal systems and, in particular, their constitutional order
Corre, Pauline. "Le statut d'État membre de l’Union européenne." Thesis, Paris 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA020052.
Full textUntil recently, European studies did not consider the Member State of the European Union. It has mainly been studied from a national point of view. However, the Lisbon treaty suggests that the Member State is not as neglected by European Union law as one could think. The European Union legal order includes a diversity of rights and duties concerning the membership and the participation of the Member State to the European Union. The norms concerning its membership are controlled by the Member State, while the norms concerning its participation are used by the European Union in order to ensure the effectivity and the autonomy of the European legal order
Magnette, Paul. "Citoyenneté et construction européenne: étude de la formation du concept de citoyenneté et de la recomposition de ses formes institutionnelles dans le cadre de la construction européenne." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211973.
Full textSterck, Julien. "Identité constitutionnelle des États membres et primauté du droit de l'Union européenne : étude comparée de l'Irlande et de la France." Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR40009/document.
Full textComparing the Irish and French legal orders leads to describe the appraisal of the primacy of European Union law by the notion constitutional identity. In contrast to the claims of the European Court of Justice, the constitutional regime regarding European rules, both in Irish and French law, only provides for immunity and ultimately affirms the supremacy of the Constitution as the norm expressing national sovereignty. Still, Irish and French courts display a conciliatory attitude focused on aligning the material content of domestic and European norms. Rather than essentialism, the notion of constitutional identity represents a discourse on the Constitution whereby the identity status qualifies those constitutional norms which can defeat constitutional provisions dedicated to the prevalence of European rules as a result of an interpretative balancing process.While manifesting different affirmations of national sovereignty, the common objective of Irish and French courts is attaining increased control of the application of European Union rules. The institutional dynamics distinguishing the notion of constitutional identity as an interpretative process involve both an empowerment of the judiciary and a specific form of dialogue with the European Court of Justice regarding the conciliation between the primacy of European Union law and the supremacy of the Constitution. Judicial monologues protecting constitutional identity mean possible exclusions of the domestic application of European law and constitute an invitation to the European Court of Justice to agree to a peaceful co-existence of the two legal orders defined as a unity of words with a diversity of meanings
Zaccaroni, Giovanni. "Il Principio di Non Discriminazione e l’Identità Costituzionale dell’Unione Europea." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAA015/document.
Full textThe definition of the EU as a constitutional legal order is crucial, but still fragmented. For the sake of systematization, it is important to find out a principle to support its development. That is why we made the choice of examining the principle of non discrimination through the analysis of case law, with the object of verifying if this principle is a fundamental part of the EU constitutional identity. In the first part of this work the structure of the discrimination scrutiny in front of the CJEU and of the ECHR is analyzed, enlightening the fact that its structure increasingly recalls that of a constitutional scrutiny. In the second part of this work we will focus on the contribution given by the case law on the fight against different grounds of discrimination to the EU constitutional identity. As there is an increasing number of grounds of discrimination, a choice should be made. That is why the second part of the analysis is devoted into explaining a selection of grounds of discrimination: discrimination on the ground of nationality, age, disability, religion, and sexual orientation. From the analysis of the case law and of secondary legislation is possible to induce that this principle has the potential necessary to support the development of the EU constitutional identity without prevailing on the national constitutional identities. At the same time, the principle could help into shading light in one of the most debated issues of EU law: the tension between the conferred powers and the direct effect of directives. The conclusion of this work is a reflection on how a precise line of case law is crucial into defining the principle of non discrimination as a EU constitutional principle
Fahlbusch, Markus. "European integration in the field of human rights protection: the interaction on the basis of different constitutional cultures." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209162.
