Academic literature on the topic 'United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) (1982)'
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Journal articles on the topic "United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) (1982)"
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Lubis, Giustin Aryahya. "Implementasi dan Urgensi Pengaturan Zona Tambahan di Wilayah Perairan Indonesia Berdasarkan United Nations Convention On The Law Of The Sea 1982." Jurist-Diction 2, no. 5 (September 11, 2019): 1707. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jd.v2i5.15239.
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Permasalahan pelanggaran hukum yang kerap kali terjadi baik dibidang kepabeanan maupun keimigrasian di dalam yurisdiksi Indonesia khususnya masuk melalui jalur laut, menjadikan perlunya upaya pengawasan dan pencegahan agar berbagai bentuk pelanggaran hukum di bidang-bidang tersebut dapat ditekan seminimal mungkin. UNCLOS 1982 sebagai pengaturan hukum internasional yang mengatur perihal permasalahan kelautan sejatinya telah mengakomodasi yaitu dengan diaturnya suatu zonasi laut yang dapat digunakan bagi negara peserta UNCLOS 1982 untuk melakukan pengawasan dan pencegahan terhadap pelanggaran dalam empat bidang sesuai dengan Pasal 33 UNCLOS 1982. Namun tindakan ratifikasi terhadap UNCLOS 1982 yang telah dilakukan Indonesia masih dianggap belum mencapai memenuhi kepastian hukum memperhatikan belum dibentuknya peraturan perundangundangan yang khusus dalam mengatur adanya Zona Tambahan di Indonesia.
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Irfansyah, Achmad Indra. "Keberlakuan Pengaturan Landas Kontinen Dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1973 Tentang Landas Kontinen Indonesia dan United Nations Convention on the Law Of the Sea 1982 (UNCLOS 1982)." Jurist-Diction 4, no. 5 (September 1, 2021): 1723. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jd.v4i5.29816.
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AbstractIndonesia has taken steps to adjust its laws and regulations regarding maritime law with UNCLOS 1982, with the establishment of Law Number 6 of 1996 On Indonesian Waters however, this step not yet followed by adjustments to the laws regarding continental shelf, namely Law Number. 1 of 1973 On Indonesian Continental Shelf. The purpose of this research is to analize the differences in the substance of the arrangements for continental shelf in UNCLOS 1982 and Law Number 1 of 1973 On Indonesia Continental Shelf to find out the effectiveness of Indonesia's international treaties with other countries regarding the continental shelf using the Statute Approach and Conceptual Approach. Indonesia must make adjustments to national legislation regarding continental shelf with UNCLOS 1982 because of Indonesian legislation regarding continental shelf still refers to United Nations Convention on the Continental Shelf 1958.Keywords: Continental Shelf; Natural Resources;UNCLOS 1982.AbstrakIndonesia telah mengambil langkah untuk menyesuaikan peraturan perundang-undangannya mengenai hukum laut dengan UNCLOS 1982, yaitu disahkannya Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 1996 Tentang Perairan Indonesia namun langkah tersebut belum diikuti dengan penyesuaian peraturan perundang-undangan mengenai landas kontinen yaitu Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1973 Tentang Landas Kontinen Indonesia. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui perbedaan substansi pengaturan tentang landas kontinen di dalam UNCLOS 1982 dan Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1973 Tentang Landas Kontinen Indonesia sebagai sumber hukum mengenai landas kontinen di Indonesia, serta untuk mengetahui keberlakuan perjanjian-perjanjian internasional Indonesia dengan negara lain mengenai landas kontinen dengan menggunakan pendekatan undang-undang (Statute Approach) dan pendekatan konseptual (Conceptual Approach). Indonesia harus melakukan penyesuaian peraturan perundang-undangan nasional tentang landas kontinen dengan UNCLOS 1982 karena peraturan perundang-undangan Indonesia tentang landas kontinen masih mengacu kepada United Nations on the Continental Shelf 1958.Kata Kunci: Landas Kontinen; Sumberdaya Alam; UNCLOS 1982.
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Ma, Xinmin. "China and the UNCLOS: Practices and Policies." Chinese Journal of Global Governance 5, no. 1 (March 15, 2019): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/23525207-12340036.
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Abstract The 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS or the Convention) is one of the most important accomplishments in the development of international law in the twentieth century. As a comprehensive compilation of the modern law of the sea, the UNCLOS not only codifies numerous customary rules of law of the sea, but also progressively develops the treaty rules of law of the sea. Especially the three bodies established by the UNCLOS, namely the International Seabed Authority (ISA), the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) and the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS), have played an important role in facilitating the implementation of the UNCLOS and promoting stability and development of the international marine order. As a member of the big family of the States Parties to the UNCLOS, China has been faithfully fulfilling the obligations of the UNCLOS, fully engaged in the work of the three bodies and actively contributing its solutions and wisdom. In the process of implementing the UNCLOS, China has formed its own practices and policies.
