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Journal articles on the topic 'Unit of measure of money'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 2 August 2025

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1

Rahayu Indah Anggraeni, Dini Astri Wijayanti, and Eva Dwi Kurniawan. "Implementasi Fungsi Uang Pada Sistem Perekonomian Dalam Novel Negeri Para Bedebah Karya Tere Liye." Jurnal Manajemen dan Ekonomi Kreatif 2, no. 1 (2023): 80–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.59024/jumek.v2i1.279.

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This research aims to describe the function of money in the world economy using the novel Negeri Para Bedebah by Tere Liye. The research method used in studying the novel Negeri Para Bedebah is a qualitative descriptive method, this method contains quotes from the novel which can provide an overview of the presentation of research results. The theory used in this research is based on the Function of Money theory (Gilarso: 2004). The object of this research is the function of money in the world economy in the novel Negeri Para Bedebah by Tere Liye. The results of the research show that there ar

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Lapavitsas, Costas. "The limits of currency politics." European Law Open 2, no. 3 (2023): 636–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/elo.2023.50.

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AbstractIn Locke’s philosophy money is ‘naturalised’ and thus ostensibly removed from political contestation. Locke has been criticised for marginalising monetary politics, and thus downplaying the conventional character of money that could potentially allow for democratic monetary reform. Drawing on Marx’s writings, this paper shows that money is indeed a social convention, but its inherent economic functioning restricts its susceptibility to political contestation. There are limits to the democratic reform of money in a capitalist economy that spring from money’s own nature.Specifically, the

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3

Кучеров, Илья, and Ilya Kuchyerov. "Essence, Functions and Legal Forms of Funds." Journal of Russian Law 4, no. 9 (2016): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/21222.

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The article attempts to identify existing legal forms of funds through the prism of the performance of the basic functions. It explains fundamental role money has to play: a function of medium of exchange, a measure of value, means of accumulation, means of payment and the function of world money. The function of medium of exchange involves the use of funds in the area of trading. Use of money as a common counting unit is connected with the economical function of the measure of value. This function means that money serves as the universal means of indicating the price of goods, works and servi

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Ilyas, Rahmat. "KONSEP UANG DALAM PERSPEKTIF EKONOMI ISLAM." BISNIS : Jurnal Bisnis dan Manajemen Islam 4, no. 1 (2016): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21043/bisnis.v4i1.1695.

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<p>Money is usability standards contained in the goods and labor.<br />Money is defined as anything that is used to measure the type<br />of goods and labor. Suppose the price is standra for goods,<br />while the wage is the standard for humans, each of which is an<br />estimate of the value of goods and the power of people.<br />Estimated values of goods and services wherever the land is<br />represented by units, the units which is the standard used to<br />measure the usefulness of goods and labor that became a<br />medium of exchange (m

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Imamia, Tsumma Lazuardini, Agus Suman, Multifiah Multifiah, and Asfi Manzilati. "Islamic Paradigm of Money: Interconnected Dimensions." Revista CEA 7, no. 15 (2021): e1873. http://dx.doi.org/10.22430/24223182.1873.

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In Islam, money is viewed as a means to measure value and a tool for transactions. This study explains other dimensions of money while also examining its use in the interconnected social and religious phases of human life. Since money is perceived differently across cultures, we conducted a literature review to identify dimensions other than the one considered by Western culture. For this purpose, we used scientific articles, book chapters, and books as the primary sources, which allowed us to obtain a complete and coherent description of the phenomenon under study. According to the results, m

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Mniwasa, Eugene E. "The financial intelligence unit and money laundering control in Tanzania." Journal of Money Laundering Control 22, no. 3 (2019): 543–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmlc-07-2018-0043.

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Purpose This paper aims to explore the role of the financial intelligence unit in Tanzania in fighting against money laundering and its predicate offences, examine its potential in controlling the problem and describe factors that undermine its efficacy. Design/methodology/approach The doctrinal research approach is used to analyse Tanzania’s anti-money laundering law and appraise its effectiveness in facilitating operations of the financial intelligence unit in fighting against money laundering and its predicate offences. The law-in-context approach is applied to interrogate the anti-money la

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Rengganis, Fany Dewi, and Dwi Setiawan Susanto. "Evaluation of the anti-money laundering programs implementation in Indonesia." Integritas : Jurnal Antikorupsi 9, no. 2 (2023): 229–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.32697/integritas.v9i2.973.

