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Harry, Deinibiteim Monimah. "Value Addition Policy in Nigeria’s Export Processing Zones: Lessons from the Asian Economies." Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 9, no. 3 (2018): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mjss-2018-0058.
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Abstract The study examined the value addition in the Nigeria’s export processing zones, comparing it with the experiences from Asian economies. Upon the recommendation of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), Nigeria adopted the EPZ scheme via Decree No 63 of 1992 to accelerate industrialization through increasing manufacturing for exports, among others. The Calabar Free Trade Zone was established as the pioneer zone in the country. The objective of this research work is to determine the extent of Value Addition at the zones in Nigeria. As at 2008, 25 zones have registered with NEPZA, the regulatory authority in the country. Out of the 25 registered zones, 11are operational, 9 under construction and 5 merely declared. Four (4) zones, namely, Calabar, Oil and Gas and Snake Island Integrated Free Trade Zones and Alscon Export Processing zone, were systematically selected from the 11 operational zones for the study. Two hundred and ninety copies of questionnaire were administered on 290 respondents drawn from 54 firms and 4 zonal management boards. Out of the 290 copies of questionnaire 242 copies were properly filled and returned. The 242 copies of questionnaire returned served as the primary source of data, while textbooks, journals, fasimiles, etc served as the secondary sources of data. The paper argued that for EPZs to help in the industrialization of a nation value addition and production segmentation must be made central to the manufacturing/ production processes; because the higher the level of value addition the greater the impact/contribution of EPZs to socio-economic development. The study revealed that the level of value addition in the Nigerian zones is very low, only labour element of value addition is visible, technology and material elements were absent. Hence, the paper recommends that value addition should be made compulsory in the production processes at the zones and emphasis should be on the technology and material elements. This, it is believed would enhance backward linkages with the domestic economy.
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Jasch, Christine. "Governmental initiatives: the UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Development Organization) TEST approach." Journal of Cleaner Production 108 (December 2015): 1375–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.10.019.
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Carment, David. "UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION. India : New Dimensions of Industrial Growth. Cambridge (MA), Basil Blackwell Inc., Coll. « Industrial Development Review Series », 1990, 279 p." Études internationales 23, no. 2 (1992): 475. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/703026ar.
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Ighobor, Kingsley. "Africa on the road to industrial progress - Interview: Li Yong, Director-General of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)." Africa Renewal 31, no. 2 (2017): 10–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/7168bf08-en.
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Reid, Christine D. "International Yearbook of Industrial Statistics 20032004134United Nations Industrial Development Organization. International Yearbook of Industrial Statistics 2003. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar 2003. xi+672 pp., ISBN: 1 84376 81 1 £145 Published for the United Nations Industrial Development Organization by Edward Elgar." Reference Reviews 18, no. 3 (2004): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09504120410528108.
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Sidorov, V. N., and E. V. Sidorova. "UNITED NATIONS ACTION IN THE FIELD OF TRADE FACILITATION." Courier of Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)), no. 12 (March 14, 2021): 95–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/2311-5998.2020.76.12.095-110.
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Trade is defined as one of the key enabler of implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals Agenda 2030. Trade facilitation is important trend of trade in sustainable development, as expected will promote of growth acceleration and international trade and also will enhance economic, ecological and social aspects of sustainable development. In article is offered to consider the main activities of the United Nations in the trade facilitation. In the article it is offered to consider the main activities of the UN in the sphere simplification of procedures of trade The article considers the work of the United Nations in the of trade facilitation field, in particular the work of the United Nations, sustainable development, trade facilitation, International law, United Nations Commission on International Trade law, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, United Nations Industrial Development Organization, United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, United Nations Centre for Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business, United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, United Nations Network of Experts for Paperless Trade in Asia and the Pacific.
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Baark, Erik, and Joseph Strahl. "The Response of International Organizations to the Environmental Challenge: The Case of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)." Development and Change 26, no. 3 (1995): 441–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7660.1995.tb00561.x.
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Miertus, Stanislav. "Introduction to ICS-UNIDO Activities and Programmes: Focus on Cleaner Technologies and Sustainable Development." Eurasian Chemico-Technological Journal 3, no. 4 (2017): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.18321/ectj571.
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The paper briefly reviews the key issues of the programme which is being developed by the International Centre for Science and High Technology of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (ICSUNIDO),<br />focused on technologies for sustainable industrial development and more specifically those applicable to chemical and related industries. The first part of the paper describes the concept of sustainability with a short overview of the concept of pollution prevention. The second part is devoted to the overview of ICS-UNIDO programmes, with specific<br />focus on catalysis and sustainable chemistry.
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Basundoro, Alfin Febrian, and Allysa Ramadhani. "Analisis Efektivitas Implementasi Sustainable Development Goals ke-9 dalam Industrialisasi Pertanian di Rwanda." Jurnal Sentris 1, no. 1 (2020): 75–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.26593/sentris.v1i1.4195.75-89.