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Labatut, Bernard. "Le gouvernement socialiste espagnol et la participation à l’Alliance atlantique depuis novembre 1982 (Note)." L’Espagne et l’Alliance Atlantique 16, no. 3 (April 12, 2005): 575–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/701885ar.
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The United Nations adopted the Law of the Sea Convention (LOSC) on April 30, 1982 but the saga began in 1967 when Arvid Pardo, the Permanent Representative of Malta to the United Nations, called for a constitution for the oceans of the world and a charter for its sea-bed, its resources, its subsoil and the air above it. The third United Nations Law of the Sea Conference (UNCLOS III) was convened in 1973 and terminated in the historic vote at New York on April 30, 1982 where 130 nations voted for the Law of the Sea Convention, only four voted against and seventeen abstained. The Law of the Sea Convention is a giant step forward in world and human affairs because it is concerned with sharing the earth's underwater resources amongst the earth's inhabitants rather than on the basis of first come/first served. The Convention controls, protects, shares and develops the oceans for all mankind. Questions of 12 mile limits, exclusive economic zones, continental shelves, territorial water rights of transit and innocent passage are also dealt with. Much old law is codified, much new law is created and even for non signatories there is much new customary international law. The Law of the Sea Convention is perhaps the greatest legislative triumph of the United Nations in its 40 year history.
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Egede, Edwin. "The Nigerian Territorial Waters Legislation and the 1982 Law of the Sea Convention." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 19, no. 2 (2004): 151–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1571808041220119.
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AbstractNigeria is a coastal state located strategically on the West Coast of Africa in the Gulf of Guinea. After gaining independence in 1960 it enacted legislation in 1967 on its territorial waters, which has been amended twice, in 1971 and 1998. After participating in the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS III) it became a party to the 1982 Convention on 14 August 1986. This article examines the laws governing the Nigerian territorial waters vis-à-vis the LOSC provisions on the territorial sea with a view to pinpointing how far these laws are in compliance with the relevant provisions of the LOSC.
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Phach, Phung Van, Huynh Minh Chinh, Do Chien Thang, Tran Anh Tuan, Phan Tuan Nam, Le Tuan Anh, Cu Minh Hoang, and Nguyen Van Bach. "Vietnam geographical exploitation under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea in 1982 (UNCLOS 1982)." Tạp chí Khoa học và Công nghệ biển 19, no. 3B (October 21, 2019): 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/1859-3097/19/3b/14514.
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As an active member of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea - UNCLOS, Vietnam has completed 3 Reports on the Limits of the Continental Shelf and has submitted two of them to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf - CLCS, before the deadline 13-5-2009. Those are: (1) Outer Limits of the Vietnam’s Extended Continental Shelf: North Area (VNM-N); (2) Outer Limits of the Vietnam’s Extended Continental Shelf: Middle Area (VNM-M) and (3) Vietnam - Malaysia Joint Continental Shelf Submission. The VNM-M has not yet been submitted but it was mentioned to the CLCS and will be submitted in the appropriate time.Vietnam’s submissions were highly appreciated by CLCS; although the CLCS has not yet organized a special sub-committee to look at our reports, the secretariat of CLCS has already posted the executive reports of our submissions, with our principle claims on the continental shelf, on the website of the CLCS since May 2009. This paper presents shortly the UNCLOS and its application in Vietnam case.
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Harden-Davies, Harriet. "Capacity Building and Technology Transfer for Marine Biodiversity in Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction." Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting 111 (2017): 243–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/amp.2017.75.
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Marine science and technology have long been recognized as key issues to enable states to implement the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). Scientific capacity development and technology transfer are cross-cutting issues in the development of a new international legally binding instrument (ILBI) for the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction under UNCLOS. The acquisition, exchange, and application of scientific knowledge are critical issues in the development of the ILBI.
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Iwunze, Vincent. "Enhanced Fishing Rights under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982: The Challenges Confronting Developing Countries." Groningen Journal of International Law 7, no. 2 (February 28, 2020): 145–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.21827/grojil.7.2.145-163.
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Prior to the adoption of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) in 1982, fisheries played only a minor role in the economies of most developing countries. Fisheries resources in waters adjacent to the coasts of many developing countries were largely exploited by fishers from the developed nations of the world who had the requisite technologies for deep-sea fishing. These technologies were lacking in developing countries, resulting in sub-optimal marine fishing. However, the adoption of UNLCOS in 1982 introduced novel principles for the governance of marine fisheries. It was widely believed that these innovations would enhance and stabilise fishing rights, redistribute income from marine fisheries to the advantage of developing countries and reduce the incidents of international conflicts concerning fishing rights. This paper critically examines the various ways through which UNCLOS has enhanced and stabilised fishing rights for the benefit of all States, especially developing countries. It asserts that due to various challenges that continue to confront developing countries with respect to the utilisation of marine fisheries, the benefits anticipated to accrue to them under UNCLOS have remained elusive throughout the thirty years since the Convention was adopted. The paper makes suggestions for the improvement of fisheries resources utilisation among developing countries.
