Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Unit energy consumption'

The specific aim of this study was to advance the development of the Minimally Structured & Modular Vertical Farm (MSM-VF), an original concept developed at The University of Arizona, by designing a specific modular unit made of a transparent-walled modified standard shipping container for use in climate locations represented by Los Angeles and New York City. The conclusions of the study included: (1) A workable range of temperatures (15 to 30°C) for cultivating tomato in Los Angeles and New York City could be achieved in a transparent-walled MSM-VF shipping-container modular unit by using a cover material of low density polyethylene (LDPE) and a heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) system with an airspeed of 2 m/s, inlet angle at 60° and outlet position located at the top of the back wall; (2) A workable range of temperatures (15 to 27°C) for cultivating lettuce in Los Angeles and New York City could be achieved by using a cover material of LDPE and an HVAC system with an air speed of 4m/s, inlet angle at 60° and outlet position located at the bottom of the back wall; (3) The annual energy demands of the plastic-walled MSM-VF shipping-container modular unit were far less than those for the opaque-walled control plant-factory unit in all cases, except in the one case of growing tomato in New York City. Still, in this one exception, the annual energy demand of growing tomato in New York City in the plastic-walled MSM-VF shipping-container modular unit of 557.65 kWh/m² (versus 325.34 kWh/m² for the opaque-walled control plant-factory unit) was significantly lower than that of 711.91 kWh/m², which was the average for 164 greenhouses occupying a total of 16444 m² operated by the Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station (CUAES) in the state of New York (CUAES Greenhouses); and, (4) The annual energy demands of the plastic-walled MSM-VF shipping-container modular unit were either significantly lower or for one case approximately the same (773.84 kWh/m²) as that of the 711.91 kWh/m² for the New York greenhouses. By contrast, the annual energy demands of the opaque-walled control plant-factory unit significantly exceeded that of the 711.91 kWh/m² for the New York greenhouses by 170% for Los Angeles and by 126% for New York City, both for growing lettuce. The foregoing results provided significant and reasonable basis for the practicability of Minimally Structured & Modular Vertical Farms made of plastic-walled shipping-container modular units in Los Angeles and New York City as well as in many other mega-cities around the world with similar climates.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo principal verificar a viabilidade econômica financeira da autoprodução direta e interligada, isto é, elaborar uma comparação entre uma usina hidrelétrica ligada diretamente à unidade de consumo, e uma usina ligada ao Sistema Interligado Nacional, com potência e energia asseguradas. Para isso, foram utilizados, como premissas, uma indústria de alumínio que, como parte integrante dos grandes consumidores de energia brasileira, é um tipo de indústria eletro-intensiva, e emprega milhares de pessoas direta e indiretamente; também uma usina hidrelétrica, que neste trabalho foi a UHE Piraju, usina de concessão da CIA BRASILEIRA DE ALUMÍNIO, que gentilmente cedeu os dados de geração física real. Foram adotadas as seguintes metodologias para comparação da viabilidade, utilizando um cenário de geração e preços SPOT dos anos de 2006 e 2007: (i) Autoprodução Direta: Geração física real, comercializando excedentes e comprando energia do mercado ao preço SPOT quando necessário, e considerando todos os encargos e benefícios deste tipo de ligação; (ii) Autoprodução Conectada no SIN: Energia Assegurada Sazonalizada em 3 cenários distintos, Flat, com sazonalização moderada e sazonalização otimizada, considerando também os custos de conexão e encargos pertinentes para cada cenário. Os resultados apresentados mostram que, por pouca margem de diferença, foi mais vantajoso o cenário com a energia assegurada otimizada, porém, é possível verificar que, ponderando os resultados apresentados nos diversos cenários, verificamos que é mais viável a usina ligada diretamente à carga, pois a previsibilidade do mercado de preços de curto prazo é pequena, e dificilmente se acertaria com precisão os PLD´s registrados no ano seguinte ao da sazonalização. Contudo, o Decreto no 5.163, de 30 de Julho de 2004, através do Artigo 71, somente permite que usinas sejam ligadas diretamente à carga se estiverem dentro do mesmo sítio. O proposto é a inclusão de um novo parágrafo no Artigo 71 com condições de economicidade para a permissão da ligação da usina diretamente ao consumo.
The main goal of this study is to verify the economic financial feasibility of the direct self production, it means, of a hydropower unit directly connected to a consumption unit and to a hydropower unit connected to the SIN, with guaranteed power and energy. For this purpose, the study used as pattern an aluminum industry, which, as part of the Brazilian hall of the major energy users, a type of electric-intensive industry, and that involves thousands of employees directly and indirectly, as well as an hydroelectric power unit, which in this study was the UHE Piraju, the energy authorized supplier unit of the CIA BRASILEIRA DE ALUMÍNIO, who gently provided the real generation data. The following methodology were adopted to compare the feasibility, using a generation scenario and SPOT values of 2006 and 2007: (i) Direct Self Production: Real generation, trading leftovers and acquiring market energy at SPOT values, when required, and considering all costs and benefits of this type of connection; (ii) SIN Connected Self production: guaranteed seasoned energy in different scenarios, Flat, with seasonalization moderated and seasonalization optimized, also considering the connection and applicable costs for each scenario. The presented results indicated that, for a small difference, the most advantageous scenario was the one with optimized guaranteed energy, however, it is possible to verify that evaluating the presented results in the different cases, it was verified that is more feasible the unit directed connected to a demand, since the forecast of short term values market is small, and it would hardly precise ascertain with the registered PLD (Settlement Price for the Differences) in the following year of the seasonalization. However, the Act n. 5.163, July 30, 2004, through the Article 71 only allows power units to be connected to the demand if they are in the same site. The proposal is the inclusion of a new paragraph in the Article 71 with economic conditions in order to allow the connection between the power unit to the consumption.

