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1
Lubis, Giustin Aryahya. "Implementasi dan Urgensi Pengaturan Zona Tambahan di Wilayah Perairan Indonesia Berdasarkan United Nations Convention On The Law Of The Sea 1982." Jurist-Diction 2, no. 5 (September 11, 2019): 1707. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jd.v2i5.15239.
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Permasalahan pelanggaran hukum yang kerap kali terjadi baik dibidang kepabeanan maupun keimigrasian di dalam yurisdiksi Indonesia khususnya masuk melalui jalur laut, menjadikan perlunya upaya pengawasan dan pencegahan agar berbagai bentuk pelanggaran hukum di bidang-bidang tersebut dapat ditekan seminimal mungkin. UNCLOS 1982 sebagai pengaturan hukum internasional yang mengatur perihal permasalahan kelautan sejatinya telah mengakomodasi yaitu dengan diaturnya suatu zonasi laut yang dapat digunakan bagi negara peserta UNCLOS 1982 untuk melakukan pengawasan dan pencegahan terhadap pelanggaran dalam empat bidang sesuai dengan Pasal 33 UNCLOS 1982. Namun tindakan ratifikasi terhadap UNCLOS 1982 yang telah dilakukan Indonesia masih dianggap belum mencapai memenuhi kepastian hukum memperhatikan belum dibentuknya peraturan perundangundangan yang khusus dalam mengatur adanya Zona Tambahan di Indonesia.
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Irfansyah, Achmad Indra. "Keberlakuan Pengaturan Landas Kontinen Dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1973 Tentang Landas Kontinen Indonesia dan United Nations Convention on the Law Of the Sea 1982 (UNCLOS 1982)." Jurist-Diction 4, no. 5 (September 1, 2021): 1723. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jd.v4i5.29816.
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AbstractIndonesia has taken steps to adjust its laws and regulations regarding maritime law with UNCLOS 1982, with the establishment of Law Number 6 of 1996 On Indonesian Waters however, this step not yet followed by adjustments to the laws regarding continental shelf, namely Law Number. 1 of 1973 On Indonesian Continental Shelf. The purpose of this research is to analize the differences in the substance of the arrangements for continental shelf in UNCLOS 1982 and Law Number 1 of 1973 On Indonesia Continental Shelf to find out the effectiveness of Indonesia's international treaties with other countries regarding the continental shelf using the Statute Approach and Conceptual Approach. Indonesia must make adjustments to national legislation regarding continental shelf with UNCLOS 1982 because of Indonesian legislation regarding continental shelf still refers to United Nations Convention on the Continental Shelf 1958.Keywords: Continental Shelf; Natural Resources;UNCLOS 1982.AbstrakIndonesia telah mengambil langkah untuk menyesuaikan peraturan perundang-undangannya mengenai hukum laut dengan UNCLOS 1982, yaitu disahkannya Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 1996 Tentang Perairan Indonesia namun langkah tersebut belum diikuti dengan penyesuaian peraturan perundang-undangan mengenai landas kontinen yaitu Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1973 Tentang Landas Kontinen Indonesia. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui perbedaan substansi pengaturan tentang landas kontinen di dalam UNCLOS 1982 dan Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1973 Tentang Landas Kontinen Indonesia sebagai sumber hukum mengenai landas kontinen di Indonesia, serta untuk mengetahui keberlakuan perjanjian-perjanjian internasional Indonesia dengan negara lain mengenai landas kontinen dengan menggunakan pendekatan undang-undang (Statute Approach) dan pendekatan konseptual (Conceptual Approach). Indonesia harus melakukan penyesuaian peraturan perundang-undangan nasional tentang landas kontinen dengan UNCLOS 1982 karena peraturan perundang-undangan Indonesia tentang landas kontinen masih mengacu kepada United Nations on the Continental Shelf 1958.Kata Kunci: Landas Kontinen; Sumberdaya Alam; UNCLOS 1982.
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Ma, Xinmin. "China and the UNCLOS: Practices and Policies." Chinese Journal of Global Governance 5, no. 1 (March 15, 2019): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/23525207-12340036.
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Abstract The 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS or the Convention) is one of the most important accomplishments in the development of international law in the twentieth century. As a comprehensive compilation of the modern law of the sea, the UNCLOS not only codifies numerous customary rules of law of the sea, but also progressively develops the treaty rules of law of the sea. Especially the three bodies established by the UNCLOS, namely the International Seabed Authority (ISA), the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) and the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS), have played an important role in facilitating the implementation of the UNCLOS and promoting stability and development of the international marine order. As a member of the big family of the States Parties to the UNCLOS, China has been faithfully fulfilling the obligations of the UNCLOS, fully engaged in the work of the three bodies and actively contributing its solutions and wisdom. In the process of implementing the UNCLOS, China has formed its own practices and policies.
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Labatut, Bernard. "Le gouvernement socialiste espagnol et la participation à l’Alliance atlantique depuis novembre 1982 (Note)." L’Espagne et l’Alliance Atlantique 16, no. 3 (April 12, 2005): 575–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/701885ar.
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The United Nations adopted the Law of the Sea Convention (LOSC) on April 30, 1982 but the saga began in 1967 when Arvid Pardo, the Permanent Representative of Malta to the United Nations, called for a constitution for the oceans of the world and a charter for its sea-bed, its resources, its subsoil and the air above it. The third United Nations Law of the Sea Conference (UNCLOS III) was convened in 1973 and terminated in the historic vote at New York on April 30, 1982 where 130 nations voted for the Law of the Sea Convention, only four voted against and seventeen abstained. The Law of the Sea Convention is a giant step forward in world and human affairs because it is concerned with sharing the earth's underwater resources amongst the earth's inhabitants rather than on the basis of first come/first served. The Convention controls, protects, shares and develops the oceans for all mankind. Questions of 12 mile limits, exclusive economic zones, continental shelves, territorial water rights of transit and innocent passage are also dealt with. Much old law is codified, much new law is created and even for non signatories there is much new customary international law. The Law of the Sea Convention is perhaps the greatest legislative triumph of the United Nations in its 40 year history.
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Egede, Edwin. "The Nigerian Territorial Waters Legislation and the 1982 Law of the Sea Convention." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 19, no. 2 (2004): 151–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1571808041220119.
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AbstractNigeria is a coastal state located strategically on the West Coast of Africa in the Gulf of Guinea. After gaining independence in 1960 it enacted legislation in 1967 on its territorial waters, which has been amended twice, in 1971 and 1998. After participating in the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS III) it became a party to the 1982 Convention on 14 August 1986. This article examines the laws governing the Nigerian territorial waters vis-à-vis the LOSC provisions on the territorial sea with a view to pinpointing how far these laws are in compliance with the relevant provisions of the LOSC.
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Phach, Phung Van, Huynh Minh Chinh, Do Chien Thang, Tran Anh Tuan, Phan Tuan Nam, Le Tuan Anh, Cu Minh Hoang, and Nguyen Van Bach. "Vietnam geographical exploitation under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea in 1982 (UNCLOS 1982)." Tạp chí Khoa học và Công nghệ biển 19, no. 3B (October 21, 2019): 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/1859-3097/19/3b/14514.
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As an active member of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea - UNCLOS, Vietnam has completed 3 Reports on the Limits of the Continental Shelf and has submitted two of them to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf - CLCS, before the deadline 13-5-2009. Those are: (1) Outer Limits of the Vietnam’s Extended Continental Shelf: North Area (VNM-N); (2) Outer Limits of the Vietnam’s Extended Continental Shelf: Middle Area (VNM-M) and (3) Vietnam - Malaysia Joint Continental Shelf Submission. The VNM-M has not yet been submitted but it was mentioned to the CLCS and will be submitted in the appropriate time.Vietnam’s submissions were highly appreciated by CLCS; although the CLCS has not yet organized a special sub-committee to look at our reports, the secretariat of CLCS has already posted the executive reports of our submissions, with our principle claims on the continental shelf, on the website of the CLCS since May 2009. This paper presents shortly the UNCLOS and its application in Vietnam case.
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Harden-Davies, Harriet. "Capacity Building and Technology Transfer for Marine Biodiversity in Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction." Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting 111 (2017): 243–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/amp.2017.75.
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Marine science and technology have long been recognized as key issues to enable states to implement the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). Scientific capacity development and technology transfer are cross-cutting issues in the development of a new international legally binding instrument (ILBI) for the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction under UNCLOS. The acquisition, exchange, and application of scientific knowledge are critical issues in the development of the ILBI.
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Iwunze, Vincent. "Enhanced Fishing Rights under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982: The Challenges Confronting Developing Countries." Groningen Journal of International Law 7, no. 2 (February 28, 2020): 145–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.21827/grojil.7.2.145-163.
