Relevant bibliographies by topics / United Nations Environment Programme

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'United Nations Environment Programme'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 28 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "United Nations Environment Programme"

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de Larderel, Jacqueline Aloisi. "United Nations Environment Programme." Journal of Cleaner Production 1, no. 1 (January 1993): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0959-6526(93)90036-b.

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Desai, Bharat H. "14. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)." Yearbook of International Environmental Law 31, no. 1 (December 1, 2020): 319–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/yiel/yvab060.

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Tetzlaff, Kerry. "14. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)." Yearbook of International Environmental Law 21, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 575–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/yiel/yvs040.

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Desai, Bharat H. "14. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)." Yearbook of International Environmental Law 27 (January 1, 2016): 481–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/yiel/yvx069.

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Iatsenia, Andrei. "The United Nations Environment Programme and IYM2002." Mountain Research and Development 22, no. 4 (November 2002): 390–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1659/0276-4741(2002)022[0390:tunepa]2.0.co;2.

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Stanton, W. R. "United Nations environment programme: Environmental data report 1989." Biological Wastes 32, no. 3 (January 1990): 237–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0269-7483(90)90054-v.

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Sandbrook, Richard. "New hopes for the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)?" Global Environmental Change 9, no. 2 (July 1999): 171–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0959-3780(98)00029-6.

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Editorial office, TATuP. "United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) - International Environmental Technology Centre (IETC)." TATuP - Zeitschrift für Technikfolgenabschätzung in Theorie und Praxis 3, no. 3 (October 1, 1994): 18–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.14512/tatup.3.3.18.

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Jones, H. Gerald. "United Nations Environment Programme. 2007. Global outlook for ice and snow. Nairobi, United Nations Environment Programme. 235pp. ISBN: 978 9 2807 2799 9, paperback. $40." Journal of Glaciology 54, no. 184 (2008): 189–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/002214308784409152.

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Owens, Susan, and Martin W. Holdgate. "The World Environment 1972-1982: A Report by the United Nations Environment Programme." Geographical Journal 151, no. 1 (March 1985): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/633307.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "United Nations Environment Programme"

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Tiar, T. "The role of UNEP in the development of international environmental law." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1986. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/23366967.html.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Southampton, Faculty of Law, 1986.
Typescript. Typescript Cover title. At head of title: University of Southampton, Faculty of Law. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 399-412).
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Chen, Sulan. "Instrumental and induced cooperation environmental politics in the South China Sea /." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/3227.

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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2005.
Thesis research directed by: Government and Politics. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Kaygusuz, Mehtap. "L'Organisation des Nations Unies et la protection de l'environnement." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE3008.

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La mondialisation de la dégradation de l’environnement a conduit, dès la fin des années 1960, à l’intervention de l’Organisation des Nations Unies dans ce domaine, en dépit de l’absence de référence explicite dans la Charte des Nations Unies à l’environnement. Cette absence n’a pas empêché l’ONU de devenir le principal acteur de l’universalisation de la protection de l’environnement. Cette universalisation marquée par le caractère universel de l’Organisation et des enjeux environnementaux se trouve dès lors au cœur des rapports entre l’ONU et la protection de l’environnement. La présente étude analyse d’une part le cadre de l’universalisation de la protection de l’environnement et d’autre part la portée juridique de cette dernière qui se façonne dans une relation dynamique et complexe, influençant à la fois l’Organisation et l’objet de la protection
The globalisation of environmental degradation has led in the late 1960s to the intervention of the United Nations in this area, despite the lack of any explicit reference to the environment in the United Nations Charter. This absence has not prevented the UN to become the main actor in the universalisation of the protection of the environment. This universalisation, marked by the universal character of the Organisation and environmental issues, is therefore at the heart of the relationship between UN and the protection of the environment. This study analyses on the one hand the framework of universalisation of the protection of the environment and, on the other, its legal scope which is shaped in a dynamic and complex relationship, influencing both the Organisation and the object of its protection
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Etchells, Oli. "The Securitisation of Natural Resources : A Post-structural Policy Analysis of the United Nations Environmental Peacebuilding Programme." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Institutionen för globala politiska studier (GPS), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-46111.

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Increasingly, natural resources have come to be considered in dual dimension as objects that both increase the risk of violence and pose an opportunity to build peace. This linking of natural resources to question of conflict, peace, and security denotes the ‘securitisation’ of natural resources, taken to mean the “discursive construction of an existing threat to a referent object legitimizing extraordinary means.” This begs the question, what might these ‘extraordinary means’ entail? This thesis investigates this question by analysing the United Nations Environmental Cooperation for Peacebuilding’s 2016 report, a body tasked with researching the resource/conflict nexus and producing policy to address it. Utilising a post-structural policy analysis method, I denaturalise the claims made by the policy, applying governmentality, environmentality, and critical security theories to explain the logics and rationales underpinning resource securitisation, and the effects those rationales have. The analysis suggests that the policies security framing serves to represent resource conflict as manageable only through liberal governmental reforms associated with mainstream development practice, the UNEPs monopoly of technical peacebuilding expertise, and surveillance measures placed on unsuitable countries. By emphasising these as the primary solutions, the policy removes natural resource management from public control, downplaying populations agency, and maintaining existing power relations and inequalities.
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Roy-Lemieux, Geneviève. "Le contrôle des organisations à vocation universelle : le cas du Programme des Nations Unies pour l’environnement." Thesis, Paris 10, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA100057/document.

