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Journal articles on the topic 'United Fraternity'
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1
Drout, Cheryl E., and Christie L. Corsoro. "ATTITUDES TOWARD FRATERNITY HAZING AMONG FRATERNITY MEMBERS, SORORITY MEMBERS, AND NON-GREEK STUDENTS." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 31, no. 6 (January 1, 2003): 535–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2003.31.6.535.
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This study was designed to look at differences between Greek and non-Greek college students' perceptions of a hazing incident that had taken place in a fraternity setting. Subjects were 231 students (112 Greeks, 119 independents) at a moderate size state university in the eastern United States with a moderate Greek presence. Subjects read one of four conditions of a hazing scenario involving an overdose of alcohol consumed voluntarily or involuntarily administered by a fraternity president or fraternity brother. Dependent measures included attributions of responsibility as well as causal attributions. Authoritarianism was explored as well. Responsibility attributions and causal attributions varied with the voluntary versus involuntary nature of the overdose and with membership in Greek organizations. Finally, Greek students were found to score higher on authoritarianism than were non-Greek students.
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Rahman, Rizal. "How the Legal Fraternity Should Respond to Modern Cybercrimes." Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 8, no. 1 (January 26, 2017): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2017.v8n1p41.
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Abstract This article examines the responses by the legal fraternity in the United Kingdom and United States towards modern cybercrimes, i.e. when cybercrimes are committed using malware and badware. While there have been attempts to cater to those crimes, there has been no viable mechanism yet. The articles seeks to find the reasons behind this problem and proposes a practical approach to it.
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McGuire, Keon M., Terrence S. McTier, Emeka Ikegwuonu, Joseph D. Sweet, and Kenzalia Bryant-Scott. "“Men Doing Life Together”: Black Christian Fraternity Men’s Embodiments of Brotherhood." Men and Masculinities 23, no. 3-4 (June 21, 2018): 579–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1097184x18782735.
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Black people in the United States have and continue to pursue practices of communal bonding as well as cooperative-and-sharing economies, from the invisible institution of Black religion to underground activist collectives such as the African Blood Brotherhood. While many efforts were explicitly political, other organizations primarily emphasized socioeconomic advancement for its group members and the broader Black community. One such set of collectives that in many ways embodied both aims are Black Greek-letter Organizations. One of their enduring legacies is the ability to produce a unique and powerful sense of sisterhood and brotherhood. Through various processes, shared symbols, and cultural artifacts, Black fraternal organizations create a sense of camaraderie readily apparent to even lay observers. Yet, very few empirical studies have examined how fraternity men define and embody such brotherhood bonds. Thus, the purpose of the present study sought to fill these knowledge gaps by addressing the following research questions: (1) how do Black Christian fraternity men define and embody brotherhood? and (2) what social and emotional benefits do Black Christian fraternity men gain from brotherhood? Using qualitative data gathered through various techniques (i.e., semistructured interviews, photovoice and identity maps, focus groups, and Facebook observations), we describe the ways Black male members of this Christian fraternity embody brotherhood as accountability and co-construct a space for men to experience and benefit from intimacy.
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Lichtenfeld, Michelle, and Wesley A. Kayson. "Factors in College Students' Drinking." Psychological Reports 74, no. 3 (June 1994): 927–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1994.74.3.927.
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Associations of age, membership in a sorority or fraternity, and whether a family member had an alcohol-related problem with the number of alcohol-related problem behaviors were examined by asking 160 people on campuses and one Board of Education in the northeastern United States to complete anonymously a 17-item questionnaire reporting the number of drinking-related problem behaviors. A 2×2×3 factorial analysis of variance with unequal ns yielded significance for age, type of family membership, and the interaction between age and membership in a sorority or fraternity. Younger subjects reported more alcohol-related drinking behaviors as did those with members of their family having drinking problems. Finally, younger members of a Greek organization reported the greatest number of problem behaviors.
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Lesničenoka, Agnija. "Student Fraternity of the Art Academy of Latvia “Dzintarzeme”: Latvian National Art Conservation Policy in Exile (1958–1987)." Art History & Criticism 15, no. 1 (December 1, 2019): 57–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mik-2019-0004.
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Summary After the proclamation of the Republic of Latvia in 1918, Latvia experienced a rapid influx of youth into its capital city of Riga, looking to obtain education in universities. Students began to build their academic lives and student societies. In 1923, students of the Art Academy of Latvia founded the “Dzintarzeme” (“Amberland”) fraternity. The aim of “Dzintarzeme” was to unite nationally minded students of the Art Academy of Latvia and to promote the development of national art and self-education. Most “Dzintarzeme” members were faithful to the old masters and Latvian art. This phenomenon is significant, because “Dzintarzeme” members grew up with Latvian painting traditions, which are a remarkable heritage of interwar Latvia. In 1940, when Latvia was occupied by the Soviet Union, “Dzintarzeme” was banned. A part of “Dzintarzeme” members were deported, killed in war, went missing, or stayed in the Latvian SSR; the remaining chose exile. Although scattered throughout the United States of America, Canada, and Australia, some members were able to rebuild and sustain the fraternity’s life, gathering its members, organising trips and anniversary art exhibitions. The aim of this research is to reflect on “Dzintarzeme’s” activities in exile (1958–1987), focusing on the main factors of Latvian national art conservation policy: first, the ability of “Dzintarzeme’s” ideology to preserve the values of Latvian national art in an international environment, and second, the problem of generational change and the enrollment of young Latvian artists who continued to maintain “Dzintarzeme” values in exile.
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Lyall, A. M. "The Railway Family." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 203, no. 1 (January 1989): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1989_203_203_02.
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The Railway Division Chairman reviews his career in Metropolitan Vickers, later GEC, in relation to the worldwide fraternity of railway engineers. He outlines his involvement with the ‘Blue Trains’ and the development of semiconductors and explains how particular problems have been overcome. He discusses the marketing of overseas contracts and describes some of the more recent locomotives that have been successful both in the United Kingdom and overseas. He concludes by mentioning the railway enthusiasts and their contribution to the ‘railway family’.
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Mahapatra, Gaurab Das, Suguru Mori, and Rie Nomura. "Universal Mobility in Old Core Cities of India: People’s Perception." Sustainability 13, no. 8 (April 15, 2021): 4391. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13084391.
