Relevant bibliographies by topics / United Nations. Force in Cyprus

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'United Nations. Force in Cyprus'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 25 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "United Nations. Force in Cyprus"

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James, Alan. "Reluctant Heroes: Assembling the United Nations Cyprus Force, 1964." International Journal 53, no. 4 (1998): 733. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40203724.

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Dorn, A. Walter. "Electronic Eyes on the Green Line: Surveillance by the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus." Intelligence and National Security 29, no. 2 (2013): 184–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02684527.2013.834216.

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Svéd, László, Andrea Sótér, and Zoltán Vekerdi. "Diseases and Non-Battle Injuries (DNBI) in HUN Missions Based on EPIHUN Reports." Academic and Applied Research in Military and Public Management Science 14, no. 1 (2015): 23–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.32565/aarms.2015.1.2.

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The Medical Service of the Hungarian Defence Forces (HDF) has been playing and taking an important role in the elimination and medical stabilization of several regional crisis areas since 1991. These medical protection and “back-ups” literally mean the medical support of our military forces take part in different tasks besides this fulfilling the special tasks of preventive medicine. The medical data collected from the different tasks and missions have been gathered systematically in order to be informative. From 2008 on we manage data collection with a real-time surveillance report system, the so called EPIHUN (Hungarian Epidemiological and Patient Turnover Report), which have been collected from different aspects and analysed from force health protection aspects. With the DNBI data from the system the authors are analysing the preventable diseases morbidity state and tendencies of the EUFOR (European Union Force), KFOR (Kosovo Force), MFO (Multinational Force and Observers) and UNFICYP (United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus) missions on a 2013 data base. It could be surprising that the morbidity data are very similar to the values seen among military collectives living in barracks during the conscription era of the armed forces. Most DNBI are acute respiratory diseases and diseases of the digestive system, which is important information in medical preparation training before deployment.
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Mikheeva, N. M. "MIGRATION CRISIS AND NEW OPPORTUNITIES FOR TURKEY." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 2(47) (April 28, 2016): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2016-2-47-91-100.

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The article discusses some aspects of the relationship of the European Union and Turkey. Against the backdrop of the immigration crisis, that has gripped almost all countries in Europe, the EU states were forced to appeal to the Turkish Government for assistance. Europe requested to withhold part of the f refugees on the territory of Turkey. The EU promised financial support. The Government of RecepTayyip Erdogan linked problems with the issue of refugees entering the country in the EU. The author analyzes the possibility of positive promotion of the negotiation process on Turkey's EU membership. Focuses on the settlement of the Cyprus problem, as one of the three major political obstacles to Turkey in Europe. We are seeing a situation in which EU political circles are willing to exert pressure on the Cyprus conflict and to push for the signing of a formal treaty on the settlement of problem. Some progress in the negotiation process between the communities of Cyprus EU starts to participate in the negotiations on Cyprus, together with the United Nations. Creates good conditions for the settlement of the conflict. Such a way of resolving the long-standing territorial-community conflict creates much more new problems on the island. Obstacles to the integration of Turkey into the EU will become even more.
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GOMÓŁKA, Krystyna. "ECONOMIC CONTACTS BETWEEN AZERBAIJAN AND THE EUROPEAN UNION." Historical and social-educational ideas 10, no. 6/2 (2019): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17748/2075-9908-2018-10-6/2-53-61.

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After regaining independence in the early 1990s, the Republic of Azerbaijan signed many international agreements. It also established relations with the European Union. Economic contacts between the partners were revived by the partnership and cooperation agreement’s entry into force in 1999. It assumed political dialogue, assistance in building democracy, cooperation in the sphere of economy and investment. In terms of trade in goods and services, the country have granted each other most-favored-nation clauses in the collection of customs duties and charges, transit clearance, composition and transhipment of goods, payment transfers for purchased goods and services. This has led to increased trade between the European Union and Azerbaijan. The most important trade partners of Azerbaijan in the years 2000-2017 were the following members of the European Union: Italy, France and Germany. The exports were dominated by Germany, France, Italy, the United Kingdom and Spain. The opening of the oil and gas sector to foreign companies has contributed to a significant inflow of foreign direct investment. More than 80% of the incoming investment is in the oil sector and the main activities are focused the construction of new gas and oil pipelines. The leading investors in this group in the years 2000-2013 were the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Germany, Italy, France and Cyprus.
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Constantinides, Aristoteles. "The Cyprus Problem in the United Nations Security Council." Austrian Review of International and European Law Online 19, no. 1 (2017): 29–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15736512-01901020.

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Johnson, Edward. "Britain and the Cyprus problem at the united nations, 1954–58." Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 28, no. 3 (2000): 113–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03086530008583101.

