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1
Breitmeier, Helmut. "Andreas Rechkemmer: Postmodern global governance. The United Nations convention to combat desertification." Politische Vierteljahresschrift 46, no. 3 (September 2005): 509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11615-005-0297-7.
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Martínez-Valderrama, Jaime, Javier Ibáñez, Francisco J. Alcalá, and Silvio Martínez. "SAT: A Software for Assessing the Risk of Desertification in Spain." Scientific Programming 2020 (June 29, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7563928.
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Desertification is a major global environmental issue exacerbated by climate change. Strategies to combat desertification include prevention which seeks to reverse the process before the system reaches the stable desertified state. One of these initiatives is to implement early warning tools. This paper presents SAT (the Spanish acronym for Early Warning System), a decision support system (DSS), for assessing the risk of desertification in Spain, where 20% of the land has already been desertified and 1% is in active degradation. SAT relies on three versions of a Generic Desertification Model (GDM) that integrates economics and ecology under the predator-prey paradigm. The models have been programmed using Vensim, a type of software used to build and simulate System Dynamics (SD) models. Through Visual Basic programming, these models are operated from the Excel environment. In addition to the basic simulation exercises, specially designed tools have been coupled to assess the risk of desertification and determine the ranking of the most influential factors of the process. The users targeted by SAT are government land-use planners as well as desertification experts. SAT tool is implemented for five case studies, each one of them representing a desertification syndrome identified in Spain. Given the general nature of the tool and the fact that all United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) signatory countries are committed to developing their National Plans to Combat Desertification (NPCD), SAT could be exported to regions threatened by desertification and expanded to cover more case studies.
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Martello, Marybeth Long. "Expert Advice and Desertification Policy: Past Experience and Current Challenges." Global Environmental Politics 4, no. 3 (August 1, 2004): 85–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/1526380041748074.
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As the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (CCD) enters its implementation phase, its technical advisory bodies are endeavoring to define their purpose. Parties to the Convention have questioned the effectiveness and even the relevance of CCD science advice, recommended reforms, and estab-lished a new Group of Experts to support existing advisory processes. These efforts, however, are unlikely to bring about effective change because they overlook the mutually constitutive relationship linking natural and social order (i.e., co-production) evidenced by a century of intergovernmental cooperation on dryland degradation. Historically, knowledge about desertification has been integral to the locus of desertification governance, the definition and application of cognitive resources, and the design of policy remedies. In the CCD former sites of co-production are now sites of incongruous knowledge and policy. A comparison of past and present desertification initiatives illuminates these incompatibilities and points to ideas for fostering greater coherence in the CCD's expert advisory and implementation activities.
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Easdale, M. H. "Zero net livelihood degradation – the quest for a multidimensional protocol to combat desertification." SOIL Discussions 2, no. 2 (November 10, 2015): 1161–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/soild-2-1161-2015.
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Abstract. The concept of Zero Net Land Degradation was recently proposed as the basis for a future protocol for the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification to reduce global dryland degradation. It aims at reducing the rate of land degradation and increasing the rate of restoration of already degraded land. Whereas there is recognition of the socio-economic contexts that underlie degradation processes, there is a narrow focus on land and soil as the end core that needs to be protected. In particular, there is an essential human dimension to the sustainability of drylands that should be adequately tackled. In order to provide a wider perspective of the zero net degradation in drylands, I suggest considering the different livelihoods of rural households as a framework that encompasses the multidimensional perspective of desertification as a complex social-ecological problem. I propose the Zero Net Livelihood Degradation as an enhanced protocol to combat desertification that should foster sustainable livelihood outcomes rather than only sustainable land practices or soil management.
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Kong, Zheng-Hong, Lindsay Stringer, Jouni Paavola, and Qi Lu. "Situating China in the Global Effort to Combat Desertification." Land 10, no. 7 (July 2, 2021): 702. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10070702.
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International efforts to tackle desertification led by the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) support participatory approaches. The emphasis has been on dialogue between different perspectives, which are often grounded in individualism rather than prioritizing society as a whole, and as a result progress in implementation has been slow. China has made substantial progress in tackling desertification, but its approaches have been controversial, and the sustainability of its achievements has been questioned. While China has been active in UNCCD processes, its approach to addressing desertification has differed from those of other countries. China can thus offer important insights into the international campaign, while acknowledging that China can also learn from the efforts of others. We compare the UNCCD’s “bottom-up” approach and China’s “top-down” approach to better understand the challenges of tackling desertification. We examine the evolution in how desertification has been addressed and shed light on the context behind the changes, focusing on the role of science, policies, and public participation. We find a convergence between top-down and bottom-up approaches and that similar challenges have been experienced. Constant communications with outsiders have enabled adjustments and changes in both China and the international community, even though their approaches remain distinct. We conclude that both approaches are moving toward solutions that start from proactive investments of governments in financial, legal, institutional, and organizational aspects, draw on scientific insights, and which are grounded in the motivated and voluntary participation of non-state actors. Improved sharing of lessons across these approaches would help to create a better enabling form of environmental governance that contributes to tackling desertification.
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Vieira, R. M. S. P., J. Tomasella, R. C. S. Alvalá, M. F. Sestini, A. G. Affonso, D. A. Rodriguez, A. A. Barbosa, et al. "Identifying areas susceptible to desertification in the Brazilian northeast." Solid Earth 6, no. 1 (March 18, 2015): 347–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-6-347-2015.
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Abstract. Approximately 57% of the Brazilian northeast region is recognized as semi-arid land and has been undergoing intense land use processes in the last decades, which have resulted in severe degradation of its natural assets. Therefore, the objective of this study is to identify the areas that are susceptible to desertification in this region based on the 11 influencing factors of desertification (pedology, geology, geomorphology, topography data, land use and land cover change, aridity index, livestock density, rural population density, fire hot spot density, human development index, conservation units) which were simulated for two different periods: 2000 and 2010. Each indicator were assigned weights ranging from 1 to 2 (representing the best and the worst conditions), representing classes indicating low, moderate and high susceptibility to desertification. The results indicate that 94% of the Brazilian northeast region is under moderate to high susceptibility to desertification. The areas that were susceptible to soil desertification increased by approximately 4.6% (83.4 km2) from 2000 to 2010. The implementation of the methodology provides the technical basis for decision-making that involves mitigating actions and the first comprehensive national assessment within the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification framework.
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da Silva Pinto Vieira, R. M., J. Tomasella, R. C. dos Santos Alvalá, M. F. Sestini, A. G. Affonso, D. A. Rodriguez, A. A. Barbosa, et al. "Identifying areas susceptible to desertification in the Brazilian Northeast." Solid Earth Discussions 6, no. 2 (December 10, 2014): 3227–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/sed-6-3227-2014.
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Abstract. Approximately 57% of the Brazilian Northeast region is recognized as semiarid land and has been undergoing intense land use processes in the last decades, which have resulted in severe degradation of its natural assets. Therefore, the objective of this study is to identify the areas that are susceptible to desertification in this region based on the eleven driving factors of desertification (pedology, geology, geomorphology, topography data, land use and land cover change, aridity index, livestock density, rural population density, fire hot spot density, human development index (HDI), conservation units) which were model-simulated for two different periods: 2000 and 2010. Each indicator were assigned weights ranging from 1 to 2 (representing the best and the worst conditions), representing classes indicating low, moderate and high susceptibility to desertification. The result indicates that 94% of the Brazilian Northeast region is under moderate to high susceptibility to desertification. The areas that were susceptible to soil desertification increased by approximately 4.6% (83.35 km2) from 2000 to 2010. The implementation of the methodology provide the technical basis for decision making that involves mitigating actions, as well as the first comprehensive national assessment within the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification framework.