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Africa has great potential for development with its human and natural resources potential. Many African countries, including Rwanda, have protractedly relied on agriculture as their main source of income; however, the agricultural sector within the region has not faced thorough development due to, for example, limited progress in both agroindustries and agribusiness. Supported by technology and human resources development, global agriculture has progressed rapidly, and agriculture has become a strategic aspect of several national policies. In addition, several international institutions—such as the United Nations (UN), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) —have formed various frameworks related to the sector. Utilizing approaches that address problems of human security and food security, this paper explains whether Rwanda’s agricultural industrialization methods are in line with both the four FAO-UNIDO agricultural industrialization pillars and also the ninth Sustainable Development Goals on infrastructure, industry, and innovation
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Abdulla, Abdulla Rashid, and Hongzhong Zhao. "Technology Sophistication and Industrial Diversification are the Key for Global Manufacturing Competitiveness." Applied Mechanics and Materials 291-294 (February 2013): 2984–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.291-294.2984.
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Manufacturing is considered to be a driving force of any country’s economic development by creating more employments and social income. However, in this era of rapid technological change every country struggling to increase more market shares and to remain competitive in the international scene. In this study we tried to analyze the competitiveness of small countries and island economies by using United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) methodology. Nevertheless, the study support the notion that while giant struggling to maintain their position the miniature are kicked out by rapid losing their manufacturing capability and hence decreasing the market share.
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Gerber, Larry G. "The National Industrial Recovery Act in Comparative Perspective: Organized Labor's Role in American and British Efforts at Industrial Planning, 1929–1933." Journal of Policy History 6, no. 4 (1994): 403–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898030600004012.
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In both the United States and Britain, the Great Depression generated widespread interest in the possibility of utilizing state power to foster the development of corporatist institutions to restore order and stability to economic life. However, whereas Britian made only piecemeal efforts to implement corporatist mechanisms in a few selected industries, the United States proved willing, at least temporarily, to implement a far more thoroughgoing experiment in corporatism—he National Recovery Administration (NRA). This article seeks to explain this divergence in American and British policy responses to the depression. While considering the extent to which differences in state capacities, ideology, political contingencies, and the structure of economic organization may have contributed to America's greater willingness to attempt a comprehensive experiment with corporatism in the early 1930s, this article focuses on the importance of the weakness of organized labor in the American—as opposed to the British—political economy as an explanatory factor in the divergent experiences of the two nations.
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Holly, Daniel A. "Gestion de la décroissance et reproduction institutionnelle à I'ONUDI." Études internationales 27, no. 3 (2005): 501–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/703627ar.
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This article explores the relationship between environmental changes and the reform process at the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO). The basic question it seeks to answer is : how does an organization self-produce in conditions of intense environmental change ? International organizations, while carrying out their mission, are constantly called upon to take notice of changes in their environment and to make accordingly whatever adjustment is required. This adaptive process serves two main purposes : first, to facilitate the pursuit and attainment of the objectives of the organization and, second, to help the organization self-produce, for international organizations like any other social System self-produce through the action it exercises on it self. The reform process undertaken at UNIDO beginning in the late 80s clearly bears out that contention. It sheds light on the conditions and difficulties that surround the undergoing reform process at the United nations.
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Grimshaw, Damian. "International organisations and the future of work: How new technologies and inequality shaped the narratives in 2019." Journal of Industrial Relations 62, no. 3 (2020): 477–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185620913129.
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In a critical review of seven prominent flagship reports from five international organisations – the International Labour Organization (ILO), Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and World Bank – this article explores how the policy narratives set out during 2019 and early 2020 have characterised the major future of work challenges associated with new technologies and inequality. It identifies some similarities in viewpoints, including about the unevenness of job changes caused by new technologies and about the declining labour income share, a key measure of inequality. However, there are major points of differentiation. The ILO, OECD and UNDP express serious concerns about the interaction between new technologies and growing inequalities, on the one hand, and a rise in precarious work, concentration of corporate power and erosion of labour bargaining power on the other. Also, UNIDO emphasises the inequalities in technological capacities between developed and developing countries, which make it difficult for markets to distribute the gains from growth evenly. While the World Bank makes some concessions, it remains less open to real-world heterodox evidence about how labour markets function in society. The World Bank aside, there is a growing consensus that labour institutions around the world need to be reinvigorated in order to respond to the challenges facing the future of work.
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Sapienza, Alice M. "The world's pharmaceutical industries R. Ballance, J. Pogany, H. Forstner, united nations industrial development organization, edward elgar publishing ltd., aldershot, england, 1992, $64.00." Drug Development Research 30, no. 4 (1993): 260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ddr.430300410.
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Musa, Saidu, Nusirat Gold, and Hope Aifuwa. "Board Diversity and Sustainability Reporting: Evidence from Industrial Goods Firms." Izvestiya Journal of the University of Economics – Varna 64, no. 4 (2020): 377–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.36997/ijuev2020.64.4.377.