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Nyman, Elizabeth. "Outpaced by events: Our ageing law of the sea." International Journal of Maritime History 29, no. 3 (August 2017): 636–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0843871417708177.
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The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) was completed in 1982, after nearly 10 years of negotiation. It was an important accomplishment for standardizing international maritime law, which had been in chaos as the older regime of the ‘freedom of the seas’ failed to keep pace with changing technology and time. But even as UNCLOS heralded a new era of maritime law, it too was out of date almost upon completion. Hijackings, terrorism, piracy and technological innovation all exposed cracks in the omnibus treaty, and the international maritime world has been struggling to keep up ever since. New treaties and new policies attempted to mend these gaps, but just as UNCLOS failed to solve all the problems of the weakening ‘freedom of the seas’ doctrine, so too have these measures foundered in their effort to keep pace with a changing world.
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Mossop, Joanna. "Can we Make the Oceans Greener? The Successes and Failures of UNCLOS as an Environmental Treaty." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 49, no. 4 (November 15, 2018): 573. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v49i4.5341.
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At the conclusion of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) in 1982, there was considerable optimism that the Convention would usher in a new age of marine environmental protection. This article argues that, while UNCLOS did contain important innovations for marine environmental protections, key structural problems prevented the Convention from fulfilling more optimistic predictions of success. Concepts such as freedom of the high seas and exclusive flag state jurisdiction as well as the lack of an effective institution with competence over the law of the sea generally have impeded progress. Instead, states have relied on incremental development to seek improvements in the law. The article evaluates whether two recent developments will progress the goal of marine environmental protection. First, a number of recent international judicial decisions interpreting treaty and customary principles of international law have clarified and extended state environmental obligations. Second, negotiations for a new treaty on the protection and sustainable use of biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction offer hope that gaps in UNCLOS might be filled.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) (1982)"
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Moller, Leon Edward. "The legal regime for the exploitation of ofshore mineral resources in south western Africa and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (unclos) 1982." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.442147.
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Kubiliūtė, Aistė. "Mokslinių jūros tyrinėjimų atskirose jūros erdvėse reglamentavimas tarptautinėje jūrų ir Lietuvos Respublikos teisėje." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2014~D_20140603_134443-53824.
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Didėjantis tarptautinis bendradarbiavimas jūros aplinkos apsaugos srityje skatina intensyvesnį duomenų apie jūros aplinką rinkimą bei palankesnių sąlygų sudarymą MJT vykdymui. Šiame darbe siekta išanalizuoti MJT reguliavimą atskirose jūros erdvėse bei įvertinti Baltijos jūros šalių praktiką ir reglamentavimo trūkumus. Buvo išanalizuota 1982 m. Jungtinių Tautų jūrų teisės konvencija, ypač nuostatos susijusios su MJT, Helsinkio komisijos rekomendacijos, papildančios MJT teisinį režimą, apžvelgti Baltijos jūros valstybių, įskaitant Lietuvos, norminiai aktai. Darbe išanalizuotos MJT charakteristikos, Jūrų teisės konvencijoje naudojamos tyrimų sąvokos, pagrindiniai MJT reguliavimo principai, MJT praktika Baltijos jūros šalyse bei MJT ir jų teisinio reguliavimo svarba ES mastu. Tyrimų rezultatai parodė, kad Baltijos šalyse vis dėlto egzistuoja nemažai trūkumų MJT reglamentavime, ypač leidimų išdavimo procedūrose.Growing international cooperation in marine protection field intensifies marine data collection and creation of more favourable conditions for marine scientific research activities. This scientific work analyses MSR regulation in separate maritime zones and assesses Baltic States practice and gaps in regulation. UNCLOS, especially provisions related to MSR, recommendation of HELCOM that complements legal regulation of MSR, Baltic States’ and Lithuanian national legal instruments were taken into account. Work presents MSR characteristics, research definitions which are used in Convention, the main MSR regulation principles, Baltic States practice regarding MSR and interest by EU on importance of legal regulation. Results of analysis have showed the existing gaps in MSR regulation in Baltic States, especially within permits issuing procedures.
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Attapimon, Chotika. "Fragmentation under the dispute settlement regime of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea(UNCLOS)." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.544426.
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Madraiwiwi, Joni Maenabua Tuimacilai. "The archipelagic regime under the United Nations convention of the Law of the Sea 1982 : its development and effect on air law." Thesis, McGill University, 1989. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=61777.