Full textThis thesis identifies two major factors in the courts’ reasoning that inhibit the fruitful discussion of the substantive human rights questions brought up by the cases: the reference to “culture” and the focus on their institutional relationship with the balancing of possibly conflicting interests. By way of analysing practical cases against a legal- and political-theoretical backdrop, this work develops how these two factors contribute to the obstruction of a constructive interaction between the courts and to the shielding of controversial views from being discussed and challenged. In response, also by reference to the concrete practice of the courts, this thesis puts forward an approach to the interaction which avoids this inhibiting effect and therefore allows for a comprehensive, deep and critical discussion on how to solve the specific human rights problems raised by the cases./La présente thèse soutient que l’interaction judiciaire peut bénéficier à des solutions constructives des problèmes concrets de droits de l’homme comme une forme spécifique d’intégration de la protection européenne des droits de l’homme. Cette affirmation est corroborée par des études de cas qui examinent l’interaction de la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme avec la House of Lords et la Cour suprême du Royaume-Uni d’un côté et avec la Cour constitutionnelle fédérale de l’Allemagne de l’autre. Pourtant, la manière dont les cours procèdent dans leur interaction, notamment au vu de leurs points de vue potentiellement conflictuels, peut détourner l’attention de la solution constructive des problèmes substantiels des droits de l’homme auxquels les cours font face. En conséquence, il se peut que les cours soient susceptibles de préserver le statu quo de leurs positions initiales et d’avoir recours à un simple compromis entre les différents intérêts en cause.
Cette thèse identifie deux facteurs majeurs dans le raisonnement des cours qui entravent la discussion fructueuse des questions substantielles soulevées par les cas :la référence à la « culture » et la concentration sur leur relation institutionnelle avec le balancement des intérêts possiblement conflictuels. Au moyen de l’analyse des cas pratiques sur le fond de la théorie juridique et politique, ce travail fait ressortir comment ces deux facteurs contribuent à l’obstruction d’une interaction constructive entre les cours et à la protection des opinions controversées contre leur discussion et défi. En réponse, également en se fondant sur la pratique concrète des cours, cette thèse avance une approche quant à l’interaction qui évite cet effet inhibant et, par conséquent, permet une discussion complète, profonde et critique de comment résoudre les problèmes spécifiques de droits de l’homme posés par les cas.
Doctorat en Sciences juridiques
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Larrouturou, Thibaut. "Question prioritaire de constitutionnalité et contrôle de conventionnalité." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSES049.
Full textDespite a long tradition of supremacy of the Law, France is today one of the few European States in which the latter can be challenged, during a trial, in two distinct ways: the question prioritaire de constitutionnalité, on the one hand, and the control of conventionality, on the other. At first glance, there seems to be a real disjunction between the two of them. Indeed, they involve different Courts, do not ensure compliance with the same standards and diverge in their effects. However, despite the virtual absence of rules governing their relations, a real interconnection of the two controls has gradually developed. Adaptation of the two instruments to each other, interweaving of constitutional and conventional issues within litigation, relations of influence or authority between the courts involved and entrenchment of preliminary ruling mechanisms all demonstrate the emergence of court-made rules regarding the relationship between question prioritaire de constitutionnalité and control of conventionality. The strength of the relationships between legal orders, the specificity of the standards at stake and the several Supreme Courts involved require the search for an ever-shifting balance in this matter, which is the topic of this study
Graziani, Fleur. "La protection pénale du consommateur." Thesis, Paris 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA020068.
Full textCriminal protection of the consumer leads to the consolidation of criminal and consumer laws. This burden on business is not obvious. Indeed, the criminal law is geared towards the protection of society whereas the purpose of the consumer law is to give redress to individuals, who, in this case, is the consumer. Regardless of whether introducing the concept of group action would give a more collective dimension, the criminal and consumer law retain distinct purposes. Despite arguments to the contrary, the findings are clear: common ground does exist but, more importantly, protection derived from the criminal law seems to be the sole solution used. We may ask why this near-systematic use of the criminal law should exist and if it is justified. Indeed, the aim of this type of protection and its nature are uncertain. Pragmatically, it would appear that the aim is mainly market protection yet the techniques borrowed from criminal law translate more into a willingness to regulate than to formally punish. The consumer does indeed benefit from enhanced protection but this comes with two costs: firstly, it is indirect thus it is a noticeable misrepresentation of the criminal law. Secondly, the creation of a plethora of administrative sanctions by the “Hamon law” of March, 17 2014 serves only to confirm this evolution.The ordinance of March 14, 2016 only reinforces this trend
Charpy, Chloé. "Les rapports de systèmes constitutionnel et européens de protection des droits fondamentaux en France." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM1023.