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Prior to the adoption of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) in 1982, fisheries played only a minor role in the economies of most developing countries. Fisheries resources in waters adjacent to the coasts of many developing countries were largely exploited by fishers from the developed nations of the world who had the requisite technologies for deep-sea fishing. These technologies were lacking in developing countries, resulting in sub-optimal marine fishing. However, the adoption of UNLCOS in 1982 introduced novel principles for the governance of marine fisheries. It was widely believed that these innovations would enhance and stabilise fishing rights, redistribute income from marine fisheries to the advantage of developing countries and reduce the incidents of international conflicts concerning fishing rights. This paper critically examines the various ways through which UNCLOS has enhanced and stabilised fishing rights for the benefit of all States, especially developing countries. It asserts that due to various challenges that continue to confront developing countries with respect to the utilisation of marine fisheries, the benefits anticipated to accrue to them under UNCLOS have remained elusive throughout the thirty years since the Convention was adopted. The paper makes suggestions for the improvement of fisheries resources utilisation among developing countries.
9
Nyman, Elizabeth. "Outpaced by events: Our ageing law of the sea." International Journal of Maritime History 29, no. 3 (August 2017): 636–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0843871417708177.
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The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) was completed in 1982, after nearly 10 years of negotiation. It was an important accomplishment for standardizing international maritime law, which had been in chaos as the older regime of the ‘freedom of the seas’ failed to keep pace with changing technology and time. But even as UNCLOS heralded a new era of maritime law, it too was out of date almost upon completion. Hijackings, terrorism, piracy and technological innovation all exposed cracks in the omnibus treaty, and the international maritime world has been struggling to keep up ever since. New treaties and new policies attempted to mend these gaps, but just as UNCLOS failed to solve all the problems of the weakening ‘freedom of the seas’ doctrine, so too have these measures foundered in their effort to keep pace with a changing world.
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Mossop, Joanna. "Can we Make the Oceans Greener? The Successes and Failures of UNCLOS as an Environmental Treaty." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 49, no. 4 (November 15, 2018): 573. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v49i4.5341.
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At the conclusion of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) in 1982, there was considerable optimism that the Convention would usher in a new age of marine environmental protection. This article argues that, while UNCLOS did contain important innovations for marine environmental protections, key structural problems prevented the Convention from fulfilling more optimistic predictions of success. Concepts such as freedom of the high seas and exclusive flag state jurisdiction as well as the lack of an effective institution with competence over the law of the sea generally have impeded progress. Instead, states have relied on incremental development to seek improvements in the law. The article evaluates whether two recent developments will progress the goal of marine environmental protection. First, a number of recent international judicial decisions interpreting treaty and customary principles of international law have clarified and extended state environmental obligations. Second, negotiations for a new treaty on the protection and sustainable use of biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction offer hope that gaps in UNCLOS might be filled.
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Azrae, Ahmad Nasyran, and Asmar Abdul Rahim. "CONTROL OVER THE TRANSMISSION OF COVID-19 THROUGH SEA ROUTE UNDER UNCLOS 1982." International Journal of Law, Government and Communication 6, no. 22 (March 10, 2021): 147–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.35631/ijlgc.6220014.
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The flooding of illegal immigrants likely to be infected with Covid-19 through the sea route was seen as among the main factors that cause rising numbers of Covid-19 infected cases in the country, especially in Sabah. The intrusion of illegal immigrants through the sea route is not a remote issue that occurs only in Malaysia, rather it is a universal issue where most countries are seeking to overcome. The surrounding sea area and coastline and the weaknesses in law enforcement are considered to be among the factors that further aggravate the entry of illegal immigrants through the sea route. By adopting a descriptive approach and library-based study, this working paper elaborates the spreading of Covid-19 by illegal immigrants, especially those entering the country through the sea route. The discussion is conducted by examining the legal position of international law under the United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea 1982 (UNCLOS) that confers rights on the coastal states to control their borders against the intrusion of illegal immigrants carrying a threat to the national health. The finding from this working paper shows that UNCLOS grants rights to the coastal state to prevent the spreading of diseases in its territorial sea and contiguous zone. However, there exist lacunae in the local laws in applying the provisions enshrined under UNCLOS.
12
Paramita, Pinastika Prajna. "PROBLEMATIKA PENGATURAN GARIS PANGKAL TERHADAP PERUBAHAN GARIS PANTAI DALAM UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA (UNCLOS 1982)." Yurispruden 2, no. 1 (January 23, 2019): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.33474/yur.v2i1.1734.
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AbstrakTulisan ini menjelaskan tentang Perubahan iklim yang membawa berbagai dampak bagi kehidupan manusia, terutama dalam permasalahan batas-batas wilayah laut suatu negara pantai. Dampak fisik yang signifikan dari perubahan iklim adalah meningkatnya permukaan air laut akibat mencairnya lapisan es di kutub-kutub bumi. Hal ini mengakibatkan adanya pergeseran garis pesisir pantai suatu negara pantai. Pergeseran garis pesisir pantai menandakan pula adanya perubahan pada garis pangkal laut yang berfungsi sebagai titik diukurnya lebar laut teritorial suatu negara pantai. Apabila garis pangkal suatu negara bergeser akibat meningkatnya permukaan air laut, maka laut teritorial dan zona maritim suatu negara dapat pula berubah. Instrumen internasional tentang Hukum Laut (UNCLOS 1982) belum mampu menjawab tantangan mengenai adanya perubahan fisik garis pangkal laut. Adanya perubahan pada garis pangkal laut suatu negara dapat mengancam keberadaan negara-negara pantai sehingga dapat merubah batas-batas maritim internasional yang sudah diakui oleh semua negara di dunia.Kata Kunci: Perubahan Iklim, Garis Pangkal, UNCLOS 1982, Laut Teritorial
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Salako, Solomon E. "Entitlement to Islands, Rocks and Low – Tide Elevations in the South China Sea: Geoeconomics versus Rule of Law." International Law Research 7, no. 1 (August 17, 2018): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ilr.v7n1p247.
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Entitlement to islands, rocks and low-tide elevations in the South China Sea is based either on historical claims under customary international law or on maritime claims under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982 (UNCLOS). China’s ‘entitlement’ to islands, rocks and low-tide elevations in the South China Sea is based on historical claims spanning over two thousand years. However, there are other littoral claimants such as Taiwan, the Philippines, Vietman and Japan, and what is more, the United States is implicated in Japan’s claim for historical and other reasons. The objects of this article are to evaluate the rule of law and geoeconomics in claims to islands, rocks and low-tide elevations in the South China Sea, especially the Philippines-China arbitration; to show that the historical and maritime claims intersect and collide; to evaluate the United States’ involvement and the Thucydides trap; and to articulate the reasons why geoeconomics should guide not only the interpretation of UNCLOS but also state responses in terms of joint development and unilateral strategies.
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Parlett, Kate. "Jurisdiction of the Arbitral Tribunalin Philippines V.China Under UNCLOS and in the absence of China." AJIL Unbound 110 (2016): 266–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2398772300009144.
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It is not uncommon for decisions of international tribunals to be reported in the pages of the Washington Post or feature on the BBC News website. It is rather less common for awards to feature on the giant screens of New York’s Times Square. But less than two weeks after the Arbitral Tribuna lunder Annex VII to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea issued its Awardin Philippines v.China, a three-minute video featuring China’s position was broadcast repeatedly on the screen better known forbroadcasting New Year’s Eve festivities than argumentation on the competence of international tribunals. The video asserted that China’s “indisputable sovereignty over [the South China Sea islands] has sufficient historic and legal basis” and that “the Arbitral Tribunalvainly attempted to deny China’s territorial sovereignty and maritime rights and interests in the South China Sea.” It further stated that “China did not participate in the illegal South China Sea arbitration, nor accepts the Awardso as to defend the solemnity of international law.” This latter statement goes to the very heart of the Arbitral Tribunal’s jurisdiction under the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (the Convention) and its competence to decide the case despite China’s nonparticipation in the proceedings.
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Davenport, Tara. "The High Seas Freedom to Lay Submarine Cables and the Protection of the Marine Environment: Challenges in High Seas Governance." AJIL Unbound 112 (2018): 139–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aju.2018.48.
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The freedom to lay submarine cables and pipelines, one of the most venerated high seas freedoms under the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), faces an uncertain future under the new international legally binding instrument (ILBI) being negotiated in the United Nations. UN General Assembly Resolution 72/249, authorizing the intergovernmental conference for the new ILBI, does not expressly mention submarine cables or pipelines but states that “the work and results of the conference should be fully consistent with the provisions of” UNCLOS. The issues in a new ILBI that are likely to have an impact on the freedom to lay submarine cables and pipelines in areas beyond national jurisdiction are (1) area-based management tools, and (2) environmental impact assessments (EIAs), which are mechanisms used to protect and preserve the marine environment and biodiversity. The challenge for high seas governance (and indeed, the perennial challenge for the law of the sea) is how to balance these two ostensibly competing, but equally valuable, interests: the protection of the marine environment and biodiversity and the high seas freedom to lay submarine cables in areas beyond national jurisdiction.
