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Academic literature on the topic 'United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (1972 : Stockholm, Sweden)'
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Journal articles on the topic "United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (1972 : Stockholm, Sweden)"
1
Sand, Peter H. "International Law on the Agenda of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development: Towards Global Environmental Security?" Nordic Journal of International Law 60, no. 1 (1991): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157181091x00197.
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AbstractBy resolution 44/228 of 22 December 1989, the United Nations General Assembly decided to convene a United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) to be held in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) in June 1992 at the highest possible level of participation.1 The Rio Conference will mark the twentieth anniversary of the 1972 Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment, which had indeed envisaged the holding of a follow-up conference,2 a recommendation echoed by the 1987 report of the World Commission on Environment and Development (Brundtland Report).3
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Dorn, Charles. "«A New Global Ethic»: A History of the United Nations International Environmental Education Program, 1975-1995." Foro de Educación 18, no. 2 (2020): 83–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.14516/fde.808.
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In 1975, the United Nations, under the auspices of its Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and Environment Program (UNEP), established the International Environmental Education Program (IEEP). For two decades, IEEP aimed to accomplish goals ascribed to it by UNESCO member states and fostered communication across the international community through Connect, the UNESCO-UNEP environmental education newsletter. After reviewing UNESCO’s early involvement with the environment, this study examines IEEP’s development, beginning with its conceptual grounding in the 1968 UNESCO Biosphere Conference. It examines the 1972 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment held in Stockholm, moves on to the UNESCO-UNEP 1975 Belgrade Workshop, and continues with the world’s first intergovernmental conference dedicated to environmental education held in Tbilisi in 1977. The paper then uses Connect to trace changes in the form and content of environmental education. Across two decades, environmental education shifted from providing instruction about nature protection and natural resource conservation to fostering an environmental ethic through a problems-based, interdisciplinary study of the ecology of the total environment to adopting the concept of sustainable development. IEEP ultimately met with mixed success. Yet it was the primary United Nations program assigned the task of creating and implementing environmental education globally and thus offers a particularly useful lens through which to analyze changes in the international community’s understanding of the concept of the environment over time.
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Borowy, Iris. "Before UNEP: who was in charge of the global environment? The struggle for institutional responsibility 1968–72." Journal of Global History 14, no. 1 (2019): 87–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1740022818000360.
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AbstractMany of the international technical agencies formed after 1945 addressed environmental topics within their specific fields of work. By the late 1960s, a growing awareness of pollution and an emerging environmental movement in Western countries led to a perceived need for more coordinated and institutionalized international cooperation on the environment. Before the landmark United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, held in Stockholm in 1972, and the subsequent creation of the UN Environment Programme, several organizations competed for recognition as principal reference organizations for environmental matters. This article analyses the combination of cooperation and rivalry, involving in particular the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (ECE). Among other initiatives, the OECD became the first international organization to establish a permanent committee specifically dedicated to environmental issues and the ECE organized a Conference on Environmental Problems, held in Prague in 1971. Both called for a critical review of the dominant growth-centred economic model. Their analysis adds a neglected dimension to the origins of today’s international structure of environmental cooperation as well as to the long-term evolution of economic environmental thinking.
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Silverman, Victor. "Sustainable Alliances: The Origins of International Labor Environmentalism." International Labor and Working-Class History 66 (October 2004): 118–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547904000201.
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This article examines evaluates the strength of the Labor-Environmentalist alliance of the late twentieth century. It traces the evolution of trade unionists' thinking about nature and the human relationship to the environment by examining intellectual and political sources of labor involvement in United Nations' environmental policy making from the 1950s through the 1980s. The article explores the reasons trade union organizations, notably the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions, the International Trade Secretariats (Global Union Federations) and the European Trade Union Confederation, participated in a variety of international conferences and institutions such as the 1972 Stockholm Conference on the Environment, the 1992 Rio Earth Summit and the 2002 Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development. It finds that environmentally conscious trade unionists developed their own version of environmentalism and sustainable development based on a reworking of basic trade union principles, a reworking that emphasized solidarity with nature and made central the protection of the health and safety of workers, communities, and environments.
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Babić, Ilija. "Životna sredina - opasnosti i pravna zaštita / Human Environment ‒ Risks and Legal Protection." Годишњак факултета правних наука - АПЕИРОН 6, no. 6 (2016): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.7251/gfp1606048b.