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The sustainable development goals (SDGs) adopted by all the United Nations member countries were to reduce the social and ecological outcome of businesses and governments across the globe, among others. Businesses can key into this agenda by disclosing their economic, environmental and social impact in their financial reports. However, in Nigeria, the extent of sustainability reporting amongst firms is still low and not a listing requirement. Against this backdrop, this study investigated the influence of a diverse board on the extent of sustainability reporting in listed industrial goods firms on the Nigerian Stock Exchange from the period 2014-2018. We developed a sustainability disclosure index using the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) guidelines to score the information content of annual reports relating to sustainability performance. Nationality, age and educational level were used to proxy diversity in the boardroom. The study also used descriptive and inferential statistics to summarize the data and to draw an inference on the population studied. Our study failed to validate the theoretical framework - StakeholderDependency Theory used in the study, as results from the panel least squares regression revealed that age diversity in the boardroom negatively and significantly affects the extent of sustainability reporting. Furthermore, we found no evidence on the nexus between nationality diversity and sustainability reporting; and education level diversity and sustainability reporting. The study concluded that diversity in boardroom influences the extent of sustainability reporting in Nigeria. This study recommends that firms should increase the representation of foreign directors in the boardroom because they add value and a wealth of experience to the board.
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Messell, Tania. "Globalization and Design Institutionalization: ICSID’s XIth Congress and the Formation of ALADI, 1979." Journal of Design History 32, no. 1 (2018): 88–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jdh/epy040.
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Abstract The International Council of Societies of Industrial Design (ICSID) was founded in London in 1957 to raise the professional status of designers and to establish international standards for the profession. By the 1970s the Council had expanded its attempts to rationalize local production processes in developing countries and spur their entry into international markets, in line with the United Nations Industrial Development Organization’s (UNIDO) programme. As this article reveals, Latin America represented a crucial zone of intervention for the ICSID, whose efforts culminated in a congress held in Mexico City in 1979, organized around the theme ‘Industrial Design and Human Development’. The event nevertheless exposed heightened concerns about ICSID’s development policies and centralized structure, alongside the creation of the Latin American design organization ALADI by a circle of Latin American designers, who promulgated the benefits of place-based design practice and regional cooperation towards Latin America’s economic and cultural independence. Mapping ICSID’s initiatives in the region in the 1970s and examining the multifarious reception of the Council’s design precepts by Latin American design circles, this article highlights how processes of translation shaped their interactions, ultimately countering a ‘diffusionist’ model of cross-cultural exchanges.
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Maruschke, Megan. "Zones of reterritorialization: India’s free trade zones in comparative perspective, 1947 to the 1980s." Journal of Global History 12, no. 3 (2017): 410–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1740022817000201.
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AbstractDuring the period of decolonization and the Cold War, the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) and US development agencies promoted free trade zones to developing countries. However, other zones emerged prior to and apart from these policy models, some of which, including India’s early zones, took on features of this model only by the 1980s. To make sense of zones within and beyond a UNIDO model, this article understands them through their connection to the rise of nation-state territoriality around the world. The zone is thereby a spatial strategy used in processes of state (re)territorialization to rearticulate state spatiality under the global condition. This article explores such a perspective by situating the history of India’s early free trade zones comparatively.
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I. Guseva, Anna, and Matvey V. Koptelov. "Risk assessment of prospective investment projects for the construction of nuclear power plants abroad." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.23 (2018): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.23.11953.
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The article deals with the development of nuclear energy, classification of risks, approaches to risk assessment of investment projects of NPP construction abroad. Presented integrated methodology for assessing the risks of nuclear investment projects is based on the recommendations of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the sectoral methodological recommendations of the State corporation Rosatom. A way of accounting for risks in the calculation of economic efficiency is proposed. Calculations have been made for several real NPP construction projects (Rooppur NPP in Bangladesh, Astravets NPP in Belarus, Hanhikivi NPP in Finland). Analysis of the results of these projects shows that, taking into account all types of risks, its investment attractiveness has significantly decreased.
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Apriyanti, Dwi, Aris Ika Nugrahanto, and Sanjaya Shrestha. "Impact of Training and Mentoring Activities Which are Given to The Level of Interest And Capability Industrial Target Group In Adopting SNI ISO 50001." E3S Web of Conferences 31 (2018): 01012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183101012.
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Energy consumption in the industrial sector in Indonesia is increasing as a result of population and economic growth. The government is aware of this and seeks the answer to improve industrial competitiveness and increase energy security through energy efficiency programs. Some industries have implemented energy efficiency programs as ad-hoc, but have not applied systematically, so the results are not optimal. Through the cooperation of the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (ESDM) with the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), there has been training and mentoring activities for industry on Energy Management System (EnMS) based on SNI ISO 50001. Based on the results of identification through survey conducted to 226 industry that has attended the training and 64 industries that have been trained and received assistance, obtained data that 45% of industries have fully adopted EnMS SNI ISO 50001, 17% industry has adopted a part of EnMS SNI ISO 50001 and 38% industry does not adopt EnMS SNI ISO 50001 altogether.
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Ledeneva, Marina Viktorovna, and Tatyana Alekseevna Plaksunova. "Economic growth and prospects for economic development of African countries southward Sahara." Теоретическая и прикладная экономика, no. 2 (February 2020): 129–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8647.2020.2.32732.