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Stringer, L. C. "Reviewing the International Year of Deserts and Desertification 2006: What contribution towards combating global desertification and implementing the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification?" Journal of Arid Environments 72, no. 11 (November 2008): 2065–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2008.06.010.
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Easdale, Marcos H. "Zero net livelihood degradation – the quest for a multidimensional protocol to combat desertification." SOIL 2, no. 2 (April 14, 2016): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-129-2016.
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Abstract. The concept of Zero Net Land Degradation was recently proposed as the basis for a future protocol for the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification to reduce global dryland degradation. It aims at reducing the rate of land degradation and increasing the rate of restoration of already degraded land. Whereas there is recognition of the socio-economic contexts that underlie degradation processes, there is a narrow focus on land and soil as the end core that needs to be protected. In particular, there is an essential human dimension to the sustainability of drylands that should be adequately tackled. In order to provide a wider perspective of the zero net degradation in drylands, I suggest considering the different livelihoods of rural households as a framework that encompasses the multidimensional perspective of desertification as a complex social–ecological problem. The scientific community must develop and apply the zero net livelihood degradation as an enhanced protocol to combat desertification that should foster sustainable livelihood outcomes rather than only sustainable land practices or soil management.
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STRINGER, LINDSAY C., DAVID S. G. THOMAS, and CHASCA TWYMAN. "From global politics to local land users: applying the United Nations Convention to combat desertification in Swaziland." Geographical Journal 173, no. 2 (June 2007): 129–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4959.2007.00226.x.
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Jamal, Alia. "The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in those Counties Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa; Implementing Agenda 21." Review of European Community and International Environmental Law 6, no. 1 (March 1997): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9388.00068.
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Thlakma, Richard Sunday, and John Eche Omale. "AN ASSESSMENT OF THE VARIOUS MITIGATION STRATEGIES TO COMBAT DESERTIFICATION IN JIBIA AND KAITA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREAS OF KATSINA STATE." Geosfera Indonesia 4, no. 2 (August 2, 2019): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/geosi.v4i2.10192.
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This study was conducted on an assessment of the various mitigation strategies to combat desertification in Jibia and Kaita Local Government Areas of Katsina State, Nigeria. The data use includes Satellite imageries for the study such as landsat MSS of 1976, landsat TM of 1987, SPOT XS of 1995 and landsat ETM of 2006 as well as structured questionnaires. Sixty close ended copies of the Questionnaire were administered in the study. Purposive sampling method of administering questionnaires was adopted. The percentages land mass covered for each of these variables was determined and estimated in M2. literature was obtained from various agencies which were responsible for desertification control in Katsina state. It was found from the reserved forest that in 1976 the percentage of reserved forest was 2.57%. In 1987 however, it increased by 73.9% to 76.47 %. By 1995, it declined by 9.42% to 67.05% and further declined by 0.52% in 2006. Effort to combat desertification through the use of reserved forest has been quite significant over the years. Also, noticed was a declined in shelter belt from 5.91% in 1987 to 1.097% in 1995 and a shot up to 7.39% in 2006. About 37% of the respondent opined that the deforestation leads to the disappearance of trees while 33% pinioned that it leads to reduction on agricultural productivity. The major strategy adopted to combat desertification is tree planting as supported by 88% of the respondents. It found that desertification as major environmental problem of the study area has reduced drastically from 43.34% in 1976 to 1.29% in 2006. It was also revealed from this study that some organizations such as European Economic Community/Katsina State government EEC/KTSG, Katsina Afforestation Project Unit KTAPU and Local Government Councils are the major agencies that are responsible for mitigating desertification in the study area.
Keywords: Desertification, Mitigation, Afforestation, Shelterbelt and Satellite image
References
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Copyright (c) 2019 Geosfera Indonesia Journal and Department of Geography Education, University of Jember
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share A like 4.0 International License
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Hendrickson, Ole, and Stephen Aitken. "Statement of Concern regarding the Government of Canada’s withdrawal from the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD)." Biodiversity 14, no. 3 (September 2013): 131–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14888386.2013.826448.
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Najam, Adil. "Dynamics of the Southern Collective: Developing Countries in Desertification Negotiations." Global Environmental Politics 4, no. 3 (August 1, 2004): 128–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/1526380041748100.
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This paper seeks to understand how the collective South, as institutionally represented by the Group of 77 (G77), manages its unity as a negotiating collective despite its many internal differences and in the face of external pressures. Negotiations leading to the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (CCD) are used as an empirical case study. This is a particularly interesting case because a) it was manifestly South-driven, b) it saw uncommonly intense South-South bargaining within the context of a global environmental negotiation, and c) it also saw intense North-South differences. In focusing on how the G77 managed its internal (South-South) as well as external (South-North) negotiations, the paper uses a negotiation analytical framework to derive generalizable lessons about the collective negotiating behavior of the developing countries' caucus in global environmental politics.
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Tal. "Not Just Tolerated—A Global Leader: Lessons Learned from Israel's Experience in the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification." Israel Studies 25, no. 1 (2020): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/israelstudies.25.1.06.
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Wagner, Lynn. "North-South Divisions in Multilateral Environmental Agreements: Negotiating the Private Sector's Role in Three Rio Agreements." International Negotiation 12, no. 1 (2007): 83–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/138234007x191920.
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AbstractThis article analyzes negotiations in the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development, the Framework Convention on Climate Change, and the Convention to Combat Desertification and focuses on discussions related to technology transfers from the North to the South. These transfers and the financial flows that the private sector could bring with it are closely related to what was believed to be a bargain reached in 1992 at the Rio Earth Summit. During subsequent negotiations, delegates from developed and developing countries have followed a fairly predictable 'script' on these issues – developed countries generally insist that the private sector, as the owner of the technology, must be involved in its transfer, while developing countries have insisted the governments of developed countries should honor their past commitments and promote these transfers. This study describes the development of the script under the three negotiating bodies at Rio, examines the variables that have contributed to the development of the script and, based on this analysis, identifies opportunities to move the talks forward.
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Briassoulis, Helen. "Combating Land Degradation and Desertification: The Land-Use Planning Quandary." Land 8, no. 2 (February 1, 2019): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land8020027.
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Land-use planning (LUP), an instrument of land governance, is often employed to protect land and humans against natural and human-induced hazards, strengthen the resilience of land systems, and secure their sustainability. The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) underlines the critical role of appropriate local action to address the global threat of land degradation and desertification (LDD) and calls for the use of local and regional LUP to combat LDD and achieve land degradation neutrality. The paper explores the challenges of putting this call into practice. After presenting desertification and the pertinent institutional context, the paper examines whether and how LDD concerns enter the stages of the LUP process and the issues arising at each stage. LDD problem complexity, the prevailing mode of governance, and the planning style endorsed, combined with LDD awareness, knowledge and perception, value priorities, geographic particularities and historical circumstances, underlie the main challenges confronting LUP; namely, adequate representation of LDD at each stage of LUP, conflict resolution between LDD-related and development goals, need for cooperation, collaboration and coordination of numerous and diverse actors, sectors, institutions and policy domains from multiple spatial/organizational levels and uncertainty regarding present and future environmental and socio-economic change. In order to realize the integrative potential of LUP and foster its effectiveness in combating LDD at the local and regional levels, the provision of an enabling, higher-level institutional environment should be prioritized to support phrοnetic-strategic integrated LUP at lower levels, which future research should explore theoretically, methodologically and empirically.