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The term money laundering emerged in the early 19th century. Although various prevention and enforcement efforts have been developed since then, money laundering still occurs throughout the world. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out continuous evaluations to ensure that the applicable policies to curb money laundering remain adequate. This research aims to evaluate the effectiveness of anti-money launder-ing programs in Indonesia using the opportunity element approach in fraud models that are represented by the regulations, implementations, and supervisions. This research will evaluate: (1

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Arifin, Danail, and Maryanto Maryanto. "Special Measures for Crime Unit Police Resort Kudus in Law Enforcement of Infringement Currency Crime." Jurnal Daulat Hukum 2, no. 1 (2019): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.30659/jdh.v2i1.4207.

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This study aims to 1) special crimes unit Efforts to combat the crime of counterfeiting currency in the police resort Kudus; 2) The implementation of the inhibiting factors against the crime of counterfeiting currency in police resort Kudus; 3) The solution in overcoming barriers to enforcement against the crime of counterfeiting currency� Police resort KudusThe results showed that Significantly, the circulation of counterfeit money in Kudus Regency has experienced a dramatic decline in the period 2016 to 2017. It certainly shows that the performance of the police improved and further strength

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9

Fatoureh Bonab, Amir. "A review of inflation and economic growth." Journal of Management and Accounting Studies 5, no. 02 (2019): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jmas.vol5iss02pp1-4.

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In economics, inflation is a sustained increase in the general price level of goods and services in an economy over a period of time. When the price level rises, each unit of currency buys fewer goods and services; consequently, inflation reflects a reduction in the purchasing power per unit of money – a loss of real value in the medium of exchange and unit of account within the economy. Methodology: A chief measure of price inflation is the inflation rate, the annualized percentage change in a general price index, usually the consumer price index, over time. The opposite of inflation is defla

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Sherazi, Humera, Hafeez Rehman, and Shafqat Mehmood Khan. "INFLATION DETERMINANTS AND POLICY MEASURES: EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS FOR PAKISTAN." December 2022 38, no. 04 (2022): 511–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.51380/gujr-38-04-10.

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Appropriate economic choices are very much dependent on stability of prices. It will bring certainty regarding purchasing power of the money. This research uses Johenson cointegration approach covering time duration from 1980 to 2018. The empirical estimates of this study shows that in long run all explanatory variables (unemployment, government consumption expenditures, unit price of imports, interest rate and money supply) have momentous influence in accelerating inflation in Pakistan. The findings show that decrease in unemployment and increase in unit value of imports will enhance inflatio

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Ojediran, Oladele Adeyi, and Taliat Olayinka Emiola. "The Effectiveness of Monetary Policy Instruments in Creating Real Sector Output Growth in Nigeria." AFAR Multidisciplinary Journal of Social Sciences (MJSS) 4, no. 1 & 2 (2024): 219–34. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15228607.

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Monetary policy, a crucial instrument for economic stabilisation, comprises measures to control and manage the quantity, accessibility, cost, and movement of credit and money in an economy in order to accomplish certain macroeconomic policy goals. The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of different monetary policy instruments (money supply, interest rates, exchange rate) on real sector output growth in Nigeria during the period under consideration. To this end, the study used annual time series data from the CBN statistical bulletin and the World De

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Filho, Bruno Amado Rodrigues, Alexandre Nixon Raulino Soratto, Léssio Lourenço Nunes, and Carlos Otávio de Almeida Afonso. "Economic distortion as an indicator to measure the impact of legal metrology activities." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2606, no. 1 (2023): 012003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2606/1/012003.

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Abstract The economic distortion represents the monetary unit involved in measurement deviations in trade. The greater are the deviations of measuring instruments used in the market, the greater are the money under uncertainty in the economy. That market asymmetry can be reduced by legal metrology processes, decreasing losses to both seller and buyers, ensuring trust. The Brazilian National Metrology Institute, Inmetro, in 2021, introduced the economic distortion as one of the indicator to evaluate the performance of legal metrology services. The preliminary results were obtained for the fuel

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Mohammed, Qasem Al-maflehi, Dileep Arjune Prof., and Mohammed Hadi Nasser Dr. "An analytical study of the effect of money supply on the exchange rate in the Yemeni economy during the period (1995_2018)." International Journal of Advance and Applied Research 11, no. 1 (2023): 81–91. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10043246.

