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1
Zhang, Li, Kevin Kinser, and Yunyu Shi. "World Economies and the Distribution of International Branch Campuses." International Higher Education, no. 77 (September 1, 2014): 8–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.6017/ihe.2014.77.5674.
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The international branch campus (IBC) has become a noticeable mode of internationalization in higher education, and has garnered great attention from the public and the media. Perhaps because the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia have been the dominant exporting countries, this phenomenon has sometimes been critiqued as a strategy that promotes the interests of developed countries over those of developing countries. However, our analysis of IBC distribution using an economic framework provided by the World Economic Forum suggests that economic competitiveness is more important to the development of IBCs than a dated developed-to-developing.
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Lim, Dongwan, and Youngsu Jong. "A Comparative Study of the Institutionalization of the Accrual Accounting System in the United Kingdom and the United States." Korean Journal of Policy Studies 21, no. 2 (February 28, 2007): 75–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.52372/kjps21205.
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In the 1970s, many countries were in financial crisis as a result of the burden of maintaining the welfare state and repeated oil shocks. To solve these kinds of economic and financial problems, many countires have attempted to reform the public sector by implementing an accrual basis accounting system. But ehre are significant differences among countries in the foundation and evolution of the institution because of differences in institutional structure. In the case of the United Kingdom, institutional structure had been operated seems like there were not veto points. Once a decision had been made in the executive arena, Parliament was unlikely to change it, as the executive government rest on stable parliamentary majorities. However, the institutional structure of the United States works differently from that of the United Kingdom. A lot of decisions made by executive branch could be vetoed by Congress, or vice versa, because they don not share the same resources of power.
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Pike, A. "Making Performance Plants from Branch Plants? In Situ Restructuring in the Automobile Industry in the United Kingdom." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 30, no. 5 (May 1998): 881–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a300881.
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In this paper a critical examination is made of the alleged change in the branch-plant economy. It is claimed that a new type of branch plant is emerging, with more progressive implications for local economic development. This argument is reviewed with reference to in situ restructuring in existing brownfield plants in the automobile industry. Empirical evidence is examined from ‘Motor Co.’ and ‘Car Co.’ (pseudonyms) in Riverside, across several dimensions of change: role and autonomy; labour process; labour-management relations; labour-market strategies; supplier linkages; and local economic development implications. It is argued that changes in branch plants and their implications for local economies can be understood by addressing the interrelations between structure, agency, and contingency. Evidence of change from Motor Co. and Car Co. in Riverside suggest some heightening of plant responsibility, the limited upgrading of functions, and the introduction of new techniques. The changes are partial, revealing the overlap of new and old practices, and the benefits for local economic development appear limited.
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Hunter, David. "Review: Music Librarianship in the United Kingdom: Fifty Years of the United Kingdom Branch of the International Association of Music Libraries, Archives and Documentation Centres." Music and Letters 85, no. 4 (November 1, 2004): 679–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ml/85.4.679.
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Wilkins, Stephen, Muhammad Mohsin Butt, and Carrie Amani Annabi. "The Effects of Employee Commitment in Transnational Higher Education: The Case of International Branch Campuses." Journal of Studies in International Education 21, no. 4 (February 5, 2017): 295–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1028315316687013.
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Higher education is a labor intensive activity and strong organizational performance depends upon employee commitment. This study analyses antecedents and consequences of employee commitment in universities that are involved in transnational higher education, with a focus on identifying differences between the employees at home and foreign branch campuses. The data for the study were obtained using a questionnaire that was completed by both teaching and non-teaching staff at three institutions in the United Kingdom, three institutions in Malaysia, and two institutions in the United Arab Emirates. A conceptual model was proposed and tested using structural equation modeling. The results indicate that employees at international branch campuses are not as motivated and committed to their organizations as their counterparts at home campuses. The findings suggest that institutions need to employ different and customized human resource strategies at home and foreign campuses, specifically with the aim of improving employee commitment and performance at the foreign campuses.
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Denman, S., S. A. Kirk, C. M. Brasier, V. C. Barton, K. J. D. Hughes, and J. F. Webber. "Phytophthora ramorum on Quercus ilex in the United Kingdom." Plant Disease 89, no. 11 (November 2005): 1241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-89-1241a.
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Phytophthora ramorum causes bleeding cankers of trunks of trees native to the west coast of the United States (i.e., Quercus kelloggii, Q. parvula var. shrevei, and Lithocarpus densiflorus). In the United Kingdom so far, bleeding cankers caused by inner bark infections have been found on Aesculus hippocastanum, Fagus sylvatica, Q. cerris, Q. falcata, and Q. petraea ( http://rapra.csl.gov.uk [2005]). Shoot tip dieback (ramorum dieback) and foliar necrosis (ramorum leaf blight) are other diseases caused by the pathogen on understory and ornamental plants (3). Inoculum is produced on infected shoots and leaves of foliar hosts but not on bole cankers (1). Foliar hosts are thus critical in initiating and maintaining epidemics of tree mortality resulting from lethal bark cankers. Ramorum dieback and blight occurs in Europe on genera Rhododendron, Camellia, Kalmia, Pieris, and Viburnum (http://rapra.csl.gov.uk [2005]), and now we report these diseases on foliage and shoots of holm oaks (Quercus ilex) in Cornwall (UK). First discovered in November 2003, infected young leaves had a water-soaked, dull gray appearance, and petioles were blackened. Lesions started at leaf margins, tips, or petioles, often progressing into the midrib veins. Initial infections also occurred on shoots and extended into the petioles. If shoots were infected, they were blackened at first, but later in the season clusters of dry, dead leaves and twigs characterized branch tips. Infected mature leaves bore dry, reddish-brown, restricted lesions. P. ramorum (A1 sexual compatibility type belonging to the European population) was isolated and confirmed by morphological studies, ITS sequence (GenBank Accession No. AY924253), and amplified fragment length polymorphism analyses. Lesions developed on detached leaves dipped for 10 sec in inoculum (4 × 105 zoospores per ml) and incubated in moist chambers at 20°C for 6 days (2). Two isolates were used (four leaves per isolate). The pathogen was reisolated, and the tests were repeated twice. Koch's postulates were also successfully completed once on foliage attached to saplings. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. ramorum on holm oak. So far, at least 24 holm oaks are infected at various woodland and garden sites in the United Kingdom; infected rhododendrons have also been found at these sites. P. ramorum has also been recorded on saplings in nurseries. The high sporulation potential, the evergreen nature of leaves, and susceptible shoots indicate that holm oak could be a significant source of inoculum for other hosts. References: (1) J. M. Davidson et al. Phytopathology 95:587, 2005. (2) S. Denman et al. Plant Pathol. 54:512, 2005. (3) E. M. Hansen et al. Plant Dis. 89:63, 2005.
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ΔΗΜΗΤΡΙΑΔΗΣ, Α. "Environmental geology: Branch of geosciences or a marketing term?" Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 34, no. 3 (January 1, 2001): 1101. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.17167.
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Environmental Geology is considered to have been coined for the environmental sensitive market. It originated in the United States in the late 1960's to attract students to save the closure of University Geology Departments. After almost thirty years there are still questions about its viability as a stand alone branch of geological sciences, since by definition it encompasses all the specialised branches of engineering geology, economic geology, structural geology, hydrogeology, geochemistry, geophysics, etc. The environmental geologist must, therefore, be a "super geologist", which is an impossibility by present day standards. University curricula in Environmental Geology still teach the basic geological subjects of geology degrees, since these serve as a strong foundation for courses in the environmental field. In the United States, students are required to take at least four elective courses in environmentally orientated earth science subjects during their first degree. Whereas in the United Kingdom a Master of Science course in environmental subjects is recommended as a follow-up to the first degree in Environmental Geology, again a misnomer for the degree in pure Geology. It is quite apparent that Universities jumped on the bandwagon of the environmental market, without serious thought into what they were embarking. They created a non-existent market orientated branch of geological sciences, Environmental Geology, and they subsequently realised that it is impossible to produce the "super student" and the "super geologist", for this is what is in fact demanded. It is strongly believed, that specialists in the different branches of geological sciences, because of their in depth study of the natural geological environment and its processes, have considerable knowledge and expertise to be applied in the solution of environmental problems. This must, therefore, be advertised by both Universities and State Geological Surveys, for advertising is a more powerful tool of getting the message across to the public and to policy-makers, rather than by making up new branches of science with no content.
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Waters, Christopher. "Beyond Lawfare: Juridical Oversight of Western Militaries." Alberta Law Review 46, no. 4 (August 1, 2009): 885. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/alr209.
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While civilian supremacy over the armed forces is accepted as a matter of faith in Western countries, this supremacy often means little more than supremacy of the executive branch of government over top generals. Indeed, efforts to regulate armed forces through broader domestic or international legal frameworks, including international criminal law, have been resisted in some military quarters (particularly in the United Kingdom and the United States) with the military and its backers raising concerns of “legal encirclement” or “lawfare.” The author argues for broad civilian and democratic oversight of armed forces, including through increased judicial and quasi-judicial scrutiny of overseas military actions at the domestic and international levels. The author concludes that broad democratic oversight not only promotes compliance with international legal norms but supports operational effectiveness as well.