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L’Organisation des Nations Unies (ONU) – une organisation unique à vocation universelle possédant sa propre personnalité juridique contrairement aux autres organisations internationales soumises, elles, au droit international, et disposant du pouvoir de définir ses relations avec les tiers ou parties prenantes, agit dans le cadre d’un système de gouvernance à deux niveaux. Ce système est composé d’une part de mécanismes de « gouvernance externe » (pour une coordination entre différents acteurs comme les États, les Ministères, les autres institutions internationales, les entreprises et les Organisations non gouvernementales) et d’autre part de dispositifs de « gouvernement interne » (cf. Bouquin & Kuszla, 2014), qui encadrent les différents organes de l’ONU. L’articulation de ces deux formes de gouvernance doit assurer la mise en œuvre des politiques internationales. Ces politiques prennent la forme de plans ou programmes d’action dans différents domaines, en particulier dans le domaine environnemental. Même si cet axe ne fait pas partie des missions historiques de l’ONU comme la paix et la sécurité internationale, il a pris de l’importance à partir de 1972 avec la création du Programme des Nations Unies pour l’environnement – PNUE. Bien que ses missions aient évolué, le PNUE n’a jamais été aussi faible. L'analyse des configurations de contrôle du PNUE nécessite une approche sociologique prenant en compte les interactions entre les acteurs et la structure (théorie de la structuration et des métaorganisations). La comparaison de deux études de cas mit au jour trois configurations de contrôle des organisations à vocation universelle et une grille d’analyse des facteurs à prendre en compte pour assurer une articulation cohérente de leurs deux formes de gouvernance
The United Nations (UN) – an atypical organization with its own legal personality unlike other international organizations, has the power to define its relationships with all its stakeholders and is acting within a system of governance at two levels: one of "external governance" (for coordination between different actors such as governments, other international institutions, international funds, businesses and non-governmental organizations) and one of internal governance (Bouquin, Kuszla, 2014) which frames the various UN bodies. The articulation of those two forms of governance ensures the implementation of international policies at the national level. These policies take the form of plans or programs of action in various fields, especially in the environmental field. Although this axis is not part of the historic UN missions such as peace and international security, it gradually took on some importance in 1972 with the establishment of the United Nations Environment Programme - UNEP. Although its missions and its organizational control model have progressively changed, UNEP’s governance has never been that weak. Analysis of UNEP’s control configurations requires a sociological approach that captures the interactions between actors and structure (structuration and metaorganizations theory). The comparison of two case studies carried out in a situation of participant observation revealed three universal’s organizational control configurations and a grid of factors to be considered in order a coherent articulation of these organizations’ two forms of governance
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Borneman, Chiara, and Figueira Mateus Possati. "Managing Portfolios of Developing Projects in a Complex Environment : How the UN Assign Priorities to Programmes at the Country Level." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-145417.

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Purpose: This research intends to shed a light in the practice of project portfolio management in the non-traditional – although project oriented – aid sector. The research aim is to study the decision-making structures supporting the prioritization of projectsand/or programmes in multilateral organizations, which play a determinant role in the development aid sector. Research Methodology: Through an in-depth and-holistic case study, the empiricalresearch investigated how the UN coordination practitioners perceived the role of thecontext in the implementation of the Delivery as One Approach, which comprehends aset of standards and procedures (SOPs) supporting the management of multiple UN entities at the country level, to enhance effectiveness, efficiency, coherence and impact. A total of 9 semi-structured interviews were conducted with current and former employees in the UN resident coordination office in a range of countries in Africa, LatinAmerica and the Middle East. From the collection of qualitative data, the researchers wereable to grasp the nuances of the data set through the elaboration of templates, which based the further discussion and conclusions of the work. Research Findings: The empirical findings confirmed the relevance of a number of constructs identified in the theoretical framework, defining how the context influences the decision making that takes place in the prioritization of programmes in the development aid sector. Specifically, the results highlight the relevance of the governancestructure, the bounded rationality of decision makers, specific characteristics of the decision, country peculiarities, and the different sources of uncertainty. Moreover, the relationships between these factors were highlighted through a relationship network diagram that clearly identifies the complex interrelations between these factors and theirsub-themes. Research Delimitations and Limitations: The delimitations in this study are characterized as the choices made by the researchers on the parameters considered and mentioned, setting the boundaries for the investigation. From a methodological standpoint, by using the single case study method, the findings and conclusion of the present research applies majorly to the organization studied. Originality / Value: This research advances the portfolio management literature on the field of international development aid and expands the understanding of how the aspects of this unique environment influences the decision making of assigning priorities to projects and programmes. Furthermore, the research draws attention to the different sources of uncertainties originating from the context, inherent of these types oforganizations.
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Nelson, David. "Ending world poverty, the elusive goal of the United Nations development programme." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq20981.pdf.

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Newman, Edward. "The United Nations Secretary-General, peace and security, and the global political environment." Thesis, University of Kent, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.360972.

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Rippenaar-Joseph, Trunette. "Mainstreaming women in development? : a gender analysis of the United Nations Development Programme in South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1492.