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Goulding, Marrack. "The use of force by the United Nations." International Peacekeeping 3, no. 1 (1996): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13533319608413591.

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Yamashita, Hikaru. "‘Impartial’ Use of Force in United Nations Peacekeeping." International Peacekeeping 15, no. 5 (2008): 615–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13533310802396152.

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Higgins, Rosalyn. "THE UNITED NATIONS: STILL A FORCE FOR PEACE*." Modern Law Review 52, no. 1 (1989): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2230.1989.tb02593.x.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "United Nations. Force in Cyprus"

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Ker-Lindsay, James. "The origins of the United Nations Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) : international politics on the road to United Nations Security Council Resolution 186 (1964)." Thesis, University of Kent, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.360980.

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Demsa, Paul Meslam 1949. "International Peacekeeping Operations: Sinai, Congo, Cyprus, Lebanon, and Chad Lessons for the UN and OAU." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1989. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc330944/.

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Peacekeeping is a means by which international or regional organizations control conflict situations that are likely to endanger international peace and security. Most scholars have viewed the contributions of peacekeeping forces only in terms of failures, and they have not investigated fully the political-military circumstances" under which conflict control measures succeed. This dissertation is an attempt to bridge this gap and to show how the OAU compares with the UN in carrying out peacekeeping missions. The method of research was the case study method in which primary and secondary data was used to describe the situations in which six peacekeeping forces operated. The content of resolutions, official reports and secondary data were examined for non-trivial evidences of impediments to implementation of mandates. Findings from the research indicate that peacekeeping missions not properly backed by political efforts at settlement of disputes, cooperation of the superpowers, and financial and logistic support were ineffective and usually unsuccessful. Lack of consensus and pursuit of national interests have resulted in ambiguous or unrealistic mandates and have reduced the effectiveness of peacekeeping operations. Moreover, parties to a conflict were interested only in solutions that favored their interests and were often skeptical about the role and credibility of peacekeeping forces. But the continued violations of ceasefire agreements in defiance of the presence of peacekeeping forces were due partly to the force's inability to use force except in self-defense , Most of the forces operated under serious operational and logistical difficulties and they were inadequately funded. But none of the three factors has been responsible alone for the failure of peacekeeping missions. The coordination of UN operations has been better than that of the OAU. In civil war situations, national governments have requested peacekeeping forces because they could not, unaided, put down their opponents. The UN has deployed its forces only as a means of relaxing tensions while member-states have pursued other interests.
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Livingstone, G. Ann. "Canada's policy and attitudes towards United Nations peacekeeping, 1956 - 1964, with specific reference to participation in the forces sent to Egypt (1956), the Congo (1960) and Cyprus (1964)." Thesis, Keele University, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.297206.

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Gilpin, Kerry Spencer. "The United States, the United Nations, and the legitimation of the use of force." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1993. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA272430.

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Kiratli, Ardan. "The establishment of a United Nations standing multinational maritime force - a dream?" Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1996. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA326265.

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Thesis (M.A. in National Security Affairs) Naval Postgraduate School, Dec. 1996.<br>Thesis advisor(s): D. Eyre, Jan S. Breemer. "December 1996." Includes bibliographical references (p. 75-77). Also available online.
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Melling, Graham. "The Continued Validity of the United Nations Charter's Use of Force Paradigm." Thesis, University of Reading, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.485710.

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The United Nations Charter's use of force paradigm prohibits all uses of force by states except in respect of self-defence or when authorised by the Security Council. However, in 1999, NATO, without express authorisation from the Security Council, undertook non-defensive military action against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, in response to the ongoing crisis in Kosovo. Then, in March 2003, the United States led a coalition of states in a war against Iraq. This military action was also not expressly authorised by the Security Council. Both of these uses of force are ~neral1y considered to constitute primafacie breaches of the Charter's use of force paradigm. These breaches of the Charter have led some observers to claim that the ..:f Charter's use of force paradigm is now 'dead'. It is argued that the invasion of Iraq by the United States-led coalition represents a fmal assault on the Charter's use of force rules. These spectacular breaches of the Charter demonstrate that states no longer consider the Charter's use of force paradigm to be authoritative and controlling. Thereby, the Charter's use of force paradigm is no longer valid. Through the prism ofKosovo and Iraq, this thesis examines the question of :he impact of breaches of the Charter's use of force paradigm upon its :ontinued validity. It is posited that although the Charter's use of force rules lave been breached, these breaches do not mean that the Charter's use of orce paradigm is repudiated by states and thereby no longer valid. It is ontended that in spite of these breaches the Charter's use of force laradigm remains authoritative.
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Stoker, Carol, and Stephen Mehay. "Recruiting, advertising and marketing strategies in all-volunteer force nations case studies of Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States." Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, Graduate School of Business and Public Policy, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/24422.