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Decker, Frank. "The Monetary Union of Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom – Its Operation, Fragmentation and Break-up." Jahrbuch für Wirtschaftsgeschichte / Economic History Yearbook 63, no. 2 (October 14, 2022): 375–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbwg-2022-0014.
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Abstract This article examines the monetary arrangements between Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom from the 1820s to the 1930s. It is argued that the three countries formed a monetary union for most of this period. A new analysis of inland and London exchange rates demonstrates that the union achieved a high degree of uniformity and stability, and that an international branch network of competing, private banks could successfully integrate vastly different geographic and economic areas. It is shown that the union’s break-up in the 1930s was the result of a political decision to create separate and devalued Australian and New Zealand currencies in order to mitigate some of the impacts of the Great Depression. International lending of last resort only played a limited role and helped to fix exchanges between the newly separated currencies after 1932.
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Happacher, Esther. "Extra-legislative Functions of Second Chambers in Federal Systems." Perspectives on Federalism 10, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 134–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pof-2018-0020.
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Abstract Discussions regarding the functional design of second chambers in federal or quasifederal systems seem to focus mainly on legislative functions. Thus, extra- or nonlegislative functions related to the executive branch or the judiciary have been rather neglected in the literature. This paper will examine the extra-legislative functions of second chambers which include Austria, Belgium, Germany, Italy, Spain, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. By grouping the functions into different categories (relations with the Government, appointment functions and functions in the field of international affairs, powers in relation to the European Union and functions granted to maintain the legitimate constitutional order), their effectiveness in serving the purposes of bicameralism, and of regional representation, will be explored.
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Gupta, Sanjeeva. "Interventional Pain Medicine Practice in the UK and the USA: A Survey of 242 Pain Physicians." Pain Physician 2;23, no. 4;2 (April 14, 2020): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.36076/ppj.2020/23/127.
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Background: Pain medicine practices vary across different regions within a country and between countries. Objectives: The objective of the survey was to study the variation in interventional pain medicine practices in the United Kingdom (UK) and the United States (US). Methods: A survey was designed in 2019 on Survey Monkey®. Pain physicians from the UK and the US were invited to respond. Results: A total of 120 responses were received from pain physicians in the UK and 122 from the US. Twenty-six percent and 90% of pain physicians in the UK and US, respectively, are in full-time pain medicine practice. There was marked variation in the utilization of diagnostic medial branch blocks before performing radiofrequency denervation (RFD) between the UK and the US. In the UK, 42% of pain physicians, and 50% in the US, use a 20-gauge or a 22-gauge radiofrequency needle for lumbar RFD. Around 30% to 50% of pain physicians, both in the UK and the US, discontinued antithrombotic agents before medial branch blocks at all the spinal levels. Around 50% of pain physicians in the UK and US are stopping anticoagulants before lumbar and cervical RFD. Over 95% of UK and US respondents stopped antithrombotic agents for interlaminar and transforaminal epidural injections along the spine. At the lumbar level, 51% of pain physicians in the UK and 47% in the US use a particulate steroid for the initial lumbar transforaminal epidural injection (TFESI); and 4% and 14% in the UK and US, respectively, use a particulate steroid for initial cervical TFESI. Eight percent of pain physicians in the UK and 20% from the US would switch to a particulate steroid if the initial TFESI with a nonparticulate steroid did not provide satisfactory pain relief. Ten percent of pain physicians from the United Kingdom and 20% from the US believed that this switch provides better pain relief. Limitations: Interventional pain physicians from the UK and the US were invited to respond. This may not reflect global practice. Conclusions: Our survey has highlighted the wide variation in interventional pain medicine practices both in the UK and the US. The relevant governing bodies in the UK and in the US should encourage clinicians to use at least an 18-gauge radiofrequency needle for RFD at the lumbar level. Discontinuing antithrombotic agents for the lumbar medial branch block is not justifiable. Pain physicians must discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using a nonparticulate over a particulate steroid preparation with the patient before performing TFESI as a standard procedure during the consenting process. Key words: Antithrombotic agents, epidural steroid, medial branch blocks, pain practice variations, particulate and nonparticulate steroids, radiofrequency denervation, spinal interventions
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Nigmatova, Lolakhon Khamidovna. "LANGUAGE AND CUL GE AND CULTURAL ISSUES IN UZBEK V TURAL ISSUES IN UZBEK VOCABULARY." Scientific Reports of Bukhara State University 5, no. 1 (February 26, 2021): 30–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.52297/2181-1466/2021/5/1/3.
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Abstract. In the article had been noted the harmony, stability and reflection of language and culture in the educational vocabulary. In order to teach the native language and inculcate the national and spiritual values and culture of the Uzbek people passed down from generation to generation to the younger generation, the role of dictionaries is very important. The creation of educational dictionaries with a history of several thousand years still remains an urgent task in the XXI century. It is not secret that in developed countries, the focus on the intellectual and spiritual upbringing of a person, the development of thinking, the development of the ability to freely express the product of thought is controlled from an early age. Creating conditions for the development of every child as an individual, ensuring the need for quality education has become one of the priorities of state policy of our country. Although educational lexicography is the oldest branch of lexicography, it theoretically emerged as a separate new branch of linguistics only in the 70s and 80s of the twentieth century. In several developed countries of the world, including the United Kingdom, Germany, Spain, France, the United States, Russia, the development of this industry has become a matter of national importance. Each country, each language had created its own lexicographic traditions.
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McElroy, Martin. "The 1830 budget and repeal: Parliament and public opinion in Ireland." Irish Historical Studies 36, no. 141 (May 2008): 38–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021121400007471.
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During the budget speech of 1830, Henry Goulburn, the chancellor of the exchequer, announced: ‘On the people of that country [Ireland] the same stamp duties will be imposed as are imposed here.’ The government planned ‘to assimilate the laws relating to the stamp duties in different parts of the empire to place the management of the whole of that branch of the revenue under the Stamp-Office in England.’ This proposal was one of several announced by Goulburn to counter the economic slump that the United Kingdom was experiencing after a number of poor harvests. Along with specific measures designed to relieve distress, the Wellington government aimed at ensuring there was no loss of revenue in order to prevent further government borrowing.
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Looijestijn-Clearie, Anne. "Centros Ltd—A Complete U-Turn in the Right of Establishment for Companies?" International and Comparative Law Quarterly 49, no. 3 (July 2000): 621–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589300064393.
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InCentros Ltd and Erhvers-og Selskabsstyrelesen (hereinafter Centros),1 the European Court of Justice ruled that it is contrary to Article 52 (now Article 432) and Article 58 (now Article 48) of the EC Treaty for the authorities of a member State (in casu Denmark) to refuse to register a branch of a company formed under the law of another member State (in casu the United Kingdom) in which it has its registered office, even if the company concerned has never conducted any business in the latter State and intends to carry out its entire business in the State in which the branch is to be set up. By avoiding the need to form a company there it would thus evade the application of the rules governing the provision for and the paying-up of a minimum share capital in force in that State. According to the Court, this does not, however, prevent the authorities of the member State in which the branch is to be set up from adopting appropriate measures for preventing or penalising fraud, either with regard to the company itself, if need be in co-operation with the member State in which it was formed, or with regard to its members, where it has been determined that they are in fact attempting, by means of the formation of a company, to evade their obligations towards creditors established in the territory of the member State of the branch.
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Grant, A., K. F. Stanley, S. J. Henshaw, D. E. Shallcross, and S. O'Doherty. "High-frequency urban measurements of molecular hydrogen and carbon monoxide in the United Kingdom." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10, no. 10 (May 25, 2010): 4715–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-4715-2010.
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Abstract. High-frequency measurements of atmospheric molecular hydrogen (H2) and carbon monoxide (CO) were made at an urban site in the United Kingdom (UK) from mid-December, 2008 until early March, 2009. Very few measurements of H2 exist in the urban environment, particularly within the UK, but are an essential component in the assessment of anthropogenic emissions of H2 and to a certain extent CO. These data provide detailed information on urban time-series, diurnal cycles as well as sources and sinks of both H2 and CO at urban locations. High-frequency data were found to be strongly influenced by local meteorological conditions of wind speed and temperature. Diurnal cycles were found to follow transport frequency very closely due to the sites proximity to major carriageways, consequently a strong correlation was found between H2 and CO mole fractions. Background subtracted mean and rush hour molar H2/CO emission ratios of 0.53±0.08 and 0.57±0.06 respectively, were calculated from linear fitting of data. The scatter plot of all H2 and CO data displayed an unusual two population pattern, thought to be associated with a large industrial area 85 km to the west of the site. However, the definitive source of this two branch pattern could not be fully elucidated. H2 emissions from transport in the UK were estimated to be 188±39 Gg H2/yr, with 8.1±2.3 Tg/yr of H2 produced from vehicle emissions globally. H2 and CO deposition velocities were calculated during stable night-time inversion events when a clear decay of both species was observed. CO was found to have a much higher deposition velocity than H2, 1.3±0.8×10−3 and 2.2±1.5×10−4 m s−1 (1σ) respectively, going against the law of molecular diffusivity. The source of this unusual result was investigated, however no conclusive explanation was found for increased loss of CO over H2 during stable night time inversion events.