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Yustitianingtyas, Levina. "PENGATURAN LINTAS PENERBANGAN NASIONAL BAGI PESAWAT UDARA ASING DI ATAS ALUR LAUT KEPULAUAN INDONESIA." Jurnal Komunikasi Hukum (JKH) 5, no. 2 (August 1, 2019): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.23887/jkh.v5i2.18426.
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Hukum udara berkaitan dengan kegiatan lintas penerbangan pesawat udara asing utamanya diatur dalam Konvensi Chicago 1944 berikut Annex-annexnya. Hukum udara berkembang melalui praktek negara-negara, atau hasil kesepakatan negara-negara yang dituangkan dalam bentuk perjanjian internasional. Dengan berlakunya United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea III (UNCLOS III)-1982, terdapat beberapa pasal yang mengatur lintas penerbangan pesawat udara asing melalui rute penerbangan di atas alur laut kepulauan. Beberapa ketentuan dalam UNCLOS-1982menunjukkan adanya “progresive development” bagi hukum internasional yang berkaitan dengan rejim ruang udara, karena kegiatan lintas penerbangan pesawat udara mendapatkan pengaturan dalam hukum laut. Indonesia adalah salah satu negara kepulauan telah menjadi pihak pada UNCLOS 1982sejak tahun 1986. Indonesia adalah salah satu Negara pihak pada Konvensi Chicago 1944. Sebagai implementasi dari kedaulatan negara di ruang udara melalui Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2009 tentang Penerbangan dan kedaulatan negara Indonesia atas wilayah udara, yang menyatakan bahwa Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia berdaulat penuh dan eksklusif atas wilayah udara Republik Indonesia. Status Indonesia sebagai Negara kepulauansesuai yang tertuang dalam UNCLOS 1982, maka Indonesia mempunyai kewenangan menentapkan alur laut kepulauan dan mengatur pelaksanaan lintas penerbangan pesawat udara asing melalui wilayah udara Negara Indonesia.
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Schoenbaum, Thomas J. "The South China Sea Arbitration Decision: The Need for Clarification." AJIL Unbound 110 (2016): 290–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2398772300009181.
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On July 12, 2016, a five-person panel of the Permanent Court of Arbitration in the Hague, constituted as an Arbitral Tribunalunder Annex VII of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982) (UNCLOS), handed down a judgment that is surely the most important set of jurisprudential rulings in the modern history of the international law of the sea. In a case brought in 2013 by the Philippines against China to contest Chinese claims and actions in the South China Sea, the Tribunal ruled in favor of the Philippines on virtually every issue of the dispute. The Tribunal also clarified many murky issues and problems inherent in provisions of the UNCLOS. The judg-ment, therefore, is a landmark ruling that is significant not only for the South China Sea, but also for contested maritime rights and responsibilities in other maritime areas of the world.
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H A S, Yasin Nur A., Liem Tony Dwi Soelistyo, and Ika Shinta Utami Nur Agustin. "PENGELOLAAN KEKAYAAN HAYATI DI KAWASAN “THE AREA” MENURUT UNCLOS 1982 [STUDI TENTANG NODUL POLIMETALIK (POLYMETALLIC NODULES)]." Jurnal Hukum Bisnis Bonum Commune 3, no. 1 (January 24, 2020): 26–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.30996/jhbbc.v3i1.3073.
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Beautiful and challenging seabed charms and rapid developments in technology for deep sea exploration and exploitation have occurred during the negotiations of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982. The development of this technology can give us broader knowledge about wealth in the deep sea floor. Significantly known deposits on the seabed outside national jurisdiction and named the Area or "The Area" by UNCLOS, including phosphorus, aggregates, scale, sulfides, hydrates, oil, natural gas and many other substances undiscovered. In fact, due to changes in international market conditions and technical difficulties arising from the exploitation of polymetallic nodules, it is unlikely that these or other mineral resources will be commercially developed over the years. Other genetic resources related to certain marine minerals, which were discovered when UNCLOS was being negotiated, have generated great scientific and economic interest and could be the first resources of the Region to be exploited. UNCLOS has provided regulations and procedures to ensure effective protection of the protection and conservation of natural resources in the Area and prevention of damage to flora and fauna from harmful effects that may arise from activities in the Area. Also about how to cope better, scientifically, including the application of prevention criteria, threats and risks to vulnerable and threatened marine ecosystems and biodiversity in areas outside national jurisdiction. So this has led to the exploration of various potential approaches to their protection and management, using agreements and other relevant instruments based on general international law arrangements, particularly with UNCLOS 1982.Pesona dasar laut yang indah dan menantang serta perkembangan yang pesat dalam teknologi untuk eksplorasi dan eksploitasi laut dalam sudah terjadi selama perundingan Konvensi PBB tentang Hukum Laut atau UNCLOS (United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea) 1982. Atas perkembangan teknologi ini dapat memberi kita pengetahuan yang lebih luas lagi tentang kekayaan di dasar laut dalam. Endapan yang diketahui secara signifikan di dasar laut yang berada di luar yurisdiksi nasional dan di namai dengan Kawasan atau “The Area” oleh UNCLOS, termasuk fosfor, agregat, kerak, sulfida, hidrat, minyak, gas bumi dan masih banyak lagi zat-zat lainnya yang belum ditemukan. Sebenarnya, karena perubahan kondisi pasar internasional dan kesulitan teknis yang timbul sehubungan dengan eksploitasi nodul polimetalik, kecil kemungkinan sumber daya mineral ini atau lainnya akan dikembangkan secara komersial selama bertahun-tahun. Sumber daya genetik lainnya yang terkait dengan mineral laut tertentu, yang ditemukan ketika UNCLOS sedang dirundingkan, telah menimbulkan minat ilmiah dan ekonomi yang besar dan dapat menjadi sumber daya pertama dari Kawasan yang akan dieksploitasi. UNCLOS sudah memberikan peraturan dan prosedur untuk memastikan perlindungan yang efektif terhadap perlindungan dan konservasi sumber daya alam di Kawasan dan pencegahan terhadap kerusakan flora dan fauna dari efek berbahaya yang mungkin timbul dari kegiatan di Kawasan tersebut. Juga tentang bagaimana mengatasi secara lebih baik, secara ilmiah, termasuk penerapan kriteria pencegahan, ancaman dan risiko terhadap ekosistem laut yang rentan dan terancam serta keanekaragaman hayati di daerah di luar yurisdiksi nasional. Maka hal ini mendorong eksplorasi berbagai pendekatan-pendekatan yang potensial untuk perlindungan dan pengelolaannya, menggunakan perjanjian dan instrumen lain yang relevan berdasarkan pengaturan hukum internasional umum, khususnya dengan UNCLOS 1982.
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Redgwell, Catherine. "Introductory Remarks by Catherine Redgwell." Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting 111 (2017): 241–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/amp.2017.74.
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Although negotiated as a “package deal,” ostensibly comprehensive in scope and universal in its participation, the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) was always intended to be capable of further evolution and development. Inevitably strategic interests change over time, and “economic and technological developments have increased the ability to access and harvest the [living and nonliving] resources of the sea and the seabed.” At the same time our knowledge of the oceans, the earth's largest ecosystem (~1.3 billion km3), has continued to evolve, despite large gaps that remain in our understanding.
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Talmon, Stefan. "THE CHAGOS MARINE PROTECTED AREA ARBITRATION: EXPANSION OF THE JURISDICTION OF UNCLOS PART XV COURTS AND TRIBUNALS." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 65, no. 4 (October 2016): 927–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589316000403.
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AbstractThis article shows that the Tribunal in the Chagos Marine Protected Area Arbitration between Mauritius and the United Kingdom has contributed considerably to the creeping expansion of compulsory jurisdiction of courts and tribunals established under Part XV of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). The Tribunal has employed three techniques to do so. First, it has read down the jurisdictional precondition to exchange views in Article 283(1) of the UNCLOS; second, it has expanded the limited scope of compulsory subject-matter jurisdiction under section 2 of Part XV by broadening the meaning of the phrase ‘any dispute concerning the interpretation or application of this Convention’ to include incidental, related—and through the backdoor of a balancing exercise—even extraneous disputes; and, third, it has restricted the limitations and exceptions to compulsory jurisdiction in Articles 297 and 298 of the UNCLOS. Few would have predicted in 1982 that a Part XV court or tribunal would—within the context of such a balancing exercise—ever find that a colonial era undertaking created binding legal obligations under international law and that the United Kingdom was obliged to return the Chagos Archipelago to Mauritius when no longer needed for defence purposes. The Tribunal's expansive reading of the jurisdictional provisions in Part XV opens up the possibility of future rulings, albeit incidentally, on issues that have little to do with the law of the sea.
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Beckman, Robert, and Zhen Sun. "The Relationship between unclos and imo Instruments." Asia-Pacific Journal of Ocean Law and Policy 2, no. 2 (December 9, 2017): 201–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24519391-00202003.