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Gichenje, Muñoz-Rojas, and Pinto-Correia. "Opportunities and Limitations for Achieving Land Degradation-Neutrality through the Current Land-Use Policy Framework in Kenya." Land 8, no. 8 (July 26, 2019): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land8080115.
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The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) land degradation neutrality (LDN) scientific conceptual framework underscores that LDN planning and implementation should be integrated into existing planning processes and supported by an enabling policy environment. Land-use planning, which requires the integration of different policy goals across various sectors concerned with land-use, can be an effective mechanism through which decisions with respect to LDN can be coordinated. Using Kenya as a case study, we examined current policy instruments that directly or indirectly impact on the use of land in a rural context, to assess their potential to implement LDN objectives. The qualitative content analysis of these instruments indicated that they are rich with specific legal provisions and measures to address LDN, and that there are a number of relevant institutions and structures across governance levels. However, the main shortcoming is the disjointed approach that is scattered across policy areas. Key policy improvements needed to support effective implementation of LDN include: a national soil policy on the management and protection of soil and land; a systematic and coordinated data collection strategy on soils; mobilisation of adequate and sustained financial resources; streamlined responsibilities, and governance structures across national, regional and county levels.
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King-Okumu, Caroline, Daniel Tsegai, Rajendra Prasad Pandey, and Gwyn Rees. "Less to Lose? Drought Impact and Vulnerability Assessment in Disadvantaged Regions." Water 12, no. 4 (April 16, 2020): 1136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12041136.
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Droughts hit the most vulnerable people the hardest. When this happens, everybody in the economy loses over the medium- to long-term. Proactive policies and planning based on vulnerability and risk assessments can reduce drought risk before the worst impacts occur. The aim of this article is to inform a global initiative, led by the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), to mitigate the effects of drought on vulnerable ecosystems and communities. This is approached through a rapid review of experiences from selected nations and of the available literature documenting methodological approaches to assess drought impacts and vulnerability at the local level. The review finds that members of the most vulnerable communities can integrate available methods to assess drought risks to their land and ecosystem productivity, their livelihoods and their life-supporting hydrological systems. This integration of approaches helps to ensure inclusive assessments across communities and ecosystems. However, global economic assessments often still fail to connect to holistic consideration of vulnerability at a local scale. As a result, they routinely fall short of capturing the systemic effects of land and water management decisions that deepen vulnerability to droughts over time. To ensure proactive and inclusive drought risk mitigation, multiscale, systemic approaches to drought vulnerability and risk assessment can be further reinforced at a global level.
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Gichenje, Helene, and Sérgio Godinho. "A Climate-Smart Approach to the Implementation of Land Degradation Neutrality within a Water Catchment Area in Kenya." Climate 7, no. 12 (December 4, 2019): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli7120136.
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At the sub-national level, the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) proposes the analysis and contextualization of land degradation-neutrality (LDN) at a water catchment scale to provide decision support for the formulation of policies and programmes towards transformative LDN interventions. Building on a number of national LDN studies in Kenya, an approach for the implementation of LDN that is based on the spatial and temporal characterization of key land degradation and climate change variables was defined. For a selected water catchment area, the LDN baseline was computed, the drivers that affect land degradation and regeneration trends within the main land cover types were identified and described, the trends of key climate change variables were described, and appropriate sustainable land management interventions for the main land cover types were identified. A climate-smart landscape approach that delineated the catchment area into zones focused on adaptation, and both adaptation and mitigation objectives was then proposed. The operationalization of a climate-smart landscape will require significant investment to not only provide an understanding of the bio-physical processes and interactions occurring at the catchment level but also to develop the institutional and technical capacities of relevant actors. The landscape approach proposed for the catchment area has the potential to improve livelihoods and the productivity of ecosystems while concurrently facilitating synergies between land degradation, climate change, and other development objectives.
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Wang, Tuo, Gregory Giuliani, Anthony Lehmann, Yangming Jiang, Xiaodong Shao, Liping Li, and Huihui Zhao. "Supporting SDG 15, Life on Land: Identifying the Main Drivers of Land Degradation in Honghe Prefecture, China, between 2005 and 2015." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 9, no. 12 (November 27, 2020): 710. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9120710.
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The essence of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development adopted by the United Nations is described in 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). SDG 15 focuses on Life on Land, in other words, terrestrial biodiversity and ecosystems, as well as their services. Land degradation is a severe anthropic and natural phenomenon that is affecting land use/cover globally; therefore, a dedicated target of the SDG 15 (the indicator 15.3.1) was proposed. The identification of the areas where land degradation has occurred and the analysis of its drivers allow for the design of solutions to prevent further degradation in the studied areas. We followed the methodology proposed by the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) to study the land degradation in the Honghe Prefecture in southwest China between 2005 and 2015. Through spatial analysis, we found that the degraded areas were consistent with the areas of active human activities (such as urban centers), while the impact of natural factors (such as disasters) on land degradation existed in small areas at high altitudes. Land degradation was affected primarily by the loss of land productivity and secondly by land cover changes caused by the growth of artificial areas. Changes in the soil organic carbon were not significant. We concluded that human activity was the main driver of land degradation in Honghe Prefecture. Decision makers should work to find a balance between economic development and environmental protection to restore degraded land and strive to achieve a land degradation-neutral prefecture to defend all ecosystem services.
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Reith, Jonathan, Gohar Ghazaryan, Francis Muthoni, and Olena Dubovyk. "Assessment of Land Degradation in Semiarid Tanzania—Using Multiscale Remote Sensing Datasets to Support Sustainable Development Goal 15.3." Remote Sensing 13, no. 9 (April 30, 2021): 1754. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13091754.
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Monitoring land degradation (LD) to improve the measurement of the sustainable development goal (SDG) 15.3.1 indicator (“proportion of land that is degraded over a total land area”) is key to ensure a more sustainable future. Current frameworks rely on default medium-resolution remote sensing datasets available to assess LD and cannot identify subtle changes at the sub-national scale. This study is the first to adapt local datasets in interplay with high-resolution imagery to monitor the extent of LD in the semiarid Kiteto and Kongwa (KK) districts of Tanzania from 2000–2019. It incorporates freely available datasets such as Landsat time series and customized land cover and uses open-source software and cloud-computing. Further, we compared our results of the LD assessment based on the adopted high-resolution data and methodology (AM) with the default medium-resolution data and methodology (DM) suggested by the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification. According to AM, 16% of the area in KK districts was degraded during 2000–2015, whereas DM revealed total LD on 70% of the area. Furthermore, based on the AM, overall, 27% of the land was degraded from 2000–2019. To achieve LD neutrality until 2030, spatial planning should focus on hotspot areas and implement sustainable land management practices based on these fine resolution results.
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Salvia, Rosanna, Gianluca Egidi, Sabato Vinci, and Luca Salvati. "Desertification Risk and Rural Development in Southern Europe: Permanent Assessment and Implications for Sustainable Land Management and Mitigation Policies." Land 8, no. 12 (December 11, 2019): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land8120191.