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Gamito, Philippe. "Morgan Stanley Judgment: The Emergence of Transnational VAT Pro Rata Calculations." EC Tax Review 28, Issue 3 (June 1, 2019): 150–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ecta2019018.
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The lack of legal clarity regarding VAT recovery and deductible proportion rules applicable to a branch providing support services to its overseas head-office has led to the application of different deduction methods across the European Union (EU). On 24 January 2019, the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) released a long-awaited judgment in Morgan Stanley & Co International plc (Morgan Stanley) (C-165/17). The Court opined that the French branch of a Morgan Stanley entity with its head-office in the United Kingdom should use two pro rata calculations to recover French VAT incurred. One regarding expenditure exclusively used to support of its head-office’s mixed supplies, and a second, on general costs used to support both establishment’s supplies. The significance of this judgment should not be overlooked for taxable persons active in the insurance, financial and other exempt sectors and established in more than one Member State. In this article, the author considers previous CJEU’s judgments that have contributed to shape the issue of deductible proportion in cross-border scenarios, analyses the Morgan Stanley judgment and addresses theoretical and practical difficulties that arise.
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Brachotte, Sandrine. "The Limits of Arbitration Law in Addressing Cultural Diversity: The Example of Ismaili Arbitration in the United Kingdom." Laws 10, no. 2 (June 7, 2021): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/laws10020047.
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This article studies religious arbitration from the perspective of global legal pluralism, which embraces both normative plurality and cultural diversity. In this context, the article considers that UK arbitration law regulates both commercial and religious arbitration while relying on a monist conception of arbitration. It further identifies two intertwined issues regarding cultural diversity, which find their source in this monist conception. Firstly, through the study of Jivraj v. Hashwani ([2011] UKSC 40), this article shows that the governance of religious arbitration may generate a conflict between arbitration law and equality law, the avoidance of which can require sacrificing the objectives of one or the other branch of law. The Jivraj case concerned an Ismaili arbitration clause, requiring that all arbitrators be Ismaili—a clause valid under arbitration law but potentially not under employment-equality law. To avoid such conflict, the Supreme Court reduced the scope of employment-equality law, thereby excluding self-employed persons. Secondly, based on cultural studies of law, this article shows that the conception of arbitration underlying UK arbitration law is ill-suited to make sense of Ismaili arbitration. In view of these two issues, this article argues that UK arbitration law acknowledges normative multiplicity but fails to embrace the cultural diversity entangled therewith.
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Jenkins, Claire, Timothy J. Dallman, Naomi Launders, Caroline Willis, Lisa Byrne, Frieda Jorgensen, Mark Eppinger, et al. "Public Health Investigation of Two Outbreaks of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli O157 Associated with Consumption of Watercress." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 81, no. 12 (April 3, 2015): 3946–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.04188-14.
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ABSTRACTAn increase in the number of cases of Shiga toxin-producingEscherichia coli(STEC) O157 phage type 2 (PT2) in England in September 2013 was epidemiologically linked to watercress consumption. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) identified a phylogenetically related cluster of 22 cases (outbreak 1). The isolates comprising this cluster were not closely related to any other United Kingdom strain in the Public Health England WGS database, suggesting a possible imported source. A second outbreak of STEC O157 PT2 (outbreak 2) was identified epidemiologically following the detection of outbreak 1. Isolates associated with outbreak 2 were phylogenetically distinct from those in outbreak 1. Epidemiologically unrelated isolates on the same branch as the outbreak 2 cluster included those from human cases in England with domestically acquired infection and United Kingdom domestic cattle. Environmental sampling using PCR resulted in the isolation of STEC O157 PT2 from irrigation water at one implicated watercress farm, and WGS showed this isolate belonged to the same phylogenetic cluster as outbreak 2 isolates. Cattle were in close proximity to the watercress bed and were potentially the source of the second outbreak. Transfer of STEC from the field to the watercress bed may have occurred through wildlife entering the watercress farm or via runoff water. During this complex outbreak investigation, epidemiological studies, comprehensive testing of environmental samples, and the use of novel molecular methods proved invaluable in demonstrating that two simultaneous outbreaks of STEC O157 PT2 were both linked to the consumption of watercress but were associated with different sources of contamination.
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Lawson, Gordon E., Paul S. Nolet, Adam R. Little, Anit Bhattacharyya, Vivian Wang, C. Adam Lawson, and Gordon D. Ko. "Medial Branch Blocks for Diagnosis of Facet Joint Pain Etiology and Use in Chronic Pain Litigation." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 21 (October 29, 2020): 7932. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217932.
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A commonly disputed medicolegal issue is the documentation of the location, degree, and anatomical source of an injured plaintiff’s ongoing pain, particularly when the painful region is in or near the spine, and when the symptoms have arisen as result of a relatively low speed traffic crash. The purpose of our paper is to provide health and legal practitioners with strategies to identify the source of cervical pain and to aid triers of fact (decision makers) in reaching better informed conclusions. We review the medical evidence for the applications and reliability of cervical medial branch nerve blocks as an indication of painful spinal facets. We also present legal precedents for the legal admissibility of the results of such diagnostic testing as evidence of chronic spine pain after a traffic crash. Part of the reason for the dispute is the subjective nature of pain, and the fact that medical documentation of pain complaints relies primarily on the history given by the patient. A condition that can be documented objectively is chronic cervical spine facet joint pain, as demonstrated by medial branch block (injection). The diagnostic accuracy of medial branch blocks has been extensively described in the scientific medical literature, and evidence of facet blocks to objectively document chronic post-traumatic neck pain has been accepted as scientifically reliable in courts and tribunals in the USA, Canada and the United Kingdom. We conclude that there is convincing scientific medical evidence that the results of cervical facet blocks provide reliable objective evidence of chronic post-traumatic spine pain, suitable for presentation to an adjudicative decision maker.
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Pezzutto, Simon, Giulio Quaglini, Philippe Riviere, Lukas Kranzl, Antonio Novelli, Andrea Zambito, Luigi Bottecchia, and Eric Wilczynski. "Space Cooling Market in Europe: Assessment of the Final Energy Consumption for the Year 2016." Sustainability 14, no. 5 (February 24, 2022): 2667. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14052667.
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This study investigates Europe’s space cooling energy field. The work aims to assess the European Union (plus the United Kingdom) final energy consumption for space cooling in both the residential and service sectors with 2016 as a baseline. An extensive literature review of datasets and journal papers has been conducted to fill the knowledge gaps of the investigated energy branch. The European space cooling market is mainly dominated by vapour compression (VC) technologies which, in this study, have been grouped as room air conditioners (RACs) and centralized air conditioners (CACs). These technology groups have been investigated, and their installed capacities, energy efficiency levels (seasonal energy efficiency ratio—SEER), equivalent full load hours (EFLHs), and amount of space cooling units installed have been identified as essential parameters to calculate the final energy consumption for space cooling. Overall, the total value of the European final energy consumption for the space cooling sector, including both the residential and service sectors, results in 106 TWh/year.
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Dowling-Hetherington, Linda. "Transnational Higher Education and the Factors Influencing Student Decision-Making: The Experience of an Irish University." Journal of Studies in International Education 24, no. 3 (January 31, 2019): 291–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1028315319826320.
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Increasingly, universities have been engaging in transnational higher education (TNE), and such activity provides students with an additional study option. While much is already known about the TNE activities of universities in larger countries, such as Australia and the United Kingdom, very little is known about universities from smaller countries, such as Ireland. This article examines an Irish university with international branch campuses in Hong Kong, Singapore, and Sri Lanka. The results of a survey exploring the factors that influenced students’ choice of location, institution, and program and conducted among three cohorts of students over a 2-year period are presented. The results suggest that, above all other factors, the university’s international ranking and the accreditations and rankings of its Business School are particularly influential in students’ decision-making process. This finding highlights a potential exposure in terms of the scale of the institution’s student recruitment and revenue streams should it ever experience a decline in its rankings or international reputation.
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Otaye-Ebede, Lilian, Samah Shaffakat, and Scott Foster. "A Multilevel Model Examining the Relationships Between Workplace Spirituality, Ethical Climate and Outcomes: A Social Cognitive Theory Perspective." Journal of Business Ethics 166, no. 3 (March 5, 2019): 611–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-019-04133-8.
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Abstract The role and influence of workplace spirituality on individual and organisational outcomes continue to draw attention among management scholars. Despite this increased attention, extant literature has yielded limited insights particularly into the impact and influence processes of workplace spirituality on performance outcomes at both the individual and unit levels of analysis. Addressing this gap in research, we proposed and tested a multilevel model, underpinned by social cognitive theory, that examines the processes linking perceptions of workplace spirituality and performance outcomes at the individual and organisational level of analysis. Data were obtained from 51 branches of a retail organisation in the United Kingdom. Results from structural equation modelling analysis revealed three salient findings. First, workplace spirituality was positively related to ethical climate, prosocial motivation, and moral judgment. Second, ethical climate partially mediated the relationship between workplace spirituality and prosocial motivation and moral judgment, respectively. Third, aggregated ethical climate significantly relates to branch-level helping behaviour and service performance.