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Thesis (DPhil (Political Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Gender Mainstreaming (GM) was popularised as an approach to advance gender equality at the United Nations (UN) World Conference on Women in Beijing in 1995. Since then it has been adopted by the UN and international development organisations as the approach to integrate women and gender issues into development. The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), a major international development organisation, claims a strong policy commitment to GM. As such, it is an important organisation to study for its GM implementation to establish what lessons can be learnt from its practice. Because it is an international organisation, the study has implications for global GM as well as for SA. This thesis examines mainstreaming women and gender in development in the UNDP Country Office in South Africa (UNDP/SA). It explores the gap between Gender Mainstreaming policy and practice, through discursive analysis of UNDP policy documents and reports, as well as an analysis of qualitative interview data and participatory approaches. The study focuses on the organisational challenges facing institutions trying to mainstream gender, particularly in the South African context. It puts forward a proposal for improving GM by combining organisational development and feminist theory. Through the proposal, which focuses on a broad transformation process within which to frame GM implementation, the thesis aims to contribute towards advancing gender equality through GM in South Africa and elsewhere. Development was initially gender-blind until the early 1970s. Since then, development organisations have moved women and gender onto the development agenda through various approaches. The major approaches have been Women in Development (WID), Gender and Development (GAD) and Empowerment. The current approach, Gender Mainstreaming (GM), is about moving women and gender issues from the margin to the centre of development organisations and their practice. While being an improvement on the earlier approaches, GM still faces a number of challenges for successful implementation in development organisations such as the UNDP. This qualitative study interrogates the GM policy discourse of the UNDP/SA, and finds a serious gap between its policy discourse and practice. This gap is evident not only in the UNDP/SA, but also in one of its funded projects, the Capacity Building Project for the Office on the Status of Women. GM fails to make an impact because of factors such as lack of training, absence of political will from senior managers in development organisations (and in government), and lack of resources. It is also clear that GM cannot occur in the absence of a broad organisational transformation process. To address the challenges facing GM, I propose a model for implementation with a special focus on the deep structure of organisations that exposes the masculinist roots of gender inequality. What is essential for this model to succeed is that GM implementation should be framed within a broader organisational transformation process, based on organisational development and feminist theory.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Geslagshoofstroming het gewildheid verwerf as ‘n benadering om geslagsgelykheid te bevorder by die Verenigde Nasies (VN) se Wêreld Konferensie oor Vroue in Beijing in 1995. Daarna is dit deur die VN en internasionale ontwikkelingsorganisasies aanvaar as die benadering om vroue en geslagskwessies te integreer in ontwikkeling. Die Verenigde Nasies Ontwikkelings Program (VNOP), ‘n vername internasionale ontwikkelingsorganisasie, maak aanspraak op ‘n sterk toewyding aan Geslagshoofstroming as beleid. Die VNOP is dus ‘n belangrike organisasie om te bestudeer vir sy Geslagshoofstroming implementering om vas te stel watter lesse ons kan leer. Die studie het implikasies nie net vir Suid-Afrika nie, maar ook globaal omdat die VNOP ‘n internasionale organisasie is. Die tesis ondersoek die hoofstroming van vroue en geslag in ontwikkeling in die VNOP Kantoor in Suid-Afrika (VNOP/SA). Dit verken die gaping tussen Geslagshoofstroming beleid en praktyk deur middel van ‘n diskoers analise van VNOP beleids-dokumente en verslae, en ‘n analise van data verkry deur kwalitatiewe onderhoude. Die studie fokus op die organisatoriese uitdagings vir die instellings wat Geslagshoofstroming probeer implementeer, veral in die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks. Dit stel ‘n kombinasie van organisatoriese ontwikkeling en feministiese teorie voor om Geslagshoofstroming te bevorder. Die tesis streef daarna, deur die voorstel wat fokus op Geslagshoofstroming as deel van ‘n breë transformasie proses, om by te dra tot die bevordering van geslagsgelykheid in Suid-Afrika en elders. Ontwikkeling was aanvanklik geslagsblind tot met die vroeë 1970s. Sedertdien het ontwikkelingsorganisasies vroue en geslagskwessies op die agenda geplaas deur verskeie benaderings. Die vernaamste benaderings was Vroue in Ontwikkeling (WID), Geslag en Ontwikkeling (GAD), en Bemagtiging (Empowerment). Die huidige benadering, Geslagshoofstroming, het ten doel om vroue en geslagskwessies vanaf die kantlyn te beweeg tot in die kernpunt van ontwikkelings-organisasies en hulle praktyke. Alhoewel dit ‘n verbetering op die vorige benaderings is, staar Geslagshoofstroming implementering nog ‘n aantal uitdagings in die gesig in ontwikkelingsorganisasies soos die VNOP. Die kwalitatiewe studie interrogeer die Geslagshoofstromings diskoers van die VNOP/SA en vind ‘n ernstige gaping tussen sy beleidsdiskoers en praktyk. Hierdie gaping is sigbaar nie net in die VNOP/SA nie, maar ook in een van sy befondsde projekte, die Kapasiteitsbou Projek vir die Kantoor vir die Status van Vroue. Geslagshoofstroming maak nie impak nie as gevolg van faktore soos ‘n gebrek aan opleiding, die afwesigheid van politieke wilskrag by senior bestuurders in ontwikkelingsorganisasies (en in die regering), en ‘n gebrek aan hulpbronne. Dit is ook duidelik dat Geslagshoofstroming nie kan plaasvind in die afwesigheid van ‘n breë organisatoriese transformasie proses nie. Om die uitdagings vir Geslagshoofstroming aan te spreek, stel ek ‘n implementeringsmodel voor met ‘n spesiale fokus op die diep struktuur van organisasies wat die maskulinistiese oorsprong van geslagsongelykheid blootlê. Noodsaaklik vir die sukses van die model, is die kontekstualisering van Geslagshoofstroming in breë organisatoriese transformasie, gebaseer op ‘n kombinasie van feministiese en organisatoriese ontwikkelingsteorie.
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Manulak, Michael W. "Continuity and change in international institutions : the case of the United Nations environment regime." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a22a9ef4-5d7d-4e85-9078-bd8711d0aeb7.

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Analysts have had a long fascination with moments of significant change and discontinuity in political relations. Studies of “exogenous shocks,” “critical junctures,” “historical events,” “policy windows,” and “punctuated equilibria” have occupied a prominent place in qualitative assessments of policy and institutional change. Yet, despite analysts’ interest, these turning points remain poorly understood. Leading theoretical treatments are overwhelmingly descriptive, offering little in the way of explanatory capacity. Introducing the concept of Temporal Focal Points, my thesis provides a temporal extension to Thomas C. Schelling’s focal point hypothesis. Temporal Focal Points—definite, exceptional phases along the temporal continuum—precipitate a convergence of expectations among actors in time that heightens the likelihood of agreement. Convergent expectations are a crucial means of overcoming temporal coordination problems among actors. By facilitating a spike in analytical activity, political entrepreneurship, and bargaining intensity, actors are able realize joint gains opened up by past shifts in key parameters. Prominent temporal signposts allow actors to recognize that existing institutional arrangements are not an equilibrium. I test the plausibility of this theory through an analysis of the record of change at four distinct phases of the history of the United Nations environment regime from 1962-1992, including the 1972 Stockholm conference, the 1982 Nairobi conference, the UN General Assembly’s response to the Brundtland report, and the 1992 Rio Earth Summit.
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Books on the topic "United Nations Environment Programme"

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United Nations Environment Programme. Environmental Law Unit. Environmental law in the United Nations Environment Programme. Nairobi: UNEP, 1985.