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<strong>Abstract:</strong>             This study aimed to measure the effect of money supply on the exchange rate in the Yemeni economy during the period 1995-2018, using Vector Auto Regression (VAR) to estimate the long-term relationship between the study variables and the error correction vector (VECM) to find the short-term relationship. The study found a positive and significant effect of money supply on the exchange rate in the Yemeni economy during the research period, as the coefficient reached (25.3). This means that if the money

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Ashiru, Yusuff Olatunji. "Money Supply Movement and Food Inflation in Nigeria." Growth 9, no. 1 (2022): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.20448/growth.v9i1.3815.

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Among the major macroeconomic objectives of any nation is to ensure higher economic growth without significant and persistent upward trend in the general price level. No wonder monetary authorities do emphasis low inflation-output growth. In Nigeria, all efforts of the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) to achieve single digits inflation over the years have been abortive. Against this background, this paper examines the impact of money supply on food inflation in Nigeria using monthly data between 1996:01 and 2021:12. The augmented Dickey-Fuller test of unit root is to check the stationary of money

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Hazoor, Tehmina, Muhammad Zaheer Khan, and Farzana Sher. "Monetary pressure, inflation dynamics and structural shocks in Pakistan." Ekonomski pregled 73, no. 6 (2022): 957–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.32910/ep.73.6.6.

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The objective of the study was to analyze whether the changes in money supply can account for variations in inflation dynamics in the presence of structural breaks by using data for the period 1970-2019. Zivot Andrews (one break) and Lee and Strazicich (two breaks) unit root tests were used to detect the structural shocks. To determine the long run relationship in the presence of structural shocks, Gregory &amp; Hansen (1996) Cointegration test was used. Results show a robust long-run relationship between inflation, money supply, interest rate, and output. The empirical evidence show that

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Nkurunziza, Fabrice. "Money Demand in Rwanda: A Cointegration Analysis 2008Q3-2015Q4." Issues in Economics and Business 2, no. 2 (2016): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ieb.v2i2.10497.

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This paper estimates the demand for money in Rwanda over the 2008Q3 to 2015Q4 period via unit root and cointegration methods. Utilizing the Johansen cointegration methodology, it establishes that a long-term relationship exists among the included variables. The paper also estimates an error correction model (ECM) as well as a vector error correction model (VECM), extending previous analyses by testing for Granger causality among the variables. It finds that the narrow definition of money, M1, serves as a relatively better measure of the money aggregate than M2, and M3. The long-term interest r

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Omerbegović Arapović, Adisa. "Creation of Money in a Full Reserve Banking System and the Separation of Money from Interest – Presentation of the Balance Sheets of the Central Bank and Commercial Banks in Bosnia and Herzegovina." Društvene i humanističke studije (Online) 9, no. 2(26) (2024): 1039–56. https://doi.org/10.51558/2490-3647.2024.9.2.1039.

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This paper evaluates the impact of a paradigm shift in the monetary system by introducing a model of full reserve banking, focusing on the outcome of separating the generation of money from interest, which can only be achieved by abolishing the system of creating money through debt creation in the banking system. The main thesis argues that the current system, in which private commercial banks create money by issuing loans, results in deposits that mix savings achieved through economic activity with newly created money, leading to economic inefficiency and potential instability because debt an

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Gavrilova, Natalia, and Larysa Zadorozhnia. "Current Trends in Money Circulation in Ukraine." Central Ukrainian Scientific Bulletin. Economic Sciences, no. 9(42) (2023): 197–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.32515/2663-1636.2023.9(42).197-203.

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The article analyzes the structure of the money supply in Ukraine, analysis of cash banknotes. The purpose of the study is to determine the key principles and modern features of the organization of money circulation in Ukraine, to analyze the structure of the money supply and identify directions of its optimization. The problems, advantages and disadvantages of cash and non-cash money circulation in Ukraine have been identified. According to the results of the study, the М0 monetary unit for 2021 increased from UAH 384.37 billion compared to 2019. to 581.01 billion UAH, the monetary unit М1 in

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19

Rossinskiy, Viktor. "On the causal order in the theory of interest." Theoretical economics, no. 12 (December 30, 2024): 33–44. https://doi.org/10.52957/2221-3260-2024-12-33-44.

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In support of the following exposition, a simple, brief justification of the exchange of goods by value is made. Such an obvious justification, by chance, could have been made earlier. One can only wonder at the waywardness of chance. Marx showed that the seller, while benefiting from arbitrary markups, loses from them as a buyer. Conclusion: surplus value is formed in production. Marx appointed the measure of value (wealth obtained from market production) the payment of simple labor (the cost of unit consumption – SEP), which is also applicable to the productivity of factors refuted in the ar

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Cho, Hyungsun Chloe, and Miguel D. Ramirez. "Money Demand in Korea: A Cointegration Analysis, 1973-2014." Business and Economic Research 6, no. 1 (2016): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ber.v6i1.8950.