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Wodak, Alex. "Whose Territory is it Anyway? Should Psychiatry own Alcohol and Drugs in Australia?" Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 28, no. 3 (September 1994): 375–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048679409075862.
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Surely alcohol and drug matters in Australia should be regarded as the province of psychiatry? Decades before any other branch of medicine displayed any interest in the subject and long before alcohol and drugs were considered even remotely respectable, numerous Australian psychiatrists provided inspiration and leadership in this Cinderella field. Drs Bartholomew, Bell, Buchanan, Chegwidden, Dalton, Drew, Ellard, Lennane, Milner, Milton, Waddy and Pols are some of the best known among the many Australian psychiatrists who pioneered efforts to improve treatment for patients with alcohol and drug problems. The NHMRC Committee on Alcohol and Drug Dependence, which has a considerable potential for influencing the field in Australia, has always been dominated by psychiatrists. In the United Kingdom and the United States, countries which often serve as models for much of Australian medical and other practice, alcohol and drug matters are determined almost exclusively by psychiatrists. Is there any evidence that they have been held back by a psychiatric hegemony on alcohol and drug's? For many decades (and until quite recently), alcohol and drug matters were handled for the World Health Organisation by its Mental Health Division. Did we suffer globally because WHO placed alcohol and drugs under the control of psychiatry?
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Lane, Sarah. "Reviewer Acknowledgements for International Linguistics Research, Vol. 3, No. 2." International Linguistics Research 3, no. 2 (November 14, 2020): p32. http://dx.doi.org/10.30560/ilr.v3n2p32.
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International Linguistics Research wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal is greatly appreciated.
International Linguistics Research is recruiting reviewers for the journal. If you are interested in becoming a reviewer, we welcome you to join us. Please find the application form and details at http://home.ideasspread.org/for-reviewers/ and e-mail the completed application form to ilr@ideasspread.org
Reviewers for Volume 3, Number 2
Andriy Bilas, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, Ukraine
Cândido Samuel Fonseca de Oliveira, Federal Center for Technological Education of Minas Gerais, Brazil
Elena Ogneva, Belgorod National Research University, Russia
Gareth Morgan, Oxford University, England
Ismail Petrus, Sriwijaya University, Indonesia
Kian Pishkar, Islamic Azad University Jieroft Branch, Iran
Ma Daoshan, Tianjin Polytechnic University, China
Mariana Oleniak, Vasyl` Stus Donetsk National University, Ukraine
Mohammed Abdullah Alzahrani, University of Exeter and Bisha University, United Kingdom
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Ross, Gill, and Chris Brannigan. "Are Depressed Adolescents Routinely Offered CBT? A Brief Review of Current Practice." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 36, no. 1 (October 1, 2007): 113–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465807003979.
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AbstractAn increasing body of research in support of cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) for adolescent depression has emerged during the last two decades. However, it has been suggested that empirically supported treatments are seldom carried out in clinical practice. Although the reasons for this are likely to be diverse, it is argued that mental health services have an ethical responsibility to offer evidence-based interventions. Whether empirically supported interventions, such as CBT, are consistently offered to depressed adolescents attending Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS) is currently unknown. A primary aim of this study was to survey the use of CBT for depression in a number of United Kingdom (UK) CAMHS settings. A postal questionnaire was sent to 117 members of the BABCP Children, Adolescents and Families Special Interest Branch, of which 44 completed questionnaires were returned. Descriptive statistics indicate that just over half of the organizations represented routinely offered CBT to depressed adolescents. CBT practice and the transportation of evidence-based research findings to CAMHS settings are discussed.
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Pilecka, Elżbieta, and Dariusz Szwarkowski. "Use of technology building information modeling (BIM) in the design high building based on innovative approach design CAE/CAD." Technical Sciences 4, no. 20 (October 2, 2017): 375–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/ts.5434.
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BIM -Building Information Modeling is the fastest growing branch of modern design and execution of buildings. In the United States there is a requirement for the design of public investment based on BIM technology. Similar legislation has been in force since 2016 in the United Kingdom. In the near future also in Poland, it becomes necessary the use of BIM technology in the implementation of investments co-financed from European Union funds. The most important part in the design of a new approach is the treatment of structural parts of geometric models, as information which can be changed as desired at any stage of design. A comprehensive approach to design using BIM technology allows to carry out a series of analysis and collision detection at the design stage, in order to reduce costs at the stage of execution of the investment. The paper presents the design of the structural part of a reinforced concrete building, multi-storey in BIM technology. It uses an innovative design approach, enabling the analysis of the object using CAD (Computer Aided Design), which previously was based BIM method and a new approach based on the method of CAE (Computer Aided Engineering), which permit the object generated in BIM, static-strenght analysis. The article presents opportunities and benefits of BIM methods, using innovative design CAE/CAD.
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Dunning, J. H., and G. Norman. "The Location Choice of Offices of International Companies." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 19, no. 5 (May 1987): 613–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a190613.
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There has been a structural shift of employment in developed countries towards the tertiary sector, and an increase in the proportion of economic activity being conducted by international firms. This paper is an examination of the factors that influence location choice of international offices, by means of survey data that facilitate a sectoral analysis of location choice. Analysis of the motives that lead to direct foreign operations is based on the ownership–location–internalisation paradigm, which suggests that international firms tend to be most active in those sectors in which their ownership advantages are most pronounced, and in which these advantages are best exploited internally to the firm. A branch–regional classification is used to distinguish cases in which office-location choice is dominated by external market forces (branch offices) and those in which location is determined by internal organisational forces. The primary influences on location choice are market size and the need for personal presence to serve this market. There is also clear evidence of a ‘bandwagon’ effect. But more detailed influences vary with office type and sector. In this respect, the quality and availability of resources are generally more important than direct costs. The United Kingdom emerges as a high-skill economy with a flexible labour force and good communications facilities. It is also the case that, although proximity to London remains important, there is a clear tendency to consider locations further from London, a tendency that will be further encouraged by technical change and improvement in domestic travel infrastructure.
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Korac, Srdjan. "Feminist theories of international relations: Still homeless in the 21st century?" Medjunarodni problemi 69, no. 2-3 (2017): 349–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp1703349k.
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The paper analyses the general features of the ongoing debate within the feminist approach to the International Relations studies with the aim to discover whether its proponents continue to tear down the traditional norms of this academic discipline at the beginning of the 21st century, to give innovative insights, and to illuminate the power structure hidden in the so-called ?mainstream? IR theories. The paper discusses the most important feminist research questions and topics of the day, the basic feminist argumentation and its genesis, and stresses internal disagreements and criticism towards some theoretical standpoints within the feminist branch of the International Relations discipline. The analysis focuses on research articles and books published in the period 2001-2016 and primarily in the United States and the United Kingdom - the countries where feminist academia is fairly developed in the discipline of International Relations. The author concludes that despite the influence strengthened by the increased number of published research papers, books, and collections of papers in the early 21st century, the proponents of feminist IR theories continue to struggle for their ?place under the Sun? within the mainstream of the International Relations academic community. The epistemological contribution of feminist theories to the International Relations discipline is best seen in regard to their dissident innovations, which ?soften? the traditionally rigid framework of mainstream theory by expanding the list of legitimate research topics and introducing postpositive methodological approaches and techniques.
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Hagen, Antje. "Patents Legislation and German FDI in the British Chemical Industry before 1914." Business History Review 71, no. 3 (1997): 351–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3116077.
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This article analyzes the investments in both manufacturing units and sales subsidiaries by German chemical companies in the United Kingdom prior to 1914. It extends the findings in the existing literature on the subject, as sales subsidiaries have not so far been investigated. In particular, the article focuses on the motives underlying these investments. By building sales subsidiaries, German companies hoped to improve their control over foreign distribution activities and to promote their own brand names. As for the creation of manufacturing outlets, the motives of the companies differed before and after the reform of the British patent law in 1907. Prior to patent law reform, branch plants were set up due to transport cost considerations, resource orientation, or the pursuit of monopoly. Further reasons included restrictions on the use of proprietary technology in the home country and capacity constraints in the home factory. It was only after 1907 that manufacturing units were established to safeguard the companies' British patents. Consequently, the traditionally held notion that it was solely the patent law of 1907 which sparked off German FDI in the British chemical industry needs to be modified.
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Douet, Alec. "Some Aspects of Sugar Beet Production in England, 1945–1985." Rural History 7, no. 2 (October 1996): 221–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793300000169.