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Aqorau, Transform. "Tuna management and UNCLOS : implementation of UNCLOS through the Forum Fisheries Agency." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28823.
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Regional organisations have often played a catalytical role in developing regional ocean regimes that directly pertain to the peculiar needs and circumstances of a given region. As a response to the challenges imposed by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, the island States of the South Pacific region established the South Pacific Forum Fisheries Agency, with the specific mandate to assist them manage the enormous tuna resource of the region. The thesis seeks to ascertain the extent to which those needs have been satisfied.
The thesis begins with the hypothesis that the Forum Fisheries Agency has in fact fulfilled those needs. The analysis is based on inferences which are drawn from the functions and responsibilities of the Forum Fisheries Agency, and certain significant legal developments it has helped spawn. The thesis does not engage in a cost/benefit evaluation of the Forum Fisheries Agency because that is an issue best left to the purview of individual member States to determine.
Two conclusions are drawn from the analysis. First, the Forum Fisheries Agency has met the needs of the island States. Secondly, through the Forum Fisheries Agency, the island States are implementing the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.Law, Peter A. Allard School of
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Revauger, Guilène. "Fonctions, pouvoirs et influences d’un acteur de la politique étrangère britannique : le Foreign and Commonwealth Office (1968-1985)." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCA037/document.
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Cette recherche s’attache à l’étude d’une institution britannique, à son rôle et son organisation depuis la fusion, en 1968, du Commonwealth Office et du Foreign Office, jusqu’à l’année 1985.Il s’agit ainsi de voir comment le Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) fonctionne et comment il a su évoluer au gré du temps, du changement de la place de la Grande-Bretagne dans le monde, et des conflits internationaux. Ainsi, on peut se demander quelles influences le contexte a eu sur l’institution en elle-même. Dès lors, une place particulière est accordée à l’Europe, la ‘relation spéciale’ avec les États-Unis et la décolonisation.La politique étrangère britannique semble aujourd’hui être principalement dans les mains du pouvoir politique : du ministre des Affaires étrangères (Foreign Secretary), et du Premier ministre. Quelle place le FCO occupe-t-il alors, et quelles relations entretient-il avec le pouvoir politique ?Il s’agit ainsi de considérer la place du FCO au sein des différents acteurs internes et externes de la politique étrangère britannique en analysant trois cas concrets : une réorganisation interne de l’institution (la fusion de 1968), une gestion de crise (l’indépendance retardée de la Guyane britannique, 1953-1966), et une négociation d’accord en temps de paix (l’échec des négociations de la Convention des Nations unies sur le droit de la mer, 1973-1982).Ce travail de recherche tente ainsi d’offrir une interprétation allant au-delà du fonctionnement interne de l’institution. Il s’agit de mettre en relation le Foreign and Commonwealth Office et le pouvoir politique, et ainsi d’étudier les pouvoirs et influences du FCO tout en s’attachant à des périodes clés à l’orée de changementsThis research work is devoted to the study of a key British institution, its function and its organization, from the merger of the Commonwealth Office and the Foreign Office in 1968, until 1985.Of particular interest is the way the changing role of Britain in the world and international conflicts bear upon the functioning and the evolution of the FCO. The point is to assess to what extent the context influences the institution itself.British foreign policy seems to be mostly determined by the Foreign Secretary and the Prime Minister. It is therefore well worth gaging what the function of the FCO is, and its relationship with the holders of political power.The role of the FCO as one of the internal and external agents of British foreign policy is assessed here, through three cases: the internal reorganization of the service in 1968, the management of a crisis – the postponements of independence for Guiana from 1953 to 1966, and the failure of a negotiation in peacetime – the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea from 1973 to 1982.Beyond the internal functioning of the institution, this research work strives to offer an interpretation of the changes. The relationship between the FCO and the holders of political power, the real power and influence of the FCO are under consideration, in particular during key moments of particular significance for the institution
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Lando, Massimo Fabio. "Consistency in the international law of maritime delimitation : towards a set of common principles for the judicial establishment of maritime boundaries." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2017. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/273171.