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The 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (unclos) is widely viewed as a “constitutive” instrument that provides a legal framework that is being filled in, rounded out and complemented by existing and subsequently enacted international agreements and customary international law. The International Maritime Organization (imo) is the preeminent international organization with competence to establish international rules and standards for the safety, security and environmental performance of international shipping. In other words, on matters relating to international shipping, unclos outlines the rights and obligations of States parties in various maritime zones that must be exercised and fulfilled through implementation instruments under the auspices of imo. This article will examine and discuss the relationship between unclos and imo instruments. First, it will provide an overview of imo, including its historical background, its mandates and structure, and the major instruments that are under its auspices. It will then look at the relationship between unclos and imo, and discuss how imo and its instruments have been incorporated into unclos. Furthermore, it will discuss the role of imo and its instruments in assisting States to exercise their rights and fulfil their obligations under unclos.
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Yulianto, Yulianto. "PELAKSANAAN UNITED NATION CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA (UNCLOS) 1982 DI PERAIRAN NATUNA." JURNAL SAINS DAN TEKNOLOGI MARITIM 20, no. 2 (May 15, 2020): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.33556/jstm.v20i2.230.
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L. Kapsis, Zacharias. "THE PRESCRIPTIVE AND ENFORCEMENT JURISDICTION OF A COASTAL STATE IN RELATION TO SHIP SOURCE POLLUTION OCCURS IN ITS VARIOUS MARITIME ZONES, UNDER THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA AND THE CUSTOMARY INTERNATIONAL LAW." International Journal of Advanced Research 8, no. 11 (November 30, 2020): 616–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/12048.
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The coastal state jurisdiction is the jurisdiction enjoyed by a coastal state in relation to breaches of regulations and laws by foreign flagged ships that take place within its various jurisdictional zones. The prescriptive and enforcement jurisdiction comprise the main power of a coastal state. Prescriptive is the jurisdiction to prescribe laws and regulations, while enforcement is the jurisdiction to enforce such laws. The rights and obligations of a state in relation to navigation and pollution are determined primarily by international conventions and customary international law. The 1982 Law of the Sea Convention (UNCLOS) is the most widely ratified convention in this field of law, outlining the rights and obligations of the states in relation to their variousmaritmezones as well as with respect to environmental protection.States have under UNCLOS the obligation to protect and preserve the marine environment and they are also under an obligation to take measures jointly or individually to reduce and prevent, control and reduce pollution of the marine environment from any source including the atmosphere and from vessels.In relation to ship source pollution there are various obligations.
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Ramon, Adrianus Adityo Vito. "THE LEGALITY OF STATE’S PEACETIME MILITARY ACTIVITIES." Veritas et Justitia 3, no. 2 (December 26, 2017): 327–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.25123/vej.2712.
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AbstractThe research argue that in the absence of an internationally negotiated provisions that explicitly regulate foreign peacetime military activities in the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of another States, States should consider the incident case per case as well as may employed the guideline prepared by highly reputed international legal scholars. This is essential to avoid unnecessary conflict between the Coastal State and the State conducting military activities in the EEZ. The aforementioned conclusion is reached by first analysing the definition of the peacetime military activities of the State. The research would also examine the negotiation process and its negotiated provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 1982 resulted from the negotiation, regulating EEZ. Subsequently, the research would examining of the practice of the States interpreting the UNCLOS 1982’s EEZ provisions, including providing the options as an interim solutions for the void in the legal instruments in the matter.
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Susetyorini, Peni. "KEBIJAKAN KELAUTAN INDONESIA DALAM PERSPEKTIF UNCLOS 1982." Masalah-Masalah Hukum 48, no. 2 (April 26, 2019): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/mmh.48.2.2019.164-177.
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Indonesia sebagai negara kepulauan terbesar di dunia, dengan kondisi geografis yang strategis dan kaya akan sumberdaya alam, namun semuanya masih belum dapat dimanfaatkan secara optimal demi kemakmuran bangsa. Banyak faktor yang menyebabkan hal tersebut, mulai dari kesalahan paradigma pembangunan hingga carut marutnya upaya penegakan hukum kemaritiman. Kendala pemenuhan intrastruktur yang memadai dalam kemaritiman merupakan kendala utama yang harus diselesaikan pemerintah, karena keberadaan infrastruktur akan memungkinkan pelayanan yang lebih baik. Persoalan pembenahan sistem penegakan hukum melalui penguatan dan koordinasi antar lembaga yang berwenang di laut akan sangat menunjang bagi terciptanya keselarasan penegakan hukum, sehingga para pelaku kemaritiman akan mendapatkan kepastian kepada siapa mereka harus menggantungkan harapannya bila mereka mendapatkan kesulitan di laut. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis hak dan kewajiban negara dalam mengimplementasikan Konvensi Hukum Laut (Unclos) 1982 yang telah diratifikasi oleh negara Indonesia dengan Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 1985 tentang Pengesahan United Nation Convention on The Law of The Sea, dan menganalisis kebijakan kelautan Indonesia dalam upaya mewujudkan negara Indonesia sebagai poros maritim dunia.
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Zulkhanadya, Zulkhanadya, and Sophia Listriani. "The Implementation Of State Responsibility Principle in Indonesia Concerning Plastic Waste of Pacific Ocean." Syiah Kuala Law Journal 4, no. 2 (August 31, 2020): 218–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/sklj.v4i2.17871.
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Today, plastic waste is the most widely found in the Pacific Ocean, around 99% of garbage in the Pacific Ocean is plastic waste. Indonesia as the second-largest contributor plastic waste to sea, it needs to implement the state responsibility principle to fulfill the international obligations as referred to article 235 (1) of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 1982, stated that states are responsible for the fulfillment of their international obligations concerning the protection and preservation the marine environment. The state responsibility principle is also discussed at the national level, in Indonesia itself, there is a national regulation that discusses the state responsibility principle such as Law No. 32 of 2009 on environmental protection and management. Therefore, this paper will discuss the implementation of state responsibility principle in Indonesia and the challenges faced by Indonesia in implementing the state responsibility principle.
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Boyle, Alan E. "Dispute Settlement and the Law of the Sea Convention: Problems of Fragmentation and Jurisdiction." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 46, no. 1 (January 1997): 37–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589300060103.
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The entry into force of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (“UNCLOS”), on 16 November 1994, is probably the most important development in the settlement of international disputes since the adoption of the UN Charter and the Statute of the International Court of Justice. Not only does the Convention create a new international court, the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (“ITLOS”), it also makes extensive provision for compulsory dispute-settlement procedures involving States, the International Seabed Authority (“ISBA”), seabed mining contractors and, potentially, a range of other entities. Implementation of the Convention has spawned a number of inter-State disputes to add to the cases already before the International Court. The initiation of the ITLOS not only opens up new possibilities for settling these disputes but it also has implications for the future role of the International Court and ad hoc arbitration in the law of the sea and more generally. It contributes to the proliferation of international tribunals and adds to the potential for fragmentation both of the substantive law and of the procedures available for settling disputes. Judges Oda and Guillaume have argued that the ITLOS is a futile institution, that the UNCLOS negotiators were misguided in depriving the International Court of its central role in ocean disputes and that creation of a specialised tribunal may destroy the unity of international law. The law of the sea, both judges argue, is an essential part of international law and any dispute concerning the application and interpretation of that law should be seen as subject to settlement by the International Court.
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Schatz, Valentin J. "The Snow Crab Dispute on the Continental Shelf of Svalbard: A Case-Study on Options for the Settlement of International Fisheries Access Disputes." International Community Law Review 22, no. 3-4 (August 20, 2020): 455–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18719732-12341442.
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Abstract Disputes concerning access to fisheries within national jurisdiction can be drivers of illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing. International courts and tribunals may play an important role in settling certain categories of fisheries access disputes and in clarifying the applicable legal framework. This article explores international dispute settlement options for the dispute between the European Union (EU) and Norway over access to the snow crab fishery in Svalbard’s waters as an example of a complex fisheries access dispute. In doing so, it considers the potential and limits of: 1) the compulsory dispute settlement mechanism under Section 2 of Part XV of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and 2) litigation before the International Court of Justice (ICJ).
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Kamal, Mohammad Maulidan. "PENEGAKAN HUKUM PENCURIAN IKAN DI WILAYAH ZONA EKONOMI EKSKLUSIF INDONESIA (ZEEI)." Jurist-Diction 1, no. 2 (January 7, 2019): 609. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jd.v1i2.11012.
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Hampir semua praktek penangkapan secara illegal yang terjadi di Indonesia sebagian besar dilakukan di Zona Ekonomi Eksklusif. Hal ini sejalan dengan pemerintah yang sedang gencar-gencarnya memberantas pencurian ikan. Ketidakjelasan Pasal 102 Undang-Undang Perikanan menimbulkan penafsiran yang berbeda pada hakim dalam menangani perkara. Konsekuensi meratifikasi United Nations Convention on The Law of The Sea (UNCLOS 1982) menghasilkan tanggung jawab baru bagi pemerintah untuk menerapkan aturan yang ada didalam UNCLOS 1982 menjadi hukum nasional yang berlaku di Indonesia. Termasuk ketentuan penegakan hukum terhadap kapal penangkap ikan asingyang melakukan penangkapan ikan secara ilegal di wilayah Zona Ekonomi Eksklusif. Tipe penelitian ini adalah penelitian normatif yuridis dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan konseptual. Larangan penjatuhan hukuman badan terhadap Nahkoda atau Kepala Kamar Mesin kapal berbendera asing tidak boleh dikenai hukuman badan tapi dijatuhi hukuman denda. Ketentuan inimenimbulkan permasalahan baru, yaitu, syarat-syarat yang menyatakan denda harus dibayar, tidak dipatuhi. Hal ini menyebabkan kerugian baru bagi negara. Dalam prakteknya, terdapat perbedaan penerapan pemidanaan oleh hakim dengan dasar pertimbangan demi keadilan dan kepastian hukum.