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Sugar beet occupies only a minor proportion of the total area of agricultural land in Britain, but it is of major importance to mixed cropping farms in the Eastern Counties of England, where soil and climate combine to give ideal growing conditions. This region produces more than half the annual United Kingdom output, and forms part of the major beet producing area in the European Community, which stretches from the Ile de France and Champagne-Ardenne in France, through southern Belgium to the western regions of the Netherlands. This paper is based on an extensive series of studies of beet production and reports on farming in the Eastern Counties of England, prepared since the mid-1920s by the Farm Economics Branch, and later by the Agricultural Economics Unit, of the Department of Land Economy at the University of Cambridge. After sketching the historical background, it discusses some of the more significant developments – in crop husbandry, structural change, in the substitution of labour for capital and specialisation, and accession to the European Community – which took place in the four decades of unprecedented progress up to 1985.
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D’Onofrio, Augusto, Raphael Caraffa, Giorgia Cibin, Michele Antonello, and Gino Gerosa. "Total Endovascular Aortic Arch Repair: From Dream to Reality." Medicina 58, no. 3 (March 2, 2022): 372. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina58030372.
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The gold-standard therapy for the treatment of aortic arch pathologies is conventional open surgery. Recently, total endovascular aortic arch replacement with branched stent-grafts has been introduced into clinical practice with the aim of reducing invasiveness especially in selected high-risk patients. The aim of this review is to describe the two most commonly used branched devices for endovascular arch stent-grafting: Nexus (Endospan, Herzlia, Israle) and RelayBranch (Terumo Aortic, Glasgow, United Kingdom). Nexus is a CE-certified off-the-shelf, single branch, double stent graft system. It consists of two different components: a main module for the aortic arch and the descending aorta with a side-branch for the brachiocephalic artery (BCA), and a curved module for the ascending aorta that lands into the sino-tubular junction and connects to the main module through a side-facing self-protecting sleeve. Nexus may be used in urgent-emergency cases and also in patients with only one suitable supra-aortic target vessel but, on the other hand, it makes cerebral blood flow dependent on one source vessel only. The RelayBranch Thoracic Stent-Graft System is a custom made, double branched endograft with a wide window on its superior portion to accommodate two inner tunnels for BCA and left common carotid artery connection; bilateral cervical accesses are generally used to advance guidewires for catheterization of the inner tunnels in a retrograde fashion. RelayBranch can be customized on every patient’s specific anatomy and provides a double blood source for the brain, but it cannot be used in urgent-emergency conditions. Therefore, in order to optimize outcomes, the choice of the most appropriate device should be made considering pros and cons of each system and patient’s anatomy by an experienced aortic team. In conclusion, total endovascular aortic arch exclusion is a promising reality in selected high-risk patients.
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Pezzutto, Simon, Philippe Riviere, Lukas Kranzl, Andrea Zambito, Giulio Quaglini, Antonio Novelli, Marcus Hummel, Luigi Bottecchia, and Eric Wilczynski. "Recent Advances in District Cooling Diffusion in the EU27+UK: An Assessment of the Market." Sustainability 14, no. 7 (March 30, 2022): 4128. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14074128.
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The scope of this investigation is to analyze recent advances in district cooling (DC) in Europe (European Union plus the United Kingdom (EU27+UK)). The study focuses on data and information from the past decade and draws a picture for the year 2016. To date, in contrast to the European district heating market, the European DC branch has barely been explored in scientific literature. In the current paper, the data that describe the actual DC market in the EU27+UK—which includes the quantity of DC plants, equivalent full-load hours, and installed capacities as well as the values for seasonal energy efficiency—are collected and then explored using a bottom-up approach. The results indicate that DC is responsible for a minor part of the useful energy demand of Europe for cooling with around 3 TWh/y. Overall, the share of the useful energy demand for DC corresponds with 1 to 2% of the EU27+UK useful energy demand. Moreover, it is worth mentioning that the penetration of DC varies considerably from country to country, and eight European Member States appear to not have district cooling systems at all. Lastly, it is observed that DC has been slowly but constantly growing in Europe for decades and is characterized by a high growth potential, particularly in the service sector.
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Hill, Francesca, Matthew Spurr, and Joseph Stratford. "Frightening Complex Visual Hallucinations in an Elderly Patient with Ophthalmological Pathology and Vascular Dementia." Case Reports in Psychiatry 2020 (December 24, 2020): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8851761.
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A lady in her 90s was referred to the Later Life Team (LLT) in a rural area of the United Kingdom with complex visual hallucinations (VH). She had significant ophthalmological pathology, including cataracts, a branch retinal vein occlusion, and vitreous haemorrhage. The hallucinations included seeing monkeys ripping the heads off of her cats and lions prowling the garden. The patient was distressed by the hallucinations and believed them to be real events. Her management involved low dose olanzapine and requesting that her ophthalmological surgery be expedited. The surgery resulted in a significant reduction in VH. A diagnosis of vascular dementia went on to be made following cognitive testing and imaging. The cognitive impairment may have contributed to the patient’s inability to identify her experiences as hallucinations and thus render her without insight. A review of the computed tomography (CT) scans performed prior to the patient’s presentation to our service confirmed significant vascular pathology including small vessel disease and lacunar infarcts. Cognitive testing confirmed a cognitive impairment which had gone unnoticed by her family. This case leads to an interesting discussion regarding diagnosis in complex VH in cases of significant ophthalmological pathology but a lack of insight. Various authors have proposed theories to explain VH; cortical release and the Perception and Attention Deficit (PAD) model are explored as possible explanations for the experiences of this patient.
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Foxcroft, Nigel H., and Christian Høgsbjerg. "The Earle Birney – Malcolm Lowry Connection." University of Toronto Quarterly 91, no. 2 (June 1, 2022): 49–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/utq.91.2.03.
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The eminent Canadian poet, Earle Birney (1904–95), and the late modernist writer, Malcolm Lowry (1909–57), shared not only a supportive friendship in Vancouver (ignited by Sybil Hutchinson in 1947) involving the patronage of each other’s verses. Their deeper connections were rooted in shared experiences under the influence of Marxist ideas in 1930s England. A self-proclaimed “working-class boy,” Birney was radicalized toward Marxism whilst studying for a Toronto doctoral degree during the Great Depression. Attracted to the Young Communist League, he was won over to Trotskyism in 1933 by Kenneth and Sylvia Johnstone. Convinced that the Communist position was “basically unMarxist” for failing to build a united front against Adolf Hitler, he co-launched a branch of the International Left Opposition (Trotskyist) of Canada and organized political groups in Utah. Yet it was in the United Kingdom in 1934 that he joined (with Esther Heiger, C.L.R. James, and others) the Marxist group within the Independent Labour Party. His correspondence with Trotsky culminated in a visit to Norway to seek advice. His doctoral thesis, 1930s criticism, and literary works – such as Down the Long Table – were shaped by Marxist aesthetics. A Cambridge undergraduate in English in 1929–32, Lowry was aware of the appeal of Marxism to many UK intellectuals. He became involved in political debates hosted by the Haldanes at Roebuck House and contributed to The Venture and Experiment. Liaising with the “Cambridge Five,” he was impressed by Guy Burgess who lent his surname to a character in his 1930s novel, In Ballast to the White Sea (2014), a treatise on communism and revolutions of politics and the soul. Inspired by Waldo Frank, he ensured that Trotskyism and its impact on Mexico are central themes in Under the Volcano (1947).
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Ullah, Irfan, and Kaleem Ullah. "درآمدات وبرآمدات کا اسلامی منہاج : حضرت عمر فاروقؓ کی بصیرت کےتناظرمیں تحقیقی جائزہ." Journal of Islamic and Religious Studies 5, no. 2 (December 14, 2020): 69–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.36476/jirs.5:2.12.2020.05.
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International trade relations are a branch of economics that deals with trade between countries. It covers exports and imports of goods and services. Besides, international treaties and their International institutions are also analyzed. Also, the measure of the development of any country is that there should be high imports and exports. In various respects, a large part of the foreign exchange that we collect throughout the year is spent on importing various goods from other countries. That is why our economy cannot grow as fast as it should. One of the reasons why our foreign exchange reserves have not increased significantly is the gap between imports and exports. As far as the United States, the United Kingdom, and Europe are concerned, we have a trade deficit with many countries in the region because we order more and export less. In this way, bilateral trade is beneficial for them, but not for us. As the field of international economic relations is getting wider and wider day by day and its importance is increasing, the more the country develops, the more it evolves. The level of international economic relations at that time was not as high as they were in the time of Hazrat Omar. The trade reserves did not pass close to the status of the exchange. But the knowledge of international economic relations on Islamic Minhaj. In terms of age, Hazrat Omar's economic knowledge and insight were much higher than the people of that time. The rules and regulations that you have laid down for him. At every age, every country and every person strives to gain benefits and gains through international economic relations and to avoid difficulties and losses. So, in this article, the light of the thoughts and insights of the Islamic Minhaj Hazrat Umar RA on international trade will be presenting a research review.
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Mancini, Susanna. "Supreme Court of the United Kingdom: To Be or Not To Be Jewish: The UK Supreme Court Answers the Question; Judgment of 16 December 2009, R v The Governing Body of JFS, 2009 UKSC 15." European Constitutional Law Review 6, no. 3 (October 2010): 481–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1574019610300071.