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This thesis examines the process applied by international tribunals for delimiting Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and continental shelf boundaries under international law. Maritime delimitation is governed by articles 74 and 83 of the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), which are customary international law. However, owing to the vagueness of such legal provisions, international tribunals have been developing a standard process for delimiting maritime boundaries. The delimitation process has evolved significantly since the 1969 judgment of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in North Sea Continental Shelf. The ICJ re-stated this process in its 2009 Black Sea judgment as being constituted of three stages: first, an equidistance line is provisionally drawn; second, this line is adjusted should relevant circumstances so require; third, the overall equitableness of the boundary is evaluated by assessing the proportionality between the length of the relevant coast and the marine areas appertaining to each state. This thesis analyses each stage of the delimitation process as re-stated in Black Sea. By way of introduction, chapter 1 outlines the relevant legal provisions and the historical evolution of the delimitation process through the jurisprudence of international tribunals. Chapter 2 discusses both the notions of the relevant coast and of the relevant area, and the practical methods for their identification. Since Black Sea, international tribunals have tended to identify the relevant coast and the relevant area prior to establishing a provisional equidistance line. Chapter 3 discusses the issues concerning the drawing of the provisional equidistance line. Chapter 4 examines relevant circumstances and the methods for adjusting an equidistance line. Chapter 5 discusses proportionality. Using doctrinal legal research methodologies, this thesis aims to assess the degree of consistency in the international tribunals’ application of the three-stage delimitation process. It argues that, while great leaps forward have been made since 1969, there is still a number of unresolved issues, in relation to which this thesis endeavours to provide some workable solutions.
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Ntovas, Alexandros. "Compulsory settlement of compatibility fishery disputes : the theory of embedded clauses in article 7 of the agreement for the implementation of the provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 relating to the conservation and management of straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2011. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/345561/.
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The 1995 UN Fish Stocks Agreement established the principle of compatibility envisaging that conservation and management measures adopted within national Exclusive Economic Zones and those adopted on the adjacent high seas should be compatible. However, the aforementioned principle has been regarded as representing one of the most contentious elements in the new law of the sea régime. The ambiguity lies in the existent legal uncertainty about the measures which shall be regarded as the referential basis for international regulatory schemes. The above controversy becomes more acute in the shade of the doubtful application that the available disputes settlement provisions under the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea might have on this kind of disputes. The present disquisition studies the rationale behind an obscure system of clausal construction which was conceived by, and for first time emerged from the drafts of, the UN International Law Commission in early 1950s. This clausal construction refers to the peculiar pattern of legal drafting wherein procedural clauses are amalgamated into articles of substantive law. It is argued that treaty articles containing such clauses are predisposed to establish an inextricable connection between the substantive provisions and the provisions of procedure for the settlement of disputes. This kind of blended provisions represents a sui generis law, the peculiarity of which derives from its own insusceptibility to State auto-interpretation. The purpose of this analysis is to argue in favour of the compulsory application of the 1995 UN Fish Stocks Agreement's settlement procedures on compatibility disputes in remaining unaffected by the operation of the procedural limitation. In advancing this argument the present thesis aims at developing a theory over the functional role of the procedural clauses which initially seem that for no obvious reason have been extracted from Part VIII of the Agreement and been embedded into the substantive article of compatibility. By analysing thus the textual formation of embedded clauses the present thesis constructs its argument upon – and further advances – an existing proposition in the literature that views compulsory dispute settlement procedures as indispensable element of the substantive principle insofar as compatibility is vaguely construed in neutral terms; i.e., without a predetermined orientation in its geographical scope.
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Pantland, Nicolette Ariana. "3D numerical techniques for determining the foot of a continental slope." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/49807.