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This article is dedicated to analysis of the process of economic growth and development in African countries southward Sahara &ndash; the least industrializes region of the world. The main prerequisites for industrialization and economic growth in of African countries southward Sahara are the high urbanization ratios: the growing number of workforce, their qualification level, high portion of youth within the population structure, expanding domestic market, growing middle class, de-escalation of internal political confrontations and attenuation of cross-country armed conflicts, advancement of digital technologies. The information and empirical basis is comprised of the data of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization and the World Bank. The scientific novelty consists in determination of the points of growth in Africa southwards Sahara by means of application of the methods of statistical data analysis. The authors analyze the indicators of economic growth and industrialization of African countries southward Sahara, substantiate the increasing role of this region for the global economy. The article reveals spatial aspects of industrialization of African countries and allocation of the industrial production. The authorities of African countries must manage the industrialization processes, namely focus on the development of infrastructure, improvement of investment climate, transparency of legislation, reduction of administrative expenses for businesses, reduction of corruption, and prevention of armed conflicts. The regional integration would contribute to solution of the aforementioned issues. The key vectors in cooperation of African countries southward Sahara and Russia are the areas of oil extraction, energy sphere, information and communication technologies, and agriculture.
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MARTIN, CATHIE JO, and DUANE SWANK. "The Political Origins of Coordinated Capitalism: Business Organizations, Party Systems, and State Structure in the Age of Innocence." American Political Science Review 102, no. 2 (2008): 181–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055408080155.
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This paper investigates the political determinants of corporatist and pluralist employers' associations and reflects on the origins of the varieties of capitalism in the early decades of the 20th century. We hypothesize that proportional, multiparty systems tend to enable employers' associations to develop into social corporatist organizations, whereas nonproportional, two-party systems are conducive to the formation of pluralist associations. Moreover, we suggest that federalism tends to reinforce incentives for pluralist organization. We assess our hypotheses through quantitative analysis of data from 1900 to the 1930s from 16 nations and case studies of the origins of peak employers' associations in Denmark and the United States. Our statistical analysis suggests that proportional, multiparty systems foster, and federalism works against, social corporatist business organization; employers' organization is also greater where the mobilization of labor, traditions of coordination, and economic development are higher. These factors also largely explain pre-World War II patterns of national coordination of capitalism. Case histories of the origins of employers' associations in Denmark and the United States further confirm the causal importance of political factors. Although Danish and American employers had similar interests in creating cooperative national industrial policies, trajectories of associational development were constrained by the structure of party competition, as well as by preindustrial traditions for coordination.
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Walker, Ann H., Steven R. Warren, Debra Scholz, and John Boyd. "Sustainable Development and the US." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2003, no. 1 (2003): 477–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2003-1-477.
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ABSTRACT In the late 1980s, the United Nations recognized that industrial activities of the 19th and 2(20th centuries were responsible for global pollution-related problems, and presented a future threat to life-sustaining qualities of the environment. While difficult to document in a perfectly quantifiable and defensible case, the evidence was sufficiently strong for the UN to create a global initiative for sustainable development. Many countries around the world now have institutionalized programs for sustainable development. Target projects and procedures to implement incremental changes in the way the natural elements necessary for life are sustained for their support of, and use by, future generations by managing growth and pollution are underway. The United States has a number of initiatives in various agencies that primarily consist of discrete government-government or government-industry partnerships. Nonetheless, the concept of sustainable development in the US remains ambiguous in terms of its widespread understanding and adoption by the public and private sectors, which are responsible for activities that can cause pollution, or indirectly affect the ability of the environment to sustain future human populations, lifestyles, and the economy. The US Environmental Protection Agency refers to some of its sustainable development initiatives as “Smart Growth” to more clearly and positively conveys the focus of these activities. It has been observed that sustainable development will not make a significant difference in the US, relative to the strides made in other countries, unless sustainable development programs become regulatory in nature. The US sustainable development initiatives are discretionary and essentially implemented according to the prevailing political will. Since the US economy is based on capitalism, and growth in profits is a pre-requisite to economic success, sustainable development programs will only be implemented if program managers in industry and government believe that these programs somehow tangibly benefit “the bottom line.” While exhibiting pioneering leadership in many areas, with regard to innovative and across-the-board programs for sustainable development, the US in fact may lag behind the rest of the world.
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Carbonell, Nicolas, Dr Théophile Bindeouè Nassè, and Dr Denis Akouwerabou. "AFRICAN ECONOMIC PARADOX: INDUSTRIALIZATION CREATING JOBS AND ADDED VALUE OR ACTIVE PARTICIPATION IN GLOBAL VALUE CHAINS: WHAT SOLUTIONS TO DEVELOP FOR THE LESS ADVANCED AND LANDLOCKED COUNTRIES LIKE BURKINA FASO?" International Journal of Advanced Economics 2, no. 1 (2020): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.51594/ijae.v2i1.127.