Full textThe interferences between constitutional and European fundamental Rights protection systems can help the subject of fundamental Rights under certain conditions. But they also provide some risks that should be taken seriously, given that the traditional hierarchical principle does not appear to give an appropriate solution. How do the principal actors of the fundamental Rights protection in Europe deal with that? The hierarchy, simply neutralized or challenged in its main functions, is avoid or at least reduced in favor of more sophisticated methods. Those appear to be maintained over time and to give pace to regulation principles within systems, based on cooperation and conciliation ideas. However, the theory of a new system of relations emergence is still incomplete. The perfect normative harmony hasn’t been reached yet, due to several factors, including phenomena of resurgence of hierarchy. In the end, the whole dialectic of system of protection’s cooperation is revealed and highlights a turning point where the studied relations now find themselves: the limitation to the satisfaction appears to be reached as new challenges are emerging. It is crucial that the global system remains in capacity to keep a progressively built balance. Above all, a stimulating impulsion should be encouraged in order to complete and improve what has been started
Komlavi, Kokou. "L'impact de la mise en oeuvre de la conditionnalité démocratique de l'aide européenne sur la politique au Togo et au Zimbabwe." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO30035.
Full textToday there is a significant advance in the democratization process in Togo and Zimbabwe because of the political democratic conditionality for EU development aid and financial sanctions imposed against the country. It is the synergy of internal and external forces that contributed to the change in policy in Togo and Zimbabwe. The mobilization of civil society has been helpful. However, the political system produced by policy conditionality is only façade since the results are not up to what was expected. The results are mixed. The reforms undertaken in Togo and Zimbabwe are only apparent. In addition, aid dependence has fostered corruption, debt, and undermined investment. Unless appropriate solutions can be found to the democratic aspirations of the African peoples, taking into account their social, cultural, economic and political realities; sociopolitical crises are likely to persist on the continent. Africa today needs a strong institution capable of reconciling democracy and development. It also needs fiscal and monetary independence
Rassu, Federica. "L'invocabilité des directives européennes et son incidence sur les ordres juridiques italien et français." Thesis, Poitiers, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013POIT3004.
Full textDeveloped by the European Court of Justice, the invocability of EU directives defines the conditions allowing legal subjects to exercise the rights conferred by a directive in their legal relationships. The ECJ has managed to introduce different types of invocability into the member States national legal orders, and notably in Italy and France, by, on the one hand using some pre-existing elements of the national legal orders, such as consistent interpretation and the principle of State liability, and making them evolve in a European way. And, on the other hand the ECJ has also created new and, finally, revolutionary tools, such as invocability of substitution and invocability of exclusion of the national law incompatible with a EU directive. The implementation of these different types of invocability has had a deep impact on the role of national courts, who have seen their mandate extended. The legal sphere of legal subjects had also been influenced, in unpredictable and sometimes detrimental ways
Motsch, Pascaline. "La doctrine des droits fondamentaux des États : vers un redéploiement fédéraliste ou étatiste ?" Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0132.