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The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification defines ‘land degradation’ as a reduction or loss of the biological and economic productivity resulting from land-use mismanagement, or a combination of processes, such as soil erosion, deterioration of soil properties, and loss of natural vegetation and biodiversity. Land degradation is hence an interactive process involving multiple factors, among which climate, land-use, economic dynamics and socio-demographic forces play a key role. Especially in the Mediterranean basin, joint biophysical and socioeconomic factors shape the intrinsic level of vulnerability of both natural and agricultural land to degradation. The interplay between biophysical and socioeconomic factors may become extremely complex over time and space, resulting in specific patterns of landscape deterioration. This paper summarizes theoretical expectations and empirical knowledge in the field of soil and landscape degradation in Mediterranean Europe, evidencing the intimate relationship between agriculture and socio-demographic factors of growth (or decline) of rural areas. Understanding spatio-temporal trends of each factor underlying land degradation and the related background context is a key tool in the assessment of the spatial distribution of vulnerable and critical land to degradation. Empirical results of a permanent monitoring of land degradation contributes to delineate more effective conservation policies through identification of target areas requiring specific actions for biodiversity and landscape protection. With increasing human pressure on rural environments, a diachronic evaluation of patterns and processes of land degradation reveals particularly appropriate in a both positive and normative perspective, prefiguring new actions for soil conservation and landscape valorization under global change.
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Vågen and Winowiecki. "Predicting the Spatial Distribution and Severity of Soil Erosion in the Global Tropics using Satellite Remote Sensing." Remote Sensing 11, no. 15 (July 31, 2019): 1800. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11151800.
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Soil erosion has long been recognized as a major process of land degradation globally, affecting millions of hectares of land in the tropics and resulting in losses in productivity and biodiversity, decreased resilience of both marine and terrestrial ecosystems, and increased vulnerability to climate change. This paper presents an assessment of the extent of soil erosion in the global tropics at a moderate spatial resolution (500 m) based on a combination of systematic field surveys using the Land Degradation Surveillance Framework (LDSF) methodology and Earth observation data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) platform. The highest erosion prevalence was observed in wooded grassland, bushland, and shrubland systems in semi-arid areas, while the lowest occurrence was observed in forests. Observed erosion decreased with increasing fractional vegetation cover, but with high rates of erosion even at 50–60% fractional cover. These findings indicate that methods to assess soil erosion need to be able to detect erosion under relatively dense vegetation cover. Model performance was good for prediction of erosion based on MODIS, with high accuracy (~89% for detection) and high overall precision (AUC = 0.97). The spatial predictions from this study will allow for better targeting of interventions to restore degraded land and are also important for assessing the dynamics of land health indicators such as soil organic carbon. Given the importance of soil erosion for land degradation and that the methodology gives robust results that can be rapidly replicated at scale, we would argue that soil erosion should be included as a key indicator in international conventions such as the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification.
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Romashkin, Snizhana, Nadiia Shulzhenko, and Kotova Liubov. "The mechanism of international cooperation accordingly to UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime." Revista de la Universidad del Zulia 11, no. 31 (October 1, 2020): 389–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.46925//rdluz.31.24.
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The article considers the mechanisms for fighting transnational crime and international cooperation in accordance with the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and identifies the main factors that complicate international cooperation processes to combat transnational crime. The authors emphasize that international cooperation in the fight against crime is key to the success and guarantee of international security. The main objectives of the article are to carry out a comprehensive analysis of the concept of "organized crime" in accordance with the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, to determine the corpus delicti, as well as to improve International Law to combat transnational crime. In the article the following methods are used: induction, deduction, analogy, as well as historical, dialectical, formal-legal methods. The article provides us with the complex results related to the key mechanisms of international cooperation according to the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime.
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Vlassis, Dimitri. "The United nations convention against corruption: A successful example of international action against economic crime." Temida 15, no. 2 (2012): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tem1202061v.
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This article briefly outlines the progress made in recent years in the development of an international legal framework to combat economic crime, with a specific focus on the United Nations Convention against Corruption. The author notes the impressive progress made by the international community in both the creation and implementation of the Convention, particularly through the adoption of the Implementation Review Mechanism.
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Fitzmaurice, Malgosia. "Biodiversity and Climate Change." International Community Law Review 23, no. 2-3 (June 29, 2021): 230–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18719732-12341473.
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Abstract This article analyses the question of a relationship between biodiversity and climate change. The legal framework for the protection of biodiversity from climate change is contained in the climate change system of treaties, i.e. the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change; the 1997 Kyoto Protocol; the 2015 Paris Agreement, on one hand; and the 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity on the other. There are also important global Conventions which contribute to combating of impacts of climate change on biodiversity, such as the Desertification Convention and the Ramsar Convention. The article discusses the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities within the context of climate change and biodiversity. The case study is the Arctic, which illustrates the impact of climate change on biodiversity.
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Obado Ochieng, Mercy. "Elusive Legal Definition of Terrorism at the United Nations." Strathmore Law Journal 3, no. 1 (August 1, 2017): 65–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.52907/slj.v3i1.30.
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Terrorism is indisputably a serious security threat to states and individuals. Yet, by the end of 2016, there was still lack of consensus on the legal definition of terrorism at the United Nations (UN) level. The key organs of the UN, the Security Council (UNSC) and the General Assembly (UNGA), are yet to agree on a legal definition of terrorism. This disconnect is attributed partly to the heterogeneous nature of terrorist activities and ideological differences among member states. At the UN level, acts of terrorism are mainly tackled from the angle of threats to international peace and security. In contrast, at the state level, acts of terrorism are largely defined as crimes and hence dealt with from the criminal justice paradigm. This article argues that the lack of a concrete legal definition of terrorism at the UN level undermines the holistic use of the criminal justice paradigm to counter-terrorism at the state level. To effectively counter-terrorism the UNSC and the UNGA have to agree on a legal definition of terrorism in their resolutions. This will streamline efforts to combat terrorism at the state level and consolidate counter-terrorism measures at the international level. The draft comprehensive Convention on Measures to Eliminate Terrorism (the Draft Convention) should be tailored to fill gaps and provide for a progressive legal definition of acts of terrorism.
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Borgstede, Greg. "Cultural Property, the Palermo Convention, and Transnational Organized Crime." International Journal of Cultural Property 21, no. 3 (August 2014): 281–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0940739114000125.
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Abstract:The international community is concerned about criminal activity involving cultural property and is promoting the use of the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime to combat looting and trafficking of cultural property. This article discusses how the Convention may be applied, outlines some of the intentions of UN member states with regard to cultural property crime, and the role of the UN Office on Drugs and Crime. It is suggested that cultural property stakeholders should scrutinize this developing effort, particularly in the areas of UNTOC application to specific cultural property cases and the collection and analysis of data specifically to address the connections between cultural property and transnational organized crime.
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Obokata, Tom. "SHORTER ARTICLES, COMMENTS, AND NOTES: TRAFFICKING OF HUMAN BEINGS AS A CRIME AGAINST HUMANITY: SOME IMPLICATIONS FOR THE INTERNATIONAL LEGAL SYSTEM." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 54, no. 2 (April 2005): 445–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iclq/lei005.