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Maseko, Francis Bobby. "The experiences of Botswana Defence Force peacekeepers in United Nations peacekeeping missions: the case of Somalia, 1992-1995." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/4532.

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Peacekeeping operations were started by the United Nations following the collapse of the collective security system which was hinged on the cooperation of the major powers as proposed in the United Nations Charter. The United Nations Charter however does not give a definition of peacekeeping, making it difficult for nation states and various agencies to delineate the limits of Peacekeeping. However, the Charter provides a comprehensive number of platforms in which different kinds of threats pertaining to international peace and security may be dealt with. In the backdrop to this, peacekeeping endeavours have over the years come to be defined as Chapter six and a half, descending between Chapter six and Chapter seven of the United Nations Charter. The Charter reveals that the purpose of the United Nations is to maintain International Peace and Security (United Nations 1985:6). As a member of the International Community and its commitment to Peace and International Security, Botswana is obliged to take part in International interventions aimed at bringing peace, security and stability to Africa and the rest of the world. To this end the government of Botswana is always ready to release and deploy peacekeepers anywhere such calls are made by regional bodies such as the UN, AU or SADC. (Muyakwabo, 2013:2). The intervention of the BDF in the Somali civil war of 1992-1994 is a classic example of Botswana’s commitment to International Peace and Security. In response to the call by UN to assist Somalis, Botswana deployed a battalion sized BDF contingent of Peacekeepers to the United Nations Operation in Somalia (UNOSOM) to help bring peace and security to the nation of Somalia. (Bachelor, Kingman and Lamb 2000:21). This research study is an exploratory investigation into the experiences of the first Botswana Defence Force Peacekeepers who were deployed in the United Nations Peacekeeping Mission in Somalia (UNOSOM) 1993-1995. Seventeen peacekeepers were interviewed who have participated in both UNOSOM I and UNOSOM II. A thematic analysis of the text was undertaken, in which themes emerged to document and highlight the difficulties that the peacekeepers experienced in Somalia. Narratives from the transcribed interviews were reviewed with the participants and logical analysis by the researcher provided further clarification of the data to understand the experiences of the peacekeepers. The peacekeepers’ descriptions of the situations they faced on the ground provided a new way into understanding the intricacies of traditional peacekeeping. Three fundamental themes emerged: the importance of peacekeeping education and training; the importance and need of logistical support, personal and contingent preparation; and the way forward in ensuring successful and effective peacekeeping by African armies.
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Uesugi, Yuji. "United Nations peacekeeping and the nexus between conflict settlement and conflict resolution : a comparative case study of UN peacekeeping in Cyprus and Cambodia." Thesis, University of Kent, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.274352.

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Gorman, Fitzalan Crowe. "Non-State Actors, Terrorism and the United Nations: A Critical Analysis through Three Case Studies Examining the United Nations'Effectiveness in Addressing the Threat Imposed by Violent Non-State Actors." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31797.