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Hidayat, Abdiyan Syaiful. "Implementasi Strategi Pengendalian Alur Laut Kepulauan Indonesia (ALKI) II Dalam Mendukung Ketahanan Nasional." Jurnal Ketahanan Nasional 25, no. 3 (December 30, 2019): 313. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jkn.49528.
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AbstractThe Republic of Indonesia has ratified the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982 (UNCLOS 82) through the Indonesian Law No. 17 of 1985 dated 13 December 1985, which was in force on 16 November 1994. As a result, Indonesia has established three archipelagic sea lanes, or otherwise known as ALKI (North-South), namely ALKI I, ALKI II and ALKI III. ALKI III has a three-pronged Southern points IIIA, IIIB and IIIC. With this establishment, Indonesia as the archipelagic state must be capable of ensuring safe passage of shipping through these lanes, while at the same time capable of enforcing its sovereignty over the related waters. The purpose of this study is to analyze the various determinant factors which affects the Indonesian Navy’s Second Fleet Command’s success in implementing sea control strategy within ALKI II which falls into its area of operations. These factors are tactics and procedures, weaponry capability, sensors capability, exercise and operational effectiveness. The research was conducted using mixed research methods. The determinant factor will be established in a statistic model which named Structural Equation Modeling which uses the Linear Structural Relationship (Lisrel) software version 8,70. Qualitative analysis was conducted using the Soft System Methodology (SSM). The end results of this research concluded that all of the determinant factors would affect the Second Fleet Command’s ability to implement and execute the sea control strategy successfully. AbstrakIndonesia telah meratifikasi United Nation Convention on The Law of The Sea 1982 (UNCLOS 1982) melalui Undang-undang Nomor 17 Tahun 1985 tanggal 13 Desember 1985 dan mulai berlaku pada tanggal 16 November 1994. Sebagai konsekuensinya Indonesia menetapkan tiga jalur Alur Laut Kelpulauan Indonesia (ALKI) Utara-Selatan, yaitu ALKI I, ALKI II dan ALKI III dengan tiga cabang titik Selatan III A, III B, III C. Untuk itu Indonesia harus dapat menjamin keamanan pelayaran di sepanjang ALKI dan menegakkan kedaulatan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengidentifikasi dan memodelkan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi keberhasilan Komando Armada (Koarmada) II dalam mengimplementasikan strategi pengendalian laut di ALKI II. Faktor-faktor yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah penguasaan taktik dan prosedur, kemampuan persenjataan, kemampuan sensor dan latihan untuk meningkatkan efektifitas operasi. Penelitian menggunakan metode penelitian campuran. Pemodelan faktor-faktor dilakukan dengan metode Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) dengan software Lisrel versi 8,70. Analisis data kualitatif menggunakan metode Soft System Methodology (SSM). Hasil penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa faktor-faktor yang disebut di atas sangat mempengaruhi keberhasilan Koarmada II dalam mengimplementasikan strategi pengendalian laut di ALKI II.
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Hamid, Abdul Ghafur. "Refining Maritime Boundary Delimitation Methodology: The Search for Predictability and Certainty." IIUM Law Journal 27, no. 1 (June 29, 2019): 35–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/iiumlj.v27i1.457.
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For decades, the maritime boundary delimitation methodology remains uncertain and confusing. This is as a result of the sole reliance on equitable principles, total disregard of the equidistance method in the North Sea Continental Shelf cases and vague provisions of United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 1982 in particular on the delimitation of the exclusive economic zone and the continental shelf. The main objective of the present article is to investigate how the delimitation methodology could be refined to be more predictable and certain through the flexible interpretation of the conventional law by the decisions of international courts and tribunals. The article first of all traces the codification history of the UNCLOS 1982 in order to ascertain the view of States expressed during the drafting process, which reflected the bitter rivalry between the two camps of equidistance and equitable principles. The article then makes a painstaking analysis of the decisions of international courts and tribunals since 1990s to the most recent one and finds that the equidistance principle has been reinstated as a basic methodology in maritime boundary delimitation, supplemented by relevant circumstances, in order to achieve an equitable solution. The article concludes that the search for predictability and certainty in maritime boundary delimitation has, to some extent, been achieved in the form of the recent three-stage approach, although there are still grey areas where significant uncertainty remains.
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Nik Fuad, Nik Munirah, Wan Izatul Asma Wan Talaat, and Mohd Hazmi Mohd Rusli. "Mining the Deep Seabed: Is Malaysia Ready?" Asian Social Science 13, no. 2 (January 19, 2017): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v13n2p107.
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The mineral industry is expanding fast coinciding with the increase in demands. The depleting land-based minerals has led to the seeking of mineral resources especially from deep sea. Deep seabed minerals have high concentration of precious metal in comparison to land-based minerals. A lot of countries have started to explore and exploit the deep seabed minerals. Thus, it is necessary for Malaysia to commence on deep seabed mining exploration to reap its economic and technological benefits. Similarly, like land mining, the marine environment will face environmental degradation from deep seabed mining exploration. Being a State-party to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982 (UNCLOS 1982) and Convention of Biological Diversity 1994 (CBD), Malaysia has yet to develop a set of policies, regulations and laws related to deep seabed mining to mitigate its effect to the marine environment coinciding to the requirements of these conventions. The purpose of this study is to explore the preparedness of Malaysia to embark on exploration of deep seabed mining in areas beyond the national jurisdiction while observing the effects of deep seabed mining to the marine environment. The challenges in exploring the deep seabed mining as well as the relevant international and national laws related to deep seabed mining will also be observed in this study.
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Nisrina, Shofy Suma, and Enny Narwati. "Perubahan Baseline Negara Kepulauan Akibat Perubahan Iklim dalam Hukum Internasional." Jurist-Diction 4, no. 5 (September 1, 2021): 2055. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jd.v4i5.29833.
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AbstractClimate change is a natural phenomenon that occur through a complicated and an evolutionary process. The impact of such natural phenomena is expected to shift the state's baseline following the geographical condition, consequently, it will also change the maritime zone owned by the state. The Law of the Sea has not regulated such impacts of the shifting baselines caused by natural phenomena which indicates a legal vacuum on this matter. This legal research examines the regulations and its implications which can be the basis of an archipelagic state’s shifting baselines coverage due to natural phenomena. States have the discretion to establish their coordinates point and geographical maps, moreover, based on the 1982 United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea (UNCLOS 1982), States are required to make official map deposits to the United Nations Secretary-General. The deposited baseline is permanent as long as the state does not make any updates.Keywords: Baseline; Climate Change; Archipelagic States; Law of The Sea.AbstrakPermukaan air laut yang meningkat menjadi salah satu akibat dari perubahan iklim. Fenomena meningkatnya permukaan air laut merupakan peristiwa alami yang terjadi secara evolusi sehingga proses terjadinya memerlukan jangka waktu yang lama. Dampak dari fenomena alam tersebut dapat mengakibatkan terjadinya pergeseran baseline negara mengikuti kondisi geografis yang terdampak sehingga terjadi perubahan wilayah negara atas laut. Hukum Laut belum mengatur mengenai kemungkinan terjadinya pergeseran baseline akibat fenomena alam ini sehingga merupakan suatu kekosongan hukum yang dapat menjadi potensi sengketa antar negara. Penelitian ini mengkaji atas dampak dan pengaturan yang dapat menjadi landasan apabila terjadi perubahan baseline negara terutama negara kepulauan seperti Indonesia yang sangat rentan akibat fenomena alam. Setiap Negara memiliki diskresi untuk menetapkan koordinat serta peta geografisnya mengingat kondisi wilayah yang berbeda-beda, dan berdasarkan Konvensi Hukum Laut 1982 (UNCLOS 1982), negara wajib melakukan deposit peta resmi ke Sekretaris Jenderal PBB. Baseline yang telah didepositkan merupakan baseline yang tetap selama negara tidak melakukan pembaharuan.Kata Kunci: Baseline; Perubahan Iklim; Negara Kepulauan; Hukum Laut.
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Mauldiansyah, Fariz. "Legalitas Iran dalam Melakukan Penahanan Kapal Asing Di Selat Hormuz." Jurist-Diction 4, no. 4 (July 1, 2021): 1379. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jd.v4i4.28453.