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<p class="ber">This paper estimates the demand for real money in Korea over the 1973Q3 to 2014Q4 period via unit root and cointegration methods. Utilizing the Johansen cointegration methodology and the Pantula principle, it establishes that a long-term relationship exists among the included variables. The paper also estimates an error correction model (ECM) as well as a vector error correction model (VECM), extending previous analyses by performing forecasts and testing for Granger causality among the variables. It finds that the broader definition of money, M2, serves as a relatively be

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Casmir Chinaemerem, Osuji, Nzotta Samuel Mbadike, Ebiringa Oforegbunam Thaddeus, Ebiringa Oforegbunam Thaddeus, and Chigbu Emmanuel Ezeji. "Money control indicators and investment in Nigeria." International Journal Of Innovation And Economic Development 1, no. 2 (2015): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/ijied.1849-7551-7020.2015.12.2002.

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This study empirically investigates the impact of money control indicators on investment in Nigeria. This study was necessitated by the apparent failure of the increasing volume of money supply in the Nigerian economy to induce a corresponding increase in investment, output and employment. The study made use of secondary data covering a period of 34 years from 1980 to 2013. Data were sourced from World Bank indicators and CBN Statistical Bulletin. Econometric techniques such as unit root test, co-integration, vector autoregressive model, and impulse response and variance decomposition analysis

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Meyer, Bruce D., and James X. Sullivan. "Identifying the Disadvantaged: Official Poverty, Consumption Poverty, and the New Supplemental Poverty Measure." Journal of Economic Perspectives 26, no. 3 (2012): 111–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.26.3.111.

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We discuss poverty measurement, focusing on two alternatives to the current official measure: consumption poverty, and the Census Bureau's new Supplemental Poverty Measure (SPM) that was released for the first time last year. The SPM has advantages over the official poverty measure, including a more defensible adjustment for family size and composition, an expanded definition of the family unit that includes cohabitors, and a definition of income that is conceptually closer to resources available for consumption. The SPM's definition of income, though conceptually broader than pre-tax money in

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Choi, Byungwook. "Analysis on the Hedging Effectiveness of KIKO Currency Options." Journal of Derivatives and Quantitative Studies 21, no. 1 (2013): 1–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jdqs-01-2013-b0001.

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This article explores the hedging effectiveness of KIKO options by using the mean-variance analysis of Markowitz and by comparing three hedge measures such as Sharpe hedging effectiveness measure proposed by Howard and D’Antonio (1987), Fishburn (1977)’s measure, and Ederington (1979)’s. which calculates the degree to which the rate of return per unit of risk increases and total volatilty and down-side risk of hedged portfolio diminishes respectively. This paper differs from the previous researches in that this research first assumes that the firms hold the same value of dollar amount as that

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Fauzi, Fitriya, Kenneth Szulczyk, and Abdul Basyith. "Moving in the right direction to fight financial crime: prevention and detection." Journal of Financial Crime 25, no. 2 (2018): 362–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfc-06-2017-0060.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify current measures taken for financial crime’s prevention and detection in the context of Indonesia. Design/methodology/approach This study is based on data from articles in Indonesian newspapers relating to the current financial crimes, current measures of preventing financial crimes in Indonesia and based on the literature review. Findings There are some attempts to combat financial crimes in Indonesia, both internally and externally. The attempts that have been made for the internal scope are the enactment of anti-money laundering law, the new

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Mosbei, Thomas, Silas Kiprono Samoei, Clement Cheruiyot Tison, and Edwin Kipyego Kipchoge. "Exchange rate volatility and its effect on intra-East Africa Community regional trade." Latin American Journal of Trade Policy 4, no. 9 (2021): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5354/0719-9368.2021.58790.

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East Africa Community exchange rate volatility spiraled up when the countries adopted the Structural Adjustment Policies in early 1980s. The question that remains unanswered is whether exchange rate volatility hinders or promotes trade. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of exchange rate volatility and its effect on Intra-East Africa community regional trade. Unit root tests results indicated that some of the variables were stationary at levels and on first difference, all variables were I(1). Differenced panel data was fitted into the General Autoregressive Conditional He

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Kadhim, Hatem Karim, and Riyadh Kareem Al-Ghezi. "Using Attribute-Based Costing To Conduct Efficient Customer Profitability Analysis In Small And Medium-Sized Manufacturing Businesses." Akkad Journal of Contemporary Management Studies 1, no. 2 (2022): 66–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.55202/ajcms.v1i2.31.

