Relevant bibliographies by topics / Unit trains

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Unit trains'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 15 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Unit trains"

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Li, Weixi, Geordie S. Roscoe, Zhipeng Zhang, M. Rapik Saat, and Christopher P. L. Barkan. "Quantitative Analysis of the Derailment Characteristics of Loaded and Empty Unit Trains." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, no. 10 (November 29, 2018): 156–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118810780.

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Operation of unit trains has grown substantially over the past half century owing to their ability to provide economic and efficient transportation of bulk products. Although various aspects of train safety have been studied, there has been limited research examining the effect of train loading conditions on derailment occurrence, cause and severity. An algorithm was developed to identify derailments of loaded and empty unit trains on mainlines and sidings recorded in the Federal Railroad Administration database. A dataset of these accidents for the 15-year period of 2001–2015 was developed and analyzed. The frequency of derailments for both loaded and empty unit trains declined by more than 50%. The average number of cars derailed per accident fluctuated for both loading conditions, but showed no particular trend. Approximately five times more loaded unit train derailments were recorded in the database than empty unit trains, but in the absence of specific unit train traffic data, inferences about rates are not possible. Loaded unit trains were more than four times heavier than empty unit trains and loaded train derailments tended to involve more cars than empty trains. The distribution of derailment causes differed for loaded and empty unit trains. Loaded trains most frequently derailed because of broken rails and welds, while the leading cause of empty train derailments was obstructions, in particular severe weather. Over 90% of the derailments of loaded and empty unit trains considered in this study occurred on mainline tracks, and the distribution of causes differed between mainline and siding tracks.
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Liu, Xiang. "Risk Comparison of Transporting Hazardous Materials in Unit Trains versus Mixed Trains." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2608, no. 1 (January 2017): 134–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2608-15.

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This research developed an integrated, generalized risk analysis methodology for comparing hazardous materials transportation risk in unit trains versus mixed trains for the same amount of traffic demand. The risk methodology accounted for FRA track class, method of operation, annual traffic density, train length, speed, point of derailment, the number and placement of tank cars in a train, tank car placement, tank car safety design, and population density along the rail line. With these inputs, the methodology estimates train derailment rate, the probability of tank car derailment and release, and release consequence by train configuration. The analysis showed that tank car positions could affect the risk comparison between unit trains and mixed trains in transporting hazardous materials. In particular, if all tank cars were in positions that were least prone to derailment, distributing tank cars to many unit trains could reduce the overall risk. Otherwise, consolidating tank cars into unit trains could lead to a lower risk. The methodology has been implemented in a computer-aided decision support tool that automatically calculates the risk values for various track, rolling stock, and operational characteristics.
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Zaytsev, A. A., and P. S. Troitskiy. "Freight Electric Multiple-Unit Trains as an Alternative to Locomotive Traction. Comparison and Analysis." World of Transport and Transportation 17, no. 3 (September 27, 2019): 72–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.30932/1992-3252-2019-17-3-72-81.

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The advantages of introduction of modular freight electric trains in comparison with freight trains using locomotive traction are described, the main prerequisites for introduction of a distributed multiple-unit freight traction are indicated. The results of comparison of the technology of transportation with traction by locomotive situated at the head of the train and by the train with self-propelled coaches, as well as the analysis of traction calculations of two types of trains are suggested. The international experience of developing freight trains with distributed traction is described.The main directions of implementation of the concept of accelerating freight transportation on the territory of the Russian Federation are noted. It is concluded that in modern conditions, when speed becomes an economic category, it is necessary to create rolling stock of a new generation (wheel and magnetic suspension), and introduction of freight trains with distributed traction becomes extremely relevant.
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Jiang, Zhibin, Yuyan Tan, and Özgür Yalçınkaya. "Scheduling Additional Train Unit Services on Rail Transit Lines." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/954356.

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This paper deals with the problem of scheduling additional train unit (TU) services in a double parallel rail transit line, and a mixed integer programming (MIP) model is formulated for integration strategies of new trains connected by TUs with the objective of obtaining higher frequencies in some special sections and special time periods due to mass passenger volumes. We took timetable scheduling and TUs scheduling as an integrated optimization model with two objectives: minimizing travel times of additional trains and minimizing shifts of initial trains. We illustrated our model using computational experiments drawn from the real rail transit line 16 in Shanghai and reached results which show that rail transit agencies can obtain a reasonable new timetable for different managerial goals in a matter of seconds, so the model is well suited to be used in daily operations.
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Arshintsev, Dmitriy, Sergey Tolmachev, and Alexander Brzhezovskiy. "The development of service conditions for special-purpose cars based on the results of full-scale tests." Proceedings of Petersburg Transport University, no. 3 (September 20, 2018): 455–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.20295/1815-588x-2018-3-455-462.

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Objective: To develop the conditions of special cargo railway cars, multi-axis container cars and railway non-autonomous multiple unit trains circulation for transportation of special-purpose goods on public railways of OAO “RZhD”. The speeds of such trains can be higher in comparison with the speeds established by the existing normative documents of JSC “Russian Railways” for cargo trains. Special-purpose cars in nominal loading mode circulate in a train set with a unit locomotive. Methods: The assessment of conditions of the special-purpose rolling stock circulation was carried out by the results of tests on the line as well as the impact on the track and pointwork in the accredited centers, based on the regulations of GOST R 55050–2012. Results: The conditions for the fleet circulation consisting of 8–32-axle special-purpose railway cars, multiaxial container cars and non-autonomous multiple unit trains were established. Practical importance: A set of regulatory documents of JSC “Russian Railways” was developed in the form of regulations on technical conditions of special-purpose railway cars, conveyors and multiple unit trains designed for transportation of special purpose freight.
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Bowman, D. M., J. J. Eggermont, and G. M. Smith. "Effect of stimulation on burst firing in cat primary auditory cortex." Journal of Neurophysiology 74, no. 5 (November 1, 1995): 1841–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1995.74.5.1841.