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In this research, users’ perception towards Universal Mobility in old core cities of India has been critically analyzed. Despite Universal Design guidelines from the United Nations and Union Government of India, old cities in India seldom have Universal Mobility, in effect endangering the lifestyle of senior citizens and differently-abled people. The core of Kolkata Municipal Corporation in Kolkata, India, has been considered a case example for this research. This research has considered three types of datasets for analysis. First, the authors interviewed 310 respondents from the Indian design fraternity, with the objective of understanding their opinions on the concept of Universal Design. In the next investigative study of 125 respondents from different wards of Kolkata Municipal Corporation, the purpose was to comprehend people’s perception regarding walkability and mobility in an old Indian city. In the last visual survey of a stretch in Central Kolkata, the focus was on identifying hindrances in Universal Mobility in an old city core of Indian origin. Significant dissatisfaction was found regarding walkability amongst all user groups, which is linked to poor infrastructural conditions. Furthermore, accessing public transportation is difficult due to improper waiting facilities. However, the design fraternity in India suggests the need of separate accessibility guidelines for old and new cities in India. The design fraternity also recommends a customized rating system for accessing Universal Design. The result of this study indicates a need of recognizing the difficulty in imparting Universal Mobility in old core cities in India. This information can be used for preparing an access audit checklist through Architectural Planning, which is the first step in proposing a framework for Universal Mobility in old core cities in India.
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Rodriguez, Nathian Shae, and Terri Hernandez. "Dibs on that Sexy Piece of Ass: Hegemonic Masculinity on TFM Girls Instagram Account." Social Media + Society 4, no. 1 (January 2018): 205630511876080. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2056305118760809.
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The study examines how the TFM Girls Instagram account, along with its followers, shapes and maintains dominant discourses of masculinity. Mixed-method analyses revealed that women were depicted more in bikinis, posed in overtly sexually suggestive poses, excluded the women’s eyes and faces, and included predominately White, fit, big-breasted women. There was a positive correlation between the number of likes/comments with breast size. There were also instances of misogyny and objectification manifested in the men’s comments attached to the photographs. The results highlight Instagram as a digital extension of fraternal social spaces. TFM Girls reinforces hegemonic masculinity on a macro-level by allowing virtual linkages among fraternity members across the United States and by fostering a national online frat house ripe with misogyny and objectification.
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Trotter, Joe W. "African American Fraternal Associations in American History: An Introduction." Social Science History 28, no. 3 (2004): 355–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200012797.
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The growth of black fraternal associations is closely intertwined with the larger history of voluntary associations in American society. In the aftermath of the American Revolution, compared to its European counterparts, the United States soon gained a reputation as “a nation of joiners.” As early as the 1830s, the Frenchman Alexis de Tocqueville described the proliferation of voluntary associations as a hallmark of American democracy. In his view, such associations distinguished America from the more hierarchically organized societies of Western Europe. “The citizen of the United States,” Tocqueville (1947 [1835]: 109) declared, “is taught from his earliest infancy to rely upon his own exertions in order to resist the evils and the difficulties of life; he looks upon social authority with an eye of mistrust and anxiety, and he only claims its assistance when he is quite unable to shift without it.” Near the turn of the twentieth century, a writer for theNorth American Reviewdescribed the final decades of the nineteenth century as the “Golden Age of Fraternity” (Harwood 1897).
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Susser, Bernard. "Leo Strauss: The Ancient as Modern." Political Studies 36, no. 3 (September 1988): 497–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.1988.tb00245.x.
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Although his approach to politics and philosophy were relatively little known outside the United States, Leo Strauss was perhaps the most revered and the most controversial figure in post-war American political science. His followers today form what is arguably the most cohesive intellectual fraternity in the discipline. They constitute a highly influential opposition to the empirical–quantitative course taken by political science and political philosophy. This study explores Strauss's ideas highlighting the unconventional mixture of substance and style that gives them an arrestingly idiosyncratic character. Substantively, Strauss belonged to the pre-modern intellectual tradition that understood Truth as accessible and knowable through philosophical contemplation. The form of his argumentation, however, his relentless critique of modernity and the moderns, is conducted with all the cognitive weaponry provided for by the modernist intellectual style.
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Zwicker, Lisa Fetheringill. "Contradictory Fin-de Siècle Reform: German Masculinity, the Academic Honor Code, and the Movement against the Pistol Duel in Universities, 1890–1914." History of Education Quarterly 54, no. 1 (February 2014): 19–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/hoeq.12045.
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The pistol remains the weapon of cripples, the senile, and those infected with a communicable disease. The murder instrument of the highwayman, the dastardly, insidious pistol, is the preferred weapon of the officer.—Hugo Böttger, Editor of theBurschenschaftliche BlätterEven though fraternity men glorified their duels with swords, a series of frivolous pistol duels with deadly ends led students to organize a movement against pistol duels that swept German universities in 1902 and 1903. Students argued that pistol duels violated the rules of reason, morality, and religion—and were thus also purportedly un-German. Male students organized assemblies, made passionate speeches, and passed resolutions in opposition to the pistol duel. They then sent these resolutions to the War Ministers in Prussia, Bavaria, and Saxony. Burschenschaft fraternity men built on their long tradition of liberal political activism and convened assemblies in Berlin, Bonn, Breslau, Freiburg, Giessen, Greifswald, Halle, Kiel, Königsberg, Leipzig, Marburg, Munich, Rostock, and Tübingen and passed resolutions inspired by the movement. Some of these assemblies drew large numbers of students, for example, 600 students in attendance in Leipzig, 1,500 in Munich, and 1,500 in Freiburg. In Berlin, leaders of 67 organizations representing 2,400 members signed petitions against the pistol duel. Other universities not included were majority Catholic institutions, such as Münster or Würzburg, where the opposition to all forms of the duel was even stronger as a result of the Catholic Church's prohibition against dueling. Reaching universities throughout Germany, this movement united students from across the political spectrum.
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Mansfield, Katherine Cumings, Amy Gray Beck, Kakim Fung, Marta Montiel, and Madeline Goldman. "What Constitutes Sexual Harassment and How Should Administrators Handle It?" Journal of Cases in Educational Leadership 20, no. 3 (July 26, 2017): 37–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1555458917696811.
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Gender discrimination and sexual harassment persist on college campuses across the United States. This seems especially obvious at the beginning of the academic year when many freshman women and their parents are welcomed to campus with sexually explicit signs displayed on all-male residences. But, sometimes, sexual harassment and gender discrimination takes a subtler form, creating unique challenges for administrators. This article presents the true case of a professional fraternity party gone awry, testing the leadership skills of several college administrators. The case provides a platform for educational leadership students to apply the theories they are learning in their preparation programs to real-life situations. This case is important and timely as educational leaders across the p-20 pipeline struggle to navigate the U.S. Department of Education Office for Civil Rights’ 2011 directives concerning defining and responding to allegations of sexual assault and harassment.
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Yacoubian, George S. "Correlates of Ecstasy Use among Students Surveyed through the 1997 College Alcohol Study." Journal of Drug Education 33, no. 1 (March 2003): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/dvee-3uml-2hdb-d4xv.
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Anecdotal reports have suggested that the use of 3,4-methylenedioxymeth-amphetamine (MDMA or “ecstasy”) is a growing problem across the United States, primarily among college students and rave attendees. To assess this contention, the drug-using behaviors of 14,520 college students were examined with data collected through the 1997 College Alcohol Study (CAS). Prevalence estimates of ecstasy use were generated and associations between ecstasy use, demographic characteristics, and alcohol and other drug (AOD) use were explored. Six percent of the sample reported lifetime ecstasy use, 3 percent reported use within the past 12 months, and 1 percent reported use within the past 30 days. Compared to non-users, 12-month ecstasy users were significantly more likely to be white, to be a member of a fraternity/sorority, and to have used all other drugs of abuse during the past 12 months. Implications for these findings are discussed.