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On 16 December 2009, the UK Supreme Court held a state-funded Jewish school to be guilty of discrimination based on ethnic origin in the way it operated its admissions policies. The Jewish Free School (JFS), one of the top-performing schools in the country, refused a place to a thirteen year old boy, M., because it did not consider him Jewish. It is a fundamental tenet of traditional Judaism that to be Jewish one must be born of Jewish mother or to a woman who converted into Judaism prior to his/her birth. M.'s father was Jewish by birth, but his mother, who was originally an Italian Catholic, had converted to Judaism with the criteria set by a non-orthodox branch of Judaism. The School's admissions standards only recognized orthodox criteria for conversion as valid, hence deeming neither M. nor his mother to be Jewish.
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Lashley, Beverley, Nicholas Graham, and Nicole Prawl. "Coping with Covid-19: The case of the National Library of Jamaica." Alexandria: The Journal of National and International Library and Information Issues 30, no. 2-3 (August 2020): 135–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0955749020984937.
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While Asian and European countries were grappling with the Covid-19 pandemic, the first imported case from the United Kingdom surfaced in Jamaica on 10 March 2020. The article will trace the steps taken by the National Library of Jamaica (NLJ) before and during the pandemic while improving the value of our cultural heritage to Jamaica and the wider diaspora. The NLJ celebrated 40 years of sterling contribution to the development of Jamaica from March 1979 to April 2020. It has been a leading voice in the region in disaster management and preparedness. Through its Preservation and Conservation Branch, and oversight from the Disaster Preparedness Committee, the NLJ has become a training ground for professionals in the information and conservation field. While highlighting the work of the NLJ, the article will also present statements and surveys conducted on regional and international bodies. These organisations include the Association of Caribbean University, Research and Institutional Libraries (ACURIL), the Community of Directors of National Libraries (a subgroup of the International Federation of Library Associations (IFLA) and the Society of American Archivists. The surveys conducted gleaned a greater appreciation of the impact of Covid-19 on libraries and archives regionally and internationally. The article will address other pandemic crises that have affected Jamaica. It will also demonstrate that being proactive and prepared for viral episodes can mitigate the risks. The NLJ used the opportunity to facilitate service delivery while being socially distant from its patrons.
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Johnson, Andrew Allan, Guy Bingham, and Candice Majewski. "Laser sintered body armour – establishing single layer stab protection." Rapid Prototyping Journal 24, no. 1 (January 2, 2018): 130–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-11-2015-0173.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to establish the minimum thickness required to provide stab protection in accordance with the United Kingdom Home Office Scientific Development Branch (HOSDB) standards while testing a series of laser sintered (LS) planar specimens using instrumented test apparatus. Design/methodology/approach Planar test specimens were LS in single-layer thicknesses ranging from 1.00 to 15.00 mm in four material powder categories – DuraForm® virgin, DuraForm 50/50 mix, DuraForm EX® virgin and DuraForm EX 50/50 mix. All specimens were tested using instrumented drop test apparatus and were impacted with established Stanley Tools 1992 trimming blades to the UK HOSDB KR1-E1 stab impact energy level. Findings The research demonstrated that a minimum single planar specimen thickness of 11.00 mm, manufactured from DuraForm EX 50/50 mix powder, was required to provide protection against the HOSDB KR1-E1 level of stab impact energy. The alternative powder mixes tested within this experiment demonstrated poor levels of stab protection, with virgin powder specimens demonstrating no protection up to 15.00 mm, whereas DuraForm 50/50 mix specimens demonstrating inconsistent performances. Originality/value This paper enhances on existing literature surrounding the manufacturing and testing of additive manufacturing (AM) stab-resistant armour by adding further rigour to the testing of AM body armour specimens. In addition, this research establishes key foundation characteristics which could be utilised for the future development of bespoke AM body armour garments.
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Abdul Majid, Marina. "ACQUISITION OF RARE EARTH MINERALS FROM MALAYA IN VIOLATION OF EXPORT CONTROL LAWS FOR JAPAN’S ATOMIC RESEARCH DURING WORLD WAR II." International Journal of Law, Government and Communication 7, no. 30 (December 21, 2022): 87–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.35631/ijlgc.730009.
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During World War II (WWII) from 1941-1945, the Japanese sought to obtain uranium and thorium from Malaya meant for its atomic research. This may violate international export controls or the domestic laws of the United States (US) and the United Kingdom (UK). The main objective of this study is to investigate the extent of the Japanese acquisition of uranium and thorium in Malaya for its atomic research during WWII which may or may not have violated international or domestic export control laws of the US and UK. This qualitative study used a textual analysis for interpreting bilateral and trilateral agreements to secure uranium and thorium, the export control laws of the US and UK, and a case law. Other documentation concerning Japanese procurement of amazing in Malaya was referred. Secondary resources of books, book chapters, conference papers, journal articles, newspapers, magazines, and internet materials were also analyzed through content analysis. The write-up for this study is narrative as this study relates to history, law, and security studies. The results of this study indicate the Japan Nitrogen Company based in Malim Nawar had produced carbide, ammunition and ammonia. While this company’s branch in Hŭngnam, North Korea had been scouting for minerals for Japan’s atomic research, it is unknown if the unit in Malaya also played the same role. Amang was shipped to Japan for the extraction of monazite which in turn returned thorium and uranium were used for atomic research but some were sunk at sea or confiscated as war bounty by the US. Penang Island became a transit point for uranium sent by the Germans to the Japanese. The US and the UK export control laws were the most applicable in restricting Japan from acquiring uranium and other minerals for atomic research as international controls were just emerging and applicable among a few selected countries to yet become an accepted norm multilaterally.
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Magni, Paola Annarosa, Abigail Dianne Harvey, and Edda Emanuela Guareschi. "Insects Associated with Ancient Human Remains: How Archaeoentomology can Provide Additional Information in Archaeological Studies." Heritage 6, no. 1 (January 3, 2023): 435–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage6010023.
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Archaeoentomology is the study of insects and other arthropods recovered from an archaeological site; they can be found in association with ancient human and animal remains, food, artefacts or they can be related to the environment and its changes throughout the time. Within archaeoentomology, the branch of “funerary archeoentomology” considers insects and other arthropods especially in association with human remains in funerary and burial contexts. The presence and the location of certain insect species closely associated with or nearby the remains, can be valuable in gathering information about the ecological situation at the time of burial and the changes that occurred in the environment up until the discovery of the body. Funerary archaeoentomology investigations have been carried out globally, primarily in countries like Italy, Peru, the United Kingdom and France. Similarly to forensic entomology contexts, the abundance and diversity of insects are affected by the type of burial, the macro and micro-environment of and surrounding the burial, the items associated with the cadaver, the post-mortem practices, and the time that has elapsed from the body deposition to the discovery and the excavation. While funerary archaeoentomology and forensic entomology remain two well-distinguished disciplines, the sampling practice, the insect identification process, and the analyses of the burial ecology in funerary archaeoentomology studies follow the best practices and the general guidelines of forensic entomology. In both disciplines, the correct identification of the insects is key to providing correct information. Various methods have proven effective for insect identification, i.e., morphological, molecular and chemical analysis.
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ROSE, EDWARD P. F. "MILITARY GEOLOGY: AN AMERICAN TERM OF WORLD WAR I RE-DEFINED FOR THE BRITISH ARMY AT THE END OF WORLD WAR II." Earth Sciences History 42, no. 2 (July 1, 2023): 291–326. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/1944-6187-42.2.291.
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ABSTRACT The term ‘military geology’, translated from German after earlier use in French and Spanish publications, entered the English language via American publications from 1917 onwards, initially after the USA entered World War I. It was widely used in the USA and, in direct or indirect translation, in several European countries additional to Germany and Austria thereafter, but not in the United Kingdom—although military applications of geology had been perceived and utilized by the British Army for much of the previous century. However, the term was used and its scope defined on the basis of operational experience at a meeting in Brussels on 28 February to 1 March 1945 as World War II drew to an end, a meeting seemingly unique for the War in that it comprised five ‘British’ geologist officers of field rank: the South African Major Gordon Lyall Paver, English Major Frederick William Shotton, Australian-born but Canadian-educated English Major John Leonard Farrington, English Squadron Leader John Francis Kirkaldy, and Welsh Major David Ronald Arthur Ponsford. Their purpose was to review wartime use of ‘military geology’ in the British Army, and to make recommendations for a more efficient British military geological service in the future, especially in the Far East after the war in Europe entered its final phase. The meeting generated a four-page closely-typed unpublished ‘Memorandum: Military geology in the British services’ (now preserved in England in the Lapworth Museum at the University of Birmingham and in The National Archives, Kew, near London). This included a very brief summary of the British Army’s deployment of geologists within western Europe, East Africa, the Middle East, North Africa and the Mediterranean region, and India. Those present brought together long experience from all these campaign areas except India (and the Far East in general). That deficiency was made good later in the year, on 7 December 1945, when Eric J. Bradshaw, Superintending Geologist of the Strategic Branch of the Geological Survey of India, completed an 81-page typed unpublished ‘Military geology: Memorandum of post-war policy’ (accessible in England at Birmingham, at Kew, and at the British Geological Survey, Keyworth). This with its 23 pages of appendices records details of wartime work in India and discussions held by the author there and in the United Kingdom following the end of hostilities in Europe on 8 May 1945. It re-defines the scope of ‘military geology’ for British armed forces in terms of water (resources, floods and drainage), stone and miscellaneous mineral resources, soils, engineering projects (reconnaissance, stability and excavations), terrain, ‘photo-geology’ and several miscellaneous applications. The memorandum proposed a grandiose organization of 151 geologist officers plus ancillary staff for British military geology postwar. That organizational scheme was not adopted—but by 1945 the term ‘military geology’ had clearly extended from American to significant British use.