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The purpose of this study is to determine if the United Nations is structured in a manner that allows for it to effectively protect its principles while meeting the challenges emerging from the increasing number of security threats carried out by violent non-state actors. The United Nations, through the strategies of collective security and sovereign equality, aspires to have its member states prevent war through the peaceful settlement of disputes. This thesis argues that, by examining the legal norms that govern the methods in which member states are authorized to use force, the foundation and principles of the United Nations are to promote collective security through the avoidance of war. The United Nationsâ Charter only outlines a method for how sovereign states are to handle disputes with other states. The Charter fails to establish an effective method for states to respond to violence that originates from a non-state source. States therefore have elected to respond to aggression by non-state actors in terms that are not in accordance with the United Nationsâ Charter. This thesis therefore argues that any member state that chooses to use force against another state, specifically due to that state being the perceived origin of violent non-state aggression, without the approval of the United Nations Security Council, is doing so illegally and undermining the integrity of the organization. Since the United Nationsâ Charter fails to make provisions for the use of force against violence by non-state on state actors, it would seem wise for the United Nations to update its Charter to reflect a more efficient method for states to respond to non-state aggression. Unless the United Nations modernizes to respond to this tactic and outlines a strict method for states to respond to these situations, the United Nations will grow increasingly irrelevant. The thesis is organized into four main parts. The introduction describes the legal foundation of the United Nations and argues that its integrity is based upon the concept of collective security. This examination will explore the historical growth of collective security through the successes and failures of organizations who have previously employed its principles. This section will go into detail on the main principles of the United Nations Charter, specifically when the use of force is permissible by the organization. The first chapter offers a historical examination into the growth of non-state actors and the terrorist tactics they have employed. Terrorism is a tactic that aspires to disrupt society through the threat or usage of violence. This tactic typically uses or threatens to use violence in an attempt to gain footage in political, economic, religious or social issues. This analysis will offer evidence into the effectiveness of this tactic for inflicting civilian casualties and disrupting the peace of states. The second chapter is an analysis of how the United Nations has evolved to address the global growth of terrorism. This analysis will be supported by the legal documentation that the United Nations has passed to address terrorism. The main method in which the United Nations has employed to suppress terrorism is sanctions. This section will detail cases where the United Nations has used economic sanctions as a method to punish states that support terrorism. The third chapter of this thesis will offer an in-depth analysis of instances where, despite structures that the United Nations has in place to suppress terrorism, member states have determined that their state is not adequately protected from terrorism. In turn, these states have used force against another sovereign state without a Security Council mandate. By doing this, the member states have violated United Nations articles governing the use of force and the notion of collective security. The final section of this thesis will offer recommendations on necessary changes to the United Nations Charter regarding the use of force against violence by non-state on state actors. More efficient legal framework is necessary in the United Nations Charter to allow for states to capably and legally respond to the growth of terrorism. This thesis demonstrates that the current structure of the United Nations is incapable of controlling or responding to violent non-state actors. Additionally, with the mounting number of occurrences where a member state elects to use force against another sovereign state in response to terrorism, the core principles and purpose of the United Nations are becoming moot. This thesis will conclude by exploring possible reform within the United Nations by allowing for member states to legally and effectively respond to the terrorist activities of violent non-state actors. This reform would be achieved by outlining legal action allowed by a state when attacked or threatened with an attack by a non-state actor.<br>Master of Arts
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Books on the topic "United Nations. Force in Cyprus"

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Cyprus, the United Nations, and the quest for unity. Melrose Books, 2007.

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Bradshaw, Christopher. The United Nations force in Cyprus 1964-1974: A U.N. success?. University of Salford, 1992.

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Robert, McDonald. The problem of Cyprus. Brassey's for The International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1989.

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Keeping the peace in the Cyprus Crisis of 1963-64. Palgrave, 2001.

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Henn, Francis. A business of some heat: The United Nations force in Cyprus before and during the 1974 Turkish invasion. Pen & Sword Military, 2004.

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The bulletproof flag: Canadian peacekeeping forces and the war in Cyprus. Optimum Pub. International, 2007.

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Canadian Institute for International Peace and Security. Peacekeeping and peacemaking in Cyprus. Canadian Institute for International Peace and Security, 1988.

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Dodd, C. H. Disaccord on Cyprus: The UN plan and after. 2nd ed. Eothen, 2004.

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H, Dodd C. Disaccord on Cyprus: The UN plan and after. Eothen, 2003.

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The Cyprus problem: What everyone needs to know. Oxford University Press, 2011.

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Book chapters on the topic "United Nations. Force in Cyprus"

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Luard, Evan. "Cyprus." In A History of the United Nations. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-20030-6_8.

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Wolfe, James H. "The United Nations and the Cyprus Question." In Cyprus. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-12781-8_16.

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Luard, Evan. "Cyprus Again." In A History of the United Nations. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-20030-6_17.

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"The United Nations Force in Cyprus." In Promoting Peace with Information. Princeton University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv18zhdj0.8.

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"Forming the Cyprus Force." In The United Nations, Peace Operations and the Cold War. Routledge, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315833415-42.

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"4. The United Nations Force in Cyprus." In Promoting Peace with Information. Princeton University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9780691224251-005.

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"The United Kingdom Nations Plan." In Cyprus. I.B.Tauris, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9780755618866.ch-015.

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"Cyprus." In Permanent Missions to the United Nations. United Nations, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/9789210018289c044.

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"No. 25909. Cyprus." In United Nations Treaty Series. UN, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/2596f984-en-fr.

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"No. 38851. Cyprus." In United Nations Treaty Series. UN, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/cee74f94-en-fr.

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Conference papers on the topic "United Nations. Force in Cyprus"

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Ranken, M. B. F. "Some Implications of The Entry Into Force of The United Nations Convention On The Law of The Sea 1982." In Warship 95: Offshore Protection Vessels. RINA, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3940/rina.warship.1995.13.

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Deynekli, Adnan. "Field of Application of United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c06.01265.