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The United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (2016) calls for resources for the implementation of the Action Plan for Accelerated Industrial Development in Africa, and states that: “Industrialization is essential for African countries as a means of increasing income, creating jobs, developing value-added activities and diversifying economies”. The United Nations Development Program (UNDP), the African Development Bank (AFDB), and the Organization for Cooperation and Economics Development (OCED, 2014, p. 16) explain the benefits to African countries’ participation in Global Value Chains (GVC) to industrialize without having to implement all stages of the chain. They add that the acquisition of new production capacities can allow countries and companies to move upmarket, which is to say to increase their share of value added in a GVC. But the opposite is the case, at least in some countries like Burkina Faso. We are witnessing a “specialization of primary products (cotton and non-monetary gold), to the detriment of manufacturing industry with high potential for multiplier effects on local economies” National Plan for Economic and Social Development of Burkina Faso (PNDES, 2017, p.12). Cusolito and al. (2016) mention that overcoming a series of obstacles (such as bad policies and governance, insufficient technology and skills) is the way to actively participate in GVCs. Yet OPEN it is these same obstacles that have always prevented the industrialization of Sub-Saharan Africa (excluding South Africa). The results show that the Global Value Chains (GVC) contribute to the creation of added value in developing countries what has an effect on industrialization
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Das, Naba Kumar, and Tridib Ranjan Sarma. "Social Cost–Benefit Analysis of Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojana." Journal of Infrastructure Development 8, no. 2 (2016): 137–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0974930616687060.
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This study aims to examine the economic and social aspects of villages under the rural electrification scheme launched by the Government of India in the context of Sonitpur district of Assam (India). The United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) method is used to find out the economic benefits of the project in terms of economic (shadow) pricing of the area under study and the impact of the project on savings and investments in Sonitpur district. Primary data such as questionnaire and interaction with villagers and secondary data from various reliable sources are used to fulfil the objectives. The study finds that apart from financial viability, the project is viable from a social perspective as people’s standard of living, income and government savings increased from the past years.
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STEVENS, ROGER. "BOOK REVIEW: A MANUAL ON THE ESSENTIAL OIL INDUSTRY, edited by Tuley De Silva, United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), Vienna, Austria, 1995. No. of pages: vi + 232." Flavour and Fragrance Journal 12, no. 3 (1997): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1026(199705)12:3<222::aid-ffj684>3.0.co;2-q.
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Tsonos, Alexander G., and Konstantinos V. Papanikolaou. "Post-earthquake repair and strengthening of reinforced concrete beam-column connections." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 36, no. 2 (2003): 73–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.36.2.73-93.
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In this study the effectiveness of all the repair and strengthening techniques proposed by the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) Manual and by Eurocode 8: part 1-4 for reinforced concrete beam-column joints damaged by strong earthquakes is investigated experimentally and analytically. Five one-half-scale exterior beam-column joint specimens were submitted to reverse cyclic pseudo-static displacements. Three of these specimens were then repaired by the epoxy pressure injection technique or by the removal and replacement technique. The other two specimens were strengthened by partial three-sided jacketing. All the repaired and strengthened specimens were then subjected to the same displacement history as that imposed on the original specimens. It can be concluded that all the repair and strengthening techniques proved to be satisfactory.
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Corvalán, Juan Gustavo. "Digital and Intelligent Public Administration: transformations in the era of artificial intelligence." A&C - Revista de Direito Administrativo & Constitucional 18, no. 71 (2018): 55–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21056/aec.v18i71.857.
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This article addresses the impact of the digital era and it specifically refers to information and communication technologies (ICT) in Public Administration. It is based on the international approach and underscores the importance of incorporating new technologies established by the United Nations and the Organization of American States. Thereon, it highlights the Argentine Republic national approach towards ICT, and how it has moved towards a digital paradigm. It then emphasizes on the challenges and opportunities that emerge from the impact that artificial intelligence has in transforming Public Administration. Finally, it concludes that the key challenge of the Fourth Industrial Revolution is to achieve a boost towards a Digital and Intelligent Administration and government, which promotes the effectiveness of rights and an inclusive technological development that assures the digital dignity of people.
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Rosiak, Ewa. "Rynek nasion oleistych i produktów ich przerobu w Unii Europejskiej." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego 19(34), no. 2 (2019): 151–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/prs.2019.19.2.31.
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The article presents an assessment of changes that have occurred in the production, consumption and trade of oilseeds and their processing products in the European Union in the years 2000-2013. The analysis of changes was carried out for 28 EU countries, including the division into old and new Member States, based on available data from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAOSTAT). Since the beginning of the 21st century, the production and consumption of oilseeds in the European Union has been dynamically increasing following the rapidly growing demand for vegetable oils in the industrial sector (in biofuel production), with small changes in the food sector and rapidly growing demand for oilmeals in the feed sector, due to the development of livestock production (mainly poultry production) and a change in animal feeding technology. Despite the dynamic development of oilseed production and processing (faster in the new Member States than the old), the European Union has low self-sufficiency in the field of oil products and remains a permanent importer of oilseeds (including especially oilmeals).
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Gakhovich, Natalia, Оksana Kushnirenko, and Olga Zarudna. "Circular economy as a strategic priority of global value chains development." University Economic Bulletin, no. 46 (September 1, 2020): 103–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/2306-546x-2020-46-103-115.