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1. Neural activity was recorded extracellularly with two independent microelectrodes aligned in parallel and advanced perpendicular to isofrequency sheets in cat primary auditory cortex. Multiunit activity was separated into single-unit spike trains using a maximum variance spike sorting algorithm. Only units that demonstrated a high quality of sorting and a minimum spontaneous firing rate of 0.2 spikes/s were considered for analysis. The primary aim of this study was to describe the effect of periodic click train and broadband noise stimulation on short-time-scale (< or = 50 ms) bursts in the spike trains of single auditory cortical units and to determine whether stimulation influenced the occurrence, spike count, and/or temporal structure of burst firing relative to a spontaneous baseline. 2. Extracellular recordings were made in 20 juvenile and adult cats from 69 single auditory cortical units during click train stimulation and silence, and from 30 single units during noise stimulation and in silence. In an additional 15 single units the effect of both click train and noise stimulation was investigated. The incidence, spike count, and temporal structure of short-time-scale burst firing in the first 100 ms following stimulus presentation was compared with burst firing in the period starting 500 ms after stimulus presentation and with spontaneous burst firing. In addition, the serial dependence of interspike intervals within a burst was tested during periods of stimulation. 3. Burst firing was present in the stimulation, poststimulation, and spontaneous conditions. Longer bursts (consisting of > or = 3 spikes) were more commonly observed in the poststimulation and spontaneous conditions than in the stimulation condition. This effect was most pronounced during click stimulation. A period of elevated firing activity was present in a subset of units 0.5-1.5 s after stimulus presentation, indicating prolonged effects of stimulation on single-unit firing behavior. 4. For both stimuli, the proportion of single-unit responses composed of bursts was significantly greater in poststimulation and spontaneous periods than during stimulation. Burst rate was higher in post-click-train stimulation and spontaneous periods than during periods of click stimulation. The isolated spike rate was significantly higher during periods of noise and click stimulation than in the poststimulation and spontaneous periods. 5. An examination of the autocorrelograms and higher-order interspike interval histograms of single-unit responses during click train stimulation indicated that 25% of single-unit spike trains contained an excess of brief first-order intervals and 14% of spike trains contained a shortage of long higher-order interspike intervals relative to a spontaneous baseline. During noise stimulation, 10% of single-unit responses contained an excess of short intervals relative to baseline. Interspike intervals of short-duration bursts were not serially dependent during periods of stimulation. 6. A comparison of the autocorrelograms and higher-order interval histograms of single-unit responses in the poststimulation and spontaneous conditions indicated that 20% of single-unit spike trains contained an excess of short first-, second-, and third-order intervals following stimulation. This subgroups of single units could not be distinguished on the basis of the age of the animal or the depth at which the recording was made. 7. The low incidence of burst firing during stimulation opposes the view that bursts serve as a mechanism to emphasize or amplify particular stimulus-related responses in the presence of ongoing spontaneous activity in the primary auditory cortex. Moreover, there is little evidence to support the notion that brief bursts represent neural codes, because intraburst intervals are not serially dependent. It is suggested that pyramidal burst firing may be an effective way to evoke postsynaptic firing in inhibitory interneurons and subsequ
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Glushko, Marat Ivanovich, Nadezhda Grigorievna Fetisova, and Artyom Razhapovich Galiullin. "Brake condition monitoring in multiple unit trains." Transport of the Urals, no. 1 (2016): 86–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.20291/1815-9400-2016-1-86-87.

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Bomford, John P. "A PSYCHIATRIC UNIT TRAINS FOR CRISIS INTERVENTION." Australian Occupational Therapy Journal 23, no. 2 (August 27, 2010): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1630.1976.tb01046.x.

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Wilkinson, D. T. "Electric Braking Performance of Multiple-Unit Trains." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Transport Engineering 199, no. 4 (October 1985): 309–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1985_199_171_01.

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The paper describes the many interrelationships of the various factors and types of braking techniques including the partially contradictory relationship between maximizing the use of the electric braking effort capability and maximizing the electrical regeneration capability and in the frequently misunderstood terms of maximum demand and peak demand. Various braking techniques from the past, present and looking towards the future are described which minimize the overall energy consumption and thus the operating costs of an electric railway system.
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Bedenbaugh, Purvis, and George L. Gerstein. "Multiunit Normalized Cross Correlation Differs from the Average Single-Unit Normalized Correlation." Neural Computation 9, no. 6 (August 1, 1997): 1265–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco.1997.9.6.1265.

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As the technology for simultaneously recording from many brain locations becomes more available, more and more laboratories are measuring the cross-correlation between single-neuron spike trains, and between composite spike trains derived from several undiscriminated cells recorded on a single electrode (multiunit clusters). The relationship between single-unit correlations and multiunit cluster correlations has not yet been fully explored. We calculated the normalized cross-correlation (NCC) between single unit spike trains and between small clusters of units recorded in the rat somatosensory cortex. The NCC between small clusters of units was larger than the NCC between single units. To understand this result, we investigated the scaling of the NCC with the number of units in a cluster. Multiunit cross-correlation can be a more sensitive detector of neuronal relationship than single-unit cross-correlation. However, changes in multiunit cross-correlation are difficult to interpret uniquely because they depend on the number of cells recorded on each electrode and because they can arise from changes in the correlation between cells recorded on a single electrode or from changes in the correlation between cells recorded on two electrodes.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Unit trains"

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Malvestio, Irene. "Detection of directional interactions between neurons from spike trains." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/666226.