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United Nations Environment Programme. Environmental Law Unit. Environmental law in the United Nations Environment Programme. Nairobi: UNEP, 1990.

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System, Global Environment Monitoring. GEMS: Global Environment Monitoring System, United Nations Environment Programme. Nairobi: The Programme, 1990.

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United Nations Environment Programme. Environment and Economics Unit. Environment and economics programme. [Nairohi, Kenya?] [S.l.]: United Nations Environment Programme, Environment and Economics Unit, 1995.

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Programme, United Nations Environment. United Nations Environment Programme: Highlights of the biennium, 1994-1995. Nairobi: UNEP, 1995.

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Database, Global Resource Information. GRID, Global Resource Information Database, United Nations Environment Programme. Nairobi: Global Environment Monitoring System, United Nations Environment Programme, 1990.

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Nations, United. System-wide medium-term environment programme: For the period 1990-1995. Nairobi: United Nations Environment Programme, 1988.

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Programme, United Nations Development, United Nations Environment Programme, and World Bank, eds. Global Environment Facility: Independentevaluation of the pilot phase. Washington, D.C: World Bank, 1994.

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Programme, United Nations Development, United Nations Environment Programme, and World Bank, eds. Global Environment Facility: Independent evaluation of the pilot phase. Washington, D.C: World Bank, 1994.

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Marine environment law in the United Nations Environment Programme: An emergent eco-regime. London: Tycooly Pub., 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "United Nations Environment Programme"

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Bauer, Steffen. "United Nations Environment Programme." In Essential Concepts of Global Environmental Governance, 283–86. Second edition. | Abingdon, Oxon; New York: Routledge, 2021.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780367816681-116.

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Ivanova, Maria. "United Nations Environment Programme." In Encyclopedia of Business and Professional Ethics, 1–8. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23514-1_1115-1.

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Ivanova, Maria. "United Nations Environment Programme." In Encyclopedia of Business and Professional Ethics, 1811–18. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22767-8_1115.

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Citaristi, Ileana. "United Nations Environment Programme—UNEP." In The Europa Directory of International Organizations 2022, 193–99. 24th ed. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003292548-46.

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Canton, Helen. "United Nations Environment Programme—UNEP." In The Europa Directory of International Organizations 2021, 188–214. 23rd ed. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003179900-30.

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Korcheva, Alexandra. "United Nations Environment Programme Finance Initiative." In Encyclopedia of Sustainable Management, 3843–47. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-25984-5_1022.

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Korcheva, Alexandra. "United Nations Environment Programme Finance Initiative." In Encyclopedia of Sustainable Management, 1–5. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02006-4_1022-1.

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Fichter, Klaus, and Jens Clausen. "United Nations Environment Programme - Industry and Environment - UNEP IE." In Schritte zum nachhaltigen Unternehmen, 296–98. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-72000-0_31.

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Hitchens, David M. W. N., Jens Clausen, and Klaus Fichter. "United Nations Environment Programme - Industry and Environment -UNEP IE." In International Environmental Management Benchmarks, 274–76. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-58442-8_32.

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Hüfner, Klaus, and Jens Naumann. "Umweltprogramm der Vereinten Nationen (United Nations Environment Programme/UNEP)." In Handwörterbuch Internationale Organisationen, 395–97. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-86673-8_117.

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Conference papers on the topic "United Nations Environment Programme"

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Åkerblom, Gustav, Anselmo Salles Paschoa, and Friedrich Steinhäusler. "Depleted Uranium—Experience of the United Nations Environmental Programme Missions." In THE NATURAL RADIATION ENVIRONMENT: 8th International Symposium (NRE VIII). AIP, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2991281.

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Rašević, Mirjana. "Reflections on the Past and Future of the ICPD Programme of Action in the UNECE Region." In Population in Post-Yugoslav Countries: (Dis)Similarities and Perspectives. Institute of Social Sciences, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.59954/ppycdsp2024.7.

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In 1994, the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) in Cairo In 1994, the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) in Cairo produced the groundbreaking Programme of Action, adopted by 179 nations. This pivotal document highlighted the interconnectedness of population, development, and individual well-being. Emphasizing environmental sustainability, women's empowerment, and gender equality, it expanded the scope of family planning to encompass sexual and reproductive health and rights. Additionally, the Programme of Action went beyond a limited economic understanding of development, extending its scope to include the well-being and quality of life for both current and future generations. The United Nations subsequently incorporated many Programme of Action goals into the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The United Nations Commission on Population and Development is now reviewing the five-year implementation of the Programme of Action, with a new assessment slated for its thirtieth anniversary next year. The recent UNECE Regional Conference in Geneva, titled Population and Development: Ensuring Rights and Choices, played a crucial role in this process, providing insights into the Programme of Action's implementation in the broader European region. While overall improvements were noted, challenges persist, particularly in education, health, and the protection of vulnerable groups. Progress is still uneven across and within countries, adding complexity to the implementation landscape. Concerningly, multiple forms of inequality and discrimination continue to hinder individuals from realizing their full potential. The Regional Conference Report not only identifies these challenges but also offers proactive recommendations. Addressing declining fertility rates, an aging population, and demographic shifts in Eastern and South-Eastern Europe, the report stresses the need for innovative approaches to bolster societies’ demographic resilience. Investing in human capital, dismantling barriers to unleash individual potential, and fostering inclusive societies are key strategies. The report emphasizes the importance of listening to people's needs and desires, presenting various good practices as examples. These recommendations hold significant relevance for policymakers in post-Yugoslav countries and beyond.
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Haameem, H., F. Aabdeen, and S. Sharic. "Recycling plastic waste for enabling circular economy." In Engineering Research Unit Symposium 2023. Engineering Research Unit, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31705/eru.2023.18.