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Van Til, Jon. "From Liberal Democracy to the Cosmopolitan Canopy." Cosmopolitan Civil Societies: An Interdisciplinary Journal 7, no. 1 (March 19, 2015): 35–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ccs.v7i1.4303.
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Liberalism is that ideology, that worldview, which values, in an ever-evolving set of intelligently intermingled thoughts: democracy, freedom (liberty), equality (justice), fraternity (solidarity), the pursuit of happiness, pluralism (diversity), and human rights--and explores the ever-open ever-possible futures of their rediscovery and advance. The study of ways in which social movements relate to Third sector/nonprofit or voluntary organizations can be structured, if we choose, as a liberal endeavor. That is the message I receive from Antonin Wagner’s (2012) telling of the emergence of a field that focuses its study and developmental energies on place of intermediate associational life in modern society, from Adalbert Evers’ efforts to sustain the welfare state in an era of untrammeled capitalism (2013), and from Roger Lohmann’s (1992) comprehensive vision of a social commons capable of assuring the values of liberal society.This paper sets the theory of liberal democracy in a contemporary cosmopolitan context, drawing on case material from Hungary, Northern Ireland, and the United States.
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BIRAU, RAMONA, CRISTI SPULBAR, AJMAL HAMZA, EJAZ ABDULLAH, ELENA LOREDANA MINEA, ALI IMRAN ZULFIQAR, and MIHAI OVIDIU CERCEL. "Analysing portfolio diversification opportunities in selected stock markets of North and South America and their impact on the textile sector: An empirical case study." Industria Textila 72, no. 04 (September 1, 2021): 398–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.35530/it.072.04.1808.
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This empirical study investigates the financial integration linkages among the sample stock markets of Canada, Mexico,United States (for both New York Stock Exchange, i.e. NYSE and NASDAQ), Panama, Brazil, Chile, Peru, Venezuela,Jamaica, Trinidad, and Tobago during the period from January 2001 to April 2019. This research study also examinesthe impact of selected stock market dynamics on the textile sector. International portfolio diversification has been animportant subject of research in financial fraternity since the emergence of Modern Portfolio Theory in 1952. This studyexamines the portfolio diversification opportunities in the 11 stock markets of Americas.International diversificationamong stock market indices has proven to be fruitful in the past. Certain tests have been used to determine opportunitiesfor diversification are correlation test, pairwise co-integration test, multiple co-integration test and granger causality test.The empirical results show that stock market indices share low correlation among other and they are not highlyco-integrated whereas results of Granger causality test exhibit an unidirectional relationship among few stock marketsin short run.
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T'ien Duffly, Catherine Ming. "Campus Protests, Casting, and Institutionalized Violence: The Unique Role of the Theatre Department in Institutions of Higher Education." Theatre Survey 57, no. 3 (August 10, 2016): 395–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0040557416000363.
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In looking forward to the important issues of this coming decade, we need only turn to the events of the past year for a sense of what is at stake for theatre, performance, and performance pedagogy. Last year, student activists protested racism on college and university campuses across the United States. At Yale, students protested the hostile racial climate on campus following several incidents, including a professor's dismissal of concerns about racist Halloween costumes, numerous swastika graffiti, and the explicit exclusion of black women from fraternity events. At the University of Missouri, the student group Concerned Student 1950—named for the year the first black students were admitted to the university—called for the resignation of university president, Tim Wolfe, citing the administration's inaction in the face of numerous racist incidents on campus. At Ithaca College, Claremont McKenna University, the University of Kansas, and many other colleges and universities across the United States, students held rallies, performed die-ins, and signed petitions in support of students at the University of Missouri and Yale and to call attention to inequality on their own campuses. Set against the backdrop of Ferguson and an increased awareness of institutionalized violence against black and brown bodies, these events remind us that colleges and universities have always been sites where racial discrimination and inequality have been both perpetuated and protested.
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Thomas, Toby C., and Claire L. Colebourn. "Measuring and monitoring quality in satellite echo services within critical care: an exploration of best practice." Echo Research and Practice 2, no. 2 (May 2015): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/erp-14-0098.
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The subspecialty of critical care echocardiography is a rapidly developing area of cardiac imaging. The United Kingdom Committee for Critical Care Echocardiography was set up in 2009 to examine the remit of echocardiography in critical care, and a successful collaboration between the British Society of Echocardiography (BSE) and the Intensive Care Society has resulted in the establishment of two new critical care accreditation processes: Focused Intensive Care Echocardiography and Advanced Critical Care Echocardiography. These accreditation processes are currently driving the development of satellite echo services within critical care departments throughout the UK. Individual practitioner – and more recently, departmental – accreditation have become well-established processes advocated by the BSE. Practitioner accreditation promotes accountability, and departmental accreditation standardises the environment in which practitioners operate. The accreditation of individual echocardiographers has been embraced by the critical care fraternity; we propose that departmental accreditation for critical care echo services be viewed in the same way. Identifying quality indicators for satellite echocardiography services within critical care areas is therefore the focus of the present quality exploration: our aim is to propose a set of parameters against which satellite critical care echo services can be benchmarked. In publishing our suggestions, we hope to stimulate debate in light of the rapid evolution of critical care echocardiography as a subspecialty practice. We suggest that our proposed parameters could be used to maintain satellite critical care service standards and to help identify departments capable of delivering high-quality services and training in critical care echocardiography.
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Aragão, Gilbraz de Souza, and Ana Paula Cavalcante Luna de Andrade. "O diálogo no Movimento dos Focolares." Revista Eclesiástica Brasileira 81, no. 319 (June 28, 2021): 339–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.29386/reb.v81i319.2762.
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O Movimento dos Focolares nasce no seio da Igreja Católica durante a II Guerra Mundial e tem como carisma a unidade e a fraternidade universal. Trabalha pela construção de um mundo unido até o ut omnes, ou seja, “todos um”, tendo o diálogo como ponto de partida. Assim, o objetivo de nossa investigação, é evidenciar as experiências vivenciadas no âmbito do diálogo realizado por este Movimento com os diversos âmbitos da sociedade, que envolve religiosos das mais diversas tradições, bem como os que não professam nenhuma fé religiosa. A metodologia utilizada deu-se mediante a revisão bibliográfica na qual verificamos as ideias como também o percurso histórico da construção do diálogo, perpassando por obras de comentadores relacionados ao tema. Concluímos que o diálogo se mostrou eficaz, evidenciando aquilo que une, os valores humanos fundamentais, sem pôr em relevo as divisões, sedimentado no amor e sem proselitismo, sem prescindir da liberdade e autonomia de cada ser humano.