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Relevance of the research topic. Climate change is one of the key challenges of today, which has evolved into a global undertaking on an unprecedented scale. In order to ensure that industrial growth is not accompanied by a negative impact on the environment, but rather ensures sustainable development, the world community has proposed various ideas and initiatives, such as the adoption of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992), the first step towards tackling climate change; Kyoto Protocol (1995), Paris Agreement (2016), European Green Agreement (2019) as a new growth strategy aimed at transforming the EU into more equitable and prosperous societies , with a modern cost-effective and competitive economy based on zero-level decoupling greenhouse gas emissions in 2050. Ukraine is also joining these processes by setting up an interagency group to coordinate the effects of climate change under the European Green Agreement. The primary issue is to substantiate the mechanisms for involving Ukrainian industry in the Green Agreement. Addressing these challenges is the integration of Ukrainian producers into value chains, which determines the relevance of this study. Formulation of the problem. The growing danger of catastrophic global environmental changes and other aspects of irrational policies for the natural resources using threaten the future safe development of society and the ability to meet the needs of consumers. All these challenges require decisive action and adaptation of manufacturers to new operating conditions. Selection of unexplored parts of the general problem. Given the transformation of the model of organization of production, which in the face of increasing international competition is organized within global value chains and strengthening environmental requirements for the integration of producers at different stages of the production process, the problem of substantiating mechanisms for adapting producer’s instruments of state regulation to intensify cooperation of export-oriented industries s producers Ukraine with foreign partners. Setting the task, the purpose of the study. The task of the study is to substantiate the importance of implementing circular principles as a strategic priority for the development of global value chains and substantiate the mechanisms to support Ukrainian producers in the integration into circular (closed) value chains. Method or methodology for conducting research. The work uses general scientific methods: abstract-logical, system; analysis and synthesis, statistical comparisons, grouping, sampling; expert assessments. The field of application of results. The results of this study can be applied in the formation of state policy on the main aspects of export development of industry in the context of integration processes, as well as in the development of industry "greening". Conclusions. Based on the analysis of the development of global value chains, the peculiarities of the formation of circular value chains are revealed and effective tools of industrial policy for intensification of industrial landscaping processes and integration of national production into circular value chains are proposed.
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van Beers, Dick, Klaus Tyrkko, Alessandro Flammini, César Barahona, and Christian Susan. "Results and Lessons Learned from Assessing 50 Industrial Parks in Eight Countries against the International Framework for Eco-Industrial Parks." Sustainability 12, no. 24 (2020): 10611. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122410611.
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Over the past two years the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) assessed 50 parks in eight developing and transition countries against 51 prerequisites and performance indicators outlined in the International Framework for Eco-Industrial Parks (International EIP Framework). The eight countries covered are: Colombia, Egypt, Indonesia, Nigeria, Peru, South Africa, Ukraine, and Viet Nam. This article provides a summary of the analysis and lessons learned from the assessments of the industrial parks and their performance against the International EIP Framework. The methodology is based on assessments of the current and intended performance of the industrial parks on four key categories (park management, environmental, social, and economic), supported by a scoring method. The analysis indicates that the International EIP Framework can be regarded as a practical and relevant means to assess the performance of industrial parks, as well as a basis to identify and prioritize EIP initiatives to strengthen their performance. There is a wide range of performance among the industrial parks assessed. Higher average current performance against the International Framework can be found in Colombia (68%), Indonesia (67%), and Viet Nam (63%). Ukraine and South Africa have the highest improvement potential (27% and 25%, respectively). Across all eight countries, the environmental and social performance categories have a lower compliance (34% and 44%, respectively) compared to economic performance (72% current compliance) and park management (55% compliance). A review of the root-causes indicates that the main compliance issue for 16 prerequisites and performance indicators outlined in the International EIP Framework seems mainly with the industrial park- and country-specific conditions. There is an opportunity to refine the formulation of five prerequisites and indicators outlined in the International EIP Framework. Across all 50 parks assessed, the following topics have the lowest current compliance: energy; local community outreach; environmental and park management and monitoring; waste and material use; and climate change and the natural environment. A low compliance with specific prerequisites and performance indicators under park management, economic, environmental, and social performance indicates a need by the industrial park for technical assistance. If high-performance industrial parks exist in a country, it implies that there is capacity in the country to develop an eco-industrial park. In this scenario, technical assistance should include a stronger focus on knowledge dissemination, sharing experiences, and peer-to-peer learning between industrial parks and the regulating authorities. Industrial parks managed by public–private partnerships and the private sector show a higher average EIP performance than industrial parks managed solely by the public sector. This seems to illustrate that industrial parks perform better if they are run like a private business or public–private partnership, rather than a government-managed initiative. This article is the first academic publication discussing the results from the application of the International EIP Framework with a large number of industrial parks in multiple countries. It is hoped that this article will encourage further EIP assessments to be undertaken in more industrial parks to assist in their transformation into eco-industrial parks.
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Shih, Hsin-Yu, and Ying-Sheng Yao. "Indicators of Low-Carbon Management in the Leisure Industry: Research Using Examples in Taiwan and China." Sustainability 12, no. 10 (2020): 4326. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12104326.