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Trafficking of human beings is a widespread practice in the modern world. It has been estimated that up to 800,000 people, especially women and children, are trafficked all around the world each year.1Virtually all States are affected,2and traffickers are believed to make between $7 and $10 billion annually from the trafficking business.3In order to combat trafficking, the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children (Trafficking Protocol) was adopted in December 2000, within the framework of the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (Organized Crime Convention).4
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Schaaf, Robert W. "Global Compilation of National Legislation Against Racial Discrimination." International Journal of Legal Information 20, no. 2 (1992): 159–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0731126500007599.
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The united nations recently issued a compilation of national legislation against racial discrimination. The publication, which has a 1991 imprint, bears the title: Second Decade to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination: Global Compilation of National Legislation against Racial Discrimination. This volume covers 205 pages and carries the symbol: HR/PUB/90/8.The Charter of the United Nations, which was signed in June 1945 at San Francisco, entrusts the UN with promoting and ensuring respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms “for all without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion.” The General Assembly, in one of its first resolutions, declared in 1946 “that it is in the higher interests of humanity to put an immediate end to religious and so-called racial persecution and discrimination.” The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted by the General Assembly December 10, 1948, is the most fundamental human rights instrument adopted by the United Nations. Since that time there have been numerous conventions and declarations aimed specifically at eliminating racial discrimination. These include the Declaration and International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, adopted November 20, 1963 and December 21, 1965, respectively, and the Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid, adopted November 30, 1973.
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Situmorang, Mosgan. "HARMONISASI HUKUM NASIONAL DI BIDANG KORUPSI DENGAN UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION AGAINST CORRUPTION." Jurnal Rechts Vinding: Media Pembinaan Hukum Nasional 3, no. 3 (December 31, 2014): 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.33331/rechtsvinding.v3i3.29.
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<p>Berbagai upaya pemberantasan korupsi telah dilakukan sejak lama namun belum memberikan hasil sebagaimana yang diharapkan. Tindak pidana korupsi diatur antara lain dalam KUHP yang bersifat umum atau lex generalis dan undang- undang yang dibuat khusus untuk penanggulangan korupsi seperti undang-undang tindak pidana korupsi maupun undang-undang tindak pidana suap. Disamping itu masih terdapat konvensi Internasional seperti United Nations Convention Against Corruption Tahun 2003. Seperti pemerintahan terdahulu, pemerintahan Jokowi juga mempunyai program tentang pemberantasan korupsi yang sudah dimuat dalam Rancangan Teknokrat Jokowi. Dalam rancangan itu dimuat strategi pemberantasan korupsi yang dilakukan melalui harmonisasi perundang-undangan korupsi dengan konvensi internasional. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode normatif yuridis untuk membahas peraturan apa saja yang terkait dengan pemberantasan korupsi serta bagaimanakah harmonisasi peraturan perundang-undangan di bidang korupsi dengan ketentuan United Nations Convention Against Corruption. Dari penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa masih terdapat ketidakharmonisan antara peraturan perundang-undangan di bidang korupsi dengan konvensi Internasional pemberantasan korupsi sehingga perlu segera dilakukan harmonisasi peraturan perundang-undangan nasional dengan konvensi Internasional di bidang korupsi dan strategi yang lebih jitu dan penegakan hukum yang lebih tegas dalam pemberantasan dan pencegahan korupsi ke depan.</p><p>Various corruption eradication efforts have been done for a long time. Yet the result has not been as expected. Corruption is set in Criminal code as lex generalis and other laws made specifically for the prevention of corruption, such as Law of corruption and bribery laws. There are also International conventions such as the United Nations Convention Against Corruption in 2003. Just like the previous government, The President Jokowi’s governance also has programs in eradicating corruption which are already loaded in the draft of Jokowi’s Technocrats. Those draft consist of strategy to combat corruption through harmonization of Regulations on Corruption with international conventions on corruption. This research was conducted using normative juridis method by discussing any regulations that are associated with the eradication of corruption and how the harmonization of the laws and regulations in the field of corruption with the provisions of the United Nations Convention against Corruption. From this research, it can be concluded that there is disharmony between the legislation in the field of corruption and the International Conventions Against Corruption so that is why harmonization of national legislation with international conventions in the field of corruption should be made and accurately strategies and law enforcement in combating and prevent corruption in the future should be more strict.</p>
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Gutorova, Nataliya, Oleksandr Zhytnyi, and Oleksii Soloviov. "FALSIFICATION OF MEDICAL PRODUCTS: CRIMINAL LAW MECHANISM COMBATING THREATS TO PUBLIC HEALTH." Wiadomości Lekarskie 72, no. 5 (2019): 856–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.36740/wlek201905124.
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Introduction: Every civilized state has the duty to its citizens to create an effective health care system, a necessary component of which is the use of safe and high-quality medical products. This duty is based both on the standards of international law and national constitutional norms and principles. The spread of falsified medical products poses a global threat to public health, can lead to death or cause significant harm to human health. Given the extreme risk of such acts, there is a need to create and operate an effective criminal law mechanism to combat such acts. The aim: The purpose of the article is to study the existing criminal law mechanism to combat the falsification of medical products at the international, regional and national levels (Poland and Ukraine as an example), as well as to develop proposals for improving of such a mechanism. Materials and methods: This study is based on the empirical and analytical data of the WHO, the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, the Council of Europe Convention on the counterfeiting of medical products and similar crimes involving threats to public health (The Medicrime Convention), criminal legislation of Ukraine and Poland, General Prosecutor’s Office data on the criminal liability of those who committed falsification of medicines. Totally 28 laws and papers, 25 court judgments were analyzed. Dialectical, comparative, analytic, synthetic and system analyses research methods were used, also for interpretation purposes. Results: Falsification of medical products worldwide is characterized by high prevalence and is one of the highly profitable activities of transnational organized crime. Therefore, an effective counteraction to these crimes is impossible through isolated actions by one separate State and requires the establishment of a multi-level integrated mechanism to combat this phenomenon. The criminal law mechanism, as a necessary component of abovementioned mechanism, should be established at the international, regional and national levels. An analysis of the situation in Poland and Ukraine showed that the falsification of medical products is quite common in these countries, but national criminal legislation and practice of its implementation needs improvement. Conclusions: There is a need to create and implement an effective criminal law mechanism (at international, regional and national levels) to combat the spread of falsified medical products. At the international level, in order to increase the effectiveness of this mechanism, we fully support the EU initiative to amend the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, which would establish additional liability for the falsification of medicines. Improving the criminal law mechanism to combat the falsification of medical products at the European regional level requires intensifying of The Medicrime Convention ratification process and full implementation of rules on criminal liability for falsifying medical products into national criminal legislation. At the national level, it is necessary to improve both the criminal legislation and the practice of its implementation, to intensify the activity of law enforcement agencies to combat these crimes, to ensure a fair trial and effective criminal penalties for those who have committed a crime of falsifying medical products.
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Varkani, Abutaleb Motallebi, and Amir Nezam Barati. "The Comparative Study of civil Society Organizations in Combat Corruption in I.R.I and South Korea with Overview to the United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC)." Journal of Asian Development 3, no. 2 (September 18, 2017): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jad.v3i2.11882.