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Koike, S. T., P. A. Nolan, S. A. Tjosvold, and K. L. Robb. "First Occurrence of Downy Mildew of Statice, Caused by Peronospora statices, in California and the Rest of the United States." Plant Disease 82, no. 5 (May 1998): 591. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1998.82.5.591a.
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In California, hybrid statice (Misty series; Limonium bellidifolium × Limonium latifolium) is grown as a commercial cutflower crop in fields and greenhouses. In 1997, downy mildew was observed on statice plantings in both southern (San Diego County) and central (Monterey and Santa Cruz counties) parts of coastal California. Initial symptoms consisted of light green, irregularly shaped leaf spots that, after a few days, became chlorotic. As disease progressed, chlorotic spots coalesced and turned necrotic, at times resulting in extensive death of leaf tissues. Under favorable conditions, the purple to gray sporulation of the pathogen could be seen on abaxial surfaces of leaves. Conidiophores had main trunks with dichotomous branches and measured 194 to 335 μm in length (mean = 229 μm) from the base to the first branches and 7 to 8 μm across at the widest part. Branch ends were slender with curved tips that measured 5 to 8 μm long. Conidia were ovoid to globose with very short pedicels, and measured 14 to 19 μm × 14 to 17 μm. Conidial surfaces appeared slightly roughened when viewed with a scanning electron microscope. Clearing leaf sections with 10% NaOH (1) revealed the presence of yellow-brown, globose oospores that measured 31 to 47 μm. The pathogen was identified as Peronospora statices (1). Pathogenicity was demonstrated by pressing leaves with abundant sporulation against healthy leaves of test plants (Misty White) and then placing inoculated plants in a humidity chamber. After 10 to 12 days, symptoms similar to those originally observed developed on inoculated plants; after 14 to 16 days, purple fungal growth morphologically similar to the original isolates grew on leaves. Uninoculated control plants did not develop symptoms or signs of downy mildew. This is the first report of downy mildew caused by P. statices on statice in California and the rest of the United States. The disease has also been confirmed on Blue Fantasia (L. bellidifolium × L. perezii). This disease has been reported previously in Italy, The Netherlands, and the United Kingdom (1). Reference: (1) G. S. Hall et al. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 103:471, 1997.
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Adelani, David Ifeoluwa, and Mamadou Kaba Traoré. "Enhancing the reusability and interoperability of artificial neural networks with DEVS modeling and simulation." International Journal of Modeling, Simulation, and Scientific Computing 07, no. 02 (June 2016): 1650005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793962316500057.
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Artificial neural networks (ANNs), a branch of artificial intelligence, has become a very interesting domain since the eighties when back-propagation (BP) learning algorithm for multilayer feed-forward architecture was introduced to solve nonlinear problems. It is used extensively to solve complex nonalgorithmic problems such as prediction, pattern recognition and clustering. However, in the context of a holistic study, there may be a need to integrate ANN with other models developed in various paradigms to solve a problem. In this paper, we suggest discrete event system specification (DEVS) be used as a model of computation (MoC) to make ANN models interoperable with other models (since all discrete event models can be expressed in DEVS, and continuous models can be approximated by DEVS). By combining ANN and DEVS, we can model the complex configuration of ANNs and express its internal workings. Therefore, we are extending the DEVS-based ANN proposed by Toma et al. [A new DEVS-based generic artficial neural network modeling approach, The 23rd European Modeling and Simulation Symp. (Simulation in Industry), Rome, Italy, 2011] for comparing multiple configuration parameters and learning algorithms and also to do prediction. The DEVS models are described using the high level language for system specification (HiLLS), [Maïga et al., A new approach to modeling dynamic structure systems, The 29th European Modeling and Simulation Symp. (Simulation in Industry), Leicester, United Kingdom, 2015] a graphical modeling language for clarity. The developed platform is a tool to transform ANN models into DEVS computational models, making them more reusable and more interoperable in the context of larger multi-perspective modeling and simulation (MAS).
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Hanley, K. E., D. J. Kirshbaum, N. M. Roberts, and G. Leoncini. "Sensitivities of a Squall Line over Central Europe in a Convective-Scale Ensemble." Monthly Weather Review 141, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 112–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-12-00013.1.
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Abstract Convective-scale ensemble simulations with perturbed initial and lateral boundary conditions are performed to investigate the mechanisms and sensitivities of a central European convection event from the Convective and Orographically Induced Precipitation Study (COPS). In this event, a “primary” squall line developed ahead of a decaying mesoscale convective system (MCS) upstream of the Vosges Mountains (France), weakened over the Rhine valley, then regenerated as a “secondary” squall line over the Black Forest Mountains (Germany). All ensemble members captured the squall-line evolution, but most suffered from a delay in the onset of convection and positional errors of 50–150 km over the COPS region. These errors in the secondary initiation were linked to errors in the primary initiation. Detailed analysis revealed a similar primary initiation mechanism in all members: in the ascending branch of a midlevel frontal circulation ahead of the MCS, convection initiated within a mesoscale moisture anomaly embedded within the prefrontal flow. The differences in the skill of the ensemble members were related to subtle differences in their initial upper-level representation of potential vorticity (PV). Members that verified well possessed a stronger PV gradient at the leading edge of an upper-level trough. This led to more rapid cyclogenesis over northern France and the United Kingdom and faster development and propagation of the midlevel front and the prefrontal moisture anomaly. As a consequence, the squall lines in these members developed earlier and closer to the COPS region. This case study provides an example of the subtle mechanisms by which errors on the larger scales may transfer to the convective scale and lead to errors in quantitative precipitation forecasts.
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Ivors, K. L., L. W. Lacey, D. C. Milks, S. M. Douglas, M. K. Inman, R. E. Marra, and J. A. LaMondia. "First Report of Boxwood Blight Caused by Cylindrocladium pseudonaviculatum in the United States." Plant Disease 96, no. 7 (July 2012): 1070. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-03-12-0247-pdn.
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In September and October 2011, a new disease was observed on Buxus spp. in North Carolina and Connecticut, respectively. In North Carolina, over 10,000 containerized Buxus sempervirens (American boxwood) were affected at one location. A few weeks later, the disease was found in Connecticut on entire plantings of B. sempervirens ‘Suffruticosa’ (English boxwood) at two residential properties, and shortly thereafter on over 150,000 plants at two production nurseries. Initial foliar symptoms appeared as light to dark brown spots, often with dark borders. Spots enlarged and coalesced, often with a concentric pattern, and black streaks or cankers developed on stems. Infected leaves became brown or straw colored and dropped quickly after foliar symptoms were visible. Branch dieback and plant death were also observed in Connecticut. Cultures were isolated from symptomatic leaves and stems and identified as Cylindrocladium pseudonaviculatum Crous, Groenewald & Hill 2002 (1) (syn. Cylindrocladium buxicola Henricot 2002 [2]) on the basis of morphological characteristics. Macroconidiophores were single or in groups of up to three and comprised a stipe, stipe extension, and a penicillate arrangement of fertile branches. The stipe extension was septate, hyaline (89 to 170 × 2 to 4.5 μm), and terminated in an ellipsoidal vesicle (6 to 11 μm diameter) with a papillate or pointed apex. Conidia were cylindrical, straight, hyaline, and one septate (48 to 62 × 4 to 6 μm), occurring in slimy clusters. No microconidiophores were observed. Chlamydospores were medium to dark brown, thick walled, and smooth to rough. Microsclerotia were observed on PDA (1). A portion of β-tubulin gene sequence from two Connecticut (Genbank Accession Nos. JQ866628 and JQ866629) and two North Carolina isolates showed 100% similarity with only C. pseudonaviculatum strains. USDA-APHIS-PPQ confirmed this new United States record on October 24, 2011. Pathogenicity was confirmed by inoculating three 1-gallon container plants of B. sempervirens ‘Suffruticosa’ in North Carolina and four liners of B. sinica var. insularis × B. sempervirens ‘Green Velvet’ in Connecticut with a spore suspension of approximately 5.0 × 106 conidia (North Carolina) or 1.0 × 106 conidia (Connecticut) on the foliage of each plant; untreated control plants were sprayed with water. After incubation at ambient temperature, all inoculated plants developed foliar and stem lesions within 3 to 4 days and blighting occurred within 2 weeks; control plants remained asymptomatic. C. pseudonaviculatum was reisolated from inoculated plants. To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. pseudonaviculatum in the United States. C. pseudonaviculatum causes a serious disease of Buxus spp. in the United Kingdom and several other European countries as well as New Zealand (1). Confirmation of boxwood blight in the United States is significant because of the popularity of boxwood as a landscape plant, and because of the potential economic impact this disease may have on commercial growers; boxwood production in the United States has an annual wholesale market value of approximately $103 million (3). References: (1) P. Crous, et al. Sydowia 54:23, 2002. (2) B. Henricot and A. Culham Mycologia 94: 980, 2002. (3) USDA-NASS, Census of Horticulture, 2010.