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An important problem in neuroscience is the assessment of the connectivity between neurons from their spike trains. One recent approach developed for the detection of directional couplings between dynamics based on recorded point processes is the nonlinear interdependence measure L. In this thesis we first use the Hindmarsh-Rose model system to test L in the presence of noise and for different spiking regimes of the dynamics. We then compare the performance of L against the linear cross-correlogram and two spike train distances. Finally, we apply all measures to neuronal spiking data from an intracranial whole-night recording of a patient with epilepsy. When applied to simulated data, L proves to be versatile, robust and more sensitive than the linear measures. Instead, in the real data the linear measures find more connections than L, in particular for neurons in the same brain region and during slow wave sleep.
Un problema important en la neurociència és determinar la connexió entre neurones utilitzant dades dels seus trens d’impulsos. Un mètode recent que afronta la detecció de connexions direccionals entre dinàmiques utilitzant processos puntuals és la mesura d’interdependència no lineal L. En aquesta tesi, utilitzem el model de Hindmarsh-Rose per testejar L en presència de soroll i per diferents règims dinàmics. Després comparem el desempenyorament de L en comparació al correlograma lineal i a dues mesures de trens d’impulsos. Finalment, apliquem totes aquestes mesures a dades d’impulsos de neurones obtingudes de senyals intracranials electroencefalogràfiques gravades durant una nit a un pacient amb epilèpsia. Quan utilitzem dades simulades, L demostra que és versàtil, robusta i més sensible que les mesures lineals. En canvi, utilitzant dades reals, les mesures lineals troben més connexions que L, especialment entre neurones en la mateixa àrea del cervell i durant la fase de son d’ones lentes.
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Lin, Zhiyuan. "Passenger train unit scheduling optimisation." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2014. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/8607/.

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This thesis deals with optimisation approaches for the train unit scheduling problem (TUSP). Given a train operator’s fixed timetables and a fleet of train units of different types, the TUSP aims at determining an assignment plan such that each train trip in the timetable is appropriately covered by a single or coupled units, with certain objectives achieved and certain constraints respected. From the perspective of a train unit, scheduling assigns a sequence of trains to it as its daily workload. The TUSP also includes some auxiliary activities such as empty-running generation, coupling/decoupling control, platform assignment, platform/siding/depot capacity control, re-platforming, reverse, shunting movements from/to sidings or depots and unit blockage resolution. It is also relevant with activities like unit overnight balance, maintenance provision and unit rostering. In general, it is a very complex planning process involving various aspects. Current literature on optimisation methods for the TUSP is very scarce, and for those existing ones they are generally unsuitable for the UK railway industry, either due to different problem settings and operational regulations or simplifications on some critical factors in practice. Moreover, there is no known successful commercial software for automatically optimising train unit scheduling in the world as far as the author is aware, in contrast with bus vehicle scheduling, crew scheduling and flight scheduling. This research aims at taking an initial step for filling the above gaps. A two-level framework for solving the TUSP has been proposed based on the connection-arc graph representation. The network-level as an integer multicommodity flow model captures the essence of the rail network and allocates the optimum amount of train unit resources to each train globally to ensure the overall optimality, and the station-level process (post-processing) resolves the remaining local issues like unit blockage. Several ILP formulations are presented to solve the network-level model. A local convex hull method is particularly used to realise difficult requirements and tighten LP relaxation and some further discussions over this method is also given. Dantzig-Wolfe decomposition is used to convert an arc formulation to a path formulation. A customised branch-and-price solver is designed to solve the path formulation. Extensive computational experiments have been conducted based on real-world problem instances from ScotRail. The results are satisfied by rail practitioners from ScotRail and are generally competitive or better than the manual ones. Experiments for fine-tuning the branch-and-price solver, solution quality analysis, demand estimation and post-processing have also been carried out and the results are reported. This research has laid a promising foundation leading to a continuation EPSRC funded project (EP/M007243/1) in collaboration with FirstGroup and Tracsis plc.
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Fanin, Giovanni. "Optimising the Scheduling of Train Unit Cleaning." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018.

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Scheduling of Train Unit Cleaning is one of the planning processes required at DSB, The Danish Railway Company. In order to ensure an adequate service level to its customers, train cleaning must be planned as efficiently as possible. The presence of several decision variables and even more constraints requires the utilization of a tool to ensure the respect of all the requests while cost of operations is minimized. This thesis project proposes an optimisation model to solve the train cleaning scheduling problem. A mathematical formulation based on a space-time network describing the movement of the rolling stock is presented. A Label Setting Algorithm based on this network can solve to optimality the reduced scheduling problem associated with each train unit. In order to obtain a cleaning operation plan for all the train set, the Label Setting Algorithm generates it in a recursive way and a heuristic approach verifies the respect of further restrictions. The algorithm was tested on real instances from DSB. The main parameters of evaluation were the total time of execution of the cleaning operations and the service level provided. The Label Setting Algorithm with its flexibility has permitted us to implement different assumptions on parameters. In each of these situation the proposed model has generated good results in terms of cost minimization. The use of a greedy heuristic approach in a second stage has demonstrated to be the weakest part of the approach, on which future improvement can be considered.
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Gilmour, Scott. "Institutional herding : evidence from the South African Unit Trust Industry." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/51801.