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Corruption is a social, political, economic and even security phenomena that defect the democratic institutions and it make a lot of problem for governance (private, civil society and government sectors). Combating corruption is one of the most important factors for establishment of Good Governance. In combat corruption different actor such as government, private sector and civil society have functions, but the role of civil societies are very effective than others.This study using analytical–descriptive, analyses the role of civil society in combat corruption in I.R. of Iran and South Korea.Findings of this study shows that in south Korea the role of special civil society organization in combat corruption have remarkable efficiency but in Iran, specialized civil society organizations are in the beginning of the path to tackle corruption or this kind of NGO is not established until now, while the parliament ratified the law of UN Convention against corruption and it is necessary to execute and recognize the role of these NGOs in this hard struggle.
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Warbrick, Colin, Dominic McGoldrick, and Peter G. G. Davies. "I. Global Warming and the Kyoto Protocol." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 47, no. 2 (April 1998): 446–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589300061947.
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The Third Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (Climate Change Convention) was held from 1 to 11 December 1997 at Kyoto, Japan. Significantly the States Parties to the Convention adopted a protocol (Kyoto Protocol) on 11 December 1997 under which industrialised countries have agreed to reduce their collective emissions of six greenhouse gases by at least 5 per cent by 2008–2012. Ambassador Raul Estrada-Oyuela, who had chaired the Committee of the Whole established by the Conference to facilitate the negotiation of a Protocol text, expressed the view that: “This agreement will have a real impact on the problem of greenhouse gas emissions. Today should be remembered as the Day of the Atmosphere.” This note seeks to outline in brief the science of climate change, and international activity to combat global warming prior to the Kyoto conference. It then attempts to analyse the terms of the Kyoto Protocol and to draw some conclusions on its significance.
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Trebilcock, Anne. "Implications of the UN Convention against Corruption for International Organizations: Oversight, Due Process, and Immunities Issues." International Organizations Law Review 6, no. 2 (2009): 513–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157237409x477680.
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AbstractWhile public international organizations share the aspirations and values behind the United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC), the way in which this instrument is being followed up may pose some practical challenges for them. The Convention mentions such organizations and their officials, but in the context of an instrument whose logic is overwhelmingly directed towards States. In the course of UNCAC implementation review, some unfortunate confusion has arisen between administrative justice and criminal jurisdiction, and around the privileges and immunities regime for international organizations. At the same time, follow-up to the Convention may offer new opportunities for such organizations to strengthen their alignment of responsibility, authority and accountability through so far underutilized means of coordination and cooperation. Strengthening accountability mechanisms and respect for due process – two components of the Global Administrative Law approach – offer the best prospects for enhancing international organizations' efforts against corruption. An exaggerated focus on transparency, on the other hand, could run counter to effective measures to combat it.
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Dziundziuk, V., and S. Merezhko. "MODEL FOR FORMING OF ANTI-CORRUPTION POLICY IN UKRAINE." East European Scientific Journal 5, no. 4(68) (May 14, 2021): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/essa.2782-1994.2021.5.68.29.
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Formulation of the problem. Different countries have different anti-corruption strategies. However, just separate strategies to combat such a complex phenomenon as corruption are not enough; a purposeful and long-term public policy is needed, of which the mentioned strategies will be a part. And, in our opinion, such a policy should be based on the United Nations Convention against Corruption [7], which has been created as a strong base and legal framework for the fight against corruption. This Convention is unique as it is grounded on a shared understanding of the dangers and negative consequences of corruption from a wide range of participating states. However, there is a downside: while the Convention provides new
opportunities and guidance for national policy and anticorruption measures, it can also create new issues in this area, for example, the temptation to take too many anti-corruption measures at the same time, which will lead to negative results and undermine the faith of citizens in anti-corruption efforts.
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Gullett, Warwick, and Clive Schofield. "Pushing the Limits of the Law of the Sea Convention: Australian and French Cooperative Surveillance and Enforcement in the Southern Ocean." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 22, no. 4 (2007): 545–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180807782512224.
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AbstractThis article examines recent steps taken by Australia and France to combat illegal fishing in their claimed maritime zones of jurisdiction around their adjacent sub-Antarctic island territories. These steps comprise operational responses and legal developments, including the conclusion of two bilateral treaties on cooperative surveillance and enforcement. Geographical and legal problems associated with addressing the illegal fishing threat in the Southern Ocean are highlighted. It is concluded that when they come to be tested by international legal authorities, some of the more innovative legal measures under discussion are likely to be appraised as being in conflict with some provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.
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van Boven, Theo. "Combating Racial Discrimination in the World and in Europe." Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights 11, no. 2 (June 1993): 163–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016934419301100203.
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The struggle against racism and racial discrimination requires a broad strategy of action, ranging from legal and political measures, including measures of conflict resolution and confidence building, to policies in the fields of teaching, education, culture and information. Attention is paid to the actions taken over the years by the United Nations to eliminate racism and racial discrimination. It may be concluded that the actions to combat racism and racial discrimination had, at least at the level of the United Nations, a spear-head function on the road to the progressive development of strategies and policies for dealing with the promotion and protection of human rights in general. Racial discrimination is a global problem that manifests itself in a variety of ways. The international standards, adopted and proclaimed by the United Nations, are applicable to all and not only with respect to a pre-selected number of countries and situations. These standards are universal. Subsequently, the question of racism and racial discrimination as it manifests itself in Europe is dealt with. With the disappearance of totalitarian communism, Europe has become a complicated place where in several areas national and ethnic violence has reached proportions and a degree of hatred and cruelty which are reminders of the days of World War II. Radical sentiments of nationalism and ethnocentrism re-emerge. Apart from this there is a steadily growing manifestation of racism and xenophobia against foreign immigrants and refugees. There are also countermovements, which are a source of hope that the struggle against racism and racial discrimination is a commitment as well as a common standard of achievement by all peoples and all nations. Action at the national level has to be supplemented by action at the international level. The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination is a strategic tool in this area. In the light of new challenges it is therefore of great importance that all States and all sectors of society, cooperate to implement this Convention and that the supervisory mechanism established under the Convention is able to carry out its critical role.
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Barati, AmirNezam, Ali Babayee Mehr, and Mohsen Sharifi. "The Role of Specialized Civil Society in Challenge Corruption with Glance to I.R.I." Journal of Public Administration and Governance 7, no. 3 (August 28, 2017): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jpag.v7i3.11762.
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Combating against corruption is one of the most important factors for establishing Good Governance. Corruption is a social, political and economic phenomenon that defect the democratic institutions and stop establishing good governance. This study using analytical – descriptive, analyses the role of civil society in combat corruption with glance to I.R.IFindings of this study show that the role of special civil societies has remarkable efficiency and effectiveness in combat corruption. In challenging corruption different actor such as government, private sector and specialized civil society have function, but the role of civil societies is more effective than others.In relating to the I.R.I actions against corruption, the country enacted different laws such as the law of access to information, the Law of United Nations Convention against Corruption and this process will send a clear message that the country is determined to prevent and control corruption. In pathology of corruption in I.R of Iran the concentration on fighting against corruption, is concentrated on "The Staff of Combat against Economic Corruption" and civil society don’t have effective or remarkable role to fight against this abnormality and this Staff is most important centers to harmonize the actions against corruption. Finally, the most important causes of corruption in every developing Nations in Transit such as Iran are big government and interference of Government in economy, the weakly embedded rule of law, the ineffective and inefficient of government policy, lack of accountability and institutional transparency.