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AbstractThe Persian Gulf, which stores about one fifth of the world's oil, would be the destination of every petroleum producing country. But to reach the Persian Gulf by sea, every ship must pass through the Strait of Hormuz first. The Strait of Hormuz, which was located between two countries, Iran and Oman, has become a dispute terrain for several times in the last 10 years, one of which is the dispute of ship detention between Iran and Britain. The detention of ships carried out by Iran is a big question for the international community, is the detention legal or not? This article uses a type of normative juridical writing and uses statute approach and conceptual approach.The results showed that the detention was considered legitimate because the United Kingdom had committed maritime traffic violations and abused the rights of transit passage and right of innocent passage that was granted by international law. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS 1982) basically regulates and authorizes coastal states to exercise their jurisdiction in the territorial seas of their respective countries.Keywords: Ship Detention; Strait of Hormuz;Territorial Sea.AbstrakTeluk Persia yang menyimpan sekitar seperlima minyak bumi dunia, tentu menjadi destinasi setiap negara produsen minyak bumi. Namun untuk mencapai Teluk Persia melalui laut, setiap kapal harus melewati Selat Hormuz terlebih dahulu. Selat Hormuz yang terhimpit oleh dua negara, yaitu Iran dan Oman, telah beberapa kali menjadi medan sengketa dalam 10 tahun terakhir, salah satunya adalah sengketa penahanan kapal antara Iran dan Inggris. Penahanan kapal yang dilakukan oleh Iran tersebut menjadi pertanyaan besar bagi masyarakat internasional, apakah penahanan tersebut legal atau atau tidak? Artikel ini menggunakan tipe penulisan yuridis normatif dan menggunakan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan konseptual.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penahanan tersebut dianggap sah karena Inggris telah melakukan pelanggaran lalu lintas maritim dan menyalahgunakan hak lintas transit maupun hak lintas damai yang diberikan oleh hukum internasional. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS 1982) pada dasarnya mengatur dan memberikan wewenang kepada negara pantai untuk menjalankan yurisdiksi nya di laut teritorial negara masing-masing.Kata Kunci: Penahanan Kapal; Selat Hormuz; Laut Teritorial.
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Hastuti, Dwi, Akbar Kurniawan, and Juhriyansyah Dalle. "DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM FOR DETERMINING TYPE OF FISH BASED ON WATER QUALITY." Fish Scientiae 7, no. 2 (December 18, 2017): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/fs.v1i2.4547.
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Indonesia is an archipelagic country with an area of 5.8 million km2 or equivalent to 2/3 in Indonesia, The territorial waters of Indonesia have been recognized as the Nation's Insight by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) in 1982, but with the vast waters of Indonesia, do not make Indonesia free from imported fish from various countries. Inappropriate aquaculture production can result in financial losses, energy, time, and others. So knowledge of intensive aquaculture production is needed. Knowledge of aquaculture production that can be obtained by fish farmers and related parties requires a short time in obtaining it. Therefore the purpose of this research is to design a decision support system that has been computerized which can determine the type of fish that can be produced intensively based on water quality in the area used
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Lertora Pinto, Francisco. "Delineation process of the extended continental shelf: an interpretation of article 76, paragraph 6, of UNCLOS." Revista Chilena de Derecho 47, no. 3 (January 2021): 873–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.7764/r.473.12.
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The 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea established spe-cific rules for the delineation of the outer limit of the continental shelf in Article 76. This Article contains two formulae and two constraints. Regarding these constraints, the coastal State can apply, whichever is more favorable to its claim, unless the exception established under Article 76 (6), first sentence, applies. This exception establishes that, on submarine ridges, the State can only apply the 350 nautical miles distance constraint. However, Article 76 (6), second sentence, introduces a counter-exception and preserves the State’s right to ap-ply either constraint when the seafloor high is a submarine elevation that is a natural compo-nent of the continental margin
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Shvelidze, Sofiya. "Russian Arctic Sector Boundaries: The International Issues of Legal Regime in the Arctic Region." Economics and Culture 16, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 108–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jec-2019-0012.
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Abstract Research purpose. The regime of maritime spaces as a general rule ‘is determined by the principles and norms of international law relating to the oceans and enshrined in the Geneva Convention on the Law of the Sea of 1958 and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 1982(UNCLOS). However, the issue is that UNCLOS practically does not fix any special regime on the Arctic, bearing in mind that the use of the Arctic spaces is rather effectively regulated at the national levels. Arctic issues in this regard lacked in-depth analysis, and no attempts to develop specific norms and approaches with regard to the Arctic region were made, with the exception of Article 234 of UNCLOS, which is related to the right of the coastal States to ‘regulate navigation’ in its Exclusive Economic Zones. The purpose of the current research is to analyse how far a State may go in the process of establishment of the laws and regulations while exercising the right granted by Article 234, with the particular focus made on the position taken by the Russian Federation. Design / Methodology / Approach. In order to achieve the aims of the research, a descriptive method was chosen as the method for clarification on the legal regime currently applicable in the Russian Arctic Sector, in particular supported by the dogmatic method, in order to understand and explain the position taken by the legislative bodies. Findings. The result of the research is the attempts to satisfy how having interests and stakes in the region of high overall salience contributes to prioritization by Russian Federation of its rights over the region by restrictions imposed on the navigational freedoms granted to the States by UNCLOS. Additionally, suggestions are made in respect of the possible solutions necessary in order to strike a balance between national interests of the Arctic States and rights of others States to access the area without causing any harm to the environment and security of the region.
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Chann, Piseth. "PERAN KONVENSI HUKUM LAUT INTERNASIONAL PBB 1982 DAN INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION (IMO) BAGI KESELAMATAN DAN KEAMANAN ANAK BUAH KAPAL (ABK) SELAMA BERLAYAR DALAM PELAYARAN INTERNASIONAL." Jurnal Poros Hukum Padjadjaran 2, no. 1 (November 30, 2020): 160–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.23920/jphp.v2i1.260.
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ABSTRAKEksploitasi terhadap tenaga kerja di laut lepas, khususnya ABK, masih sering terjadi. Meskipun tidak diatur secara spesifik, keselamatan dan keamanan ABK dapat dikaitkan dengan KHL PBB 1982, Pasal 94. Tujuan dari kajian ini adalah untuk menjelaskan keterkaitan Pasal 94 KHL dengan perlindungan terhadap ABK, peran IMO terhadap keselamatan dan keamanan ABK, dan kerja sama antara IMO dan ILO dalam menangani masalah eksploitasi sumber daya manusia dalam pelayaran internasional. Dari kajian ini dapat dijelaskan bahwa dalam KHL PBB 1982, Pasal 94 Ayat 2 (b) dan 3 (b) terdapat kewajiban yang dibebankan kepada Negara Bendera untuk ikut bertanggung jawab jika ABK mendapatkan suatu masalah. Sementara itu, sebagai agen khusus PBB, IMO telah mengadopsi satu Kode Manajemen Internasional dengan tujuan untuk memastikan keselamatan manusia dan menghindari kerusakan lingkungan laut. IMO, ILO dan Ad Hoc juga membentuk kerja sama tripartit untuk mengatur hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan ketenagakerjaan di laut. Kata Kunci: anak buah kapal; IMO; ILO; keselamatan dan keamanan
ABSTRACTExploitation of workers on the high seas, especially the ship's crew, is still common. Although not specifically regulated, the safety and security of the ship's crew can be linked to the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), Article 94. The purpose of this study is to explain the relationship between Article 94 UNCLOS and the protection of ship's crew, the role of International Maritime Organization (IMO) in the safety and security of ship's crew, and cooperation between IMO and ILO in dealing with the problem of exploitation of human resources in international shipping. From this study, it can be explained that in the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Article 94 Paragraphs 2 (b) and 3 (b) there was an obligation imposed on the Flag State to take responsibility if the ship's crew had a problem. Meanwhile, as a UN special agent, IMO has adopted an International Management Code to ensure human safety and avoid damage to the marine environment. IMO, ILO and Ad Hoc also formed tripartite cooperation to regulate matters related to employment at sea.Keywords: ILO; IMO; security and safety; ship's crew
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Izzati, Nur Arissa, Chusnul Qotimah Nita Permata, and Miftah Santalia. "Assessing the Effectiveness of Settling Indonesian Sea Border Disputes through Litigation and Non-Litigation Paths." Lex Scientia Law Review 4, no. 1 (May 8, 2020): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/lesrev.v4i1.38261.
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Conflicts or disputes over maritime boundaries often occur, disputes that cause two or more countries are one of the authorities of their respective countries to conduct negotiations so as not to cause prolonged conflict or dispute. Border disputes between sea, island, and state are included in the affairs of the international court through the role of international law, such as the dispute between Indonesia and Vietnam in the Natuna Sea region which mutually claims sea borders both the continental shelf boundaries and the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) boundaries, disputes between Indonesia and Malaysia in the Malacca Strait, the South China Sea Dispute, and so on. The existence of unilateral claims from each country there are still problems regarding sea borders that cause relations between countries experiencing conflict. Problems that cause disputes between countries are caused because the negotiations between the two parties have not been completed, violations occur by the disputing countries, there are still unclear sea boundaries, and others. The United Nations Convention on The Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 1982 is an international maritime law that applies in the resolution of disputes at sea, but only countries that have ratified UNCLOS can apply this international sea law. In resolving this dispute a country can do with two channels namely litigation and non-litigation, where litigation is used for the last point in this dispute through ITOLS. The purpose of writing this article is to find out how the effectiveness of sea base dispute resolution in Indonesia through litigation and non-litigation.