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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2000.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Similar trading patterns, or so-called herding by institutional investors has interested market participants and academics for some time. Recent international research has established empirical evidence of this phenomenon. The context of this study is to observe evidence of herding by institutional investors in the South African Unit Trust Industry during the period December 1991 to September 1999. Furthermore, it investigates possible relationships between institutional herding and other topics of interest. These include risk profile of funds, market volatility, house view of management companies, size of herd, returns on hypothetical portfolios and on individual shares. Empirical results indicate evidence of herding over the period, albeit at a relatively small level. The average count herding measure of 2,4% is similar to levels recorded in the American Mutual Fund and Pension Fund Industries. A currency imbalance ratio is also used to measure herding, and indicates average levels of herding of 8,3%. This measure is deemed to reflect greater accuracy. as it measures actual currency movements (size of positions) as opposed to number of funds active in a share. On average, herding is present as often on the buy side as on the sell side of the market. Intuition would suggest that as the size of a herd increases (number of funds taking similar positions), the degree of herding increases. Evidence from this study corroborates with an American study, indicating to the contrary. There is a statistically significant negative relationship between the size of a herd and degree of herding. An observation of herding measures relative to the risk profile of funds indicates the presence of a statistically significant positive relationship. Highest levels of herding are recorded in aggressive growth funds and lowest levels in income/growth funds. This supports the rationale that aggressive growth funds, by nature of their investment objective, follow high growth firms. Analysts possess less accurate information regarding future earnings; hence the greater herding levels, for whatever reason. House views, imposed by individual management companies, may also lead to higher herding levels. There is tentative evidence of the presence of this practice, particularly in two of the seven companies observed. The relationship between herding and equity market volatility indicates an interesting phenomenon. There is the presence of a strong positive relationship between quarterly volatility estimates and levels of herding. This relationship changes materially for volatility levels in excess of 9%, indicating the clear presence of a structural breakpoint. For quarterly volatility estimates greater than 9%, the relationship weakens substantially and the slope of the relationship flattens. A quarterly time series of portfolio returns is calculated relative to levels of herding to observe trading strategies practiced by fund managers. The findings indicate weak evidence of funds following positive feedback trading strategies. Furthermore, funds trade in past winners more often than in past losers, indicating the absence of window dressing strategies. There is strong evidence of funds following profit taking strategies at quarterly intervals. The absence of return reversals indicates the absence of over reaction at quarterly intervals.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Soortgelyke handelspatrone, of sogenaamde samedromming van institusionele beleggers, is al geruime tyd vir markdeelnemers en akademici van belang. Onlangse internasionale navorsing het empiriese bewys van hierdie fenomeen opgelewer. Hierdie studie is daarop gefokus om bewyse van samedromming deur institisionele beleggers waar te neem, binne konteks van die Suid Afrikaanse Effektetrustbedryf gedurende die periode Desember 1991 tot September 1999. Daar word verder ondersoek ingestel na 'n moontlike verhouding tussen institusionele samedromming en ander onderwerpe van belang. Ingesluit hierby is die risikoprofiel van fondse, markonbestendigheid, 'house view' van bestuursmaatkappye, grootte van die samedromming, opbrengste van hipotetiese portefeuljes en individuele aandele. Empiriese resultate dui aan dat bewyse van samedromming gedurende die relevante periode wel bestaan, alhoewel dit op 'n relatiewe klein skaal plaasvind. Die gemiddelde telling samedrommingsmaatstaf van 2,4% is soortgelyk aan die vlakke waargeneem in die Amerikaanse Mutualfonds en Pensioenfondsbedrywe. 'n Geldeenheid onewewigtigheidsverhouding word ook gebruik as maatstaf van samedromming en dui 'n gemiddelde samedrommingsvlak van 8,3% aan. Die laasgenoemde maatstaf word as meer akkuraat beskou aangesien dit werklike geldeenheidbewegings (grootte van die posisies) reflekteer, in teenstelling met die aantal fondse wat aktief betrokke is by 'n spesifieke aandele. Samedromming is oor die algemeen ewe veel teenwoordig tydens die koop en verkoop van aandele in die mark. Intuïsie dui aan dat soos die grootte van die samedromming toeneem (aantal fondse wat dieselfde posisie inneem), die intensietyd van samedromming ook toeneem. Bewyse van hierdie studie bevestig die bevindinge van 'n Amerikaanse studie wat aandui dat die teenoorgestelde waar is. Statisties gesproke is daar 'n wesenlike negatiewe verhouding tussen die grootte en intensietyd van samedromming. 'n Waarneming van samedrommingsmaatstawwe, relatief tot die risikoprofiel van fondse, dui die teenwoordigheid van 'n statistiese wesenlike positiewe verhouding aan. Die hoogste vlakke van samedromming word waargeneem by aggresiewe groeifondse en die laagste vlakke by inkomste-/groeifondse. Hierdie bevinding staaf die gedagte dat aggresiewe groeifondse, as gevolg van die aard van hul beleggingsdoelwit, hoë groei maatskappye volg. Ontleders beskik oor minder akkurate inligting ten opsigte van toekomstige opbrengs en gevolglik is daar groter samedrommingsvlakke vir watter rede ookal. 'House views', soos voorgeskryf deur individuele bestuursmaatskappye, mag ook tot hoër vlakke van samedromming lei. Voorlopige bewyse ten opsigte van die teenwoordigheid van hierdie praktyk bestaan, veral in twee van die sewe maatskappye waargeneem. Die verhouding tussen samedromming en aandelemarkonbestendigheid reflekteer 'n interessante fenomeen. 'n Sterk positiewe verhouding is teenwoordig tussen kwartaalikse onbestendigheidsskattings en vlakke van samedromming. Hierdie verhouding verander wesenlik vir onbestendigheidsvlakke groter as 9%, wat die teenwoordigheid van 'n strukturele breukpunt duidelik aantoon. 'n Kwartaallikse tydreeks van portefeulje-opbrengste word bereken relatief tot die vlak van samedromming om handelstrategië, soos deur fondsbestuurders toegepas, waar te neem. Bevindinge dui aan dat daar gebrekkige bewyse is van fondse wat positiewe terugvoerstrategië volg. Daar is ook gevind dat fondse meer gereeld handel in gewese wenners as in gewese verloorders wat 'n afwesigheid van uitstallingsstrategië aandui. Daar is besliste bewyse van fondse wat winsbejagstrategië volg met kwartaalikse tussenposes. Die afwesigheid van omgekeerde opbrengste dui die afwesigheid van oorreaksie aan met kwartaalikse tussenposes.
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Robert, William E. (William Edward). "Unit coal train networks : development and application of a computer simulation model." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/10393.