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Municipal solid waste management is a major issue for many nations striving for a sustainable future. According to the United Nations Environmental Programme report [1], Municipal solid waste management is both a resource and a burden as it contains valuables and leftover waste that need to be managed carefully to keep the public healthy. Biodegradable and non-biodegradable components make up the majority of this waste; the latter includes things like plastics, tires, e-waste, glassware, building debris, metals, ceramics, some textiles, and batteries. Notably, there is significant worry about non-biodegradable waste, especially plastics. Sri Lanka is currently experiencing an economic crisis, import restrictions, shortages of goods, and hike in foreign exchange rate, all of which highlight the need to adopt a circular economy. Natural ecosystems are seriously threatened by Sri Lanka's rapidly increasing plastic usage, which is increasing at a pace of 16% per year [2]. Every year, over 265,000 megagrams (Mg) of plastic are consumed [2], most of which wind up in landfills. Sri Lanka has not yet adopted practices akin to those of other nations that recycle plastic waste into the circular economy. Failure to convert plastic waste could lead to adverse impacts such as reliance on imports, financial losses, unstable foreign exchange rates, shortages of necessities, rising demand for plastics, problems with the carbon cycle and environmental equilibrium, resource depletion, and failure to meet the Sustainable Development Goals.
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Velzing, Evert-Jan, Annemiek Van der Meijden, Kitty Vreeswijk, and Ruben Vrijhoef. "Circularity in value chains for building materials." In CARPE Conference 2019: Horizon Europe and beyond. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/carpe2019.2019.10196.

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AbstractThe urgency for developing a circular economy is growing, and more and more companies and organisations are concerned with the importance of adapting their business to fit a changing economy. However, many analyses on the circular economy are still rather abstract and there is a lack of understanding about what circularity would mean for specific industries. This insufficient insight especially seems to be apparent in the building and construction sector. Besides, the building and construction sector is responsible for a major part of energy use and emissions. To tackle the issue of insufficient insight into the business consequences of circular devlopments, further research is necessary. Therefore, we propose to collaborate on a research project that aims to provide a more detailed level of analysis. The goal is to identify drivers and barriers to make better use of materials in the building and construction sector. This further research would benefit from an international collaboration between universities of applied sciences and industry from different European countries. An additional benefit of the applied orientation would be the relevance for professional education programmes. References CBS, PBL & Wageningen UR. (2017). Vrijkomen en verwerking van afval per doelgroep, 1990-2014 (indicator 0206, versie 13, 26 janauri2017). Retrieved from: https://www.clo.nl/indicatoren/nl0206-vrijkomen-en-verwerking-van-afval-per-doelgroep Cuchí, A.; Arcas, J.; Casals, M. & Fobella, G. (2014). Building a common home Building sector – A global vision report. Produced by the Global Vision Area within the World SB14 Barcelona Conference. De Jesus, A. & Mendonça, S. (2018). Lost in Transition? Drivers and Barriers in the Eco-innovation Road to the Circular Economy. Ecological Economics, 145, 75-89. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.08.001. EC. (2015). Closing the Loop – An EU action plan for the Circular Economy. Brussels: European Commission. EC. (2019). Report from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions on the implementation of the Circualr Economy Action Plan. Brussels: European Commission. Ghisellini, P; Cialini, C. & Ulgiati, S. (2016). A review on circular economy: the expected transition to a balanced interplay of environmental and economic systems. Journal of Cleaner Production, 114, 11-32. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.09.007. Kirchherr, J., Pisciceli, L., Bour, R., Kostense-Smit, E., Muller, J., Huibrechtse-Truijens, A. & Hekkert, M. (2018). Barriers to the Circular Economy: Evidence From the European Union (EU). Ecological Economics, 150, 264-272. Mazzucato, M. (2018). Mission-Oriented Research & Innovation in the European Union – A problem-solving approach to fuel innovation-led growth. Retrieved from: European Commission; https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/mazzucato_report_2018.pdf Nederland circulair in 2050. Rijksbreed programma Circulaire Economie (2016). Den Haag: Ministerie van Infrastructuur en Milieu & Ministerie van Economische Zaken. Stahel, W.R. (2016) The Circular Economy. Nature, 531(7595), 435-438. UN. (2018). 2018 Global Status Report – Towards a zero-emission, efficient and resilient buildings and construction sector. United Nations Environment Programme. UNCTAD. (2018). Circular Economy: The New Normal (Policy Brief No. 61). Retrieved from United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD): https://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/presspb2017d10_en.pdf
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Apkin, Renat N. "Cartographic Analysis of the Radon Situation in the Environment." In World Lumen Congress 2021, May 26-30, 2021, Iasi, Romania. LUMEN Publishing House, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/wlc2021/03.

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According to UNSCEAR (United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiations), no less than 10% of lung cancer diseases registered annually are caused by radon radiation. Born in the belly of the earth, the same gas, a class I cancirogen, increases the risk of non-cancerous diseases of the upper respiratory tract and cardiovascular diseases. The radon problem occupies an important place in the radioecological programs of the USA, Japan, Western Europe and Russia. However, the natural radiation varies in the background from location to location. In many countries, survey work is being carried out, including an assessment of the intensity of the radon hazards of sites allocated for construction. In Russia, the Radiation Safety Standards are stipulating that the concentration of radon in the air of residential premises should not exceed 200 Bq/m3; in Sweden, the maximum radon concentration is taken as 100 Bq/m3, in Finland and Canada - 400 Bq/m3, and in Germany and Great Britain - 200 Bq/m3. It is necessary to carefully choose the constructive site, with the minimum concentration of radon in the soil. Our purpose is to carry out a cartographic analysis of radon intake from soil in the territory of Kazan. An important component is the creation of unique maps based on the measurement of radon escalation. The practical significance of the work lies in the application of the results for making management decisions, in engineering and environmental surveys, for conducting hygienic assessments, or simply being used by citizens for informational purposes.
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Sungur, Zerrin. "Current Trends in the Development of Green Jobs in Turkey." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c02.00311.