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The most relevant factors that affect climate are astronomic cycles ant their effects on planet Earth and Earth’s orbit around the Sun. They have impact on the occurrence of glacial and interglacial periods at generally 100.000-year frequencies, which were affected by orbital shape variations and effects of greenhouse gases.The youngest geological epoch of the geological history of Earth is Holocene (started with warming) that began approximately 11.000 years BP. In that epoch, the shape of Earth’s orbit around the Sun was nearly circular, close to a perfect circle, and the seasonal contrast was less severe, due to decreased tilt of Earth’s axis from the plane of its orbit around the Sun. However, most scientists are arguing that the causes of rapid climate change are rooted in human activity, and not in its internal orbital variations. The main causes of global warming are increased level of carbon dioxide, but also of methane and chlorofluorocarbons in the atmosphere. These gases are responsible for the greenhouse effect, ozone layer depletion in stratosphere and rapid global warming. In order to set up the legal framework of environmental protection, the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment has adopted Stockholm Declaration in June 16, 1972. About twenty industrial states have ratified in 1987 the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, which has undergone many revisions by London Convention (1990), Copenhagen Accord (1992), Vienna Convention (1995), Kyoto Protocol (1997) and the Paris Agreement ‒ an international universal agreement on climate adopted at the 2015 Paris Climate Conference (COP21). Environmental protection in the European Union is provided for by its primary and secondary law, and the most EU environmental regulations were implemented in the Serbian legislation.
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Aucamp, P. J. "A decade of democracy: environmental management in a changing world." Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie 24, no. 1/2 (2005): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/satnt.v24i1/2.167.
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The world’s focus on the environment started in 1972 with the Conference of the United Nations on the Human Environment in Stockholm. This led to the formation of the United Nations’ Environmental Programme (UNEP). The new interest in the role of the humans in the environment only picked up momentum after the publication of the report, Our Common Future by the World Commission on Development and the Environment, led by Harlem Gro Brundtland and the follow-up Conference in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 (The Earth Summit). The main products from this conference were the Earth Charter and the Agenda 21 principles and action plans. Not long after this event South Africa had a change in government in 1994. The new Constitution that was accepted in 1996 is one of the few constitutions that contain pertinent clauses pertaining to the protection of the environment. Environmental legislation such as the new National Environmental Management Act, a National Water Act, a Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act, an Air Quality Management Bill has been adapted since 1994. A huge number of non-governmental organisations (NGOs) attended the Rio Conference. Some, like Greenpeace (and locally Earthlife Africa), developed pressure groups that pressurised governments to give more attention to the protection of the environment and to improve environmental management. During this period results of scientific research that had a large impact on humankind’s perception of the environment, were published. The discovery of the hole in the ozone layer and of the increase in global warming led to great public interest. This led to conventions and protocols that have been ratified by most countries in the world, for example 189 out of a possible 191 countries ratified the Montreal Protocol for the Protection of the Ozone Layer by June 2004. The private sector responded and today it is the norm to report about the “Triple Bottom-line” (economic, social and environmental aspects). The question that arises is: who had the most influence on the wealth of new legislation and the change of emphasis to environmental management in the private and public sectors – the new government, pressure from green organisations or reaction to scientific research? This paper discusses the influence of all three.
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Pharand, Donat. "La contribution du Canada au développement du droit international pour la protection du milieu marin : Le cas spécial de l’Arctique." Études internationales 11, no. 3 (2005): 441–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/701074ar.
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Immediately after the adoption of its Arctic Pollution Prevention Act in 1970, Canada embarked on intense diplomatic efforts in a number of international for a to obtain recognition of international law principles which would serve as a basis for its legislation. These efforts were pursued mainly in three international conferences : the Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment of 1972, the London Conference of the International Maritime Consultative Organization on the prevention of pollution by ships in 1973 and the United Nations Third Law of the Sea Conference which began in 1974 at Caracas. At the 1975 session of that Conference, held in Geneva, a form of Artic clause was inserted in the first Negotiating Text and it provided that coastal States could adopt special protective measures in special areas within their exclusive economic zone, where exceptional hazards to navigation prevailed and marine pollution could cause irreversible disturbance of the ecological balance. In 1976, the provision was enlarged to enable coastal States themselves to enforce such protectives measures, instead of leaving the enforcement to the flag State, and the provision has been kept without change in all the subsequent negotiating texts of 1977, 1979 and 1980. Considering the wide consensus which this provision has received, particularly on the part of other Arctic States, it may now be regarded as part of customary international law and completely validates Canada's arctic legislation.