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Dryhurst, Sarah. "Traits as units for prediction in ecological responses to climate change." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/24427.

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Understanding and predicting ecological responses to climate change is crucial if we are to manage for the detrimental consequences that might ensue in its wake. This thesis looks to develop some new ideas and tools for ecological prediction under climate change, focusing on species traits rather than species themselves as units of prediction. Chapter One begins by reviewing the basis for a trait-based approach to prediction, presenting evidence from natural and experimental systems that responses to climate change cluster by traits. Chapter Two undertakes a proof-of-concept modelling study, using a well-known dataset of contemporary phenological changes under warming to test for trait-based links in the strength and direction of species responses. Chapter Three addresses the critical issue of transferability. One of the strongest justifications for the use of a trait-based approach is that inferences may extend more generally beyond the focal species and system. To test this, it develops trait-based models for long-term datasets of first-arrival dates for migratory birds in two neighbouring US states and assesses cross-applicability between them. Having investigated the functionality and transferability of the trait-based approach, I then explore the bounds of its utility. Chapter Four uses a detailed record of community-wide changes in species abundance under ten years of experimental climate change to assess whether changes in abundance cluster by traits. It also re-evaluates the prevailing hypothesis guiding researchers' interpretations of ecological changes in this system. Chapter Five designs and implements an experiment building on the results of Chapter Four. This experiment tests the role of climatic effects on nitrogen-fixation in driving system dynamics via controlled removal of this trait from experimental communities. Overall, this thesis sheds new light on the role of traits in ecological responses to climate change, highlighting opportunities and limitations for using traits to organise our thinking over prediction and adaptation.
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Oettler, Jan. "Natural history, plastic traits and reproduction in ants." kostenfrei, 2008. http://www.opus-bayern.de/uni-regensburg/volltexte/2008/1089/.

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Campos, Christophe. "Evolution géodynamique des Klamath orientales (Californie, Etats-Unis) au Paléozoi͏̈que inférieur : sa place dans l'histoire de la marge occidentale nord-américaine." Orléans, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995ORLE2075.

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Le bloc des Klamath orientales, dans le nord de la Californie, enregistre les premiers stades de développement et d'accrétion des Cordillères nord-américaines, entre la fin du Précambrien et le début du Carbonifère. Il est formé de quatre unités lithotectoniques juxtaposées tectoniquement. Trois de ces unités sont constituées de matériel intra-océanique Ordovicien à Dévonien moyen. La partie anté-Carbonifère de l'unité des Klamath orientales correspond à l'arc intra-océanique du Copley-Balaklala, développé au cours de deux cycles magmatiques Silurien et Dévonien inférieur. L'unité de Trinity correspond à un fragment de croûte inférieure ayant une histoire magmatique complexe entre l'Ordovicien inférieur et le Dévonien inférieur. Une partie de cette unité sert de subtratim à l'arc du Copley-Balaklala. Le magmatisme Silurien supérieur de cette unité correspond à l'ouverture d'un bassin marginal en liaison avec le rifting de la partie inférieure de l'arc du Copley-Balaklala.
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Ondrejková, Petra. "Podpora intermodální dopravy v Evropské unii." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-192522.

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The thesis deals with an intermodal transport and its development within the European Union. The aim of this work is to analyze the current state of EU transport infrastructure and transport modes. According to these information the paper assess the benefits of this traffic and barriers hampering its development. The aim of the thesis is also to find out how is intermodal transport supported by European Union. The paper focuses on the characteristics of various transport modes and identifies major bottlenecks in the functioning of intermodal transport. The paper approaches the activities of the EU, its main objectives in the field of transport and a relation between intermodality and Union's goals. In conclusion of the thesis, there are discussed the advantages and benefits of intermodal transport, barriers and projects that has helped remove these barriers.
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Löw, Joakim. "Ray Tracing Bézier Surfaces on GPU." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Mathematics, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-5476.

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In this report, we show how to implement direct ray tracing of B´ezier surfaces on graphics processing units (GPUs), in particular bicubic rectangular Bézier surfaces and nonparametric cubic Bézier triangles. We use Newton’s method for the rectangular case and show how to use this method to find the ray-surface intersection. For Newton’s method to work we must build a spatial partitioning hierarchy around each surface patch, and in general, hierarchies are essential to speed up the process of ray tracing. We have chosen to use bounding box hierarchies and show how to implement stackless traversal of such a structure on a GPU. For the nonparametric triangular case, we show how to find the wanted intersection by simply solving a cubic polynomial. Because of the limited precision of current GPUs, we also propose a numerical approach to solve the problem, using a one-dimensional Newton search.