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A sustainable green economy simultaneously values the importance of natural resources and inclusive, equitable, and healthy opportunities for all communities. A green job, also called a green-collar job is, according to the United Nations Environment Program, "work in agricultural, manufacturing, research and development, administrative, and service activities that contribute(s) substantially to preserving or restoring environmental quality. Specifically, but not exclusively, this includes jobs that help to protect ecosystems and biodiversity; reduce energy, materials, and water consumption through high efficiency strategies; de-carbonize the economy; and minimize or altogether avoid generation of all forms of waste and pollution." Turkey, an OECD country, also has some green jobs and employment. The main purpose of this study is to explore the trends in the emergence of green jobs sector and also to investigate the reflections of these developments on the employment rates in Turkey. The potential for green jobs exist in countries at all levels of economic development. Investments and programs to promote green jobs can be targeted at those who tend to need them most; young people, women and poor in Turkey.
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García-Aranda, César, Agustin Molina-García, María del Carmen Morillo Balsera, Sandra Martínez-Cuevas, Encarnación Rodríguez Hurtado, Javier Pérez Rodríguez, Jorge Rodríguez-Chueca, et al. "Creativity and Innovation Skills in University STEM Education: The CHET Project Approach." In Sixth International Conference on Higher Education Advances. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/head20.2020.11127.

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Creativity and innovation are crucial skills to face challenges in economy, environment and social context today, especially next decade with 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development adopted by all United Nations Member States. European Higher Education System considers STEM studies play a key role to lead the global labor market and address our economic system towards more sustainability and equality model. Innovative educational projects developed at the Universidad Politécinca de Madrid have identified lack of students skills in creativity and innovation to apply challenge based-learning and others methodologies in classrooms. Hovewer Higher Education institutions need a whole approach to include creativity in university curricula (graduate and postgraduate programs), at the same time, professors claim support to embebed innovative methodologies in their subjects. CHET Project is designed as a solid strategy aimed at developing an innovative process to modernization of Higher Education System in Europe. Step by step, the project begins by defining the learning environment, then developing creativity techniques and tools, and finally validating methodologies and processes. All this supported by free access online platform.
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Li, Lingyue. "Emerging technologies for carbon reduction in building industry: Evidence from patent inventions." In 10th International Conference on Human Interaction and Emerging Technologies (IHIET 2023). AHFE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1004073.

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According to the "Global Building Construction Industry Report" released by the United Nations Environment Programme, the carbon emissions generated by building operations alone have reached about 10 gigatonnes in 2021. With its rapid and large-scale urbanization, China is one of the main contributors to the global carbon emission. Decarbonization thus became the central task for China's building sector. Emerging technologies, especially digital technologies, provide the potential for building decarbonization, which is possibly realized through the full life cycle of buildings. Yet, understanding towards a localized innovation of these technologies and how they engage carbon reduction remains far from clear. Moreover, due to the large scale and massive nature of buildings, threshold of business applications of these emerging technologies is high thus discussed insufficiently. Draws on literature and expert review, this research discloses the linkage of 14 specific emerging technologies and building decarbonization in a full life-cycle (the planning, construction, use/operation and demolition phases) of buildings. Yangtze River Delta, one of the fastest urbanizing and largest market for building sector in China, is selected for observation. With an OT-matrix and over thousand sorted patent inventions, it identifies that contribution of the emerging technologies to building decarbonization is most secondary. Quite a few general-purpose technologies (e.g., blockchain, IoT), which possibly disrupt the industry fundamentally, are almost vacant. State owned enterprises are the main actors in the technology innovation, followed by university and public research institutions. There is a mixed location of downtown, periphery and outskirts characterizing the spatial pattern of these technologies. The findings help to recommend policy makers, firm managers, professionals and researchers in accessing and developing disruptive technologies for low carbon building industry, and promote business application in this field.
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Reichard, Georg, and Suchismita Bhattacharjee. "A Comparison of Focus and Effectiveness of European Versus U.S. Energy Efficiency Programs for Buildings." In ASME 2009 3rd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer and InterPACK09 Conferences. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2009-90403.

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The authors present a comparative study on effectiveness of energy policies for the building sector that are presently implemented in selected countries in Europe versus selected states in the U.S. Socio-economic factors affecting energy consumption on both sides of the Atlantic are identified from a human behavior perspective. Various identified factors known to affect energy efficiency and consumption have been positioned in diagrams based on four primary directions: lifestyle, economy, environment, and technology. In a second step various programs and incentives are positioned in the same diagram to demonstrate how well these strategies address the factors identified before. This is done for selected countries and continents in sub-diagrams to allow a comparison of effectiveness and provide a tool for predicting the effectiveness of a possible policy or program transfer to other nations. The research conducted so far suggests that energy efficiency policies and measures implemented in the United States do not always target the factors that have been identified to most significantly influence energy consumption. The results indicate that there might be a significant gap between parameters that are guiding factors affecting energy consumption, and parameters targeting a proper implementation of energy efficient policies. The authors strive to provide a tool that will help policy makers and other decision makers to evaluate and compare their incentives and programs against those from other countries and benefit from lessons learned by mapping various policies towards specific efficiency parameters.
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Moore, Aimée, Erin Reilly-Sanders, Johnna S. Keller, and BESS WILLIAMSON. "Towards an Accessible Crit: Disability and Diversity in Architectural Reviews." In 2022 AIA/ACSA Intersections Research Conference. ACSA Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.aia.inter.22.2.