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Thesis (MSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) provides an opportunity for qualifying coastal signatory states to claim extended maritime estate. The opportunity to claim rests on the precept that in certain cases a continental shelf extends beyond the traditionally demarcated two hundred nautical mile (200M) Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) mark. In these cases a successful claim results in states having sovereign rights to the living and non-living resources of the seabed and subsoil, as well as the sedentary species, of the area claimed. Where the continental shelf extends beyond the 200M mark, the Foot of the Continental Slope (FoS) has to be determined as one of the qualifying criteria. Article 76 of UNCLOS de nes the FoS as ". . . the point of maximum change in the gradient at its base." Currently Caris Lots is the most widely used software which incorporates public domain data to determine the FoS as a step towards defining the offshore extent of an extended continental shelf. In this software, existing methods to compute the FoS are often subjective, typically involving an operator choosing the best perceived foot point during consideration of a two dimensional profile of the continental slope. These foot points are then joined by straight lines to form the foot line to be used in the desk top study (feasibility study). The purpose of this thesis is to establish a semi-automated and mathematically based three dimensional method for determination of the FoS using South African data as a case study. Firstly, a general background of UNCLOS is given (with emphasis on Article 76), including a brief discussion of the geological factors that influence the characteristics of a continental shelf and thus factors that could influence the determination of the FoS. Secondly, a mathematical method for determination of the surfaces of extremal curvature (on three dimensional data), originally proposed by Vanicek and Ou in 1994, is detailed and applied to two smooth, hypothetical sample surfaces. A discussion of the bathymetric data to be used for application introduces the factors to be taken into account when using extensive survey data as well as methods to process the raw data for use. The method is then applied to two sets of gridded bathymetric data of differing resolution for four separate regions around the South African coast. The ridges formed on the resulting surfaces of maximum curvature are then traced in order to obtain a foot line definition for each region and each resolution. The results obtained from application of the method are compared with example foot points provided by the subjective two dimensional method of computation within the Caris Lots software suite. A comparison of the results for the different resolutions of data is included to provide insight as to the effectiveness of the method with differing spatial coarseness of data. Finally, an indication of further work is provided in the conclusion to this thesis, in the form of a number of recommendations for possible adaptations of the mathematical and tracing methods, and improvements thereof.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Verenigde Nasies se Konvensie oor die Wet van die See (UNCLOS) bied 'n geleentheid aan kwalifiserende state wat ondertekenaars van die Konvensie is om aanspraak te maak op uitgebreide maritieme gebied. Die geleentheid om op uitgebreide gebied aanspraak te maak berus op die veronderstelling dat 'n kontinentale tafel in sekere gevalle tot buite die tradisioneel afgebakende 200 seemyl eksklusiewe ekonomiese zone (EEZ) strek. In sulke gevalle het 'n suksesvolle aanspraak die gevolg dat die staat soewereine reg oor die lewende en nie-lewende bronne van die seevloer en ondergrond verkry, sowel as die inwonende spesies van die gebied buite die EEZ waarop aanspraak gemaak word. Die voet van die kontinentale tafel (FoS) moet vasgestel word as een van die bepalende kriteria vir afbakening van die aanspraak waar die kontinentale tafel tot buite die EEZ strek. Artikel 76 van UNCLOS defineer die FoS as ". . . die punt van maksimale verandering in die helling by sy basis." Die mees algemeen gebruikte rekenaar sagteware wat openbare domein data aanwend om die voet van die helling te bepaal, is tans "Caris Lots." Die metodes wat in die program gebruik word om die voet van die helling te bepaal, is dikwels subjektief en berus tipies op 'n operateur se keuse van die beste afgeskatte punt van die voet van die helling uit 'n oorweging van 'n twee dimensionele profiel van die kontinentale tafel. Die berekende voet-punte word dan deur middel van reguit lyne verbind om 'n hellingsvoetlyn te vorm. Hierdie voetlyn kan dan in die Suid-Afrikaanse lessenaarstudie (doenlikheidstudie) oor die bepaling van die voet van die kontinentale tafel gebruik word. Die doel van hierdie verhandeling is om 'n semi-outomatiese en wiskundig gebaseerde drie-dimensionele metode te beskryf vir die vasstelling van die FoS, deur as 'n gevallestudie van Suid-Afrikaanse data gebruik te maak. 'n Algemene agtergrond van UNCLOS, met beklemtoning van Artikel 76, word eerstens gegee. 'n Kort bespreking van die geologiese faktore wat die kontinentale tafel beïnvloed en wat gevolglik 'n invloed kan hê op die vasstelling van die voet van die helling, is ingesluit. Tweedens word 'n wiskundige metode, wat oorspronklik in 1994 deur Vanicek en Ou voorgestel is, vir bepaling van die oppervlaktes van maksimale kromming (gebaseer op drie-dimensionele data) in detail bespreek en 'n voorbeeld van 'n toepassing op twee gladde, denkbeeldige oppervaktes word beskryf. Die faktore wat in ag geneem moet word wanneer omvattende dieptemeting data gebruik word, en die metodes wat gebruik word om die rou data te verwerk, word ingelei deur 'n bespreking van die aard van die dieptemeting data wat gebruik is. Die metode word dan toegepas op twee stelle geruite dieptemeting data van verskillende resolusies vir vier afsonderlike streke om die Suid-Afrikaanse kus. Die riwwe wat op die resulterende oppervlaktes van maksimale kromming gevorm word, word dan nagetrek ten einde 'n lyndefinisie van die voet van die kontinentale tafel vir elke streek teen elke resolusie te bepaal. Die resultate verkry uit toepassings van die metode word vergelyk met hellingsvoetpunte soos bepaal deur die subjektiewe twee dimensionele berekeningsmetode in die "Caris Lots" rekenaar-program. 'n Vergelyking van die resultate vir die verskillende data resolusies word ingesluit om die doeltreffendheid van die metode met betrekking tot die hantering van verskillende ruimtelike data resolusies te ondersoek. 'n Aanduiding van verdere werk, bestaande uit 'n aantal aanbevelings vir moontlike aanpassings en verbeterings van die wiskundige en natrek metodes, word ten slotte in die gevolgtrekking van die verhandeling verskaf.
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Tsai, Ming-Hong, and 蔡明宏. "The Study of Jurisdiction of 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea." Thesis, 2001. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/31913312080718156715.