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The research aims to show both cost technology based on ABC II specifications and customer The study seeks to demonstrate both cost technology and customer profitability analysis based on ABC II standards (CPA as contemporary accounting techniques and money from a significant role in developing the performance of the economic unit compared to traditional cost technologies). Emphasizing the function of cost technology in delivering relevant information to manage the monetary team enables it to examine the profitability of the client and retain customers for the men's clothes factory in Najaf. T

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Tirmizi, Syed Muhammad Ali, Muhammad Jawad Haider, and Shahab Ud Din. "The Risk of Foreign Exchange Exposure of Stock Returns Concerning Non-Financial Listed Firms." Global Economics Review VI, no. I (2021): 105–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/ger.2021(vi-i).09.

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The foreign exchange rate fluctuations do create an impact on stock returns, which has been investigated for non-financial listed Pakistani firms. The real effective exchange rate has been used as the true measure of foreign exchange exposure. The modelled econometric equation includes; firm size, firm liquidity, money supply and inflation as predictors of stock returns. Twenty-five non-financial listed firms have been evaluated for the study period 2004 to 2013, which signifies the military regime era proceeded by peoples party rule in Pakistan. Financial data analysis, including; ADF unit ro

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Wojciech Filipkowski. "The Phenomenon of Money Laundering as a Field of Research in Poland." Archives of Criminology, no. XXVIII (January 29, 2006): 169–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.7420/ak2005-2006i.

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Legalising proceeds of crime has been criminalised since 1995 in Poland when the Protection of Economic Turnover Act came in force. The trouble was that no one had an idea what it was. Few cases were investigated and most of tchem were dismissed by the court. The necessary studies became inevitable in order to measure the phenomenon. There have been two major fields of research concerning the money laundering issue: the methods of legalising proceeds of crime and building and organising anti-money laundering regime in Poland. The first issue refers to the problem of the phenomenology of money

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Yussof, Sheila Ainon, and Abdullah Masoud Humaid Al-Harthy. "Cryptocurrency As An Alternative Currency In Malaysia: Issues and Challenges." ICR Journal 9, no. 1 (2020): 48–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.52282/icr.v9i1.137.

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Fintech (or financial technology) is the current driving force behind innovations in the financial services industry. One of the most debated innovations is cryptocurrency, or digital currency, which uses blockchain technology to make a direct electronic payment between two people possible, without going through a third party (like a bank) or expensive intermediaries in order to save costs. This future money is pressurising central banks to manage the looming threat of redundancy as it overshadows fiat currency in a world of infinite fintech possibilities. Bitcoin, being the first decentralise

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Berbec, A., and D. Laskowska. "Evaluation of Doubled Haploid Derivatives of the Flue-cured Nicotianatabacum cv. Wislica." Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research 22, no. 2 (2006): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0821.

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AbstractA total of 51 doubled haploid (DH) derivatives of the flue-cured true-breeding tobacco variety Wislica were obtained via anther culture and colchicine-induced chromosome doubling. Of that number eight DH lines showed morphological aberrations and/or reduced vigour that made them unfit to be grown in the field. The remaining 43 DH lines were grown in 2001 under regular flue-cured tobacco management and evaluated for principal growth indicators, yield, curability and gross money returns from unit area. In 2002, the evaluation was scaled down to include 13 best performing DH lines of 2001

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Newfield, Christopher. "Yes to the New Education, but What Kind?" PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 133, no. 3 (2018): 686–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2018.133.3.686.

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Cathy N. Davidson's core claim in the new education is fundamentally important: the university system in the united states is undermining itself with a factory-production model that wasn't great in the twentieth century and is dysfunctional in the twenty-first. Whenever they come under political fire, nonelite colleges and universities proclaim their eagerness to Taylorize student learning—make it more efficient with tighter process control— through the more rigorous application of output measures like cost per unit and time to degree. hey regulate learning with grades and bell curves, which w

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George-Anokwuru, Chioma Chidinma. "Deposit Money Banks’ Credit and Agricultural Output in Nigeria." Journal of Economics and Management Sciences 1, no. 1 (2018): p230. http://dx.doi.org/10.30560/jems.v1n1p230.