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Боброва, Юлия, Yuliya Bobrova, Владимир Голицын, and Vladimir Golitsyn. "Marine Scientific Research and the Argo Program: International Law Regulation." Journal of Russian Law 2, no. 7 (September 18, 2014): 82–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/4827.
Full textAbstract:
The article is devoted to the consideration of an issue of “marine scientific research” as it is regulated under international law and the applicable Russian legislation. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the relevant provision of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (hereinafter UNCLOS) governing the conduct of marine scientific research in territorial sea, exclusive economic zone, continental shelf, the international seabed area beyond national jurisdiction, high seas. The article is outlined the general principles of the conduct of marine scientific research which shall be conducted exclusively for peaceful purposes. Draws attention to marine scientific research in the exclusive economic zone and on the continental shelf which shall be conducted with the consent of the coastal State. Emphasis is made on the analysis of legal aspects of the Argo Programme, launched for the purpose of conducting marine scientific research with the use of drifting buoys. The article considers practical and legal issues that arise in connection with the adoption in light of the relevant provisions of UNCLOS of the of international documents related to the Argo Programme, namely: Resolution XX-6 of the Assembly of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (1999); the Guidelines for the Implementation of Resolution XX-6 of the IOC Assembly regarding the deployment of profiling floats in the High Seas within the framework of the Argo Programme (2008). In accordance with it, an IOC Member State must be informed in advance of the deployment in the High Seas of any float within the framework of the Argo Programme that may enter its EEZ. In implementing this provision, the Executive Secretary of IOC will invite all IOC Member States to state that they wish to be notified of it. In this light, denotes the position of the Russian Federation on the Argo Programme as marine scientific research and its wish to be notified of the deployment in the High Seas of all Argo Programme floats that may enter its EEZ.
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Marcussen, Christian, Flemming G. Christiansen, Trine Dahl-Jensen, Martin Heinesen, Steen Lomholt, Jens Jørgen Møller, and Kai Sørensen. "Exploring for extended continental shelf claims off Greenland and the Faroe Islands – geological perspectives." Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) Bulletin 4 (July 20, 2004): 61–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.34194/geusb.v4.4786.
Full textAbstract:
Following the expected ratification in 2004 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS from 1982), Denmark, Greenland and the Faroe Islands have a period of maximum 10 years to make claims beyond 200 nautical miles (NM) in five potential areas off Greenland and the Faroe Islands (Fig. 1). In order to provide the necessary database, the Danish Continental Shelf Project has been launched by the Ministry for Science, Technology and Innovation in cooperation with the Faroese and Greenland Home Rule governments. Several institutions are participating in this project, with the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) as the coordinator of the technical work for the Greenland part of the project, and sharing the responsibility for coordination of the Faroese part with the Faroese Geological Survey (JFS).
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Sari, Dessy Kartika, and Levina Yustitianingtyas. "PELAKSANAAN PUTUSAN ARBITRASE INTERNASIONAL TERHADAP PENETAPAN KEPEMILIKAN PULAU SCARBOROUGH SHOAL DI LAUT CINA SELATAN." Perspektif Hukum 18, no. 2 (January 23, 2019): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.30649/phj.v18i2.159.
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<p><em>The South China Sea dispute on the Scarborough Shoal Island, basically caused by the claims of the Chinese nation over the region. The Philippines formally submit the case to Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA), The Tribunal’s decision in favor of the Philippines and China neither accepting in these decision. The Tribunal’s decision inflicting several legal consequences for China and Philippines. The method used is a normative juridical method and using United Nations Convention on the law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 1982. The Tribunal’s decision is not executed can be a means of pressure for China to be more flexible and accepting in these decisions. In the manner of China neither accepting The Tribunal’s decision, The Philippines could bring the case to the International Tribunal for the law of the Sea (ITLOS) which is an independent judicial International Law of the Sea. Their decision will be final and binding on the parties to the dispute and obliged to obey in these decisions so that the dispute can be resolved peacefully and not inflicting a negative impact on China and Philippines.</em></p><p><em> </em><em></em></p>
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Astjario, Prijantono, and Imelda R. Silalahi. "TINJAUAN GEOLOGI LANDAS KONTINEN INDONESIA DI LUAR 200 MIL LAUT SEBELAH SELATAN PERAIRAN PULAU SUMBA." JURNAL GEOLOGI KELAUTAN 11, no. 2 (February 16, 2016): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.32693/jgk.11.2.2013.232.
Full textAbstract:
Indonesia berkehendak untuk mengeksplorasi dan mengeksploitasi potensi sumber daya alam di Zona Landas Kontinen di luar 200 mil laut dengan mengajukan batas Landas Kontinennya sesuai dengan ketentuan yang telah ditetapkan dalam United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS III, 1982) hingga jarak 350 mil laut. Hasil studi data geologi dan geofisika menunjukkan bahwa Indonesia memiliki prospek untuk melaksanakan submisi landas kontinen di luar 200 mil di tiga lokasi, dalam hal ini salah satunya adalah di sebelah selatan perairan Pulau Sumba. Tinjauan geologi ini dilaksanakan dalam upaya menggali dan menghimpun data serta informasi yang berkaitan dengan hak kedaulatan Indonesia atas potensi sumberdaya alam dari Landas Kontinen Indonesia di luar 200 mil sebelah selatan perairan Pulau Sumba. Adapun tujuan dari tinjauan ini adalah untuk pengembangan data dan informasi kelautan untuk pemanfaatkan potensi sumberdaya alam dari Landas Kontinen Indonesia di luar perairan 200 mil sebelah selatan Pulau Sumba. Data geologi dan geofisika di daerah tinjauan menunjukkan ketebalan sedimen yang tipis yaitu antara 1– 1,8 %. Tinjauan geologi ini memberikan pula dugaan adanya cekungan yang memiliki ketebalan sedimen yang cukup tebal yang dapat ditelusuri lebih lanjut sesuai dengan pola batimetri perairan selatan Sumba.
Kata kunci: Landas kontinen, 200 mil laut, submisi, UNCLOS, sedimen.
Indonesia willing to explore and exploit the natural resources in Continental Shelf Zone beyond 200 nautical miles to the limit of its continental shelf in accordance with the provisions stipulated in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS III, 1982) up to a distance of 350 nautical miles. The result of geological and geophysical data study shows that Indonesia has the prospect to implement submission of the continental shelf beyond 200 miles in three locations, where one of which is in the southern waters of Sumba Island. Geological review was conducted in order to explore and collect data and information relating to the rights of Indonesian sovereignty over natural resources of the Indonesian Continental Shelf beyond 200 miles south of Sumba Island waters. The purpose of this review is for the development of marine data and information for the exploitation of natural resources of the Continental Shelf beyond Indonesian waters 200 miles south of the island of Sumba. Geological and geophysical data from the study area shows that the sediment thickness is between 1 to 1.8%. This study also provides the present of a basin with the sediment thickness that can be traced further in accordance with the pattern of bathymetric pattern of south Sumba waters.
Keywords: Continental shelf, 200 nautical miles, submissions, UNCLOS, sediments.
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Ibrahim Hasanli, Farida. "COOPERATION OF STATES AGAINST VIOLATION OF THE LEGAL REGIME BASED ON THE PRINCIPLE OF FREEDOM OF THE HIGH SEAS." SCIENTIFIC WORK 66, no. 05 (May 20, 2021): 199–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/66/199-201.
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In general, the water basin - the sea, the ocean is the most important for the world. As it is known, without the seas, the realization of interstate relations of the oceans, especially international trade, is impossible. Maritime rights are invaluable not only for shipping and maritime countries, but also for all states engaged in international trade. Because international shipping is responsible for 90% of world trade and carries more than 7 billion tons of cargo every year for about 4 million miles. The seabed and ocean floor are not included in the concept of open sea due to their special legal status. No state can subjugate any part of the high seas to its sovereignty. Customary international law has long recognized the affirmative obligation of mariners to render assistance to persons in distress at sea to the extent they can do so without serious danger to their ship, crew, or passengers. This long-standing custom is codified in a number of international treaties adopted under the auspices of the IMO, as well as the 1958 Geneva Convention on the High Seas14 and the 1982 UNCLOS. Key words: high seas, cooperation of states, violation of the legal regime, military ships, international acts, United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea,
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Hendra Gunawan, Agus, Eka Djunarsjah, Trismadi Trismadi, and Kukuh S. Widodo. "Analisis Teknis Batas Laut Teritorial Antara Indonesia dan Malaysia dengan Metode Ekuidistan (Studi Kasus: Perairan Pulau Sebatik, Kalimantan Timur)." Jurnal Chart Datum 2, no. 1 (July 28, 2016): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.37875/chartdatum.v2i1.69.