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United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) entered into force on the 1st August 2011 in Turkey. CISG is accepted with the purpose of development and encouragement of international trade and application of uniform rules for resolution of disputes arising from the contracts for the international sale of goods. CISG applies to contracts of sale of goods between parties whose places of business are in different states when the states are contracting states; or when the rules of private international law lead to the application of the law of a contracting state. Neither the nationality of the parties nor the civil or commercial character of the parties or of the contract is to be taken into consideration in determining the application of CISG. In order to apply CISG, there has to be a contract about international sale of goods and the parties shall be from different contracting states or the rules of private international law shall lead to the application of the law of a contracting state. The parties may totally or partially exclude the application of this CISG. CISG does not apply in terms of third party rights and the validity of the contract or of any of its provisions or of any usage.
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Andem, Maurice N. "The Question of Legitimacy of Threat or Use of Force in and from Outer Space: A Reflection on the Sanctity and Legal Binding Force of the Charter of the United Nations and the 1967 Outer Space Treaty." In 57th International Astronautical Congress. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.iac-06-e6.4.01.

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Narin, Müslüme. "Flexible Mechanisms of the Kyoto Protocol: Emissions Trading." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c04.00770.

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The growth of the world economy, rapid population growth and urbanization increased the demand for energy. Nowadays, a large part of the growing demand for energy provided by fossil fuels, carbon dioxide and greenhouse gas emissions resulting from the burning of these fuels leading to climate change and global warming. Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in 1994 to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the Kyoto Protocol entered into force in 2005. The Kyoto Protocol, emission volume of the three market-based flexibility mechanisms have to be considered. One of these mechanisms is emissions trading. This study will focus on emissions trading systems and carbon markets. All over the world in recent years, based on the spot and futures contracts are traded on the carbon. In this direction of the world's carbon stocks and its activities will be discussed. Also in 2008, in the aftermath of the global crisis and European Debt Crisis its effects on carbon markets will be investigated.
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Blomgren, Connie, Martha Cleveland-Innes, and Elena Chudaeva. "Global Viewpoints on Open Educational Resources for Blended Learning." In Tenth Pan-Commonwealth Forum on Open Learning. Commonwealth of Learning, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56059/pcf10.5737.

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OER are considered a key component to meeting the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 4 (Quality Education) as well as being foundational to meeting the other remaining sixteen goals. For several years, the Blended Learning Practice MOOC has been offered in a partnership between Athabasca University and the Commonwealth of Learning. The Global Viewpoints on Open Educational Resources for Blended Learning research project analyszed mooc data to explore the following research question: What are the impressions of cMOOC participants with regards to Open Educational Resources as part of blended learning and teaching? Through the assistance of Athabasca University’s Research Centre's Idea Lab, and the use of digital tools including natural language processing and machine learning, cMOOC participants' discussion forum posts on Open Educational Resources provided initial findings reported upon in this paper and that will be further analyzed using a Force Field Analysis methodology. Researchers report upon the use of cloud-based computing provided by Amazon Web Services and their research arm RONIN as well as the making of a digital management plan.
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Cerro, Camilo. "Float: Designing for the Rise in Sea Level." In 2019 ACSA Teachers Conference. ACSA Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.teach.2019.43.

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According to the United Nations, presently, about 54% of the world’s population lives in urban areas, with the number expected to increase to 66% by 2050. Urban areas which are ill prepared to deal with their present population needs will have to develop and manage; housing, healthcare, education, transportation, infrastructure and food pro-duction for an additional 2.5 billion people. With three-quarters of the world’s megalopolis by the sea and 80% of people living within 60 miles of the coast, sea level rise will force a new way of thinking about urban development. Managing urban areas has become one of the most important development challenges of the 21st century. In the UAE specifically, there are nearly 1,300 kilometers of coast-line. Approximately 85% of the population and over 90% of the infra-structure are located within several meters of sea level in low-lying coastal areas. This poses a very specific urban problem of relocation. But not all relocation will need to be done inland. The potential for floating architecture is a very real possibility to help solve some of the problems brought on by the rise in sea level. This is why at the American University of Sharjah, we have been studying this issue and other sustainability related opportunities in a series of courses that started in 2014 with a summer studio course set in Cambodia. Students lived with a floating community in the Tong le Sap lake for a month, studying vernacular floatation systems to inform the development of proposals for floating dwelling studies. This semester (Spring 2018), a fifth year architecture studio set up to transfer specific urban functions to the water within protected areas in the UAE. The aim of the studio was to start looking at possible implementation of floating systems within everyday functions to start a discussion of the potential of this technologies and the feasibility of its use at both an industrial and commercial level. The idea was to develop a series systemic interdependent sustainable designs based on the idea of third nature, hybridizing complex relationships between distinct functions in environments above and below water. This paper will cover the methodology implemented to start tackling these subjects in the studio environment with the aim to create awareness for designers and the general public.
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Jean, Mark S., and Eric Grant. "Management System Enabled ESG Performance." In 2022 14th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2022-86870.