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Agriculture was the mainstay of the Nigerian economy before the period of oil boom. But after the oil boom, growth and development in agriculture has been constrained by high interest rate by deposit money banks as well as in ability to access credit or loan by farmers. This scenario led to increase in unemployment, poverty and food shortage. Given these problems, the paper examined deposit money banks’ credit and agricultural sector output in Nigeria from 1985-2015. To this effect, secondary data on agricultural sector output, deposit money bank’s credit to agricultural sector, interest rate

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Fulena, Viraj, Hemant B. Chittoo, and D. Gaël Henriette Bolli. "Examining the Effects of the Recent AML/CFT Legislation in Mauritius." Journal of Business, Management, and Social Studies 3, no. 1 (2023): 50–65. https://doi.org/10.53748/jbms.v3i1.57.

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This paper focuses on examining the implications of money laundering in Mauritius and providing recommendations to mitigate its negative effects. Another objective of this study is to assess the effectiveness of anti money laundering (AML) efforts by financial institutions in Mauritius, which was accomplished through the analysis of both primary and secondary data. The research targets professionals in the compliance and in the AML field within the financial sector of Mauritius. Through qualitative interviews of AML professionals and a quantitative survey of 209 respondents, the study reveals

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Naghi Nahrsulduz, Arefe. "Investigating the role of the disclosure type in predicting the profitability of companies listed in the Tehran Stock Exchange." Journal of Management and Accounting Studies 5, no. 03 (2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jmas.vol5iss03pp1-6.

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In economics, inflation is a sustained increase in the general price level of goods and services in an economy over a period of time. When the price level rises, each unit of currency buys fewer goods and services; consequently, inflation reflects a reduction in the purchasing power per unit of money – a loss of real value in the medium of exchange and unit of account within the economy. A chief measure of price inflation is the inflation rate, the annualized percentage change in a general price index, usually the consumer price index, over time. The opposite of inflation is deflation. If econ

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Phillips, Peter C. B., and Werner Ploberger. "Posterior Odds Testing for a Unit Root with Data-Based Model Selection." Econometric Theory 10, no. 3-4 (1994): 774–808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026646660000877x.

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The Kalman filter is used to derive updating equations for the Bayesian data density in discrete time linear regression models with stochastic regressors. The implied “Bayes model” has time varying parameters and conditionally heterogeneous error variances. A σ-finite Bayes model measure is given and used to produce a new-model-selection criterion (PIC) and objective posterior odds tests for sharp null hypotheses like the presence of a unit root. This extends earlier work by Phillips and Ploberger [18]. Autoregressive-moving average (ARMA) models are considered, and a general test of trend-sta

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Vojvodić Balaž, Violeta. "Monetary Symbolism: Art as a Deposit of Value." AM Journal of Art and Media Studies, no. 20 (October 15, 2019): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.25038/am.v0i20.333.

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MONEY – a unit of account, a deposit of value, and a medium of exchange – formally evolved from grain, precious metal, cheap paper, to state-of-the-art digital accounting records managed by artificial intelligence. Although the economists of the 19th century believed in its neutrality, money is an ambiguous socio-economic phenomenon which serves as a political tool and a measure of value even if its own value is volatile. The stamp of authority marked the symbolization of money as a cultural artifact: the character of a ruler, a symbol, or an inscription on the coin came to be a signifier of v

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AMADI, Sonny Nwonodi, Victor AKIDI, and Samuel BIIRA. "Private Sector Investments: The Implication of Deposit Money Banks’ Credits in Nigeria." International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation X, no. XII (2024): 576–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.51244/ijrsi.2023.1012043.

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Reported in this article is the empirical effect of deposit money banks’ credits on Nigeria’s private sector’s investments. The study was evaluated empirically over a period of forty-one years, from 1981 to 2021. Deposit money banks’ credits is proxied by bank credits, with interest rate and money supply moderating regressors while private sector investments is measured as private investments. Utilized for analysis are sourced secondary data from the Central Bank of Nigeria statistical bulletin and the applied methods of analysis include descriptive statistic technique, Augmented Dickey-Fuller

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Jusic, Asim. "Kuwait’s Administrative Risk-based Model for the Prevention of Money Laundering: Costs and Benefits of Compliance with the Financial Action Task Force (fatf) Standards." Arab Law Quarterly 31, no. 2 (2017): 101–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15730255-31020005.