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The United Nations and many of the world’s governments define accessibility in the built environment as a human right, and U.S. architectural degree accreditation requires that accessible design be included in architectural degree curricula. However, architecture programs themselves have rarely been examined for their (in)accessibility. Looking at the architectural critique, or the crit, we note barriers for people with physical, sensory, mental, and cognitive disabilities including uncomfortable seating, long sessions with few breaks, and high-pressure extemporaneous speaking. These practices often go unquestioned, but the inaccessibility of crits is part of an overall culture of discouragement and discrimination for anyone who does not fit traditional expectations, and particularly people with disabilities. An accessible crit consciously addresses the range of abilities and needs that may be present among both students and critics. Here we highlight four different perspectives on accessibility: historical representation of disabled people in architecture training, diversity and equity-focused practices in critiques, applying constructivist pedagogy to architectural critiques, and accessibility as critical to sustainability and resilience. Each perspective offers opportunities for transforming the traditional crit to better meet the needs of participants while furthering architectural education.Disability is rarely included in professional discussions of diversity; for example, the American Institute of Architects (AIA) keeps statistics on members’ race, ethnicity, and gender, but not disability. Meanwhile, statistics on college and graduate students show a significant portion who experience disability, including physical and sensory disabilities along with the “invisible” disabilities of mental illness, neurodiversity, and chronic illness. Since 2020 the physical and mental stresses of higher education have been even more apparent, as well as related stresses of both in-person and remote learning during a pandemic. Rather than returning to “normal” operations that present barriers, we propose taking this moment to re-examine one of the most fundamental practices in architectural education, and using it to leverage a more equitable and productive learning environment.
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Reports on the topic "United Nations Environment Programme"

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Outridge, P. M. Mercury in the environment: Global Mercury Assessment 2018 (United Nations Environment Programme - UNEP), Arctic mercury biogeochemical processes. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/314922.

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Pfluger, Rainer, Alexander Rieser, and Daniel Herrera, eds. Conservation compatible energy retrofit technologies: Part I: Introduction to the integrated approach for the identification of conservation compatible retrofit materials and solutions in historic buildings. IEA SHC Task 59, October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18777/ieashc-task59-2021-0004.

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According to the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), existing European buildings consume about 40% of the total energy consumption in Europe. For this reason, in the last decades, several energy policies have been directed to deep renovation of the existing stock (as last 2018/844). Considering that more than one quarter of all European buildings were constructed before the 1950s, we can assume that many of them are of cultural, architectural, social and heritage values, hence in need of special attention for conservation purposes.
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Herbert, Siân. Donor Support to Electoral Cycles. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.043.

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This rapid literature review explains the stages of an election cycle, and how donors provide support to electoral cycles. It draws mainly on policy guidance websites and papers due to the questions of this review and the level of analysis taken (global-level, donor-level). It focuses on publications from the last five years, and/or current/forthcoming donor strategies. The electoral cycle and its stages are well-established policy concepts for which there is widespread acceptance and use. Donor support to electoral cycles (through electoral assistance and electoral observation) is extremely widespread, and the dominant donors in this area are the multilateral organisations like the United Nations (UN) and the European Union (EU), and also the United States (US). While almost all bilateral donors also carry out some work in this area, “almost all major electoral support programmes are provided jointly with international partners” (DFID, 2014, p.5). Bilateral donors may provide broader support to democratic governance initiatives, which may not be framed as electoral assistance, but may contribute to the wider enabling environment. All of the donors reviewed in this query emphasise that their programmes are designed according to the local context and needs, and thus, beyond the big actors - EU, UN and US, there is little overarching information on what the donors do in this area. While there is a significant literature base in the broad area of electoral support, it tends to be focussed at the country, programme, or thematic, level, rather than at the global, or donor, level taken by this paper. There was a peak in global-level publications on this subject around 2006, the year the electoral cycle model was published by the European Commission, International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA), and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). This review concludes by providing examples of the electoral assistance work carried out by five donors (UN, EU, US, UK and Germany).
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Giezendanner, Hardy, and Himayu Shiotani. A Reference Methodology for National Weapons and Ammunition Management Baseline Assessments. UNIDIR, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37559/caap/21/wam/02.

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Weapons and ammunition management (WAM) is increasingly recognized as a fundamental component of conflict prevention and actions to tackle armed violence. Effective WAM policy and practice ensures that States can exercise governance, oversight, management and control over the full life cycle of arms and ammunition within their national territory. Comprehensive, holistic and systematic national WAM baseline assessments are an essential prerequisite for informing and guiding effective strategic formulation, programme planning, and monitoring and evaluation, and – more broadly – support governance and accountability. A national WAM baseline assessment aims to assist States in their efforts to comprehensively and systematically assess WAM institutions, and their policy and operational processes and capacities, in line with their obligations and commitments at different levels as well as relevant international standards and technical guidelines. A national WAM baseline allows comparison and measurability of variation or progress over time periods, as well as impact, in different environments. One of the key results of such an assessment, and the starting point for follow-up activities, is the development of an actionable ‘national road map’ towards a strengthened and comprehensive national WAM framework. The Reference Methodology for National Weapons and Ammunition Management Baseline Assessments codifies the methodology which has been used to design and implement baseline assessments with 11 States (2015–2020), in cooperation with subregional, regional, United Nations and other partners. It draws inter alia on lessons learned while applying and refining the methodology with partners. The Reference Methodology represents UNIDIR’s practical contribution to ongoing regional efforts and new initiatives at subregional, regional and international levels to undertake comprehensive national WAM baseline assessments. This reference methodology is a practical tool to guide interested parties on how to implement a strategic WAM baseline assessment at the national level. It is being published to enhance knowledge and to promote consistency in the use of WAM baseline assessments by interested stakeholders. It will enable collaboration between States seeking assistance to undertake a national WAM baseline assessment and United Nations entities, regional organizations, and specialized non-governmental organizations that can provide support for such efforts.
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Ashton, Weslynne, Andrés Luque, and John R. Ehrenfeld. Best Practices in Cleaner Production: Promotion and Implementation for Smaller Enterprises (Appendix 1-Case Summaries). Inter-American Development Bank, January 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008580.