Abstract: The Focolars Movement was born within the Catholic Church during World War II and has as its charism unity and universal fraternity. They work to build a world united to ut omnes, that is, “all one”, with dialogue as a starting point. Thus, the aim of our investigation is to highlight the experiences lived within the scope of the dialogue carried out by this Movement with the diverse spheres of society, which involves religious from the most diverse traditions, as well as those who do not profess any religious faith. The methodology used was based on a bibliographic review in which we verified the ideas as well as the historical path of the construction of the dialogue, going through the works of commentators related to the theme. We concluded that the dialogue proved to be effective, showing what unites them, the fundamental human values, without highlighting the divisions, but based on love and without proselytism, without giving up the freedom and autonomy of each human being.
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Canan, Sasha N., Kristen N. Jozkowski, and Brandon L. Crawford. "Sexual Assault Supportive Attitudes: Rape Myth Acceptance and Token Resistance in Greek and Non-Greek College Students From Two University Samples in the United States." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 33, no. 22 (March 3, 2016): 3502–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260516636064.
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Colleges are rape-prone cultures with high rates of sexual victimization. Fraternities’ and sororities’ relationships with sexual assault are consistent themes in literature focusing on sexual violence among college students. Previous research suggests that fraternity men are more likely to endorse rape-supportive attitudes compared with non-Greek men or sorority women. The present study examines rape-supportive attitudes as well as rape and sexual assault victimization in college students with a focus on gender and Greek-life (i.e., involvement in fraternities or sororities) status variables. College students ( N = 1,002) completed a survey including the Token Resistance to Sex Scale (TRSS), Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance Scale–Short Form (IRMA-S), and items related to past experiences of nonconsensual sex. Two regression models tested predictors of token resistance and rape myth acceptance. Chi-square analyses tested between-group differences of experiencing rape and sexual assault. Gender ( p < .001), Greek status ( p < .001), and race/ethnicity ( p < .001) were predictors for TRSS scores. For IRMA scores, gender ( p < .001), Greek status ( p < .001), and race/ethnicity variables ( p < .001) were also significant. Interaction terms revealed that Greek men had higher token resistance and rape myth acceptance than any other group. Chi-square analyses indicate women more frequently report experiences of rape (χ2 = 25.57, df = 1, p < .001) and sexual assault (χ2 = 31.75, df = 1, p < .001). Men report high rates (40.8%) of experiencing sexual assault “because refusing was useless.” No differences of victimization rates were found between Greeks and non-Greeks. Gender and sexual scripting theory can help explain gender differences in attitudes and experiences. Greater endorsement of rape myth acceptance and token resistance by Greeks, who influence college party culture, could be contributing to a culture conducive to rape. Findings demonstrate a continued need for interventions focused on shifting sociocultural dynamics (e.g., traditional roles and sexual scripting) on college campuses.
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McLaren, Anne. "The Quest for a King: Gender, Marriage, and Succession in Elizabethan England." Journal of British Studies 41, no. 3 (July 2002): 259–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/341150.
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Some translation and joining of realms may turn to much good, and the wealth and tranquillity of many. As if we had a King for your Queen, or you [Scotland] a King for ours, it had been a goodly translation: to have united both realms in dominion, regiment and law, as they be in nature, language, and manners…. If you and we had joined together: it had made no great matter, on which side the King had been, so he had been religious…. It is religion and likeness of manners, that join men together … Where there is one faith, one baptism, and one Christ: there is narrower fraternity then, if they came out of one womb. (John Aylmer,An Harborowe for Faithful and Trew Subjectes, 1559)Me-thinketh it were to be wished of all wise men and her Majesty's good subjects, that the one of those two Queens of the isle of Britain were transformed into the shape of a man, to make so happy a marriage, as thereby there might be an unity of the whole isle. (Henry Killigrew to Robert Dudley, 31 December 1560)In 1559, John Aylmer responded to John Knox'sFirst Blast of the Trumpet against the Monstrous Regiment of Womenin order to win support for Elizabeth I's accession to the English throne. According to Aylmer, Knox identified as the “greatest inconvenience” of female rule the fact that the realm would be transferred to “strangers” when the queen married, ceding to her husband, as her superior, the power that had been invested in her.
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Mohamad Ali, Norfadhilah, Mohd Hazmi Mohd Rusli, Syahirah Abdul Shukor, Mohd Nasir Abdul Majid, Hendun Abd Rahman Shah, Ahmad Zaki Salleh, Lukman Abdul Mutalib, Al’Uyuna ., Mohd Amin, and Marsita Md Nor. "Legal Education in Malaysia in the Context of Legal Practice." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.29 (May 22, 2018): 494. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.29.13806.
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Upon attaining independence in 1957, most judges and lawyers in Malaysia received legal education and legal training in the United Kingdom. University of Malaya was the only premier law school in Malaysia during that time. Gradually, the number of law schools increased and now legal education is available in a number of both private and public universities in Malaysia. The landscape of legal education differ post 2008 when new law schools from public universities were made subject to a review conducted by the Legal Profession Qualifying Board (LPQB) – failure to obtain full recognition will result in students from the universities concerned, having to sit for Certificate in Legal Practice (CLP) examination. In the light of this development, legal education in Malaysia has become under strict scrutiny by the legal fraternity, and thus it is a question of what reasonable expectation should the country set on the legal education provided by universities. This article will address legal education from the point of view of universities, the relevance of the CLP examination and the level of skills and knowledge required to produce ‘practice-ready’ graduates. The discussion also considers the availability of the 9-months pupillage before admission to the Malaysian Bar and other criteria for education as provided for by the Malaysian Qualifications Agency (MQA). The whole paper will be based on the Legal Profession Act 1976, the MQA guidelines, the developments of legal education in Malaysia and the experience of laws schools under review by the LPQB and other stakeholders.
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Dzyra, Olesia. "UKRAINIAN PUBLIC ORGANIZATIONS OF CANADA AS SUPPORTERS OF THE GREEK CATHOLIC CHURCH IN THE 1930es." Almanac of Ukrainian Studies, no. 27 (2020): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2520-2626/2020.27.12.
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In the interwar period of the twentieth century, the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church in Canada tried to expand its influence on the public life in the diaspora. To accomplish this task, it enlisted the support of the conservative Canadian Sitch association (reorganized into the United hetman organization in 1934). In its turn, it helped the Sitch in every possible way and provided the permission for the legal functioning of their organization from the Canadian authorities. The monarchists published the articles about their activities and tasks of the society in the pages of Greek Catholic newspapers, such as "Canadian Ukrainian", "Ukrainian News". However, in the 30s of the twentieth century Greek Catholics and monarchists have broken off their relations. Coming of the new bishop, Vasyl Ladyka, instead of Nikita Budka, who began to distance himself from the society in the 1930s, resulted in the creation of the Greek Catholic own organization, the Ukrainian Catholic brotherhood, in 1932. Now UCB had to defend their views before the public. In the religious sphere, the society spread the Catholic faith in the Ukrainian rite, together with priests created parishes, built churches, supported church institutions, organizations, and so on. In the cultural sphere, it founded and financed Ukrainian schools, evening courses and lectures on Ukrainian studies, held concerts, sports competitions, drama performances, built people`s homes, and so on. In the public field it organized orphanages, shelters, hospitals, summer camps for young people, youth centers and so on. Not so actively, but still the fraternity reacted on the political events in Ukraine and joined the general actions of the national patriotic bloc of the Ukrainian public associations in Canada in support of compatriots. As a result, Greek Catholics became more actively involved in the social and political life of the diaspora on equally with Orthodox and communists.