The thesis deals with the issue will be nearly zero energy. The theoretical part is divided into several chapters. Describes the requirements of applicable legislation of the Czech Republic and the EU and the application of renewable energy in these buildings. The third and last part serves as a basis for part of the experiment. Calculation section applies theoretical knowledge into practice. The subject has become a new residential building in which they are designed to ensure the technical equipment required internal environment. The proposal concerns the heating, ventilation, cooling, domestic hot water and lighting. At the end are attached graphic of energy performance certificates (PENB) and evaluated the economic and ecological point of view. The experiment deals with the measurement of the internal microclimate administrative building type in Brno, with regard to the requirements of current legislation of the Czech Republic.

The study aimed to identify leading practices to promote environmentally friendly and efficient efforts in surgical healthcare. Despite widespread enthusiasm for going green in the U.S. economy, little information is available to inform the medical community on the effort. We explore safe and efficient strategies for hospitals and healthcare providers to protect the environment while delivering high-quality care. As part of the study design, we performed a systematic review of the literature using relevant Pubmed search terms and surveyed a panel of hospital managers and CEOs of healthcare organizations pursuing green initiatives. Recommendations were itemized and reviewed with each panelist for a consensus agreement. At the end, we identified forty-three published articles and obtained interview data from the 7-member expert panel. Five green recommendations for surgical practices were identified: (1) OR Waste Reduction and Segregation; (2) Environmentally Preferable Purchasing; (3) Energy Consumption Management; (4) Pharmaceutical Waste Management; (5) Reprocessing of Single Use Medical Devices. We concluded that the medical community has a large opportunity to implement green practices in surgical units. These practices can have significant benefits to both the healthcare community and the environment.