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Books on the topic "Unit trains"

1

Garfield, Gary M. Galloping along the old west trails: An integrated social studies unit. Englewood, Colo: Teacher Ideas Press, 1996.

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Clow, Bradley B. Financial and operating performance of cooperative unit-train shippers in North Dakota. Fargo, N.D: Dept. of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural Experiment Station, North Dakota State University, 1988.

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Persinko, D. An investigation of the contributors to wrong unit or wrong train events. Washington, D.C: Division of Human Factors Technology, Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 1986.

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Farrell, Annette. Asymmetric catalysis using Phosphinamine and Diamine ligands containing a trans-2,5-Dialkylpyrrolidinyl unit. Dublin: University College Dublin, 1999.

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Winning against the odds: The Labour Research Unit in NTUC's founding. Singapore: Straits Times Press, 2011.

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Hannon, Robert A. J.L. Cowen's postwar Lionel trains: O-gauge reference manual II : Motorized units, rolling stock & accessories. Clarksville, Md: CrowsNest Pub., 2003.

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United States. National Transportation Safety Board. Derailment of Union Pacific Railroad unit freight train 6205 west near Kelso, California, January 12, 1997. Washington, D.C: National Transportation Safety Board, 1998.

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Limited, Intertrade Publications (India) Private. Bangladesh trade directory: Identifying principal business and industrial units trading from and with Bangladesh. Kalyani: Intertrade Publications (India), 1986.

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Dorrance, Tom. True unity: Willing communication between horse and human. Tuscarora, Nev: Give-It-A-Go Enterprises, 1987.

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Stuart, Elizabeth. Canada and the world: Canadian government & trading partners : an integrated unit for grade 5/6. [Ontario: s.n.], 2001.

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Book chapters on the topic "Unit trains"

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Dideriksen, J. L., J. A. Gallego, and D. Farina. "Characterization of Pathological Tremor from Motor Unit Spike Trains." In IFMBE Proceedings, 41–44. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-21683-1_10.

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Liljedahl, John B., Paul K. Turnquist, David W. Smith, and Makoto Hoki. "Transmissions and Drive Trains." In Tractors and their Power Units, 360–402. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-6632-4_13.

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Varshney, Shekhar. "Unit Testing." In Building Trading Bots Using Java, 263–76. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-2520-2_13.

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Leimbach, Judy, Kathy Leimbach, and Mary Lou Johnson. "Trading Coins." In Math Extension Units, 37. New York: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003236474-34.

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Gulati, Shekhar, and Rahul Sharma. "Dependency Injection, Mocking, Testing Traits, and Grouping Tests." In Java Unit Testing with JUnit 5, 67–88. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-3015-2_4.

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Schärli, Nathanael, Stéphane Ducasse, Oscar Nierstrasz, and Andrew P. Black. "Traits: Composable Units of Behaviour." In ECOOP 2003 – Object-Oriented Programming, 248–74. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-45070-2_12.

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Cacchiani, Valentina, Alberto Caprara, and Paolo Toth. "Models and Algorithms for the Train Unit Assignment Problem." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 24–35. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-32147-4_4.

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Singh, Ishwar, Krishan Kumar, Prabha Singh, Pranjal Yadava, and Sujay Rakshit. "Physiological and molecular interventions for improving nitrogen-use efficiency in maize." In Molecular breeding in wheat, maize and sorghum: strategies for improving abiotic stress tolerance and yield, 325–39. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789245431.0019.

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Abstract This chapter discusses (i) the importance of nitrogen in plant growth and development, (ii) what is nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE) and how to manage it, (iii) traits influencing nitrogen-uptake efficiency including root system architecture, root nitrogen transporter system, and interaction with microorganisms, (iv) traits influencing nitrogen-utilization efficiency, such as nitrate assimilation, canopy photosynthesis per unit of nitrogen, (v) identification and use of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) related to NUE, (vi) identification of nitrogen-responsive genes, and (vii) nitrogen signalling and transduction for improving NUE. Intensive research on molecular and genetic aspects of NUE has led to the identification of many new genes, QTLs and alleles that could be deployed to develop new genotypes. The future direction of the research efforts should be towards understanding the interaction of NUE-related genes with cellular small RNA flux and perturbing the system performance through metabolic engineering and genome editing techniques.
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Sigmund, Peter. "Units, Fundamental Constants and Conversion Factors." In Springer Tracts in Modern Physics, 15–18. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-44471-8_3.

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Butler, Zack, and Daniela Rus. "Distributed Motion Planning for 3D Modular Robots with Unit-Compressible Modules." In Springer Tracts in Advanced Robotics, 435–51. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-45058-0_26.

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Conference papers on the topic "Unit trains"

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Parsaei, H., F. J. Nezhad, D. W. Stashuk, and A. Hamilton-Wright. "Validation of motor unit potential trains using motor unit firing pattern information." In 2009 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iembs.2009.5332849.

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Talebian, Ahmadreza, and Bo Zou. "Train Planning on a Single Track Shared-Use Passenger and Freight Corridor With Demand Considerations." In 2014 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2014-3732.