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碩士淡江大學
國際事務與戰略研究所
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Abstract: The main purpose of this thesis is to discuss the jurisdiction of 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, analyze and file the related clauses of jurisdiction to generalize and systematize the jurisdiction of this Convention. The framework of this study is composed of six chapters: Chapter 1: Introduction. Chapter 2: The history and progress of 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Chapter 3: National sovereignty and jurisdiction. Chapter 4: The related regulations of jurisdiction of 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Chapter 5: The Cases study of jurisdiction of 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Chapter 6: Conclusion. After the Convention had been set up, it has completed the first new international sea order in universal. In view of the development on the Law of Sea we can easily find out that coastal nations have the tendency to extend their jurisdiction on ocean greatly and the Hight Seas has been reduced its area. This result could be the big problem and issue on sea order in the future. Therefore, how to balance the dispute is the most important thing and it need to amend the Convention in the future.
Books on the topic "United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) (1982)"
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Bangladesh. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Commemoration ceremony of the 30th Anniversary of the "United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 1982": 1982-2012. Dhaka, Bangladesh]: [Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Maritime Affairs Unit], 2012.
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UNCLOS and ocean dispute settlement: Law and politics in the South China sea. Abingdon, Oxon [UK]: Routledge, 2012.
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Hong, Nong. UNCLOS and ocean dispute settlement: Law and politics in the South China sea. Abingdon, Oxon [UK]: Routledge, 2012.
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Razumnyĭ, I. A. Soviet and foreign literature on the 1973-1982 UNCLOS-III and the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982: Bibliography, 1965-1984. Moscow: Soviet Maritime Law Association, Soyuzmorniiproect, 1985.
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University of Virginia. Center for Oceans Law and Policy, ed. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982: A commentary. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff, 2011.
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P, Sharma O. The international law of the sea: India and UN convention of 1982. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2009.
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The international law of the sea: India and UN convention of 1982. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2009.
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Sharma, O. P. The international law of the sea: India and UN convention of 1982. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2009.
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The Law of the Sea Convention: US accession and globalization. Leiden: M. Nijhoff Publishers, 2012.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) (1982)"
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Tamada, Dai. "UNCLOS Dispute Settlement Mechanism: Japan’s Experience and Contribution." In Implementation of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 221–50. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-6954-2_12.
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Oellers-Frahm, Karin, and Andreas Zimmermann. "United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of December 10, 1982." In Dispute Settlement in Public International Law, 1247–319. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56626-4_59.
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Kriangsak, Kittichaisaree. "1 ITLOS and the Dispute Settlement System under UNCLOS." In The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198865292.003.0001.
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This chapter discusses the dispute settlement system under the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). The dispute settlement system under UNCLOS was drafted with the main purpose of achieving the uniform and effective interpretation and application of UNCLOS, as the compromises it embodied would otherwise be vulnerable to unilateral interpretation. UNCLOS sets up two international organizations: the International Seabed Authority (Authority) and the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS). The Authority is the organization through which States Parties to UNCLOS organize and control activities in the seabed and ocean floor and subsoil thereof, beyond the limits of national jurisdiction (the Area), particularly with a view to administering the resources of the Area. ITLOS, the dispute settlement mechanism specifically created by UNCLOS, allows urgent issues to be tackled swiftly through seeking provisional measures of protection from a court or tribunal as well as a functional approach. The chapter then considers ITLOS's place within the dispute settlement regime under UNCLOS; entities with access to ITLOS; other international agreements besides UNCLOS that confer jurisdiction on ITLOS; ITLOS's relationship and interaction with the other principal choices of dispute settlement mechanisms; and the pros and cons of using ITLOS instead of other forums.
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"Other Supplementary Documents and Materials Implications of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea for the International Maritime Organization, IMO Doc. LEG/MISC.6, 2008." In UNCLOS 1982 Commentary, 739–883. Brill | Nijhoff, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004215627_015.
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Kriangsak, Kittichaisaree. "2 Overview of ITLOS’s Composition, Organization, Structure, and Rules of Procedure." In The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198865292.003.0002.
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This chapter provides an overview of the composition, organization, structure, and rules of procedure of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS). ITLOS is composed of 21 judges elected by secret ballot by the States Parties to the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) from among persons nominated by States Parties who enjoy the highest reputation for fairness and integrity and of recognized competence in the field of the law of the sea. The United Nations recognizes ITLOS as an autonomous international judicial body with jurisdiction as provided for in the relevant provisions of UNCLOS and its Statute (which is Annex VI to UNCLOS). The UN and ITLOS each undertakes to respect the status and mandate of the other and to establish cooperative working relations pursuant to the provisions of the Agreement on Cooperation and Relationship between the UN and ITLOS. With a view to facilitating the effective attainment of their objectives and the coordination of their activities, they shall consult and cooperate, whenever appropriate, on matters of mutual concern, and pursue, whenever appropriate, initiatives to coordinate their activities. Moreover, ITLOS's Registrar transmits to the UN information and documentation relating to ITLOS's work, including documentation relating to applications, pleadings, oral proceedings, orders, judgments, and other communications and documentation before ITLOS.