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KIM, Mansu. "THE PATTERNS OF KOREAN’S NARRATIVE: BASED ON THE ‘RULE OF THREE’." International Journal of Korean Humanities and Social Sciences 3 (July 8, 2017): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/kr.2017.03.04.
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Korea has several conflicting images. The first image was that Korea has been a small and weak country. Korean Peninsula places at the collision point of continents and oceans, so it has been forced to encounter the frequent invasions from other strong neighboring countries. The second image is that Korea is a very interesting and dynamic society which has a long history and excellent cultures. Nowadays Koreans are known to be very smart and excellent in arts and science. Owing to the ardent desire for the children’s education, young Korean students are more educated and talented than those of any other nations. Between the passive belittlement opinion and extremely exaggerated applause, there could be more balanced third opinions suitable for Korean’s position.Korea is trying to confirm its identity through the comparison with other countries; China, Japan, and the United States. China has been the most powerful empire at the center of East Asia. For this reason, Korea chose a voluntary way of submission to China for a long time. Of course, there happened to be a time of resistance as an opponent. Korea sometimes has kept the attitude of "subservience to the stronger" on China. Japan has been considered as a less civilized country than Korea. But it grew to be the most powerful imperialist’s nation in East Asia and dominated Korea as a kind of substantial colony for 35 years. At the beginning of 20th century, the United States emerged as the super power among the all nations. Their power influenced to lots of nations as a police of the world as if they were the only police who can keep world peace. They were the friendly helper to South Korea for a long time. But it is not strange there were some occasional conflicts between the two nations.In general, Korea has chosen a policy of obedience to these powerful countries. But on the contrary of realistic attitude to them, Korean has continuously kept the attitude of independence and resistance in their deep minds. In the folk tale, it is the universal law that the weakest finally wins the strongest. The pattern of Korean’s narratives is same to that folk tale.Koreans feels a kind of empathy to these folk tales for they have been too weak themselves. So they made their own tales based on the contrast between strong and weak. Koreans have felt serious agony against inevitable power between continent/ ocean, China/ Japan, China/ United States. These were the Koreans’ destiny in their daily life. But Koreans developed lots of fictitious narrative which shows the imaginative victory of Korean.The pattern of ‘Rule of three’ can be divided into four; simple or cumulative, progressive or ascending, contrasting or double negative, dialectical. In this paper, I am going to introduce some Korean narratives, which show the victory of the weakest. The stories of General Yushin Kim and Great Monk Samyeong could be chosen the representative examples of Korean narratives."Three colored national flag" has been used in the world. For example, French people uses three colored flag for the meaning of liberty, equality and fraternity. I guess, in Poland, the legend of ‘three eagles’ could be used for the relationship of Russia, Germany and Poland or Germany, Czech and Poland. Currently, it can be used for the Korean’s dilemma between the powerful Group Two. Koreans are always asking to themselves: which way we must choose to survive between two powerful brothers, what is the third way we can choose as the youngest brother. These questions are making many narratives on Korean themselves.
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Mbaye, Djibril. "La figura del negro soldado en La revolución es un sueño eterno de Andrés Rivera / The figure of the black soldier in La revolución es un sueño eterno by Andrés Rivera." Resistances. Journal of the Philosophy of History 1, no. 1 (July 31, 2020): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.46652/resistances.v1i1.6.
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Este artículo se propone estudiar la representación de la imagen del negro soldado en La revolución es un sueño eterno de Andrés Rivera. En efecto, frente a la negación por la historia del aporte épico de los afrodescendientes en las luchas por la emancipación, Andrés Rivera rescata la figura del afrosoldado argentino que se ha destacado heroicamente en los frentes bélicos para la defensa de la patria. Así, este trabajo analiza esta visión revolucionaria de la negritud argentina en Andrés Rivera. Tras estudio, las dos primeras partes han demostrado que los soldados afroargentinos han tenido una participación heroica tanto en las Invasiones Inglesas como en las campañas de Liberación de San Martín, por lo que Andrés Rivera propone una representación sin estereotipias de la imagen del negro, a través de los campos de batalla, con igual valentía y dignidad que bancos e indios, frente a una literatura acostumbrada a representar al negro en la subalternidad. Las dos últimas partes han revelado la imagen dignificante de la negritud argentina, a través del personaje de Segundo Reyes, un esclavo devenido capitán de ejército, y su relación de amistad y de armas con Juan José Castelli, el orador de la Revolución y Representante de la Primera Junta en el ejército del Alto Perú. Así, el trabajo ha mostrado, de manera general, que la imagen del negro ha sido honrada por Rivera mediante las armas, la sociabilidad y la relación de hermandad con el “amo” blanco. The negation of the Afro-descendant contribution has been one of the constants in the history of Argentina. The symbolic participation of slaves in the struggles of the country has been often ignored by white and Europeanist history which represents the black as a secondary subject, a representation in the subalternity which also characterized the literature. But with the rise of the historical novel at the end of the 20th century, a new vision of the role and the image of the Afro-descendant was born, where the latter acquired a fundamental place in the country. This is what Andres Rivera proposes in his novel entitled La revolución es un sueño eterno, that we have in this work through parts: a reminder of the participation of black slaves in the struggles for emancipation, the approach from the trenches, the character of the black captain Segundo Reyes and the relationship between negritude and aristocracy. The first part traces the heroic participation of blacks (slaves and free) in various battles of the country: English invasions, the, my revolution, the liberation war under San Martin, and the border struggles. The second part highlights the representation of “afroslodier”. With this approach, Andres Rivera speaks of the blacks not as a Community formed of slaves and free who, with regard to the whites and the Indians, stood heroically in all the struggles for the liberation of Argentina. To consolidate this approach without stereotype, the author uses an afro-argentine soldier character, a fisherman’s slave who becomes a captain of the army. The third part of the work analyses this revolutionary approach missing in literary history. And to highlight the loyalty and bravery of black soldiers alongside white figures, the author used, like Artigas and Ansina, duo Segundo Reyes, black captain, and Juan José Castelli, representative of the Government in the army of Alto Peru. The infallible friendship between the two during and after the wars which we analyzed in the last part shows how negritude and aristocracy (Blacks and Whites) are united by a perfect symbiosis made of fraternity and equal dignity.