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Mohammed, Abdul-Rahim, and Adams Sulemana Achanso. "Problematising the Dominant Child Rights Discourses: Why We Need a Nuanced Approach to Combat Child Labour." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 8, no. 2 (February 28, 2021): 476–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.82.9764.
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Three decades have now passed since the promulgation of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) in 1989. Despite the almost universal ratification of the CRC, as well as the heightened global awareness of the prevalence of child labour, the phenomenon persists. Following the ratification of the CRC, the rights-based approach to combating child labour became the dominant theoretical perspective. By problematising the dominant child-rights framework, this paper contributes to the discourse on child labour by arguing for a more nuanced approach to addressing the phenomenon. The paper achieves this objective by underscoring the importance of understanding and engaging with the reasons why children work, the socio-economic contexts within which they work, and why policies designed to address child labour should address the structural barriers that directly and indirectly promote child labour.
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Singh, Danny. "Anticorruption, Cultural Norms, and Implications for the APUNCAC." Laws 10, no. 2 (April 8, 2021): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/laws10020023.
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Corruption is a phenomenon that has received global attention from academics, policy makers and international donors. Corruption may be defined as the abuse of power for private gain. Activities include bribery, extortion, rent-seeking behaviour, cronyism, patronage, nepotism, embezzlement, graft and engagement with criminal enterprises. However, patronage, nepotism and gift giving are frequently viewed in many Asian and African cultures as acceptable practices that promote efficiency and smooth relationships. This article examines these practices in contexts including Afghanistan, Papua New Guinea, Russia, China and South Asia, discusses various rationales for these practices, and seeks to understand how these practices can be reconciled with international efforts to combat corruption. This article focuses on the implications with regard to the Anticorruption Protocol to the United Nations Convention against Corruption (APUNCAC) and the proposal to establish a body of United Nations (UN) inspectors to investigate charges of corruption and refer cases to dedicated domestic anticorruption courts. This article suggests that UN inspectors and international norms against corruption are not incompatible with traditional cultural practices. This article draws upon the experiences of Hong Kong and Singapore, where corruption was endemic, to demonstrate that local cultural norms can be rapidly changed when independent inspectors are established and receive support from institutions that are free from manipulation by domestic authorities.
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Nguyen, Kieu, and Walter Chen. "DEM- and GIS-Based Analysis of Soil Erosion Depth Using Machine Learning." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, no. 7 (July 1, 2021): 452. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10070452.
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Soil erosion is a form of land degradation. It is the process of moving surface soil with the action of external forces such as wind or water. Tillage also causes soil erosion. As outlined by the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (UN SDG) #15, it is a global challenge to “combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss.” In order to advance this goal, we studied and modeled the soil erosion depth of a typical watershed in Taiwan using 26 morphometric factors derived from a digital elevation model (DEM) and 10 environmental factors. Feature selection was performed using the Boruta algorithm to determine 15 factors with confirmed importance and one tentative factor. Then, machine learning models, including the random forest (RF) and gradient boosting machine (GBM), were used to create prediction models validated by erosion pin measurements. The results show that GBM, coupled with 15 important factors (confirmed), achieved the best result in the context of root mean square error (RMSE) and Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE). Finally, we present the maps of soil erosion depth using the two machine learning models. The maps are useful for conservation planning and mitigating future soil erosion.
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Papadileris, Sophie. "Protection of Peacekeepers Resorting to Armed Force – A Current Dilemma." Volume 61 · 2018 61, no. 1 (June 20, 2019): 403–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/gyil.61.1.403.
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The protection of peacekeepers and their classification in the categories of international humanitarian law has been a matter of controversy for years. To give peacekeepers some protection, the Safety Convention was established in 1994 and specific protection regulations were included in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court in 1998. Nevertheless, neither attacks on peacekeepers nor their (active) involvement in military conflicts have decreased. Therefore, a highly topical dilemma currently occupies the legal department of the United Nations. There are various tasks of peacekeeping operations that are difficult to reconcile. On the one hand, peacekeeping is traditionally achieved through a simple presence in which peacekeepers are not involved in combat operations and are protected as civilians. On the other hand, where peace enforcement involves military coercive means, it may be difficult not to regard the personnel as combatants. The boundaries between these types of mission are fluid. Due to increasingly robust peacekeeping mandates, the question of protection and its legal limits, with regard to possible participation in hostilities, is more acute than ever. Keywords: Peacekeeping Operations, Protection, Safety Convention, Article 8 ICC Statute, Direct Participation in Hostilities, Aggressive Mandate, Self-Defence, Cruz Report
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van Noorloos, Marloes. "Criminalising Defamation of Religion and Belief." European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice 22, no. 4 (October 10, 2014): 351–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718174-22042054.
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This article deals with the role of criminal law in dealing with defamatory expressions about religion or belief. Defamation of religion and belief is a form of indirect defamation ‘via identification’ which, as the discussion about the Dutch group defamation law shows, stretches up the notion of ‘group defamation’ — a crime which requires that (groups of) persons are insulted because they belong to a religious group. This contribution investigates whether European states can legitimately criminalise (certain forms of) defamation of religion and belief, in light of the European Convention on Human Rights, the United Nations framework (particularly the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights) and legal theoretical considerations. The article shows how problematic it is for the criminal law — in light of the rights to freedom of expression and freedom of religion, as well as the ultima ratio principle — to combat such speech.
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Kristin, Debby, and Chloryne Trie Isana Dewi. "TINDAK PIDANA KEJAHATAN PENYELUNDUPAN MANUSIA (PEOPLE SMUGGLING) DI INDONESIA: TANGGUG JAWAB INDONESIA DAN AUSTRALIA." Padjadjaran Journal of International Law 1, no. 1 (January 12, 2017): 84–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.23920/pjil.v1i1.278.
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AbstrakPenyelundupan manusia merupakan salah satu kejahatan transnasional terorganisir yang semakin meningkat di Indonesia, khususnya pulau-pulau perbatasan yang letaknya dekat dengan Australia. Lemahnya pengawasan di wilayah perbatasan dan kurangnya pengetahuan masyarakat setempat tentang kejahatan penyelundupan manusia memudahkan pihak-pihak tertentu untuk menyelundupkan para imigran ilegal ke Ashmore Reef (Australia). Sebagai Negara pihak United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC) dan Palermo Protocol, Indonesia dan Australia mempunyai kewajiban dalam rangka pencegahan dan pemberantasan tindak pidana penyelundupan manusia. Makalah ini adalah untuk menganalisis apakah Indonesia dan Australia telah memenuhi kewajibannya sebagai Negara Peserta UNTOC dan Palermo Protocol, serta memberikan rekomendasi kepada kedua negara dalam melaksanakan kewajibannya terkait kejahatan penyelundupan manusia sebagai bentuk tanggung jawab Negara.Kata kunci: kejahatan transnasional terorganisir, penyelundupan manusia, tanggung jawab negara.AbstractPeople smuggling is one of transnational organized crimes that has been increasing in Indonesia, especially in the outermost Indonesian’s islands which are close to Australia. Lack of surveillance in the border region and lack of knowledge on the local people in regards to the crimes of people smuggling makes it easy to smuggle illegal immigrants to Ashmore Reef (Australia). Hence, it leads to the increasing number of people smuggling in Indonesia. As state parties to the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC) as well as its Protocol, Indonesia and Australia bound by the obligation to prevent and combat people smuggling. The purpose of this paper is to analyze whether Indonesia and Australia have fulfil their obligation as State Parties of the UNTOC and the Palermo Protocol, also to propose actions that can be taken by both Governments to fulfill their obligation as state party in regards to the state responsibility.Keywords: people smuggling, state responsibility, transnational organized crime.