The objective of the proposed research is to develop an analytical model that predicts performance and power for many-core architecture and further propose a mechanism, which leverages the analytical model, to enable energy-efficient execution of an application. The key insight of the model is to investigate and quantify a complex relationship that exists between the thread-level parallelism and memory-level parallelism for an application on a given many-core architecture. Two metrics are proposed: memory warp parallelism (MWP), which refers to the number of overlapping memory accesses per core, and computation warp parallelism (CWP), which characterizes an application type. By using these metrics in addition to the architectural and application parameters, the overall application performance is produced. The model uses statically-available parameters such as instruction-mixture information and input-data size, and the prediction accuracy is 13.3% for the GPU-computing benchmarks. Another important aspect of using many-core architecture is reducing peak power and achieving energy savings. By using the proposed integrated power and performance (IPP) framework, the results showed that different optimization points exist for GPU architecture depending on the application type. The work shows that by activating fewer cores, 10.99% of run-time energy consumption can be saved for the bandwidth-limited benchmarks, and a projection of 25.8% energy savings is predicted when power-gating at core level is employed. Finally, the model is shifted to throughput using OpenCL for targeting more variety of processors. First, multiple outputs relating to performance are predicted, including upper-bound and lower-bound values. Second, by using the model parameters, an application can be categorized into a different category, each with its own suggestions for improving performance and energy efficiency. Third, the bandwidth saturation point accuracy is significantly improved by considering independent memory accesses and updating the performance model. Furthermore, a trade-off analysis using architectural and application parameters is straightforward, which provides more insights to improve energy efficiency. In the future, a computer system will contain hundreds of heterogeneous cores. Hence, it is mandatory that a workload gets scheduled to an efficient core or distributed on both types of cores. A preliminary work by using the analytical model to do scheduling between CPU and GPU is demonstrated in the appendix. Since profiling phase is not required, the kernel code can be transformed to run more efficiently on the specific architecture. Another extension of the work regarding the relationship between the speed-up and energy efficiency is mathematically derived. Finally, future research ideas are presented regarding the usage of the model for programmer, compiler, and runtime for future heterogeneous systems.

Allocation of expensive resources, (such as Multiplier) onto the CGRA has been of interest from quite some time. For these architectural solutions to fulfill the designers' requirements, it is of utmost importance that the design offers high performance, low power consumption, and effective area utilization. The allocation problem is studied using the UntangledII gaming environment, which has been developed at the Reconfigurable Computing Lab at UNT to discover the design of custom domain-specific architectures. This thesis explores several case-studies to investigate the arrangement of functional units and interconnects to achieve a low power, high performance, and flexible heterogeneous designs that can fit for a suite of applications. In the later part, several human mapping strategies of top and bottom players to design a custom domain-specific architecture are presented. Some common trends that were examined while analyzing the mapping strategies of the players are also discussed.