Full textThis thesis revisits the classical doctrine of fundamental rights of States, and attempts to determine whether it was rightly rejected, or if it could now be redeployed within a more adequate legal framework. In contrast with the so-called relative or accessory rights, which find their source in customary and conventional law, the rights to self-preservation, sovereignty, equality, dignity and mutual commerce are conceived as fundamental in a material sense – because they are inherently linked to the Nation-State and, conversely, a Nation-State could not dispose of them without affecting its statehood –, but they are also conceived in a formal sense – because their violation implies specific legal effects as the rights of the affected State to invoke invalidity of rules found in contradiction of them and, ultimately, to resort to war. In that respect, while classical internationalists hand down to posterity a notable theory of fundamental rights of States, they paradoxically claim to deploy it in the international legal order, which is radically horizontal. Therefore, somehow resisting from doctrinal attacks, the theory of fundamental rights of States was finally abandoned in the second half of last century. Nevertheless, acknowledging the renewed doctrinal interest in state rights, both in international law, in European Union law and in constitutional law, in the context of an evolving international society, the point is to question whether these states’ rights meet the materiel and formal criteria of the fundamentality of rights. In a federalist perspective, namely an institutional protection of state rights, do States obtain, for instance, a protection of their right to survival within the United Nations and a protection of their right to respect for national identity within the European Union ? From a statist point of view, namely a unilateral protection of state rights, if classical internationalists correctly theorize that the alienation of sovereign and identity rights undermine the quality of a Nation-State, does the protection of such rights fall within the international legal order or rather within the national legal order ?
Kerdreux, Anne Louise. "L'outre-mer au regard du droit européen et du droit international : evolutions statutaires influencées par le droit européen et le droit international." Thesis, Antilles-Guyane, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AGUY0812.
Full textThe Overseas regions, countries and territories present various statuses inherited mainly from the major European Powers which placed them in a relationship of a common interest not only with their mother countries but also with the European Union (EU).However, these territories have continuously re-built between them historical and cultural links, and weaved relationship within the entire Overseas to appear as a constituted whole while negotiating with the EU.The outermost regions (OR) apply Community Law while the Overseas Countries and territories (OCT) situated outside the territory of the Community, have Association Arrangements with the EU.Denmark, France, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain and United Kingdom have proceeded to necessary constitutional reforms to allow numerous articles amendments in respect of right to self-determination of peoples.At the light of statutory amendments and of a continuous economic and social development, the Outermost regions (OR) and the Overseas Countries and Territories (OCT), now wish to assert their rights and to defend their interests at European and International level.Globalisation of policies encourages OR and OCT to gather within International bodies. The rule of law of the related countries opens them to well-structured legal systems and to European values. The outermost geopolitical localisation makes them to have access to international relations.The purpose of this thesis is to demonstrate the interdependence between these different legal systems and the impact of European and International Law on the statutory amendments of the Overseas towards more autonomy, but also liabilities and involvement on their own development by using their regional environment, inter-regional and transnational cooperation and taking part at the works of international organisations
Schulz, Daniel. "Verfassung und nation : formen politischer institutionalisierung in Deutschland und Frankreich von der Französischen revolution bis zur europäischen integration." Paris, EPHE, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003EPHEA002.
Full textBouchet, Marthe. "La validité substantielle de la norme pénale." Thesis, Paris 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA020049.
Full textThe valid criminal norm is the one that is able to have a legal impact. It allows for the commencement of a prosecution, the imposition of a sanction, and the enforcement of sentences. Firstly, we had to demonstrate what seems manifest: far from being only a matter of respecting the formal requirements, the validity of a criminal norm depends directly on its compliance to substantial requirements that are contained in the French Constitution and the European conventions. The substantial proportion of the validity is demonstrated in two steps. The entry into force of the criminal rule is at first subordinated to its correct integration in the hierarchy of norms. Then, the improper repressive norms are systematically invalidated. Secondly, the substantial part of the validity of the criminal norm has several consequences that are in some cases beneficial but not in others. Indeed, the principles that substantially determine the validity of the criminal norm make the punishment legitimate. However, the emergence of the judge-made law raises many difficulties in a discipline that yearns for stability. In order to overcome them, it appeared necessary to suggest some key elements of resolution
Chambardon, Nicolas. "L'identité numérique de la personne humaine : contribution à l'étude du droit fondamental à la protection des données à caractères personnel." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE2072.