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While the train scheduling problem has been investigated for an extended period of time, shared passenger and freight corridor planning and capacity analysis have gained growing attention recently, due largely to the emergence of higher speed rail lines in the US. This study proposes an integrated, hypergraph-based approach that considers constraints from infrastructure supply as well as passenger demand in solving the train scheduling problem on a passenger-freight shared rail corridor. Two approaches are proposed to capture different policies which could be implemented in real world. The first, sequential approach considers passenger train priority in schedule planning, and then develop freight trains schedules given the fixed schedule of passenger trains. In the second approach, we minimize the total costs of freight and passenger trains simultaneously. Our results indicates that the marginal cost increase for freight railroad due to considering passenger train priority is larger than the associated marginal cost reduction for passengers. We also find that using high resolution time units in the mathematical formulation does not significantly improve the solution, meanwhile causing substantial increase in computation time. Therefore we suggest choosing coarser a time unit to first generate an approximate solution, which is subsequently used to reduce the search space for feasible train schedules using a finer-grained time unit. We show that this considerably saves computational effort.
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Sogin, Samuel L., Christopher P. L. Barkan, Yung-Cheng Lai, and Mohd Rapik Saat. "Impact of Passenger Trains in Double Track Networks." In 2012 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2012-74135.

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North American freight railroads are expected to experience increasing capacity constraints across their networks. To help plan for this increased traffic, railroads use simulation software to analyze the benefits of capacity expansion projects. Simultaneous operation of heterogeneous traffic further increases delay relative to additional homogenous traffic. Additional passenger trains can cause more delays to freight trains than additional freight trains. Rail Traffic Controller (RTC) was used to run simulations with varying mixes of unit freight and passenger trains operating at various speeds on a double track configuration. Basic assumptions on the relative difference in priority between train types lead to drastically different results on the impact of adding higher priority trains. This assumption dictates whether the track in the opposing direction should be used for overtake maneuvers. Also, higher speed differentials between train types can result in higher delays as faster trains catch up to slower trains more quickly. These analyses will help planners improve their understanding of the tradeoff in capacity due to operation of different types of trains at different priorities and speeds.
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Gaston, John R., W. Brian Piercy, and C. Scott Harclerode. "Integrated Turbine-Compressor Controls Retrofit for an Olefins Unit." In ASME 1995 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/95-gt-349.

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The Olefins Unit that is the subject of this case study has been operating for 25 years. Recently, the unit initiated a control system retrofit program to increase availability, save energy, and improve access to operating information. New control systems were installed on the ethylene, propylene and furnace gas compressor trains. The gas compression equipment consists of single and multi-case compressor trains driven by steam and gas turbines and electric motors. Significant control system improvements were made to the turbine/compressor speed/load regulation and temperature limiting. The systems also execute “safety system” logic for process and machinery protection. In addition to integrated turbine compressor control, the strategy that incorporates all control functions for the entire compresor train, a new anti-surge algorithm is included. To meet more stringent availability requirements imposed by integration, a triple modular redundant (TMR) system structure is employed. The surge algorithm described in this paper accurately predicts where surge occurs, regardless of changes in gas composition and conditions (e.g., molecular weight, temperature, etc.), and allows the integrated controls to compensate accordingly. A PC workstation-based operator display is provided for enhanced operator awareness of machinery conditions. This paper describes the requirements and implementation of this new approach to control.
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Lu, Debiao, Baigen Cai, Jian Wang, Jiang Liu, and Federico Grasso Toro. "Safety Margin Estimation Using Risk Assessment Method for Satellite-Based Train Localization Unit." In 2016 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2016-5803.

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Safety as the key quality property among RAMS (reliability, availability, maintainability, and safety) demonstrates the most stringent performance in correspondence with the safety requirements and performance standards like EN 50126. Meanwhile, GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems) are penetrating the railway now widely in non-safety related applications as passenger information, fleet management, etc. GNSS also have great potential for safety-related applications in railway such as the train location determination function, which the safety performance needs to be assured through hazard analysis and risk assessment process. The train location determination by satellite-based localization system is elevating the train control to the next level. The European Train Control System (ETCS) has being trying to implementing Level 3, the Chinese Train Control System (CTCS) has been implementing CTCS Level 3 low cost especially for secondary lines, and the U.S. is implementing train control systems under Positive Train Control (PTC) requirements. The train control system needs GNSS to provide more accurate location information of trains, more flexible and condensed trains on tracks with the consistency of still keeping the current safety level or even improve safety. Some researchers are trying to understand the performance of GNSS (GPS / EGNOS / Beidou) for railway applications from the fundamental accuracy level. A satellite-based train localization unit (SaLuT) as the entity to perform the train location determination function is to bring the GNSS accuracy evaluation up to safety integrity according to the safety requirements and standards for risk assessment. One of the key consequential result derived from the train location is the adequate safety margin. The safety margin, which can also be called as “safe braking distance”, is a margin indicated to rail traffic that would allow the train to stop with the application of normal service braking. The safety margin estimation quality and the risk of the safety margin shows the hazard rate for the safety margin estimation function performed by the designed localization unit SaLuT. This paper discusses the safety margin estimation method considering both GNSS accuracy and integrity assessment aspects of SaLuT, in accordance of the settled safety requirements of location determination function. To analyze the hazard of the safety margin estimation, a formal method is applied to model the SaLuT behavior and functions. The formal method based on stochastic Petri net enables the modeling process to include the GNSS receiver collected real data on the test track into it. The safety margin estimation method together with the risk assessment method using the real data can generate quantitative indicators to represent the localization function and safety margin estimation quality. The data used for the analysis is collected in the Qinghai-Tibet railway line from Golmud station to Ganlong station by SaLuT installed on a locomotive along the track. With the stochastic Petri net model and the systematic equation using the real collected data to estimate the safety margin based on the GNSS technologies, the SaLuT can be validated and verified for its hazard rates, which provides information for the safety cases in order to meet the industrial normative requirements.
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Jacazio, Giovanni, and Laura Gastaldi. "An Autonomous Pneumotronic System for Enhancing the Braking Capability of Long Freight Trains." In ASME 2009 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2009-2515.