With growing farm sizes, increasing work load, and increasing social and legislative demands for loose housing, health monitoring of farm animals is playing a bigger role for farmers worldwide. A type of information that can be used to determine the health status of dairy cows is positional data. However, since dairy cows spend a lot of time indoors in protection from various weather conditions or to perform other activities, GPS solutions are not sufficient. Moreover, the devices that the dairy cows carry must have a long battery life in order to avoid frequent system maintenance. This thesis researches possible system solutions to enable indoor positioning of dairycows within loose housed freestall barns. The proposed system configuration is then optimized in terms of energy consumption, and the trade-off between dynamic energy consumption and position accuracy is investigated. Previous research has focused on one or the other, and the development of systems with extreme battery life has not been a priority. The proposed system uses a proprietary 433MHz radio frequency band to estimate the dairy cows’ positions, and accelerometer data to adaptively alter estimation frequency to minimize energy consumption. After the optimization process, the proposed system is shown to have a battery life of at least two years with an accuracy of approximately 7–8m and a precision of 11–12 mutilizing four anchor nodes in an experimental barn. The theorized correlation of the position accuracy and energy consumption could not be found. Keywords: indoor positioning, dairy cows, weighted non-linear least squares, energyconsumption, agriculture, system design, optimization, positioning accuracy, Sub GHzradio, battery life
Med växande gårdsstorlekar, ökande arbetsbelastning, påtryckningar från samhället och lagstiftning för lösdrift, gör att hälsoövervakning av gårdsdjur spelar en större roll för jordbrukare världen över. En typ av information som kan användas för att bestämma mjölkkors hälsa är positioneringsdata. Eftersom mjölkkor spenderar mycket tid inomhus för att skyddas mot väder, eller för att utföra andra aktiviteter, så lämpar sig inte lösningar baserade på GPS. Utöver det så krävs det att enheterna som korna bär med sig har en lång batteritid för att undvika frekventa systemunderhåll. Den här masteruppsatsen undersöker potentiella systemlösningar för att möjliggöra inomhuspositionering av mjölkkor i lösdriftsladugårdar. Den valda konfigurationen är sedan optimerad med avseende på energikonsumtion. Därefter undersöks förhållandet mellan dynamisk energikonsumtion och lokaliseringsnoggrannhet, tidigare forskning har fokuserat på antingen eller. Utvecklingen av system med lång livslängd har inte heller varit en prioritet. Det föreslagna systemet använder sig utav proprietära radiotekniker på 433MHz-bandet för att skatta mjölkkornas position. Dessutom används accelerometerdata till att adaptivt justera skattningsfrekvensen för att minimera energikonsumtion. Efter optimeringsprocessen har det föreslagna systemet en batteritid på minst två år, med en noggrannhet på ungefär 7–8m och en precision på 11–12m, när endast fyra ankarnoder användes i en experimentladugård. Den teoretiserade korrelationen mellan lokaliseringsnoggrannhet och energikonsumtion kunde ej påvisas. Nyckelord: inomhuspositionering, mjölkkor, viktad icke-linjär minstakvadratmetod,energikonsumtion, jordbruk, systemdesign, optimering, lokaliseringsnoggrannhet, SubGHz radio, batteritid

Cette thèse porte sur le phénomène de vulnérabilité qui fait référence à une situation de pauvreté potentielle dans laquelle un consommateur peut se retrouver à tout moment de sa vie lorsqu’il est confronté à différents aléas (Baker, Gentry, Rittenburg, 2005). Le profil des consommateurs vulné-rables est difficilement appréhendable par une simple catégorisation tant les dimensions de la vulné-rabilité sont multiples. Nous nous intéressons dans cette recherche à cette frange de consommateurs encore méconnue qui se retrouve dans l’obligation de développer des stratégies coping (Hamilton, Catterall, 2008, 2005) pour maintenir un lien à la consommation. Nous nous focalisons sur la con-sommation énergétique et menons notre recherche en France et au Royaume-Uni, deux fortement engagés en matière de protection des consommateurs vulnérables. Dans la mesure où nous cherchons à décrire l’évolution des comportements de consommation, nous convenons de la mise en place d’une démarche qualitative basée premièrement sur des interviews semi-directives auprès d’acteurs locaux puis des entretiens auprès des consommateurs vulnérables. Au cours de cette deuxième investigation, nous recourons à l’utilisation d’une double méthode : la mé-thode projective des récits immersifs et les entretiens phénoménologiques. Ce choix nous permet, d’une part d’éviter la stigmatisation de nos interlocuteurs et d’autre part de cerner au mieux l’évolution de leurs comportements de consommation. L’interprétation des résul-tats nous permet de mener une discussion sur le consommateur vulnérable et la manière dont il appréhende sa situation. Ce dernier développe de nombreuses compétences issues de la mobilisation de différentes ressources pour faire face à une situation difficile. Ce résul-tat en matière de capacité à mobiliser des compétences invite à réinterroger les fondamen-taux de la vulnérabilité. Les qualificatifs de démuni ou d’assisté, longtemps utilisés pour dé-signer cette frange de consommateurs semble désormais injustifié. Les consommateurs vul-nérables sont capables de réactivité et de réflexivité au même titre que l’ensemble des con-sommateurs. Nous concluons enfin cette recherche par l’identification d’actions pouvant être adoptées par les acteurs confrontés à l’émergence de la vulnérabilité
This thesis focuses on the vulnerability issue that refers to a situation of potential poverty that can affect any consumer (Baker, Gentry, Rittenburg, 2005). The profile of vulnerable consumers is hard-ly apprehendable due to the multiple dimensions of vulnerability. In this research we focus on these unknown consumers who face the obligation to develop coping strategies (Hamilton, Catterall, 2008, 2005) in order to maintain their consumption. We concentrate on energy consumption and conduct our work in France and in the United Kingdom, two countries highly engaged in the pro-tection of vulnerable consumers. As we seek to describe changes in consumer behavior, we agree to establish a qualitative research based first on semi-structured interviews with local actors, and inter-views with vulnerable consumers. During the second investigation, we decide to use a dual ap-proach: projective method and phenomenological interviews. This choice helps to avoid stigmatiza-tion of respondents and contributes to identify changes in consumption patterns. At the end of this research, we conduct a discussion about the vulnerable consumer and the way he copes with his life conditions. Vulnerable consumers develop many skills from the mobilization of various resources to deal with a difficult situation. This result invites to reconsider the fundamental of vulnerability. The terms of needy or assisted people used to describe these consumers seem now unjustified. Vulnera-ble consumers are able to react as all consumers. We conclude this research by identifying actions than can be adopted by organizations facing the increase of vulnerability