Full textFrench law approaches personal data and the person they are related to as separated objects. This special status would be justified by the transformation resulting from the data processing. However, by defining personal data as "information relating to an identified or identifiable natural person, directly or indirectly", the law of 6 January 1978 suggests that they are in fact connected to each other. Therefore, those data are to be understood as identifying elements. Following the interdependence of subjective and objective elements, they are components of identity. They form the person’s digital identity, which is increasingly solicited and gathered. The intuitive assumption of personal data as components of identity is thwarted by French positive law, within which the Data Protection Act marks its autonomy in comparison to Article 9 of the Civil Code – the latter being the matrix of rights related to personality. The same way, protection of personal data is distinguished from protection of privacy in the European Union’s Charter of Fundamental Rights. This increasing autonomy allows the accelerated conversion of personal data into assets. In a multitude of conventions, they are regarded as isolated elements of which processing is allowed. Yet the split between the person and their data could be avoided: protection of the autonomy of the person can ensure a connexion. The European Court of Human Rights considers data protection as part of the right to privacy, hence asserting the existence of a link between personal data and identity of the individual. Moreover, its case law regarding the protection of personal autonomy may constitute an answer to the objectification of individuals. Correlatively, the French Constitutional Court has already taken data protection as a part of personal freedom, the latter being considered in its case law as the embryo of the right to the development of personality and the protection of identity. By taking identity as the starting point of a study examining a right to data protection, it is possible to reveal the stakes of exponential gathering of personal data and ensuing profiling: the autonomy of the individual. Therefore, the latter can be protected by the concept of human person as subject of fundamental rights
Ba, Oumar. "La politisation des partis à caractère ethnique dans les pays postcommunistes d’Europe Centrale et Orientale : une comparaison des trajectoires de la Bulgarie, la Serbie, le Monténégro et le Kosovo." Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR40052.
Full textThe revolutions of Eastern induced fragmentation of States were accompanied internally by a revival of ethnic parties, which is not without its problems in political democracy. Transitions and even more democratic consolidation are emerging a double phenomenon of interaction between actors and the system in search of a new equilibrium. Ethnic parties then politicize the system opens the ethnic actor. We are witnessing an evolutionary adjustment of the system to the new situation. The system opens to the new demands ethnic ways and to different degrees: between legalization and tolerance. Side actors, are gradually returning ethnic parties in the political game, in different ways and to different degrees. In our problem the field deploy interactive relationships between multi-level actors (parties-States) and in the various fields (political, societal and legal). Their connections are crossed between the State and international space, public and civil, political and social, with host countries or origin, but also the third States. They are separatist ambitions or simply political lobbies. We tried to highlight the main aspects of the complexity of the ethnic issue in young democracies political '' in consolidation ''. The ethnic problem of CEEC can help us to complete updating some general visions of political science? The actors involved are invited to avoid the pitfalls of nationalism perceived as '' petty '' or '' chaotic '' while serving the cause of a more flexible policy integration to the ‘‘democratic peace’’
Lebrun, Geoffroy. "Office du juge administratif et questions préjudicielles : recherche sur la situation de juge a quo." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0261.
Full textPreliminary issues challenge the role of the administrative law judge who formulates them.They are regarded as being accessory to the principle case at bar. They may even be perceived assecondary issues. This study of administrative litigation, based on a systematic analysis ofadministrative case law, aims to establish the opposite. Preliminary issues are characterized by theirdiversity as well as by their influence on the lawsuit, however, they are often perceived as useless andcumbersome procedural complications aiming to delay the resolution of the dispute. This study aimsto explicit the process by which the administrative law judge builds a preliminary issue and what is thelegal foundation of such an issue. From this angle, albeit the fact that the parties to the main disputeplay an essential role, it is the judge, who mainly retains the power to formulate the preliminary issue.This analysis challenges the traditional portrayal of preliminary issues as paralyzing the judicial“office”. To the contrary, far from immobilizing the “office of the judge”, an in depth study of positivelaw reveals the extensive powers that the judge a quo possesses with regards to the case at bar.Finally, the reception by the judge a quo of the preliminary ruling corresponds to a sharing of juridicalsovereignty implying the passing of a juridical act emanating from a process of co-decision. Thisstudy aims to shed light on the functioning and the complexity of a mechanism rarely examined fromthis angle. This study equally allows for an exploration of the main legal issues relating to the judicialfunction and the “Office” of the administrative law judge when placed in the situation of judge a quo
Piele, Mihaela Loredana. "La protection des droits de l'homme dans l'Union européenne avant et après le traité constitutionnel. La Constitution représente-t-elle la bonne voie?" Thèse, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/2681.