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Barbosa, Tiago. "Smart sport equipment: reshaping the sports landscape." Motricidade 14, no. 2-3 (October 17, 2018): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.6063/motricidade.15232.
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We are witnesses of “Industry 4.0”, the 4th industrial revolution. In just a few years, we became a highly analytical society where at any given time massive datasets are produced, collected and analysed. Cities and countries have the vision of becoming smart societies, optimising the performance and wellbeing of their citizens. One can easily track and log all daily activities. The biggest challenge, though, is the management of an overwhelming amount of data.
Sports industry is no different. Sports is a reflection of the society. Athletes (of any level, from recreational all the way up to world-ranked), patients and practitioners (Physical Education teachers, coaches, analysts, physicians, therapists, etc.) are keen to track-down analytical parameters as well. Innovation and technology can help preventing and minimising sports injuries, enhancing sports technique or aid assessing the performance delivered.
The industry of smart sport equipment is growing up at a very fast pace. The number of wearable devices worldwide is expected to increase from 325 million in 2016 to over 830 million in 2020. The smart wearables for sports and fitness generated US$3.5 billion in 2014 (Market Wired, 2016). The forecast is that smart garments sector will worth about US$34 billion by 2020 (Lamkin, 2016). The smart textiles and smart fabrics market is expected to reach US$9.3 billion by 2024 (Grand View Research, 2015).
These products can cater a wide range of consumers. The ones who are looking forward to more or less fashionable sportswear, sports accessories, information technology & electronics consumers, etc. The common denominator among these consumers is being innovation-driven. There are commercially available smart wearables (or gear) to be used in all main sports, including aquatics, athletics, boating, cycling, gymnastics, invasion games, net sports, winter sports, and much more. Sports equipment and clothing can be instrumented with sensors, providing real-time analytical details on the subject’s behaviour and performance. Data can be logged and analysed later on. Alternatively, it can be transmitted real-time to portable terminals (smartphones, tablets, smartwatches or laptops) and displayed immediately.
With this outlook as backdrop, there is an opportunity for sports sciences to play a key-role in the reshape of the sports landscape. Sports researchers can help on the design and validation of smart sport equipment, and be involved as end-users of these products. As end-users, sport researchers will not be spending so much time collecting and handling data. Rather, the job scope will shift more into analysis, interpretation and application of the findings. This will enable to provide swift real-time feedback to patients, athletes, coaches and others stakeholders in the sports fraternity. Data can be uploaded to a cloud and be available everywhere at any given time from any device. The design, and validation of new cutting-edge devices, of innovative solutions, are a great opportunity to bridge academia with industry. To carry out these projects is paramount to have interdisciplinary research teams with a wide array of skills, different expertise and backgrounds. The project will not end by the publication of a series of research papers. This should be followed-up by obtaining a patent. Also, it can help highly-trained graduates to join the workforce and even to foster the setup of start-ups.
Several universities, mostly in Asia and Europe (notably the United Kingdom), are now offering courses in “Sports Technology” to undergraduate students. Some tertiary institutions, are offering also undergraduate and postgraduate programmes in this field. The curricula of such programmes touch topics such as innovation, design, and sports engineering with a strong emphasis in sport sciences. Sports technology is an exciting, cutting-edge and reasonable new field. Moreover, it is possible to set a pathway between academia (research and teaching) and industry (services). Ultimately, it is deemed to provide an added economical return to society, which one should not disregard.
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Ahmed Narikkoottungal, S., A. Siddiqui, A. Constantin, S. Farrow, and K. Ahmed. "POS1177 REVAMPING BIOLOGIC THERAPY DURING COVID-19." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 80, Suppl 1 (May 19, 2021): 869.1–870. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-eular.1008.
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Background:The COVID-19 pandemic has caught us all by surprise – from governments to individuals; the medical fraternity being no exception. It has affected all walks of life; with its immense contagiosity, diverse and intriguing pathogenesis and manifestations differing from other viruses. It has indeed left humanity in dark, unchartered waters; particularly in the early months of the pandemic.Objectives:This article shares the experience, in a Rheumatology department in a District General Hospital (DGH) in the United Kingdom, of managing patients on Biologic (b) and Targeted Synthetic (ts) DMARDs, in the midst of the COVID-19 Pandemic.Methods:All Rheumatology patients at the Princess Alexandra Hospital (PAH) in Harlow newly started on a biologic or targeted synthetic DMARD between 3rd July and 3rd Oct 2020 were identified. These patients had active inflammatory arthritis. Each patient was discussed in a dedicated Multi-Disciplinary Team (MDT) meeting and a consensus on treatment reached in-line with local and National guidelines.Figure 1.A slide presented at the Essex Rheumatology Association (ERA) meeting explaining the process adopted at the Rheumatology Department at Harlow during the peak of COVID-19 pandemic with new b/ts DMARD patients.Results:Of the 50 patients identified; 39 had Rheumatoid Arthritis, 6 had Ankylosing Spondylitis and 5 had Psoriatic Arthritis. Of these 50 patients, 5 patients decided against treatment during the stage of ‘Enhanced Verbal Consent’. These patients were flaring recurrently and were in regular contact with the department. However, they were afraid to start new Biologic treatment because of the risks of Covid-19. The breakdown of the biologic agents used in the remaining 45 patients were as follows: Adalimumab:11, Rituximab: 10, Etanercept: 9, Tofacitinib: 11, Tocilizumab SC: 3, Tocilizumab IV: 1, Sarilumab: 2, Secukinumab: 1, Infliximab: 1, Baricitinib: 1, Apremilast: 1Figure 2.Breakdown of the various b/ts DMARD agents newly started in the 45 patients between 3/7/20 - 3/10/20 at PA Hospital, Harlow, UKConclusion:The over-riding principle that guided the Department during the COVID crisis was: primum non nocere (first, do no harm). The adherence to the Case Based Discussions (CBDs) positively impacted on decision making, ensuring safe initiation of Biologic DMARDs even during the height of the pandemic. This is vital to achieve early disease remission. The MDT meetings comprising Doctors, Specialist Pharmacist and Nurse Specialists ensured prompt risk stratification of individual patients. It gave patients the opportunity to be part of the decision-making - evident in the five of the fifty patients, who opted to defer the start date of their treatments. The choice of the new Biologic agent was based on the latest National COVID-19 guidelines. The agents with the shortest half-life were selected. Moreover, patients for Rituximab were given one pulsed infusion, as opposed to two infusions. Only one of the 45 patients started on a Biologic agent over this period, either was tested positive or had symptoms suggestive of COVID-19.References:[1]https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7261974[2]https://rmdopen.bmj.com/content/6/2/e001314[3]https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/nejmc2009567[4]https://www.jrheum.org/content/early/2020/05/13/jrheum.200527[5]https://www.uptodate.com/contents/coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19-care-of-adult-patients-with-systemic-rheumatic-disease[6]www.england.nhs.uk/clinical-guide-rheumatology-patients-v1-19-march-2020.pdf[7]https://www.rheumatology.org.uk/practice-quality/covid-19-guidance[8]https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng167/chapter/4-Treatment-considerations[9]https://www.gmc-uk.org/ethical-guidance/ethical-guidance-for-doctors/decision-making-and-consentAcknowledgements:We acknowledge the whole Rheumatology Dept at Harlow for their sincere team work during the COVID-19 pandemic – Sabaa Naz (Rheumatology Pharmacist), Mona Kamal Zou (Biologics Nurse Specialist), Lily Robinson (DMARD Nurse Specialist), Mary Surendran (Osteoporosis Nurse Specialist), Janet Bell (Secretary to Dr Ahmed) and Claire Stroud (Secretary to Dr Farrow).Disclosure of Interests:None declared.