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Dave, Ananta, Naureen Bhatti, Joydeep Grover, Rosanna Geddes, Triya Chakravorty, Satheesh Mathew, Shivani Sharma, JS Bamrah, and Indranil Chakravorty. "Does a Narrow Definition of Medical Professionalism lead to Systemic Bias and Differential Outcomes?" Sushruta Journal of Health Policy & Opinion 14, no. 1 (February 23, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.38192/14.1.13.
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The concept of medical professionalism is enshrined in the principles of Good Medical Practice (GMP), upheld by the General Medical Council (GMC), and is applicable to all doctors as well as undergraduate students in the United Kingdom. The principles were conceived, developed and implemented to ensure that the highest standards of medical practice are adhered to for the safety of the public and to retain trust in the medical profession. The GMC has a statutory duty to ensure that professional standards are maintained. Approximately 1% of doctors on the medical register are subject to investigation by the GMC, based on referrals made by employing organisations or the public.
While appropriate GMC investigation is essential to maintain standards, patient safety and public confidence, there are inherent inequalities in the process resulting in widely different outcomes for certain groups of students or doctors based on Black and minority ethnicity, male gender and non-UK primary medical qualification often leading to devastating consequences.
This narrative review considers the contributors to differential attainment (DA) and the impact on the health service, patients and individual wellbeing. It explores the tenets of a current narrow definition of professionalism which, while representing the unidimensional White majority view, ignores the huge diversity of the workforce and the public, thus exposing significant tensions for groups of professionals. The Covid-19 pandemic has exposed the inherent systemic bias in the health service for both professionals and the public. This review recommends root and branch reform of the definition of professionalism, by engagement with the public and the workforce, to incorporate principles of equality, diversity and inclusion, which the authors believe will create the environment for a just and equitable professional experience. 1
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Lutsenko, N. "MUSLIM BROTHERHOOD ACTIVITY IN EGYPT (20th – EARLY 21st CENTURIES)." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. History, no. 145 (2020): 52–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2640.2020.145.9.
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The article examines the origins of political Islam in the Middle East and the terminological aspect of the problem. The stages of the formation of the Egyptian Islamic organization Muslim Brotherhood were clarified and its key ideological tenets were established. The political and socio-economic circumstances in which the organization was formed are outlined. Attention is drawn to the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, the military and economic presence in Egypt of the United Kingdom, which consolidated political Islamic parties. The process of transforming the Muslim Brotherhood from a "group of like-minded people" into a political party is considered. The political and legal ideas of the founder of the organization Hasan al-Banna are covered. which became the main strategy of the Muslim Brotherhood. The situation of the organization in the 30's and 40's was analyzed during the attempt of Nazi Germany to turn the Brothers into their own puppet. The article reveals the role in the organization of its ideologist Said Qutb. His main ideas and views, which formed the basis of the radical Muslim Brotherhood branch, are analyzed. The link between the radicalism of the organization and the ultra-conservative trend of Islam - "Salafism" - was noted. The connection of the Muslim Brotherhood with the Free Officers organization, which came to power in Egypt in 1952, has been disclosed. It was stated that the Brothers supported General Gamal Nasser in the struggle for power, which allowed them to take part in the parliamentary elections. It is stated that the Brothers' criticism of the policies of Gamal Nasser and Anwar Sadat on Israel led to a ban of the organization's activities in Egypt. It has been established that under the presidency of Hosni Mubarak, the "Brothers" tried to enter parliament in other parties. The place and role of the organization during the Egyptian Revolution of 2011, which led the Muslim Brotherhood to power, were examined. The main reasons for the failure of the organization are indicated.
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Khattabi, Hidaya EL, and Mohamed Karim. "Attractiveness of Foreign Direct Investment and Export Performance in Morocco: The Case of the Automotive Industry." Journal of Economics and Public Finance 5, no. 2 (April 4, 2019): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/jepf.v5n2p147.
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<p><em>Thanks to its geopolitical position and its know-how, Morocco has established itself as a leader in the automotive sector on the continent. The Moroccan automotive industry has experienced remarkable growth in recent years. A dazzling progression that is not about to stop. Thus, Morocco has become the 28th largest car exporter in the world, first in North Africa and second on the African continent.</em></p><p><em>Its performance is particularly remarkable in terms of exports and job creation, for which the sector is growing at a double-digit rate with more than 80.000 people in 2016 compared to 39.131 in 2008. Cabling is the leading employer segment with nearly 69.5% in 2016, followed by seats and seat covers (9%) and automotive manufacturing (8.3%).</em></p><p><em>And with MAD58.8 billion in export sales in 2017, compared with MAD12.7 billion in 2007, the automotive sector is the leading export sector. This performance contributed to the overall evolution of Moroccan exports by nearly 36.7%. In 2017, the automotive sector became the country’s leading export sector for the fourth consecutive year. Its share rose to 23.6% in 2017 (5.5% of GDP) from 10.1% in 2007 (2.1% of GDP).</em></p><p><em>An analysis of Moroccan export markets by destination shows that France and Spain are Morocco’s main customers. Thus, cabling remains the main export segment to Spain. On the other hand, for France, Germany, Italy, Turkey and the United Kingdom, automotive manufacturing is the predominant branch in exports. Outside European countries, exports of vehicles produced in Morocco doubled to Algeria between 2016 and 2017, and have increased in recent years to Asian countries, mainly China.</em></p><p><em>Foreign direct investment income from the automotive industry rose sharply to MAD3.3 billion in 2017, up from MAD0.7 billion in 2010. France remains the leading direct investor in the automotive sector (82% in 2017), followed by the USA (8%) and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Production and exports should continue to rise thanks to a MAD6 billion investment by PSA Peugeot Citroën, which will set up a plant in Morocco in the municipality of Ameur Seflia, in the Gharb Chrarda-Beni Hssen region, on the edge of the Atlantic Free Zone integrated industrial platform.</em></p>
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Agnieszka Gutkowska. "Islamic penal law in Europe?" Archives of Criminology, no. XXXII (January 1, 2010): 403–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.7420/ak2010m.
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The article is concerned with selected rules of Islamic penal law. Such a discussion seems necessary (though naturally not sufficient) to attempt to answer the question about the best model of coexistence of sometimes drastically different cultural and normative systems in modern multicultural world. The choice of sharia is justified if we take into account that according to demographic data there are over 38 million of Muslim people living now in Europe. Without a doubt, such a situation may be a challenge because sharia explicitly states that observing laws in the country of residence (kanun) is a duty of every Muslim believer – however provided that the laws do not contradict sharia. There is one striking example of coexistence of different normative systems in Europe. The United Kingdom is the only European country so far which has decided to include Islamic laws in its legal system. Muslim citizens, if they are willing to, can decide property, inheritance, and family disputes in sharia courts and their decisions are recognised by the state. A conscious decision on integration of legal systems should rely on a deeper understanding of the legal system to be integrated into the current one. Understanding sharia requires, first of all, being aware that in the legal culture of Islam there is no division into secular and religious sphere. Hence, the common European perception of sharia as religious law must be considered a mistake. Sharia distinguishes two spheres: ibadat and mu’amalat. Ibadat, that is acts of faith, is the branch of law comprising religious duties of Muslim people. As a rule, breach of ibadat results with punishment in earthly life. Mu’amalat, that is transactions, contains provisions concerning interpersonal relations and protection of five basic human needs: life, religion, family life, property, feelings, and intellect. Yet, it cannot be said that ibadat is religious while mu’amalat is secular law. Together they form sharia and, what is more, they both contain penal provisions. In sharia, penal law is not a separate branch of law and both rules of penal law and sentence administration appear in both branches of sharia. Crime in Islamic law is always a detriment to the society as it infringes social order, God’s order, is a sacrilege (as it is a human infringement of divine rules), and a source of corruption for others. Classification of crimes in sharia is also entirely different from the western one. The basic criterion is the grounds for punishment and crimes are classified as punishable as hudud, kisas (or dijja), and ta’zir. Distinction between deeds punishable under Qur’an (hudud and kisas) and deeds punishable under customary law (ta’zir) is specific for Islamic law. While considering issues related to Islamic penal law, one cannot stop at the literal interpretation of sources of law.
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Buckley, Claire. "Cecilia: Find Music Collections in the UK and Ireland201089Cecilia: Find Music Collections in the UK and Ireland. URL: www.cecilia‐uk.org: United Kingdom and Ireland Branch of the International Association of Music Libraries, Archives and Documentation Centres Last visited September 2009. Gratis." Reference Reviews 24, no. 2 (February 16, 2010): 54–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09504121011021986.
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