Limiter les émissions de dioxyde de carbone (CO2) est devenu un enjeu d’envergure internationale, notamment pour les industries des secteurs énergétique, chimique et métallurgique. À cette fin, des technologies de captage de CO2 ont été développées durant ces dernières décennies. Dans cette étude, nous nous intéressons à trois types de technologies de captage de CO2 : par absorption chimique à la MEA, par séparation membranaire et par adsorption sur charbon actif. Le CO2 considéré est émis par une centrale à charbon puis directement valorisé au sein d’un procédé de fabrication sur le même site. L’objectif de cette étude est de quantifier les bénéfices environnementaux de l’installation d’une technologie de captage de CO2, en comparaison à la configuration actuelle, sans captage du CO2. Notre approche associe modélisation systémique des procédés et analyse de cycle de vie (ACV). La méthodologie adoptée consiste à modéliser le système complet (la centrale, le procédé de fabrication et les différentes unités de captage) en utilisant un logiciel de diagrammes de flux (Aspen Plus), puis à déterminer les impacts environnementaux par une ACV. Les résultats montrent que le procédé par adsorption chimique à la MEA est fortement pénalisé par l’utilisation du solvant, tant en ce qui concerne la consommation énergétique que les impacts environnementaux. Le procédé membranaire montre des impacts environnementaux importants, malgré une consommation énergétique bien plus faible, en raison de l’utilisation massive de polymères (matériaux membranaires). Enfin, le procédé par adsorption au charbon actif présente des impacts environnementaux moins élevés que les deux autres procédés dans la grande majorité des catégories d’impact
Limiting carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions is a major global issue, particularly for the energy, chemical and metallurgical industries. To this end, CO2 capture technologies have been developed in recent decades. In this study, we focused on three types of CO2 capture technologies: chemical absorption by MEA, membrane separation and activated carbon adsorption. The CO2 considered is emitted by a coal-fired power station and then directly valorized within a manufacturing process on the same site. The objective of this study was to quantify the environmental benefits of installing a CO2 capture technology in comparison to the current configuration, without CO2 capture. Our approach combined process modeling and life cycle assessment. The methodology adopted was to model the complete system (the power plant, the manufacturing process and the various capture units) using a flowsheeting software (Aspen Plus), then to determine the environmental impacts by LCA. The results show that the MEA chemical adsorption process is strongly penalized by the use of the solvent, both regarding the energy consumption and the environmental impacts. The membrane process exhibits significant environmental impacts, despite a much lower energy consumption, due to the massive use of polymers (membrane materials). Finally, the activated carbon adsorption process has lower environmental impacts than the other two processes in the vast majority of impact categories