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This study aimed to establish indicators of low-carbon management in the leisure industries in Taiwan and China to meet the demands of saving energy, reducing carbon emissions and slowing global warming. The Pushin Ranch in Taiwan and Lishan Farm in China were targeted as examples. Quantitative indicators were identified through interviews and questionnaire surveys with experts from the industrial, governmental and academic sectors, as well as data integration and statistical analysis using the Delphi method and a paired-samples t test. On the basis of 11 major sustainable tourism indicators proposed by the United Nations World Tourism Organization and the relevant literature, three dimensions were selected for investigation, namely organizational management and operation, ecotourism and social collaboration, along with five operational indicators and 42 assessment indicators. After the expert questionnaire and t test, a set of selection criteria was constructed based on the approval of more than 80% of the experts; 36 indicators were retained for Taiwan (Pushin Ranch met 17) and 29 were retained for China (Lishan Farm met 13). This allows industrial, governmental and academic units to establish management models and assessment indicators for the leisure industry to meet the demands of energy conservation and carbon reduction.
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Shevarjun, S., Ponnuraj Radika, and Rajaram Senthil. "Proliferation of Population and Pollutants-Pathway for a Grave Future: Comparison of Past and Present Indian Scenario – A Review." Applied Mechanics and Materials 787 (August 2015): 162–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.787.162.
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The environment we live in is very fragile and has a delicate balance. In the current era, the human kind is consuming the natural resources at a higher rate than it can produce it and is generating wastes at a higher rate than the environment can remove it. Because of anthropocentric ideology, human race believes in development through destruction. The urge for luxury and sophistication has given an impetus to industrial revolution and technological development. This has lead to exponential consumption of resources of the world. To worsen this scenario, the world has undergone huge population explosion in the 19th century. This has increased pressure on all available resources. Hence, in order to meet the current demands, people started using unsustainable technologies leading to huge pollution in all sectors. In this paper, the adverse effect of population growth in India on various factors like water pollution, emissions of CO2 and green house gases are discussed. The data for analysis are based on the statistics of United Nations Population Division, The WorldBank data bank and Central Pollution Control Board of India.
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Supachart, Wannakomol. "The Review Analysis of China’s Economic Growth and the Correlations with Thailand’s Economy." Business, Management and Economics Research, no. 56 (June 15, 2019): 86–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/bmer.56.86.97.
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This article was aimed to study the environment and the co-movement of China’s economic growth together with Thailand under economic and macro-finance dimensions by collecting information from academic literatures, global organization reports, and historical data from opened source database such as World Bank, United Nations, International Monetary Fund (IMF), and other relatives. The study found that China’s and Thailand’s economic activities are related particularly in term of trade but the low investment. In fact, services industry has replaced industrial manufacture to be the influent factor on gross domestic product (GDP) in both two countries. Moreover, enhancing to promote world- class capital markets and financial system development in China has drawn attraction from Thailand investors to invest more than a half of Thailand’s direct investment funds in financial firms and activities in China in 2017. In the conclusion, Thailand’s economic growth is still relied on China’s demand for raw materials according to goods and products they have exported to China. The suggestion for Thailand is to create their own technology like China’s development model in order to produce valuable goods and services productivity. And for both countries, China and Thailand should also have to focus on income distribution through other areas outside the city under the principal of economic development to improve the welfare of the population.
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Maria, Chisca, and Crudu Rodica. "The Premises of the National Economy’s Development in the Context of Integration into the European Economic Area." European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 2, no. 1 (2016): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejms.v2i1.p7-20.
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In 2016, there where 194 recognized independent states in the world, members of the United Nations Organization. There are very rich states among these countries, but most of them are comparatively poor and need the help and support of the rich ones. The size of these countries according to geographical area, the population, the size of GDP varies from country to country. Since the economic growth is one of the main indicator of countries’ welfare, it has become a challenging issue for the researchers worldwide. What factors influence the development of a national economy in the right way, making the living standards increase and the population wellbeing grow? This article has a goal to identify several competitive sectors of the economy that have potential to lead to sustainable economic growth for Republic of Moldova. The Republic of Moldova is relatively a young independent state, since the dissolution of USSR, and faces some problems that need to be solved in order to increase country’s welfare. The results of analysis showed that following industrial sectors: wine; textiles and apparel; information and communication technology; footwear; construction materials and furniture have the most potential for contributing to transformational growth in the Republic of Moldova economy. A big step in achieving this is signing the DCFTA with European Union. The importance of EU trade relations with the Republic of Moldova is of great impact on its national economy. The Republic of Moldova needs all the support and help of its powerful neighbour in order to achieve higher economic growth and to increase the competitivity of its products on EU market.
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Blay-Palmer, Alison, Guido Santini, Jess Halliday, et al. "City Region Food Systems: Building Resilience to COVID-19 and Other Shocks." Sustainability 13, no. 3 (2021): 1325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031325.