Full textThe European Communities and the Union have always expressed their commitment to the respect of Human Rights. Since the first EU Convention drafted the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights in 1999/2001 a second Convention has been and gone proposing a Constitution to the Union which was subsequently rejected during the ratification phase in two national referenda raising a number of questions about the Union and its future. Recently, the European Council has decided to abandon the Constitution project and opened the way to the reform treaty. Let aside the legitimacy of the Union as international organization or legal order and all the ancillary problems that this constitutionalization entails, this whole process is genuinely and inextricably linked to another controversial point - the Human Rights policy. According to the Constitutional treaty the Charter on the one hand and the ECHR on the other hand, were to be internalized within the EU's constitutional system. As opposed to the Constitutional treaty the new reform treaty will only make reference to the Charter. Nevertheless, the real problem of the EU is the absence of a human rights policy with everything this entails, legally binding instruments assessing the fundamental rights, effective remedies, a human rights agency, a budget and a horizontal plan. While the Constitutional Treaty without entirely solving the problem marked important developments to this effect, the new reform treaty seems to be a compromise.
Arabaghian, Anouche. "Le processus d'adhésion à l'Union Européenne est-il en mesure de contribuer davantage que la Convention européenne à la protection des droits de l'homme en Turquie?" Thèse, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/2920.
Full textThe issue of the accession of Turkey to the European Union is one of the most controversial topics as regards to human rights. The sensitive issues such as the kurdish problem and the conflict with Cyprus are the main cause of the most restrictions of the rights and freedoms and complaints lodged against the Turkish State before the European court of Human Rights. Turkey has the essential characteristics of a modern and secular state, but its democracy prove to be fragile. Thus, the powerful role of the army in many areas of political life can be explained by the malfunctioning of the democracy, giving to the régime an authoritative aspect. The Turkish army is seen as the guardian of the unity, security and identity of the nation. Indeed, the access to modernity is due to the control of the army, but the régime in Turkey needs to undertake major policy reforms to converge with European Union policies. The judicial and administrative system set by the army in 1982 does not sufficiently protect the justiciable. The exceptional measures such as state of emergency, security state courts, anti-terrorist law contributed to the violation of human rights and emphasized the contradiction between conventional law and national law. Turkey has made progress towards modifying its legal system in order to give more independence and impartiality. The accession partnership will certainly enable Turkey to review its Constitution and relevant legislation in providing basic freedoms, the rule of law and respect of human rights in conformity with the European Union's own standards. Turkey's inclusion in the enlargement process has not only increased European Union leverage over Turkish politics, but revitalized Turkey's European vocation.
Mesguich, Virginie. "De la question de la légitimité du projet de traité établissant une Constitution pour l'Europe à celle de la légitimité des juges." Thèse, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/2421.
Full textEurope is at current major transformation. On one side, new countries joined the European Union so the number of member States has grown from fifteen to twenty-five. On the other side, a Draft Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe was approved on June 2004. And which will be at the heart of this research. Providing The European Union with a new Act drives conclusively to raise a multitude of questions concerning the Act itself on the surface, but equally its consequences. What should be understood with "Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe"? Which will be the effects on the existing Community Law and the National Legislations? This research will try to answer these questions and will offer a special lighting on The Treaty. More particularly it will be focused on the Court of Justice that shall ensure respect for the law in the interpretation and application of the constitution (Article 1-28 of the Draft Treaty). And how judges will react towards it? Is their actions are going to be legitimate? In fact, the debate will be based on the judicial review that the judges will give, and which will set the new norm.
"Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de Maîtrise en droit (L.L.M.)"
Texte du mémoire également publié dans Lex Electronica, vol. 12 n°3, Hiver 2008.
Cespedes, Arteaga Jackeline Patricia. "La contribution de la jurisprudence de la cour de justice de l'Union européenne à la constitution de l'ordre juridique de la Communauté andine." Thesis, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA01D017.