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During the period from 2013-2015, Kuwait adopted the new administrative risk-based anti-money laundering and combating the financing of terrorism (aml/cft) regulatory framework. This article analyses the costs and benefits of the compliance of the new framework with the fatf’s standards, focusing on the structural changes: (1) a move from a hybrid-prosecutorial to a fully-fledged administrative model of financial intelligence unit; (2) adoption of the risk-based approach to the prevention of money laundering and terrorist financing (ml/tf); and (3) the increase in reporting obligations and pre

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ROUSSEAU, PETER L. "A common currency: early US monetary policy and the transition to the dollar." Financial History Review 13, no. 1 (2006): 97–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565006000072.

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The transition of the US money supply from the mixture of paper bills of credit, certificates and foreign coins that circulated at various exchange rates with the British pound sterling during the colonial period to the unified dollar standard of the early national period was rapid and had far-reaching consequences. This article documents the transition and highlights the importance of this standardisation in bringing order to the nation's finances and in facilitating the accumulation and intermediation of capital. It describes how the struggle of the colonies to maintain viable substitutes fo

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Chitimira, Howard, and Menelisi Ncube. "Towards Ingenious Technology and the Robust Enforcement of Financial Markets Laws to Curb Money Laundering in Zimbabwe." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal 24 (May 21, 2021): 1–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2021/v24i0a10729.

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Technology has positively contributed to the creation of financial markets and the facilitation of payments globally. The effective use of robust technology could enhance the consistent enforcement of financial market laws by curbing financial crimes in any country. This in turn would enhance the integrity of financial markets and promote the viability of financial markets. In relation to this, it appears that Zimbabwe has struggled to comply with international measures to combat money laundering and the financing of terrorism (AML/CFT) since it has poor financial market laws which are inconsi

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Martínez-Morales, Heynar. "Importance of Compliance with the Obligation of the Suspicious Activity Report (SAR) against Money Laundering: Some General Considerations." Criminology and Criminal Law Review 7, no. 1 (2024): 48–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.58179/cclr7104.

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In the fight against Money Laundering, the effectiveness of the task known as the Suspicious Activity Report (SAR), undoubtedly, constitutes one of the main protection shields for Obligated Subjects to their prevention with Risk-Based Approach (RBA). It stands as one of the most relevant sources of information for the analytical work of a Financial Intelligence Unit (FIU). It is the starting point for subsequent investigation, prosecution and application of criminal measures, and it is an incentive of great importance for decision-making in administrative, criminal and criminological policies

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Gowthaman, Jathurika. "Financial Institutions' Development and Economic Growth: Evidence from Sri Lanka by Employing ARDL Model." International Journal of Management, Accounting and Economics 11, no. 12 (2024): 1640–63. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14396480.

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This research aims to analyse the influence of financial institutions' development on the economic growth of Sri Lanka in both the short and long term, to shed light on the significance of financial institutions in stimulating the economic performance of the country. Data for the study is collected solely from Sri Lanka, utilising annual data from 1963 to 2021. Broad Money, Financial system deposits, Domestic credit to the private sector, and Claims in the Private Sector are used to measure financial depth and financial efficiency which are the indicators of financial institutions’ devel

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Al-Ajrawi, Ahmed. "The Impact of the Exchange Rate on Foreign Direct Investment in the Iraqi Agricultural Sector for the Period 1990-2021." Tikrit Journal for Agricultural Sciences 23, no. 1 (2023): 189–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjas.23.1.24.

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 The main objective of the research is to measure the impact of the exchange rate on foreign direct investment in Iraq, and to achieve this, it has been relying on time series data for foreign direct investment, the exchange rate, gross domestic product, inflation rate, and money supply for the period 1990-2021 by applying to the Iraqi economy as independent economic variables and their impact on The dependent variable is the exchange rate, and the unit root and stability test was carried out, and in order to detect the inactivity of the series variables, the developed Dickie-Fuller test

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Al-Ajrawi, Ahmed. "The Impact of the Exchange Rate on Foreign Direct Investment in the Iraqi Agricultural Sector for the Period 1990-2021." Tikrit Journal for Agricultural Sciences 23, no. 1 (2023): 189–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjas.23.1.18.