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Pandie, Daud Alfons. "Konsep "Satu Tungku Tiga Batu" Sosio-Kultutal Fakfak sebagai Model Interaksi dalam Kehidupan Antarumat Beragama." Societas Dei: Jurnal Agama dan Masyarakat 5, no. 1 (May 28, 2018): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.33550/sd.v5i1.78.
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ABSTRACT: In the context of the plurality of religion in Indonesia, efforts to develop the study of "religious harmony" became very important. Unfortunately, the study about this topic still very rare. Since the reform era of information research focusing on aspects of religious harmony with the approach of the survey still small number of group, and its popularity is lower than with the research information related to religious conflicts. This paper is one of the efforts the study of harmony between religious communities in the context of Fakfak on the Province of West Papua. Community objective conditions that reflect the reality of the oneness of the Fakfak between plurality of religion with a determination for unity between the person itself and between people and between place. In terms of ethnic and cultural difference, but not a lot of religious and regional language with dialects into a form that is typical of the history of the Islands. To unite the Fakfak of Papua with the social and religious conditions like that, they make a consensus together to create a cultural system, referred to by the term "one-three-stone stove". One three-stone stove is seen as a cultural system that diabstrakan of concrete events, used to understand things living togetherness in individuals and society. Unity in the cultural system of society this defenseless Fakfak strong adhesive. Moreover, the condition of the community characterized the history of the third entry of the religion at the same time. The concept underlying mindset and setting the matter of integration as a force of ethnic fraternity, although different religions. This cultural system considered that gives direction and orientation to the citizens of the community to establish the same culture of tribal solidarity, harmony, tolerance between ethnic groups, religions, and social. Cultural system called a three-stone stove in public life as a manifestation of the Fakfak idiologi culture, are seen as important and valued so deceived behaviour in life between believers. KEYWORDS: one-three-stone stove, interact, believers
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Richardson, Brian K., and Johny Garner. "Stakeholders’ Attributions of Whistleblowers: The Effects of Complicity and Motives on Perceptions of Likeability, Credibility, and Legitimacy." International Journal of Business Communication, July 27, 2019, 232948841986309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2329488419863096.
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Organizational wrongdoing remains a persistent, prevalent problem, one that leads to exponentially more injuries, deaths, and cost than street crime in the United States each year. Whistleblowing has become one of the primary ways in which wrongdoing is exposed and investigated, but without support from key stakeholders, whistleblowing may not affect constructive change. This study used an attribution theory framework to explore relationships between stakeholders’ perceptions of different types of whistleblowers. Specifically, we varied whistleblowers’ motives (altruistic and selfish) and involvement in wrongdoing (complicit or innocence) to test their effects on stakeholders’ intentions to ostracize the whistleblower and their perceptions of the whistleblower’s likeability, legitimacy, and three dimensions of credibility (goodwill, trustworthiness, and competence). Respondents were composed of two stakeholder groups, fraternity and sorority members and university alumni. Results indicate that both stakeholder groups found the innocent whistleblower more likeable and credible than the complicit whistleblower, while the fraternity/sorority respondents found the altruistic whistleblowers more likeable, credible, and legitimate, than their selfish counterparts. The article concludes with implications of the findings for whistleblowers, and limitations and directions for future research.
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Ouellette, Kailey. "A Comparison of Street Gangs and Fraternities in the United States of America: Demographics, Conduct, and Criminal Justice Perception and Responses." INvoke 6 (December 7, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/invoke48998.
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Street gangs and university fraternities are both prevalent social institutions in the United States of America. Despite differences in classification and treatment, they share many of the same characteristics, particularly initiation rituals, the pervasiveness of drugs and alcohol, the emphasis placed on brotherhood and male bonding, and the ways in which misogynistic attitudes and violence are used to reinforce masculinity and dominance. Despite these similarities, offences ranging from misbehaviour to criminal activity by fraternity members are protected under the guise of “academic brotherhood”, and thus go largely unpunished. On the contrary, gang members, who often come from lower-class backgrounds and are over-represented in Black and Hispanic populations, are not afforded these same benefits. I will be further exploring these double standards by examining the experiences of Black Greek Letter Organizations (BGLOs) and how they are likened to ‘educated gangs’. In this paper, I will be exploring the similarities between street gangs and fraternities in the United States in terms of demographics, conduct, and the types and prevalence of criminal offending. I will also be discussing the differences in classification and response of these two institutions by both the general public and the criminal justice system. While I am not advocating for the expansion of federal gang definitions to include fraternities, there needs to be a serious conversation regarding the types of violence that we take seriously, and the ways in which race and class factor into these decisions.
Keywords: gang, fraternity, sexual violence, alcohol, initiation, masculinity, Black Greek Letter Organizations
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Clack, Willie Johannes. "A comparison of rural crimes in Australia (NSW) and South Africa." International Journal of Rural Law and Policy 9, no. 2 (August 6, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ijrlp.2.2019.6467.
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Rural criminology as a topic of scholarly study, neglected over the past two to three decades, has bounced into the spotlight, with claims now being made that rural criminology is receiving justified attention among the academic fraternity. This paper presents a comparative analysis of the major challenge facing two countries with different levels of development as identified by the United Nations Human Development Index. A predicament for rural criminology is that the world is not equal: rural crimes is researched in developed countries but not in developing countries. This paper compares the types and prevalence of agricultural crimes in Australia (NSW) and South Africa to determine whether significant differences or similarities exist.
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Soule, Eric K., Matthew E. Rossheim, Tammy C. Cavazos, Kendall Bode, and Abigail C. Desrosiers. "Cigarette, waterpipe, and electronic cigarette use among college fraternity and sorority members and athletes in the United States." Journal of American College Health, November 8, 2019, 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2019.1680555.
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Pitts, Peter J. "The Globetrotting Regulator." Journal of Commercial Biotechnology 21, no. 3 (July 1, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.5912/jcb711.