Full textThe model of the European Union is the most remarkable source of inspiration for systems of integration developing throughout the world, not only because of the wealth and diversity of its institutions but also due to the existence of the Court of Justice of the European Union and its constructive jurisprudence.In particular, this unionist model has been adopted within the South American continent, which has effectively developed an institution comparable to the European Union: the Andean Community.Created in 1969, it differs from other systems of integration in the region in that it constitutes a distinct Andean Community law independent from the legal structures of its Member States, and based on primacy and direct applicability - two principles that have shaped the construction of the European Union. In addition, the Andean Community has a unique structure since the Andean system of integration incorporates administrative, political and judicial institutions.Among them, as does the Court of Justice of the European Union, the Court of the Andean Community ensures that "the interpretation and application of the law" is respectful of the standards of the Andean Community. Thus, the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Union undeniably serves as a helpful model for the Court of Justice of the Andean Community.It is on this point that this research focuses, aiming to highlight the contribution of the European Union to the constitution of the legal order of the Andean Community through its continuously-evolving jurisprudence which carries influence both inside and outside of the borders of the European continent.The Andean Community has developed as a gradually-consolidated system of integration. It is currently undergoing a process of renewal in response to the new economic and political challenges emerging in the region, while still seeking to achieve a balance between the needs for legal stability and the necessary evolution of its legal system
Deal, Emilie. "La garantie juridictionnelle des droits fondamentaux communautaires – La Cour de justice face à la Communauté de droit." Phd thesis, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00271970.
Full textLa Cour de justice n'a cependant pas démérité pour équilibrer la garantie des droits fondamentaux communautaires. D'une part, elle a adopté une pratique constructrice en développant la protection des droits en ses deux aspects. Comme le montrent nos tendances chiffrées, les droits ont été étoffés. En outre, leur garantie a été optimisée à mesure du développement du dialogue des juges entrepris par la Cour. D'autre part, la Cour a pu suggérer des perspectives constructives pour soutenir ses efforts. Le projet de traité établissant une Constitution pour l'Europe comprend d'ailleurs les révolutions majeures : l'insertion des droits fondamentaux au sein des fondements de la construction communautaire, et l'adaptation de la place de l'individu en cohérence avec l'approfondissement de la construction. En attendant, des évolutions demeurent possibles. Leur réussite est néanmoins conditionnée à l'adaptation corrélative des mentalités, spécialement des juges nationaux, déjà stimulée par la préparation du projet de traité précité. Le dialogue des juges promet de rester passionnant...
Kerdreux-Fulrad, Anne Louise. "L'outre-mer au regard du droit européen et du droit international : evolutions statutaires influencées par le droit européen et le droit international." Thesis, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AGUY0812.
Full textThe Overseas regions, countries and territories present various statuses inherited mainly from the major European Powers which placed them in a relationship of a common interest not only with their mother countries but also with the European Union (EU).However, these territories have continuously re-built between them historical and cultural links, and weaved relationship within the entire Overseas to appear as a constituted whole while negotiating with the EU.The outermost regions (OR) apply Community Law while the Overseas Countries and territories (OCT) situated outside the territory of the Community, have Association Arrangements with the EU.Denmark, France, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain and United Kingdom have proceeded to necessary constitutional reforms to allow numerous articles amendments in respect of right to self-determination of peoples.At the light of statutory amendments and of a continuous economic and social development, the Outermost regions (OR) and the Overseas Countries and Territories (OCT), now wish to assert their rights and to defend their interests at European and International level.Globalisation of policies encourages OR and OCT to gather within International bodies. The rule of law of the related countries opens them to well-structured legal systems and to European values. The outermost geopolitical localisation makes them to have access to international relations.The purpose of this thesis is to demonstrate the interdependence between these different legal systems and the impact of European and International Law on the statutory amendments of the Overseas towards more autonomy, but also liabilities and involvement on their own development by using their regional environment, inter-regional and transnational cooperation and taking part at the works of international organisations