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 The main objective of the research is to measure the impact of the exchange rate on foreign direct investment in Iraq, and to achieve this, it has been relying on time series data for foreign direct investment, the exchange rate, gross domestic product, inflation rate, and money supply for the period 1990-2021 by applying to the Iraqi economy as independent economic variables and their impact on The dependent variable is the exchange rate, and the unit root and stability test was carried out, and in order to detect the inactivity of the series variables, the developed Dickie-Fuller test

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Oladosu, Deborah, and Seun Oladele. "The monetary policy and price stability nexus: The Nigerian case (1981-2016)." Research Journal of Business and Economic Management 3, no. 1 (2020): 14–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31248/rjbem2019.039.

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The study evaluated the effects of monetary policy on price stability in Nigeria for the period 1981-2016. The consumer price index was used as the dependent variable while money supply, interest rate, exchange rate, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and treasury bill rates were the independent variables. The research made use of secondary data obtained from Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin and World Bank Development Indicators. The study employed Auto Regressive Distributive Lag (ARDL). The unit root test showed that all the time series data were not stationary series. The result showe

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Kesy, Marcin, and Miłosz Łukasz Steleżuk. "MANAGEMENT OF CUSTOMER WITH DYSFUNCTION OF SOCIAL IN HEALTH ORGANIZATIONS." Innovation and Sustainability, no. 1 (April 18, 2023): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31649/ins.2023.1.26.32.

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Any of health organization must be create a good relation not only inside of organization but mostly with all of them from outside of organization. One of them is a patient, by author is named “customer” because for every person for health organization is going money that affects the proper functioning of the hospital. Decision makers within the system are constantly required to make choices, as well as seek alternative ways to measure the unit costs of illness. One of the factors that makes it difficult to optimize the scope of health services is the phenomenon of social exclusion, which is i

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LENYIE, Leesi. "Financial Deepening on the Liquidity of Nigerian Stock Market: A Multi- Dimensional Study." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS AND FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT 8, no. 3 (2023): 99–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.56201/ijefm.v8.no3.2023.pg99.117.

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This study examined the effect of financial deepening on the liquidity of Nigeria capital market. The objective was to determine the effect of financial deepening variables on the liquidity of capital market. Time series data were sourced from Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin. Capital market liquidity measured total market capitalization to all share price index was used as dependent variable while Percentage of Narrow money supply to Gross domestic products, Percentage of broad money supply to Gross domestic products, Percentage of private sector credit to Gross domestic products,

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Obikeze, Chinedum O., Victor O. Okolo, Zita U. Mmamel, et al. "Assessment of Internal Marketing Strategies and Employee Job Satisfaction in Select Financial Institutions in South-East Nigeria: A Comparative Study." American Based Research Journal 7, no. 9 (2018): 18–41. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3455992.

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<em>This paper aims at a comparative study of internal marketing strategies and customer job satisfaction with financial institutions in South-East Nigeria. Dimensions such as training and development; reward and recognition; internal communication and empowerment were used so also measures like employee and customer orientation which is organizational structure towards integrating the unit of measures of employed variables. Primary data were sourced with structured questionnaire from 5 deposit money banks and 5 insurance firms in the zone. Spearman’s Rank Order correlation coe

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Ky, Sereyvath, Edman Flores, and Siphat Lim. "Predicting Price Level Dynamics in Cambodia: A Scenario Analysis." Journal of Ecohumanism 3, no. 4 (2024): 1059–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.62754/joe.v3i4.3342.

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This study aims to conduct a comprehensive scenario analysis to predict the dynamics of price levels in Cambodia. Employing a Vector Autoregression (VAR) model, the study examines the relationships among the inflation rate, foreign exchange rate, and money supply. Rigorous unit root testing and lag order selection ensure the appropriateness and accuracy of the modeling approach. The analysis reveals cyclical patterns and mean-reverting properties among inflation, foreign exchange rates, and money supply growth, emphasizing the need for proactive monetary policy measures by the National Bank of

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Lim, Siphat, Edman Flores, and Casey Barnett. "Analyzing the Effectiveness of a System of Equation Model in Comparison to Single Equation Models for Predicting General Price Level in Cambodia." International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues 14, no. 5 (2024): 156–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.32479/ijefi.16311.

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This study aims to conduct a comprehensive scenario analysis to predict the dynamics of price levels in Cambodia. Employing a Vector Autoregression (VAR) model, the study examines the relationships among the inflation rate, foreign exchange rate, and money supply. Rigorous unit root testing and lag order selection ensure the appropriateness and accuracy of the modeling approach. The analysis reveals cyclical patterns and mean-reverting properties among inflation, foreign exchange rates, and money supply growth, emphasizing the need for proactive monetary policy measures by the National Bank of

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