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Abstract Throughout the centuries, companies have faced a wide range of challenges and changes that have caused them to rethink their strategies and redesign their organizations. The recent focus on environmental, social, and governance (ESG) performance is one of the new challenges facing companies today. ESG builds on prior Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) reporting, adding additional structure and rigour to the process for disclosure. It is not the concept of ESG that is challenging, but the speed at which the public and other key stakeholders, including institutional investors and regulators, have endorsed it that creates the greatest issue for companies. It has affected their ability to attract investment, increases costs for borrowing as well as for insurance. This directly impacts a company’s ability to finance and get access to lower-cost capital for their growth and ongoing operations[1]. There are many different disclosure frameworks in place to support ESG improvement and reporting. These include including Global Reporting Initiative (GRI), Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB), Task Force on Climate-related financial Disclosures (TCFD), United Nations (UN) Sustainability Goals, etc. with new frameworks being added and changes being made on a regular basis. While there are many different frameworks, many share a common objective of improved performance in one or more of the ESG pillars. This improvement is not intended to be acute, but rather demonstrate continual organizational improvement over time. To effectively meet ESG requirements, companies will have to demonstrate sustained improvements in defined ESG pillars, supported by: • Defined ESG strategies; • Established processes and consistent and progressive practices; • Measurement, reporting, and leadership oversight; and • Disclosure/Transparency (e.g. public reporting)[2] As the recognition of ESG continues to grow, so too has the use of management systems, especially in the pipeline industry. Many companies are developing or have developed a management system to support their organization and operations. This is one of the key tools that companies can use to systematically improve their ESG performance. It provides the structure to support effective ESG risk identification, management, mitigation, and reporting, providing the necessary sustained improvement and governance oversight needed. Through a management system plan-do-check-act (PDCA) approach, ESG initiatives can be effectively planned, executed, reviewed, and reported to support ongoing improvement in both ESG as well existing operations. The proposed paper will discuss the relationship between management systems and ESG how to leverage a management system to support systematic improvements in ESG performance and year-over-year improvement in ESG related metrics.
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Chanden, Mysore Chandrashekar, J. S. Aadithyaa, P. S. Prakash, and Haridas Bharath. "Machine learning for building extraction and integration of particle swarm optimization with sleuth for urban growth pattern visualization for liveable cities." In 55th ISOCARP World Planning Congress, Beyond Metropolis, Jakarta-Bogor, Indonesia. ISOCARP, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/pukd9844.

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Rapidly increasing population and migration from rural areas to nearby urban agglomerations develop tremendous pressure on system of the existing cities without compromising socioeconomic and cultural linkages. Policy interventions, both at global and local scale, have created newer avenues for the researchers to explore real-time solutions for problems world-wide. For instance, the outcome of 2015 United Nations agenda for the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by the year 2030 primarily focuses on urbanization issues and probabilistic modelling of future scenarios to obtain a robust alternative for resource utilization and further for maximizing sustainability through land use pattern analysis. This is the clear indication toward the very important role of “ever dormant” urban planning, especially in the case of a rapidly developing country such as India. Remote sensing and geo informatics along with Machine learning can provide extremely relevant information about the pattern change in cities and as input to visualize the future growth pockets. In this context, potential of cellular automata (CA) in urban modelling has been explored by various researchers across the globe. In the recent past, models have been drawing majority of the attention along with geographic CA processes about urban growth and urban sprawl studies. Most recent approaches include optimization of transition rules based on machine learning techniques and evolutionary algorithms that follow nature-inspired mechanism such as Genetic Algorithm, Ant colony optimization, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), simulated annealing, Grey Wolf optimizer etc. Irrespective of any modelling technique, model calibration remains one of the challenging and most crucial steps towards obtaining realistic results. This research communication tries to demonstrate a novel idea of integrating PSO with SLEUTH post calibration of the spatial-temporal footprint of urban growth from the year 1990 to 2017 for Kolkata, a historical megacity of Eastern India. Results were evaluated and validated using statistical fit measuresreveals PSO-SLEUTH performed substantially better compared to traditional Brute Force calibration method (BFM). Another significant development was in terms of computation time of optimized values from days (BFM) to hours (PSO). The study identifies Kolkata region to be sensitive to spread and road gravity coefficients during calibration procedure. Results indicate growth along the transport corridors with multiple agents fuelling the growth. Further, with the aid of high spatial resolution data, buildings were extracted to understand the growth parameters incorporating neural networks. Using the results, renewable energy aspects were explored to harness and provide a suitable local solution for energy issues in energy gobbling cities. Pattern of landscape change, development of better process of modeling and extraction of building from machine learning techniques for planning smart cities with self-sustaining energy is presented in this research work.
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Saeed Ghafoor Ahmad, Kosar, and Amanj nasih qadir omer. "Prosecuting the perpetrators of the Camp Speicher crime according to Iraqi laws or the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court." In Peacebuilding and Genocide Prevention. University of Human Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/uhdicpgp/45.