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Trains brakes are pneumatically actuated and use the same pneumatic line for power and signal transmission. This simple architecture presents limits for long trains since the last vehicles brakes receive a very delayed command and the train speed must be limited. Solutions were proposed using a signal transmission line parallel to the pneumatic line. These systems, though effective, present drawbacks and are of difficult implementation as retrofits. A solution is described, which leaves the braking system unchanged, but reduces the time delay in the signal transmission by adding a pneumotronic unit at the pneumatic line end. This unit analyzes the pressure time history, recognizes the precursors of new braking commands and issues inputs to a valve at the pneumatic line end mirroring the commands to the master valve. The rapidity of the braking action is enhanced, thereby allowing a more uniform braking and a speed increase of long freight trains.
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Parsaei, Hossein, and Daniel W. Stashuk. "Automatic validation of motor unit potential trains extracted by EMG signal decomposition." In 2011 24th IEEE Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering (CCECE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ccece.2011.6030564.

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"Motor Unit Properties and Underlying Determinants in Pathological Tremor." In Special Session on Decoding the Neural Drive to Muscle through the Analysis of Motor Neuron Spike Trains. SCITEPRESS - Science and and Technology Publications, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0004679101330138.

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Bandara, Damindra S., André B. Bondi, Rajni Goel, Nalin Pilapitiya, and Duminda Wijesekera. "Developing a Framework to Address Performance and Security Protocol Concerns in Identity Management for Interoperable Positive Train Control Systems." In 2012 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2012-74113.

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The timely delivery, correctness, integrity, and authenticity of signaling messages sent to trains running under Positive Train Control (PTC) are necessary to ensure safe train operations and to prevent the insertion of malicious messages or the alteration of authentic ones in transit in train control traffic. Mutual authentication of trains and messages must occur when a train enters a zone under PTC from dark territory, when a train moves from one railroad company’s network to another’s, when a train communicates with a Wayside Interface Unit, or when it communicates with the head of a work crew on the railroad line. We describe concerns about performance requirements and protocol security related to this process, and develop a framework for defining use cases, performance models, and secure methods to meet them.
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Bandara, K. R. Damindra S., Satish Kolli, and Duminda Wijesekara. "Secure Intelligent Radio for Trains (SIRT)." In 2017 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2017-2243.

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American Railroads are planning to complete implementing their Positive Train Control (PTC) systems by 2020. Safety objectives of PTC are to avoid inter-train collisions, train derailments and ensuring railroad worker safety. Under published specifications of I-ETMS (the PTC system developed by Class I freight railroads), the on-board PTC controller communicates with two networks; namely, the Signaling network and the Wayside Interface Unit network to gather navigational information such as the positions of other trains, the status of critical infrastructure (such as switches) and any hazardous conditions that may affect the train path. By design, PTC systems are predicated on having a reliable radio network operating in reserved radio spectrum, although the PTC system itself is designed to be a real-time fail safe distributed control systems. Secure Intelligent Radio for Trains (SIRT) is an intelligent radio that is customized to train operations with the aim of improving the reliability and security of the radio communication network. SIRT has two tiers. The upper tier has the Master Cognitive Engine (MCE) which communicates with other SIRT nodes to obtain signaling and wayside device information. To do so, the MCE communicates with cognitive engines at the lower tier of SIRT; namely the Cryptographic Cognitive Engine (CCE) (that provide cryptographic security and threat detection) and the Spectrum Management Cognitive Engine (SCE) (that uses spectrum monitoring, frequency hopping and adaptive modulation to ensure the reliability of the radio communication medium). We presented the architecture and the prototype development of the CCE in [1]. This paper presents the design of the MCE and the SCE. We are currently developing a prototype of the SCE and the MCE and testing the performance of our cognitive radio system under varying radio noise conditions. Our experiments show that SIRT dynamically switches modulation schemes in response to radio noise and switches channels in response to channel jamming.
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Reports on the topic "Unit trains"

1

Skone, Timothy J. Coal Unit Train Assembly, 100 Railcars, Construction. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1509265.

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Skone, Timothy J. Tanker Unit Train Assembly, 100 Railcars, Construction. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1509328.

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Lang, Randall S., and Brian Cahill. Development of Versatile HLA Interface Unit for Naval Aircrew Trainers. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada381523.

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Safer, Scott M. The Alpini Effect: Why the US Army Should Train Units for Mountain Warfare. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada612179.

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Beal, Scott A. Assessment of Two Desk-Top Computer Simulations Used to Train Tactical Decision Making (TDM) of Small Unit Infantry Leaders. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada468772.

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D. H. Cox. Closure Report for Corrective Action Unit 486: Double Tracks RADSAFE Area Nellis Air Force Range, Nevada. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/793206.

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Boldocici, John A., David W. Bessemer, and Donald F. Haggard. Review of the M1 Unit-Conduct of Fire Trainer (U-COFT) Validation and Verification Test Report. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada173938.

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IT Las Vegas. Corrective Action Investigation Plan for Corrective Action Unit 486: Double Tracks RADSAFE Area Nellis Air Force Range, Nevada. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5759.

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ITLV. Corrective Action Decision Document for Corrective Action Unit 486: Double Tracks RADSAFE Area, Nellis Air Force Range, Nevada. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/9592.

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Graham, Scott E. The Unit-Conduct of Fire Trainer (U-COFT) as a Medium for Assessing Gunner Proficiency: Test Reliability and Utility. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada169196.

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