Full textAbstract:
Indonesia dan Malaysia memiliki klaim batas Laut Teritorial di perairan Pulau Sebatik yang sampai saat ini belum disepakati oleh kedua negara, oleh karena itu perlu dilakukan sebuah penelitian awal sebagai dasar penarikan batas Laut Teritorial di perairan tersebut.
Untuk menetapkan batas Laut Teritorial di perairan Pulau Sebatik dibutuhkan landasan teknis dan hukum yang diakui oleh internasional yaitu TALOS (Technical Aspects on the Law Of the Sea) dan UNCLOS (United Nations Convention on the Law Of the Sea) 1982 khususnya pasal 15 tentang penentuan batas Laut Teritorial dengan prinsip sama jarak.
Dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif-analisis melalui penelusuran kepustakaan dan metode grafis berupa kajian di peta laut yang kemudian di analisis berdasarkan aspek-aspek hukum dan teknis menggunakan prinsip sama jarak (Equidistance Principle), didapat beberapa opsi penetapan batas Laut Teritorial. Dari hasil analisis opsi-opsi tersebut, maka penarikan batas Laut Teritorial dengan menggunakan Titik-Titik Dasar yang terletak pada Garis Pangkal Lurus Kepulauan (Point on Baseline) Indonesia terhadap Titik Dasar (Basepoint) Malaysia merupakan opsi yang paling optimal bagi Indonesia.
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Becker, Michael A. "Request for an Advisory Opinion Submitted by the Sub-regional Fisheries Commission (SRFC)." American Journal of International Law 109, no. 4 (October 2015): 851–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5305/amerjintelaw.109.4.0851.
Full textAbstract:
On April 2, 2015, the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS or Tribunal) rendered an advisory opinion on the rights and obligations of flag states and coastal states regarding illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing within the exclusive economic zone (EEZ). ITLOS confirmed that the full Tribunal—not just its Seabed Disputes Chamber—has jurisdiction to render advisory opinions, a matter of controversy that had previously been untested. The Tribunal also held that under the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS or Convention), flag states have a “due diligence” obligation to ensure that vessels flying their flag do not engage in IUU fishing activities, and that the flag state may be held liable if that obligation of due diligence is breached. In addition, the Tribunal clarified that where fisheries competence has been transferred from a state to an international organization, it is the organization, not the flag state, that may face liability for a failure to have taken adequate measures to prevent IUU fishing. Finally, the Tribunal confirmed that coastal states have a duty to consult and cooperate with each other in the sustainable management of shared stocks and highly migratory species.
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Putuhena, Ilham. "URGENSI PENGATURAN MENGENAI EKSPLORASI DAN EKSPLOITASI PERTAMBANGAN DI AREA DASAR LAUT INTERNASIONAL (INTERNATIONAL SEA BED AREA)." Jurnal Rechts Vinding: Media Pembinaan Hukum Nasional 8, no. 2 (September 6, 2019): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.33331/rechtsvinding.v8i2.316.
Full textAbstract:
<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="section"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>Potensi kekayaan yang terkandung di laut Indonesia bisa dijadikan modal dasar meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat. Selain potensi laut yang terdapat di dalam wilayah kedaulatannya, Indonesia juga memiliki hak untuk mengelola dan memanfaatkan kekayaan laut di Area Dasar laut internasional berdasarkan </span><span>United Nations Convention on the Law of the</span><span>Sea </span><span>1982 (UNCLOS 1982). Kegiatan di Area Dasar laut internasional dilaksanakan berdasarkan prinsip warisan bersama umat manusia (</span><span>Common Heritage of Mankind</span><span>) dan diatur oleh International Seabed Authority (ISA). Kegiatan tersebut berbentuk eksplorasi dan eksploitasi tambang mineral dan dalam melakukan kegiatan tersebut perlu keberadaan negara sponsor. Saat ini belum ada pengaturan yang mengatur mengenai pertambangan yang dilakukan Indonesia di kawasan Area dasar laut tersebut, Oleh karena itu penting untuk melihat bagaimana urgensi pengaturan Indonesia mengenai hal</span><span>tersebut.</span></p></div></div></div></div>
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Winarwati, Indien. "PENGUATAN HAK BERDAULAT (SOUVEREIGN RIGHT) PADA ZEE INDONESIA DALAM RANGKA PERLINDUNGAN SUMBER DAYA ALAM LAUT." Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum LEGALITY 24, no. 2 (February 28, 2017): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/jihl.v24i2.4268.
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Sea is a important region for the integrity and unifying, a means of defense and security and foremost as a means of prosperity and welfare of a country due to the potential of the marine resources. Geographically, Indonesia can be termed as a maritime nation. Indonesia has the largest sea area in the world where two-thirds of its territory is waters. Indonesian Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) is a maritime area that has the greatest wealth potential. To Regulate, protect and enforce the law in the EEZ, the Indonesian government enacted Law No. 5 of 1983 on the Indonesian Exclusive Economic Zone. In that regulation, there is a provision on the sovereign rights as contained in the provisions of UNCLOS (United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea). Such right is a privilege rights to carry out the exploration, exploitation and conservation of marine resources. To that end, these rights should be used optimally in order to utilize and protect marine resources from illegal fishing by foreign vessels that have been so frequent that it can be utilized for the welfare and prosperity of society.
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Desi Albert Mamahit, Raudhotul Aulia, Priyati Lestari, Ahmad Hidayat Sutawidjaya, and Sundring Pantja Djati. "Management for Lombok Strait with Traffic Separation Scheme (TSS) and Particularly Sensitive Sea Area (PSSA) to Implement the IMO Regulations." Technium Social Sciences Journal 9 (June 29, 2020): 405–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v9i1.1073.
Full textAbstract:
The growing field of shipping and the changes in the global military strategy of large countries which of course indirectly affect how well a country acts. As an archipelagic nation, Indonesia has the right to conceptualize a Traffic Separation Scheme to improve navigation safety in the Islands Sea Channel, based on Article 53 (6) of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 1982 and also based on the IMO General Provisions for Adoption, Appointment and Replacement of the Islands Sea Plate. Traffic Separation Scheme (TSS) is a dividing line between the navigation boundaries of trade ships and the territorial waters of national jurisdictions. The Traffic Separation Scheme (TSS) Scheme is a traffic management route system governed by the International Maritime Organization or IMO. Then we can know that Indonesia has the right and obligation to regulate its own sea. Departing from this, the concept of the Traffic Separation Scheme (TSS) and Particularly Sensitive Sea Area (PSSA) was coined, as an effort of embodiment, a derivation of "lex specialis" International provisions adopted by all sea users in the world. This study uses a qualitative method with an explanatory approach. The procedure used to obtain this information is through literature review. Data analysis in this study uses SWOT analysis (strength, weakness, opportunity and threat) and POAC (planning, organizing, actuating and controlling). The result for this case study, must prepare carefully for the implementation of TSS and PSSA in the Lombok Strait, as a country that has declared itself as the first archipelagic state in the world that has a separation in its narrow sea. Given that the implementation is just counting the days. Indonesia does not need to doubt the benefits of TSS and PSSA itself, because TSS and PSSA become a "win-win solution" for both the user and coastal countries
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Iffan, Ahmad, Raihana, and Asrizal. "ANALISIS YURIDIS PENGATURAN PEMBAGIAN WILAYAH ZEE DAN LANDAS KONTINEN DI SELAT MALAKA MENURUT UNITED NATION CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF (UNCLOS) 1982 DAN HUKUM NASIONAL." Jurnal Cahaya Keadilan 7, no. 2 (October 31, 2019): 302. http://dx.doi.org/10.33884/jck.v7i2.1362.
Full textAbstract:
This study aims to determine the international and national arrangements regarding the division of the continental shelf and the ZEE region in the Malacca Strait and the agreement between Indonesia and Malaysia in the division of the EEZ region and the continental shelf in the Malacca Strait.
The research method used is normative juridical research with this research is descriptive research that aims to determine the analysis and regulation of the United Nations Convention On The Law Of Sea (UNCLOS) 1982, National Law of the Republic of Indonesia and also cooperation between countries bordering the Malacca Strait in regulating the division of zee territories and continental shelf in the Malacca Strait and the data sources used are secondary data that is data obtained from library materials such as books, journals, articles and information from websites or data obtained by researchers indirectly from the object but from other sources both oral and written.
The results of this study are known to have an initial measurement of the continental shelf that was agreed to harm Indonesia from the point of view of measurements drawn from the baseline and also the results of this study indicate an agreement on the continental shelf boundary in the Malacca Strait between Indonesia and Malaysia which is very long and needs to be done renewal in accordance with the times. and the facts show that the Indonesian state has never had bilateral relations or ZEE boundary agreements in the Malacca Strait between Malaysia and Indonesia.