The purpose of this research is to determine the average energy intensity of multi-unit residential buildings (MURBs) in Toronto, and evaluate whether certain building characteristics influence energy intensity. This information is particularly important in the Toronto market. Relative to the city’s population, Toronto has an unusually high proportion of MURBs with more than half of residential dwellings in apartment buildings. Additionally, Toronto MURBs are significant consumers of energy and produce an estimated 1.3M tonnes of CO2e each year. The ultimate goal is to assess the most efficient building retrofit measures. Energy consumption data for Toronto MURBs were collected and weather normalized. Correlations between the energy data and the building characteristics were examined. Window characteristics and heating system type were found to have the most significant influence on energy intensity. Establishing energy consumption characteristics of MURBs is the first step towards improving the energy efficiency of Toronto’s MURBs stock.

碩士
國立臺北科技大學
冷凍空調工程系所
93
In order to provide the data for HVAC design energy saving for future, this study is based on the actual measurement and survey from different sizes of product line in Taiwan TFT-LCD 3.5G & 5G plant to establish and analysis the unit consumption of process equipment & plant utility system, to calculate different system consumption situation, to research the possibility and the best situation for MAU supply amount and operation system. Reduce the product cost and expands the production of TFT-LCD plant, the size of board is getting bigger. For process request, the area for new plant is getting bigger and the energy consumption is increaseing. Currently, the design is usually based on the equipment demand sheet provided by the suppliers. This study focuses on part of HVAC consumption to calculate, analysis and to discuss the possibility of the energy saving space. It also provides the way to lower the energy consumption of chiller system and improve the MAU operation model and to judge the way of energy saving for heat exhaust recovery situation. It will decrease the environment pollution caused by CO2 and also enhance the efficiency of energy consumption and lower down the operation cost of unit consumption. This study also can establish the best model of energy utilization and the key way of unit energy for future plant expasion, which can lower the plant and operation cost to increase the ability of National competition of TFT-LCD after all.

abstract: The residential building sector accounts for more than 26% of the global energy consumption and 17% of global CO2 emissions. Due to the low cost of electricity in Kuwait and increase of population, Kuwaiti electricity consumption tripled during the past 30 years and is expected to increase by 20% by 2027. In this dissertation, a framework is developed to assess energy savings techniques to help policy-makers make educated decisions. The Kuwait residential energy outlook is studied by modeling the baseline energy consumption and the diffusion of energy conservation measures (ECMs) to identify the impacts on household energy consumption and CO2 emissions. The energy resources and power generation in Kuwait were studied. The characteristics of the residential buildings along with energy codes of practice were investigated and four building archetypes were developed. Moreover, a baseline of end-use electricity consumption and demand was developed. Furthermore, the baseline energy consumption and demand were projected till 2040. It was found that by 2040, energy consumption would double with most of the usage being from AC. While with lighting, there is a negligible increase in consumption due to a projected shift towards more efficient lighting. Peak demand loads are expected to increase by an average growth rate of 2.9% per year. Moreover, the diffusion of different ECMs in the residential sector was modeled through four diffusion scenarios to estimate ECM adoption rates. ECMs’ impact on CO2 emissions and energy consumption of residential buildings in Kuwait was evaluated and the cost of conserved energy (CCE) and annual energy savings for each measure was calculated. AC ECMs exhibited the highest cumulative savings, whereas lighting ECMs showed an immediate energy impact. None of the ECMs in the study were cost effective due to the high subsidy rate (95%), therefore, the impact of ECMs at different subsidy and rebate rates was studied. At 75% subsidized utility price and 40% rebate only on appliances, most of ECMs will be cost effective with high energy savings. Moreover, by imposing charges of $35/ton of CO2, most ECMs will be cost effective.
Dissertation/Thesis
Doctoral Dissertation Mechanical Engineering 2019