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Burkle, Frederick M., Adam L. Kushner, Christos Giannou, Mary A. Paterson, Sherry M. Wren, and Gilbert Burnham. "Health Care Providers in War and Armed Conflict: Operational and Educational Challenges in International Humanitarian Law and the Geneva Conventions, Part I. Historical Perspective." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 13, no. 02 (April 30, 2018): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2018.41.
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AbstractSince 1945, the reason for humanitarian crises and the way in which the world responds to them has dramatically changed every 10 to 15 years or less. Planning, response, and recovery for these tragic events have often been ad hoc, inconsistent, and insufficient, largely because of the complexity of global humanitarian demands and their corresponding response system capabilities. This historical perspective chronicles the transformation of war and armed conflicts from the Cold War to today, emphasizing the impact these events have had on humanitarian professionals and their struggle to adapt to increasing humanitarian, operational, and political challenges. An unprecedented independent United Nations–World Health Organization decision in the Battle for Mosul in Iraq to deploy to combat zones emergency medical teams unprepared in the skills of decades-tested war and armed conflict preparation and response afforded to health care providers and dictated by International Humanitarian Law and Geneva Convention protections has abruptly challenged future decision-making and deployments. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2019;13:109–115)
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Karky, Bhaskar Singh, Rachita Vaidya, Seema Karki, and Bikul Tulachan. "What is REDD+ Additionality in Community Managed Forest for Nepal?" Journal of Forest and Livelihood 11, no. 2 (September 14, 2013): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jfl.v11i2.8620.
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Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) is a policy currently under consideration by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). This study carries out a Nepal-specific research to understand REDD+ policy’s potential role in carbon sequestration, by identifying the economic and preferential rationales that drive deforestation and degradation in community managed forests. The study explores four different land use options, making use of both community based survey and field data used to generate net present value (NPV). Both techniques give consistent results that, in the current economic situation, farmers prefer using land for livelihood purposes rather than solely for community forest management. This has a very strong implication for policymakers. First, the results imply that conversion and degradation are inevitable, thus placing community forest in imminent threat and making this risk reduction additionality in REDD+ terms. Furthermore, it shows that, to combat the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation, policies such as REDD+ need to provide enough financial incentives that will incur the opportunity costs and direct farmers towards the efficient use of community managed forest. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jfl.v11i2.8620 Journal of Forestry and Livelihood Vol.11(2) 2013 37-45
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Arifin, Ridwan, and Muhamad Adji Rahardian Utama. "Future Impact of the ASEAN-Russia Law Declaration to the International Terrorism: Can We Combat Terrorist Without War?" Russian Law Journal 8, no. 2 (June 19, 2020): 4–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17589/2309-8678-2020-8-2-4-27.
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Terrorism is defined as coordinated attacks aimed at arousing feelings of terror against a group of people. In contrast to war, acts of terrorism are not subject to the rules of war such as the time of execution that is always sudden and the target of casualties that are random and often are civilians. Terrorism is increasingly becoming a scourge for modern civilization. The nature of the actions, actors, strategic goals, motivations, expected and achieved results, Terrorism targets and methods are now increasingly widespread and varied. So it is increasingly clear that terror is not a form of ordinary destructive violence, but it is a crime against human peace and security. In order to prevent and combat Terrorism, since long before the occurrence of events classified as a form of Terrorism occurred in the world, international and regional communities and various countries have attempted criminal policies accompanied by systematic and comprehensive criminalization of categorized acts as Terrorism. Under the provisions of the 12 convention includes the main protocol rules adopted by the United Nations. These international agreements principally regulate norms including the responsibility of the state in addressing the problem of terrorism with all countries including the ASEAN region and the Russian Federation declaring to fight terrorism. Russia itself as one of the two world superpowers which is seen as having a strong military is considered strategic for ASEAN to establish cooperation in the field of security and defense in the fight against terrorism. Through collaboration agreement and ratification of terrorism regulations in their respective countries, both the ASEAN region and the Russian Federation are expected to prevent further terrorism in their respective regions.
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Wahyudin, Wahyudin, Said Sampara, and Hamza Baharuddin. "Kebijakan Hukum Lingkungan Terhadap Penanggulangan Krisis Iklim Di Indonesia." Kalabbirang Law Journal 2, no. 2 (July 1, 2020): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.35877/454ri.kalabbirang122.
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Kebijakan Hukum Lingkungan Terhadap Penanggulangan Krisis Iklim di Indonesia sampai saat ini telah dilakukan oleh Pemerintah Indonesia secara bertahap. Hal ini dibuktikan dengan keikutsertaan Pemerintah didalam Konvensi Perubahan Iklim, protocol Kyoto , Paris Agremeent , dan Bali Roadmap. berkomitmen bersama Negara-negara anggota PBB menandatangani Komitmen didalam forum Internasional untuk ikut menanggulangi pemanasan global. Komitmen tersebut dituangkan dalam Undang-Undang, Peraturan Pemerintah dan pengejawantahan komitmen tersebut di tuangkan dalam Peraturan Presiden Nomor 61 Tahun 2011 tentang Rencana Aksi Nasional Penurunan Emisi Gas Rumah Kaca. 2) Upaya Pengendalian Krisis Iklim di Indonesia dilakukan melalui adaptasi dan mitigasi, Upaya adaptasi, difokuskan pada area yang rentan terhadap perubahan iklim, yakni: sumber daya air, pertanian, perikanan, pesisir dan laut, infrastruktur dan pemukiman, kesehatan, dan kehutanan. Upaya mitigasi dengan cara menghemat penggunaan listrik dan air, Melakukan 5R (Rethink, Reduce, Reuce, Recycle, Replace), Memanfaatkan energi alam semaksimal mungkin, Menggunakan peralatan ramah lingkungan, Melakukan kegiatan penghijauan, Efektivitas penggunaan kendaraan, Mengajak orang-orang sekitar Anda untuk melakukan hal yang sama.
The Environmental Law Policy on Overcoming the Climate Crisis in Indonesia to date has been carried out by the Government of Indonesia in stages. This is evidenced by the Government's participation in the Climate Change Convention, the Kyoto protocol, the Paris Agremeent, and the Bali Roadmap. commit with the United Nations member states to sign a commitment in an international forum to help combat global warming. The commitment is outlined in the Law, Government Regulation and the manifestation of that commitment is contained in Presidential Regulation No. 61 of 2011 concerning the National Action Plan for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions. 2) Efforts to Control the Climate Crisis in Indonesia are carried out through adaptation and mitigation. Adaptation efforts are focused on areas that are vulnerable to climate change, namely: water resources, agriculture, fisheries, coastal and marine, infrastructure and settlement, health and forestry. Mitigation efforts by saving electricity and water use, Performing 5R (Rethink, Reduce, Reuce, Recycle, Replace), Utilizing natural energy as much as possible, Using environmentally friendly equipment, Conducting greening activities, Effectiveness of vehicle use, Inviting people around you to do the same thing.