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"This work includes talking about the crime of Camp Speicher, in which 1,700 students of the Iraqi army of the Sheea creed were killed by the gangs of the terrorist organization ISIS, with the aim of eliminating the members of this sect because of the misleading ideology carried by those gangs. On 6-12-2014, Iraqi soldiers at Camp Speicher (Speicher Air Base) in Tikrit were subjected to murder and enforced disappearance by terrorist organizations because of their affiliation to the Sheea creed. This crime was among a series of brutal crimes for the genocide of Sheeas in Iraq. This is similar to what happened in the Badoush prison crime in the province of Mosul, which the Iraqi Parliament considered it as a crime of genocide, in which these gangs executed about (400) members of the prison inmates of the Sheea component. After ISIS took control of the city of Tikrit in Iraq, and one day after they took control of the city of Mosul, they captured (2000-2200) soldiers and led them to the presidential palaces in Tikrit, and they shot them there and in other areas and buried some of them alive. This disaster had a negative impact on the families of the victims of the Speicher where they went out in demonstrations demanded that the leaders who handed over the victims of Speicher to ISIS must be prosecuted, and in one of the demonstrations they managed to enter Parliament and demanded that the leaders who handed over Speicher to ISIS be held accountable. After that, many demonstrations took place by the families of the victims, some of which led to the closure of a bridge in Baghdad a few times Protesting the government's delay in clarifying the fate of their children or taking quick measures. The Iraqi parliament and government recently considered the Speicher incident “genocide” in reference to the premeditated murder of Badoush Prison inmates in Nineveh Governorate and the unarmed Speicher military base, the premeditated murder of members of the Albu Nimr, Jabour, al-Lahib, and al-Ubaid tribes, and the killing and displacement of civilians from Kurds, Christians, Yazidis and Shabaks in Sahel Nineveh, Sinjar, deliberate killing and displacement of Turkmens in Tal Afar and Bashir. This decision paves the way for obtaining international recognition from it as a ""genocide"" as stipulated in the Contract of the United Nations in 1948, and Iraq signed it in the fifties of the last century. This study attempts to explain the Al-Ikhnasas Court in looking into the crimes of genocide committed by ISIS against the bereaved students of the Air Force Base (Speicher) due to what this issue raised from the national and international public opinion, especially after the involvement of the Iraqi army leaders in this massacre, according to what witnesses reported in that area and what was reported by soldiers who survived the incident, in addition to the involvement of some members of the Sunni tribes in these crimes with the terrorist organization ISIS. The importance of this study lies in the following aspects: - That ISIS elements were tried according to Anti-Terrorism Law No. 13 of 2005, and from our point of view that the aforementioned law is vague and broader than it should be, and it applies to serious and simple crimes from murder to crimes of sabotage, and the list of crimes punishable by the death penalty according to the aforementioned law is a long list and spacious. - The Iraqi government has embarked on an attempt to develop a legal framework to prosecute ISIS elements, and its mission focused on understanding the procedures and results drawn from those judicial efforts, and its mission also focused on showing the efforts taken by the Iraqi government to address violations in the field of the right to life, including those committed by affiliated forces government as well as other international and domestic actors. The International Criminal Court is specialized in considering specific crimes under Article (5) of its Statute, which are war crimes, aggression and crimes against humanity, which necessitates the adaptation of Speicher's crime within any of the mentioned types of crimes. The assumption of the International Criminal Court in relation to the Speicher crime, includes several positive matters and results at the same time a set of negatives, which must be presented to those positives and negatives in order to give preference between them and the choice of authorizing the court to consider the crime or not. The terrorist organization ISIS has committed serious systematic violations, including war crimes and others, and perhaps those that are not under its control, and that none of these crimes can be addressed within the anti-terrorism law, which cannot address human rights violations. The international community has recognized the heinous violations committed by ISIS against the citizens of Iraq by adopting Resolution (2370) in September of 2017, issued by the Security Council, which authorizes the Security Council to appoint an investigation team to support local efforts to hold ISIS elements accountable by collecting and preserving evidence in Iraq, which can rise to a high level, and it was committed by the elements of the organization. It considers that the decision constitutes a burden and an obligation on Iraq to investigate all allegations of violations committed by government forces for the purpose of holding them accountable, as well as requiring the establishment of special courts and trained judges in relation to ISIS crimes to deal with them. Terrorism is a global curse that has recently spread horizontally to all countries of the world and its effects have been concentrated vertically in some countries, and no one denies that the parties to this phenomenon are increasing (perpetrators and victims) and the United Nations in particular and the international community in general has not succeeded in reducing it despite the fact that the resolutions of the UN Security Council It is increasing, but the proportionality is absent between these decisions and the practical reality. The phenomenon of terrorism is spreading rapidly, and the perpetrators of terrorist acts are on the rise, corresponding to an increase in the victims of terrorism. Also, the circumstances and events that Iraq is going through, especially after 2003, put it at the forefront of countries which suffers from terrorism that has killed the people, using methods and forms that were not previously known and brutal and bloody cruel. ) for the year 2005, and since terrorism was not limited to Iraq, but included many countries, and was not specific to a place or time, nor was it recent in terms of composition. In addition, the aforementioned law cannot be aware of all violations of international and humanitarian law, as we mentioned previously, which requires the necessity of referring the criminals to a competent court. The Court conducts its rule under Article (13) of its Statute when referred to it by a state party to the same system or by the Security Council or when the Public Prosecutor conducts the investigation on his own, and then how does the Court take its measures regarding the aforementioned crime if we take a look Considering that the State of Iraq is not a member of the Statute of the Court. The rule of the court is free from the death penalty, which makes the idea of authorizing the court to consider the crime rejected by most Iraqis, especially the families of the victims. What are the negative aspects of the Iraqi national judiciary’s view of the Speicher crime, and how can it be avoided if the International Criminal Court plays this role? What are the guarantees provided by the court in the event that it proceeds with its procedures regarding this crime? The research on this subject is according to the appropriate method, which is the analytical and comparative method, which works on studying and comparing topics by analyzing ideas and jurisprudential rulings, and the positions of the governments of countries and the United Nations, as well as the resolutions of the Security Council and the General Assembly, and comparing arbitration between Iraqi courts. And the international courts regarding the trial of the perpetrators of the Speicher base crime, and then come up with a set of conclusions and recommendations."
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Reports on the topic "United Nations. Force in Cyprus"