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I am putting in a lot of miles on behalf of international regulatory fraternity.Like Johnny Cash said, “I’ve been everywhere” — or at least it seems that way. Recently I’ve visited with government health officials in China (both PRC and ROC), the Philippines, Malaysia, Egypt, Algeria, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Russia, Brazil, Colombia, South Africa, Indonesia, Kenya, and many other points in-between. And the only thing that’s grown more than my frequent flyer miles is my respect and admiration for those over-worked and under-appreciated civil servants toiling on the front lines of medicines regulation. It’s a global fraternity of dedicated (and generally under-paid) healthcare and health policy professionals devoted to ensuring timely access to innovative medicines and quality generics drugs. But, just as in similar Western agencies (USFDA, EMA, Health Canada, etc.), “doing the right thing” is often a battle of evolving regulatory science, tight resources, competing priorities … and politics.
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Almubidin, Sanabil. "International Labor Organization & its Contribution in Different Periods." International Journal for Empirical Education and Research, January 31, 2019, 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.35935/edr/31.121.
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The International Labor Organization (ILO) is a United Nations agency that sets international labor standards and promotes social protection and work opportunities for all. The ILO has 187 member states: 186 of the 193 UN member states plus the Cook Islands are members of the ILO. The tripartite structure is unique to the ILO where representatives from the government, employers and employees openly debate and create labor standards. The International Labor Office is the permanent secretariat of the International Labor Organization. It is the focal point for International Labor Organization's overall activities, which it prepares under the scrutiny of the Governing Body and under the leadership of the Director-General. The Office employs some 2,700 officials from over 150 nations at its headquarters in Geneva, and in around 40 field offices around the world. Among these officials, 900 work in technical cooperation programs and projects. In 1969, the organization received the Nobel Peace Prize for improving fraternity and peace among nations, pursuing decent work and justice for workers, and providing technical assistance to other developing nations.
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Kunguma, Olivia, and Alice Ncube. "Combating HIV and/or AIDS: A challenge to Millennium Development Goals for disaster managers in the Southern African Development Community." Jàmbá: Journal of Disaster Risk Studies 8, no. 2 (January 13, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/jamba.v8i2.173.
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Disaster management is a process of planning and implementation of measures involving multiple disciplines and sectors; hence Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) cannot go unnoticed. Approximately 189 member states agreed to endeavour to achieve MDGs which should be accomplished by 2015. The purpose of this research was to establish the primary involvement of the disaster management fraternity within the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region in this agreement. SADC countries are the countries with a high prevalence of HIV and AIDS and they feature on the disaster manager’s priority list of hazards, hence the focus on MDG 6 for this study. Various data gathering tools were employed and included making use of indicators developed by the United Nations to review disaster management statutes or civil protection statutes and scholarly documents on the progress of MDG 6. Structured interviews were carried out with heads of disaster management centres of SADC countries through the guidance of MDG 6 indicators. The main findings were that most statutes do acknowledge the fight against epidemics and most disaster managers are aware of MDG 6 and are involved in its achievement. It was recommended that disaster managers should be part of the Post 2015 MDG delegation.
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Hensley, Laura. "GHB Abuse Trends and Use in Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assault: Implications for Prevention." NASPA Journal 40, no. 2 (January 1, 2003). http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/0027-6014.1221.
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Once considered a drug used primarily at clubs and raves, GHB (gamma-hydroxybutyric acid) has become increasingly popular both on the campuses of American colleges and universities and in rural communities (Haworth, 1998). National media attention has focused upon GHB abuse in both adolescents and college students. For example, a 22-year-old fraternity member at a large university in the Midwest died in April 2000 from GHB and alcohol overdose (Young, 2000). In December 1999, three teenage men poured GHB into a young womans soft drink without her knowledge because they wanted to liven up the party that night. She fell into a coma and died the next day (Associated Press, 2000). According to estimates, there were 58 deaths and over 5,700 GHBrelated medical emergencies reported in the United States in recent years (Dyer, 2000).GHB is of particular concern to student affairs administrators and practitioners not only due its low cost, nonprofessional manufacturing techniques, and increasing use on campus, but also because of its ease of use in drugfacilitated sexual assaults (Dyer, 2000). Because student affairs professionals are called upon to formulate policies, provide outreach education, and make appropriate referrals regarding critical campus issues, they need to be informed of the various forms of GHB abuse. In this paper, the characteristics of GHB and the effects of both voluntary and involuntary abuse are described. Further, implications for prevention efforts related to involuntary GHB ingestion and GHB-facilitated rape are reviewed.
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Nikic, Samantha K. "Libertt, galitt, Fraternitt: The United Nations Declaration of the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Fails to Protect Hopi Katsinam from the Auction Block in France." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2755719.
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Janonienė, Rūta. "The Vilnius icon of the Mother of God and its cult in the Greek Catholic Church of the Holy Trinity." Menotyra 24, no. 1 (March 28, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.6001/menotyra.v24i1.3430.
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The article discusses the icon of the Hodegetria Mother of God, formerly placed in Vilnius.The currently missing piece of art was considered very important in the Vilnius spiritual life inthe 16th – early 20th centuries and was respected by Orthodox, Greek Catholic (Uniate) andRoman Catholic churches. A significant influence on the cult of icons was inspired by the au-thorship attributed to St. Lukas (later – only its prototype) and historical links with the familyof the Grand Duke of Lithuania Alexander Jagiellon (the icon was brought as a dowry in 1495by his wife Elena, the daughter of the Grand Duke of Moscow).In the 16th century, the icon was stored in the Orthodox Cathedral of the Blessed Mother ofGod. At that time it was possibly renewed (two side boards were replaced and the icon was re-painted with the egg-tempera technique). It is supposed that at that time the partial amendmentwas made in the oldest silver casings consisting of separate ornamented plates that were coveringthe background of the icon. Most of the knowledge about the existence of the icon exists fromthe beginning of the 17th century, when it was transferred into the church of the Vilnius Basilianmonastery of St. Trinity. There it became a major factor of Vilnius Latin and Greek Catholicreligious integration. The altar of The Mother of God in the church of St. Trinity was patronizedby the fraternity of the Immaculate Conception of Holy Mary.The image of the icons is known from the descriptions, lithographs, photographs and copiesof the 19th century. It should be noted that there are two different iconographic variations ofthe copies of the Vilnius Hodegetria (characterized by the different position of the feet of Jesus).The article raises an assumption that the icon could be repainted in the 17th century. The slightchange of the image or its iconography may have been adjusted with the silver casings made in1677. Once again the Vilnius icon was possibly renewed after the fire in 1706. In the middle ofthe 18th century, the head of Holy Mary was decorated with a new pure gold filigree crown. In1839, after the repeal of the union and the takeover of the St. Trinity‘s church by the Orthodox,the altar of Holy Mary was demolished and the icon was added to the new iconostasis. In 1866,the old artistic silver casings were melted and from the resulting material the new casing wasmade in St Petersburg, corresponding to the requirements of the Orthodox. In the same year,the icon was restored. Its oil paints were cleaned. The image unveiled at that time perhaps wasnot the first original image, but the one created after the icon base corrections, most likely inVilnius in the 16th century.