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Sharma, Purnendu. "ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 3, no. 9SE (2015): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v3.i9se.2015.3269.
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From the beginning of the world to the present age, man has set a long journey of development. But in this journey, he has come forward alone leaving behind the eternal truth of life, as a result of which the catastrophic problems of the environment have taken birth and the world community has been trying to move forward by grappling with them for the past several decades. In view of its seriousness in 1972, a United Nations Conference was held in Stockholm, in which Mrs. Indira Gandhi, in her statement given for the protection of environment and welfare of mankind, said, "Man cannot be a civilized and true human being unless That he should not view the entire human civilization and the whole world in a friendly manner. In his statement, he highlighted the superiority of Vedic tradition and Indian way of life for environmental protection.
 सृष्टि के प्रारम्भ से वर्तमान युग तक मनुष्य ने विकास की लम्बी यात्रा तय की है। किन्तु इस यात्रा में वह जीवन के शाश्वत सत्य को पीछे छोड़कर अकेला आगे निकल आया है जिसके परिणाम में पर्यावरण की प्रलयंकारी समस्याओं ने जन्म ले लिया है और विश्व समुदाय विगत कई दशकों से इनसे जूझता हुआ आगे बढ़ने का प्रयास कर रहा है। 1972 में इसकी गम्भीरता को देखते हुए स्टाॅकहोम में संयुक्त राष्ट्र सम्मेलन आयोजित किया गया जिसमें श्रीमती इन्दिरा गांधी ने पर्यावरण संरक्षण एवं मानव जाति के कल्याण हेतु दिये गये अपने वक्तव्य में कहा कि, ’’मनुष्य तब तक सभ्य एवं सच्चा मानव नहीं हो सकता जब तक कि वह सम्पूर्ण मानव सभ्यता एवम् सम्पूर्ण सृष्टि को मित्रभाव से न देखे। अपने वक्तव्य में पर्यावरण संरक्षण हेतु वैदिक परम्परा एवम् भारतीय जीवन पद्धति की श्रेष्ठता को रेखांकित किया।
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Makungu, Ursil Lelo Di, Blaise Iyamba Valentin, Augustin Bedidjo Ular, et al. "Hydrocarbon Governance and Environmental Protection in the Democratic Republic of Congo." Recht in Afrika 23, no. 1 (2020): 103–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/2363-6270-2020-1-103.
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The Congolese hydrocarbons sector is one of the key areas of the national economy and constitutes one of the main resources for financing the state budget. However, the uncontrolled exploitation of hydrocarbons can have consequences on the environment as a whole, which is a natural resource essential to human life and to terrestrial and marine biodiversity. To this end, the first principle of the Stockholm Declaration adopted by the 1972 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment states that “Man has a fundamental right to freedom, equality and adequate conditions of life, in an environment of a quality that permits a life of dignity and well-being. He has a solemn duty to protect and improve the environment for present and future generations”. From the above, the protection of the environment is part of the international commitments of States to promote, in particular, sustainable development. In the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), on the other hand, the lack of an adequate policy on hydrocarbon exploitation and environmental protection has enormous repercussions and unfortunate consequences on the entire Congolese population despite the absolute poverty that the latter is already experiencing. This paper awaits the implementation of adequate proposals to enable policy makers to know where to start in order to ensure sound hydrocarbon governance and sustainable environmental protection in the DRC. It is also a question of demonstrating that sound governance of hydrocarbons and environmental protection requires, in particular, the participation and efforts of everyone: first of all a political will, then a strong involvement of the public authorities, of the companies which invest in the hydrocarbons sector, and a change in the mentalities of the citizens for the integral and sustainable development of the DRC in line with its hydrocarbon potential.
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Palmer, Michael. "Environmental Regulation in the People's Republic of China: The Face of Domestic Law." China Quarterly 156 (December 1998): 788–808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741000051341.