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Kriangsak, Kittichaisaree. "4 Advisory Opinions by ITLOS." In The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198865292.003.0004.
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This chapter focuses on advisory opinions by the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS). Like the International Court of Justice, ITLOS may render and has rendered advisory opinions on legal questions within its areas of competence. The 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) expressly provides for the advisory jurisdiction of the Seabed Disputes Chamber of ITLOS, but not the full bench of ITLOS itself. According to Article 191 of UNCLOS, the Seabed Disputes Chamber shall give advisory opinions at the request of the Assembly or the Council of the International Seabed Authority on legal questions arising within the scope of their activities, and such opinions shall be given as a matter of urgency. The full bench of ITLOS has held that the substantive legal basis of the full-bench ITLOS’ advisory jurisdiction is Article 21 of its Statute stipulating that ITLOS’ jurisdiction comprises all disputes and all applications submitted to it in accordance with UNCLOS and all matters specifically provided for in any other agreement which confers jurisdiction on ITLOS. The ITLOS Rules elaborate the procedure in this respect.
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Kriangsak, Kittichaisaree. "3 Contentious Cases before ITLOS and the Seabed Disputes Chamber." In The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198865292.003.0003.
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This chapter examines what constitutes a dispute under the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) concurs with the International Court of Justice that a dispute is a disagreement on a point of law or fact, a conflict of legal views or interests, or the positive opposition of the claim of one party by the other, which need not necessarily be stated expressis verbis, and that, in the determination of the existence of a dispute, the position or the attitude of a party can be established by inference, whatever the professed view of that party. When there is a dispute between the parties at the time of the institution of proceedings, the dispute must be one over which ITLOS has jurisdiction. To determine whether a dispute between the disputing parties in a particular case concerns the interpretation or application of UNCLOS, ITLOS must establish a link between the facts advanced by the applicant and the provisions of UNCLOS referred to by it and show that such provisions can sustain the claims submitted by the applicant. In contentious cases, the Seabed Disputes Chamber shall be open to States Parties to UNCLOS, the International Seabed Authority, the Enterprise, State enterprises, and State-sponsored natural legal persons carrying out activities in the Area.
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Kriangsak, Kittichaisaree. "6 Applications for Provisional Measures." In The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198865292.003.0006.
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This chapter assesses applications for provisional measures of protection under the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). At the Third UN Conference on the Law of the Sea, the need for courts or tribunals having jurisdiction under UNCLOS to have the power to prescribe provisional measures was beyond dispute although there was considerable debate concerning the details of the regime associated with such measures. The finally adopted Article 290 of UNCLOS, under the heading ‘Provisional measures’, represents the best possible compromise. Provisional measures are divided into provisional measures prescribed by the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) under Article 290(1) pending ITLOS’ judgment on the merits of the dispute, on the one hand, and provisional measures prescribed by ITLOS under Article 290(5) pending the constitution of an arbitral tribunal to which a dispute is being submitted, on the other hand. The request for the prescription of provisional measures shall be in writing and specify the measures requested, the reasons therefor, and the possible consequences, if the request is not granted, for the preservation of the respective rights of the parties or for the prevention of serious harm to the marine environment.
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Kriangsak, Kittichaisaree. "5 Applications for Prompt Release of Vessels and Crews." In The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198865292.003.0005.
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This chapter looks at applications for prompt release of vessels and crews detained after violating laws and regulations of a coastal State. Pursuant to Article 292(1) of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) has default jurisdiction over prompt release applications, unless the parties otherwise agree. The parties must be States Parties to UNCLOS and have not agreed to submit the question of release from detention to any other court or tribunal within ten days from the time of detention. Article 112 of the ITLOS Rules adds, inter alia, that ITLOS shall give priority to applications for release of vessels or crews over all other proceedings before ITLOS. In its judgment, ITLOS must determine in each case whether or not the allegation made by the applicant that the detaining State has not complied with a provision of UNCLOS for the prompt release of the vessel or the crew upon the posting of a reasonable bond or other financial security is well founded. If ITLOS decides the allegation is well founded, it shall determine the amount, nature, and form of the bond or financial security to be posted for the release of the vessel or the crew.
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"Statement of the Chairman, Ambassador Satya N. Nandan, on 4 August 1995, Upon the Adoption of the Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 Relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks (A/CONF.164/35)." In UNCLOS 1982 Commentary, 645–50. Brill | Nijhoff, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004215627_012.
Full textConference papers on the topic "United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) (1982)"
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Ranken, M. B. F. "Some Implications of The Entry Into Force of The United Nations Convention On The Law of The Sea 1982." In Warship 95: Offshore Protection Vessels. RINA, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3940/rina.warship.1995.13.
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