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)
The Air Handling Unit (AHU), which serves the entire basement of Engineering and Technology (ET) building on IUPUI campus, had constant set points of discharge air temperature and supply air static pressure. Two reset schedules were investigated to determine which was the best control strategy to minimize energy consumption of the AHU. In this research, a gray box model was established to create the baseline of energy consumption with constant set points and predict the energy savings using two di↵erent reset schedules. The mathematical model was developed in Engineering Equation Solver (EES). It was validated using two sets of sub hourly real time data. The model performance was evaluated employing Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) and Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD). Additionally, uncertainty propagation identified outside air temperature, supply airflow rate and return air temperature were the key parameters that had an impact in overall energy consumption. Discharge air temperature was reset based on return air temperature (RA-T) with a linear reset schedule from March 4 to March 7. Static pressure was reset based on the widest open Variable Air Volume (VAV) box damper from March 20 to March 23. Results indicated that 17% energy savings was achieved using discharge air temperature reset while the energy consumption reduced by 7% using static pressure reset.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)
Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) is the technology responsible to maintain temperature levels and air quality in buildings to certain standards. In a commercial setting, HVAC systems accounted for more than 50% of the total energy cost of the building in 2013 [13]. New control methods are always being worked on to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the system. These control systems include model predictive control (MPC), evolutionary algorithm (EA), evolutionary programming (EP), and proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers. Such control tools are used on new HVAC system to ensure the ultimate efficiency and ensure the comfort of occupants. However, there is a need for a system that can monitor the energy performance of the HVAC system and ensure that it is operating in its optimal operation and controlled as expected. In this thesis, an air handling unit (AHU) of an HVAC system was modeled to analyze its performance using real data collected from an operating AHU using a wireless monitoring system. The purpose was to monitor the AHU's performance, analyze its key parameters to identify flaws, and evaluate the energy waste. This system will provide the maintenance personnel to key information to them to act for increasing energy efficiency. The mechanical model was experimentally validated first. Them a baseline operating condition was established. Finally, the system under extreme weather conditions was evaluated. The AHU's subsystem performance, the energy consumption and the potential wastes were monitored and quantified. The developed system was able to constantly monitor the system and report to the maintenance personnel the information they need. I can be used to identify energy savings opportunities due to controls malfunction. Implementation of this system will provide the system's key performance indicators, offer feedback for adjustment of control strategies, and identify the potential savings. To further verify the capabilities of the model, a case study was performed on an air handling unit on campus for a three month monitoring period. According to the mechanical model, a total of 63,455 kWh can be potentially saved on the unit by adjusting controls. In addition the mechanical model was able to identify other energy savings opportunities due to set point changes that may result in a total of 77,141 kWh.

The thesis compares and analyses the development of production/consumption of energy in the EU28, in selected countries (Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Hungary, Slovenia), and especially in the Czech Republic and Slovakia in the context of accepting and development (change) of energy policies. The main aspect of the work was to analyze trends in energy consumption and (in) dependence, structure of energy production/consumption, particularly with the application potential of alternative energy sources and energy savings. This thesis confirmed that there are significant differences in achieving the main objectives of EU energy policy among states. Statistical (correlation) analysis did not confirmed a significant dependence between the energy (in) dependence, the energy saving rates and the share of alternative energy sources. Synthetic index of energy change has evaluated Hungary and Slovakia from selected countries with the best energy progress since 2004. It was not proved that Slovakia or Czech Republic have a consistent long-term energy policy that they would explicitly followed. Key words: energy policy, energy savings, energy consumption, energy dependence, European Union