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This annex contains specific examples of cleaner production (CP) strategies for smaller enterprises including regional overviews of Latin America, Asia and Europe. It contains best practices from: Multinational Umbrella Programs such as Asian Development Bank, Nordic Environmental Finance Corporation (NEFCO), Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP) &United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), United States ¿ Asia Environmental Partnership (USAEP), United States Agency for International Development (USAID), World Bank; and Country-Specific Programs such as United States Environmental Protection AgencySmall Businesses & Cleaner Production, National Pollution Prevention Roundtable (NPPR), The CNP+L of Mexico, Individual experiences in Latin-America, Australian Cleaner Production Experiences, Indonesia¿s Cleaner Production Award Model, Cleaner Production in Sri Lankan SMEs, Taiwan¿s Cleaner Production Programs, Cleaner Production in Thailand.
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Oyekan, Khalimath, Ayodotun Ayorinde, and Oreoluwa Adenuga. The Problem of Out-of-School Children in Nigeria. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), March 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-ri_2023/058.

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In 2015, all United Nations Member States adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development which outlines a blueprint to address global challenges across a broad range of themes including poverty, health, education, inequality, climate change, environmental degradation, peace and justice. The Goal 4 of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, otherwise referred to as the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 4, seeks to ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all. Unfortunately, an approximated 263 million children remain out of school around the world. This number includes children who never started formal schooling and children who started school but later dropped out (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization [UNESCO], 2016). Reducing the number of out-of-school children (OOSC) is a key priority for countries across Sub-Saharan Africa, including Nigeria. This is because more than half of children globally that have not enrolled in school live in Sub-Saharan Africa, and more than 85 percent of children in Sub-Saharan Africa are not learning the minimum (UNESCO Institute of Statistics, 2018). Moreover, education is a fundamental human right, a critical driver for economic advancement and a powerful tool for poverty reduction. Hence, no child of school age should be denied access to quality and equitable education, and an opportunity to acquire skills that guarantee future employability and long-term earning. In the Nigerian context, OOSC are prevalent in both rural and urban settings, but rural areas, and isolated or deprived areas in general, consistently show higher numbers of out-of-school children (World Bank, 2019). These children are spread across the country in varying proportions. This situation is of concern to the Federal Government of Nigeria as noted in the Nigeria Education Ministerial Plan (2018-2022) which outlines several strategies targeted at bringing children back to school. In spite of these strategies, the number of OOSC remains significantly high. This insight note aims to provide an overview of the most recent data on out-of-school children in Nigeria, including breakdowns by socioeconomic and other demographic indicators. This will be followed by suggestions of possible interventions, prime of which is the Accelerated Education Programme (AEP), and other interventions which could serve to strengthen the existing laid out strategies by the government in addressing the OOSC problem in Nigeria.
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Bongaarts, John. Population policy options in the developing world. Population Council, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/pgy1994.1008.

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The population of the developing world is expanding at the unprecedented rate of more than 800 million people per decade, and, despite anticipated reductions in growth during the next century, its size is expected to increase from 4.1 billion in 1990 to 10.2 billion in 2100. Past efforts to curb this growth have focused almost exclusively on the implementation of family planning programs to provide contraceptive information, services, and supplies. While these programs have been partially successful in reducing birth rates, further investments in them will have a limited additional impact on population growth. Other policy options, in particular measures to reduce high demand for births and to limit population momentum, are therefore needed. This working paper reviews past approaches to population policy and assesses alternative options available to governments of developing countries. These topics were discussed at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (the “Earth Summit”) in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 and will be a focus at the International Conference on Population and Development in 1994 in Cairo.
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Seddon, Bob. Utilizing the International Ammunition Technical Guidelines in Conflict-Affected and Low-Capacity Environments. UNIDIR, March 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.37559/caap/19/asc/05.

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The Utilization of International Immunization Technical Guidelines in Conflict-Affected and Low-Capacity Environments Extracts from the International Ammunition Technical Guidelines. This guide was developed by the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR) and published by the UN SaferGuard Program.
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Malaret Baldo, Alfredo, and Theò Bajon. FAQ on the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas. UNIDIR, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37559/caap/22/pacav/04.

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The use of explosive weapons with wide area effects in populated areas is a particular concern for the United Nations. In this UNIDIR FAQ, our Conventional Arms and Ammunition Programme breaks down the issue. This FAQ presents brief descriptions of key terms and offers an overview of work done by the Programme to unpack and understand the “reverberating effects” from the use of explosive weapons in populated areas.
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Cleary, Summers. Land Cover Summary Statistics for National Capital Region Park Units. National Park Service, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2301309.

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This report documents the acquisition of source data, and calculation of land cover summary statistics datasets for ten National Park Service National Capital Region park units and three custom areas of analysis: Catoctin Mountain Park, Chesapeake & Ohio Canal National Historical Park, George Washington Memorial Parkway, Harpers Ferry National Historical Park, Manassas National Battlefield Park, Monocacy National Battlefield, National Capital Parks - East, Prince William Forest Park, Rock Creek Park, Wolf Trap National Park for the Performing Arts, and the three custom areas of analysis - National Capital Parks - East: Oxon Cove Park, Oxon Hill Farm, Piscataway Park, National Capital Parks - East: Greenbelt Park and Baltimore-Washington Parkway, and National Capital Parks - East: DC and Suitland Parkway. The source data and land cover calculations are available for use within the National Park Service (NPS) Inventory and Monitoring Program. Land cover summary statistics datasets can be calculated for all geographic regions within the extent of the NPS; this report includes statistics calculated for the conterminous United States. The land cover summary statistics datasets are calculated from multiple sources, including Multi-Resolution Land Characteristics Consortium products in the National Land Cover Database (NLCD) and United States Geological Survey?s (USGS) Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center products in the Land Change Monitoring, Assessment, and Projection (LCMAP) raster dataset. These summary statistics calculate land cover at up to three classification scales: Level 1, modified Anderson Level 2, and Natural versus Converted land cover. The output land cover summary statistics datasets produced here for the ten National Capital Region park units and three custom areas of analysis utilize the most recent versions of the source datasets (NLCD and LCMAP). These land cover summary statistics datasets are used in the NPS Inventory and Monitoring Program, including the NPS Environmental Settings Monitoring Protocol and may be used by networks and parks for additional efforts.
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