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In the post-Mao era, one highly significant dimension of China's official programme of reform and integration into the international economy has been a commitment to legal construction. This commitment has included a sustained effort to fashion a basic corpus of environmental protection law alongside supportive institutions, administrative norms and policies, in order to create a “basic legal system of environmental protection” (huanjing baohu de jiben falii zhidu).' In the eyes of the authorities in the People's Republic of China, such efforts reflect a degree of environmental concern that is unusually strong for a developing society.2 China's achievements, we are often told, must be placed in the context of the considerable difficulties the PRC faces in terms of the pressing need to raise living standards, a serious problem of over-population, a shortage of natural resources, an outdated industrial infrastructure and poor industrial management.3 Of course, viewed comparatively, the PRC's embrace of environmental protection law was somewhat belated,4 only properly commencing after its participation in the 1972 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment held in Stockholm. The subsequent expansion of environmental legislation and enforcement has been some-what erratic. Nevertheless, there appears to be a continuing intent to fashion a substantial body of environmental law, and concern with the construction and revision of this was further enhanced by China's participation in the 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development, held in Rio de Janeiro. Following this, Premier Li Peng “made a commitment to conscientiously implement resolutions adopted at the Conference”5 and, given the PRC's very substantial size and population, a positive embrace of internationally acceptable standards of environmental welfare is highly significant for future global environmental protection. This article examines the principal features and significance of the PRC's domestic environmental protection law, and considers briefly the implications of the Chinese approach to environmental law for understanding the development of law more generally in post-Mao China.
Books on the topic "United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (1972 : Stockholm, Sweden)"
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Stockholm, Rio, Johannesburg: Brazil and the three United Nations Conferences on the Environment. Fundação Alexandre de Gusmão, 2009.
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H, Nordquist Myron, Moore John Norton 1937-, and Mahmoudi Said 1948-, eds. The Stockholm declaration and law of the marine environment. Kluwer Law International, 2003.
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Estocolmo, Rio, Joanesburgo: O Brasil e a três conferências ambientais das Nações Unidas. Instituto Rio Branco (IRBr), 2007.
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Lago, André Aranha Corrêa do. Conferências de desenvolvimento sustentável. Fundação Alexandre de Gusmão, 2013.
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Nordquist, Myron H., John Norton Moore, and Said Mahmoudi. The Stockholm Declaration and Law of the Marine Environment (Center for Oceans Law and Policy (Series), 7.). Kluwer Law Intl, 2003.
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Avenell, Simon. The Human Limits to Growth. University of Hawai'i Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21313/hawaii/9780824867133.003.0004.
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This chapter examines Japanese activists’ involvement in the landmark United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm in 1972. The chapter traces two narratives: first, the involvement of Ui Jun and industrial pollution disease sufferers in the various nongovernmental conferences run parallel to the main event and, second, the role of the economist Tsuru Shigeto in shaping debates about the limits to growth and the nature of development. The chapter argues that Japanese activists influenced the debate over the environment and development by suggesting that there are clear human health limits to economic growth which must not be violated. Japanese industrial pollution victims were living proof of this.
Book chapters on the topic "United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (1972 : Stockholm, Sweden)"
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"Stockholm Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, 16 June 1972." In Documents in International Environmental Law. Cambridge University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139171380.002.
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Peter H, Sand. "Part I Context, Ch.3 Origin and History." In The Oxford Handbook of International Environmental Law. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198849155.003.0003.
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This chapter traces the origin and history of international environmental law. The focus of historical research on the emergence of environment-related legal concepts, principles, and institutions has primarily been on the study and comparison of developments at the level of national law. Even so, the interface with international law is easily documented; the emergence of a body of rules of environmental ‘neighbourliness’ has long been observed in trans-frontier relations between states. Most narratives of the historical evolution of international environmental law distinguish three major ‘periods’, ‘epochs’, or ‘phases’: the ‘traditional era’ until about 1970 (that is, preceding the 1972 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm); the ‘modern era’ from Stockholm to the 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro (UNCED); and the ‘post-modern era’ from Rio onwards. Ultimately, a striking feature of traditional international environmental law was its territoriality. One much-neglected aspect in this context has been the extraterritorial application of multilateral environmental agreements.
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Jolene S, Lin. "Part IX International Environmental Law in National/Regional Courts, Ch.62 China." In The Oxford Handbook of International Environmental Law. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198849155.003.0062.
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This chapter investigates international environmental law (IEL) in the courts of China. It is noteworthy that the first international conference that the People's Republic of China (PRC) participated in after it was formally recognized by the United Nations (UN) in 1971, was the 1972 UN Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm). It is widely recognized that this conference brought environmental protection onto the Chinese government's radar and led to the promulgation of the Environmental Protection Law in 1979. Since then, China has signed or ratified nearly all multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs) and is an active participant in global environmental diplomacy. However, Chinese courts do not play a significant role in interpreting or developing IEL. Even if environmental litigation were to flourish due to the steps taken to encourage environmental public interest litigation (EPIL), it is unlikely that IEL will feature prominently in the jurisprudence.