1

Krsticevic, Damir. United Nations Protection Force in Croatia, (UNPROFOR). Defense Technical Information Center, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada345006.

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2

McGreevy, Paul E. The Proposal for a United Nations Permanent Armed Force: United States Options. Defense Technical Information Center, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada264427.

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3

Bendini, Roberto F. The Use of Military Force in United Nations Peacekeeping Operations. Defense Technical Information Center, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada344972.

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4

Brooks, Michael A. The United Nations Standing Force a Qualitative Analysis of Strategic and Operational Options for the United States. Defense Technical Information Center, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada267538.

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5

Juedeman, Corry H. Standing or Standby? Is a Standing Peacekeeping Force the Best Option for the United Nations. Defense Technical Information Center, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada470790.

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6

Kersten, Jeffrey D. The Role of the United Nations in the 21st Century: A Case for an International Police Force. Defense Technical Information Center, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada406979.

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Stoker, Carol, and Stephen Mehay. Recuiting, Advertising and Marketing Strategies in All-Volunteer Force Nations: Case Studies of Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Defense Technical Information Center, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada557589.

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8

Shifting power in global health: Decolonising discourses - series synthesis. United Nations University - International Institute for Global Health, Development Reimagined, Wilton Park, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37941/mr-f/2022/3.

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There have been an increasing number of voices – both individual and institutional – that have called for a reassessment of global health and greater recognition of its colonial heritage. Whilst there is currently no unified definition of what it would mean to decolonise global health, in its broadest sense, it has been described as the ‘imperative of problematising coloniality'. It is within this context that the “Shifting Power in Global Health: Decolonising Discourses” series was co-convened by the United Nations University’s International Institute for Global Health, Development Reimagined, and Wilton Park. Held as a set of three dialogues between November 2021 and May 2022, the series took as its point of departure the many discussions, webinars, and publications presenting the ways coloniality manifests within global health, with the aim of shifting from problematising coloniality to catalysing decoloniality. While colonialism refers to the physical occupation of a bounded territory, coloniality, in both its historical and present-day manifestations, is understood as a globally persistent and geographically unbounded extractive process that drives inequities. Consequently, while decolonisation is easily recognised by the physical removal or exit of the colonising force, a similarly straightforward definition for decoloniality is not so easily found.
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