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Using examples from the COVID-19 pandemic, this paper reviews the contribution a City Region Food Systems (CRFS) approach makes to regional sustainability and resilience for existing and future shocks including climate change. We include both explicit interventions under United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO-RUAF) led initiatives, as well as ad hoc efforts that engage with elements of the CRFS approach. To provide context, we begin with a literature review of the CRFS approach followed by an overview of the global food crisis, where we outline many of the challenges inherent to the industrial capital driven food system. Next, we elaborate three key entry points for the CRFS approach—multistakeholder engagement across urban rural spaces; the infrastructure needed to support more robust CRFS; system centered planning, and, the role of policy in enabling (or thwarting) food system sustainability. The pandemic raises questions and provides insights about how to foster more resilient food systems, and provides lessons for the future for the City Region Food System approach in the context of others shocks including climate change.
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Gajdzik, Bożena, Beata Oleksiak, Pavlína Pustějovská, and Markéta Tkadlečková. "Environmental Protection in Industry 4.0. Opportunities and Threats in Selected Areas." New Trends in Production Engineering 2, no. 2 (2019): 184–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ntpe-2019-0083.
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Abstract In recent years, the importance of production in cyberphysical systems – CPS characteristic of the new industry concept, which is Industry 4.0 – I 4.0, is gaining importance. Industry 4.0 enforces modification of traditional perception of production. The basis for changes in Industry 4.0 has become Internet of Things – IoT, which gives the opportunity to connect and communicate with each other such areas as mobile solutions, cloud computing, sensors, analytics and cyber security. By new technology, areas that previously operated in enterprises as separate systems can be combined and create new opportunities for industrial production (modernization of production methods and reduce employment). Industry 4.0 brings with it a number of new challenges for producers in the field of environmental protection, and related to the inclusion of cybernetic technology in physical production processes as well as distribution. Production starts and ends on the customer. Industry 4.0 is a collective term for technologies and concepts of value chain organization. The United Nations Organization for Industrial Development indicates the following environmental aspects in the perspective of the development of Industry 4.0, such as: climate change and limited access to resources, primarily to clean energy. It is assumed that changes in the production and functioning of economies will result in a decrease in the emission of harmful compounds into the atmosphere and increase the flexibility of activities for environmental protection. The purpose of this work is to present general directions of changes in the field of environmental protection in Industry 4.0. Authors present the following areas of change: energy management and material management. These areas are opportunities for environmental. In the category of threats, the growing costs of environmental protection and household expenses are pointed out. The work is based on a literature study and statistical data. Statistical data are used: integrated technologies, expenditure and costs of environmental protection, recycling of secondary raw materials and energy consumption for the EU and Poland.
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Bril, Alexander, Olga Kalinina, Olga Valebnikova, et al. "Improving Personnel Management by Organizational Projects: Implications for Open Innovation." Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity 7, no. 2 (2021): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/joitmc7020105.
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The methodology and basic elements of the business process of one-stage economic assessment of organizational projects for personnel management at Russian enterprises are presented. The aim of the study is to analyze and develop clear criteria for assessing the effectiveness of projects and improving personnel management systems for enterprises of different industries and types of activities. The economic and financial assessment of projects aimed at the development of personnel management systems is based on the general methodology for the commercial assessment of projects, which is presented in the so-called United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) methodology. The article proposes the resulting model “maximum costs of the HRM”. The features of the proposed methodology are based on the assumption of future digitalization and are associated with the need for a preliminary calculation of the maximum possible project costs, localization of the projects under consideration at existing enterprises, and the mandatory separation of project goals for increasing sales or reducing the number of personnel. In accordance with the different objectives of the projects, a certain order and special indicators of decision-making are proposed. Companies with a different structure of costs could be assessed via the proposed model and the results presented in the article. The model allows us to create an information base for reasonable decision-making on HR management (HRM) projects and future digitalization of settlements.
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Suk, Minho, and Wonjoon Kim. "COVID-19 and the airline industry: crisis management and resilience." Tourism Review 76, no. 4 (2021): 984–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/tr-07-2020-0348.
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Purpose The COVID-19 pandemic has triggered a time of crisis and uncertainty for the air transportation industry. The gloomy prospects for the industry have stretched business resilience to a critical point. The crisis has caused damage and shock that the aviation industry has never endured before. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of both internally and externally generated airline response strategies by examining business practices for crisis management. Design/methodology/approach This study screened research papers and economic reports from authoritative organizations including the International Air Transport Association, International Civil Aviation Organization, World Health Organization and United Nations World Tourism Organization from December 2019 (the month in which the COVID-19 outbreak occurred) to March 2021 (the most recent month at present). The authors also integrated publicly recognized news articles to cover a wide range of business practices in the airline industry. The authors conducted thematic analysis by filtering news articles and economic reports that mentioned the keywords “COVID-19,” “pandemic,” “CoV-2,” “coronavirus” and “corona.” The authors coded the airlines’ response actions along the two-axis matrix (time and magnitude) and generated insights in a timely manner. Findings Major airlines have modified decision-making in relation to the exponential spread of the virus, which is in direct proportion to the deterioration level in the airline industry. When the impact was low in the early stage, major airlines maintained their status quo. Before long, the magnitude of the destruction became high, which made airlines implement capacity adjustments and request government relief measures. As industrial deterioration deepens, airlines keep calling for state aid packages and have changed their focus to the cargo transportation of high-demand commodities and pharmaceutical supplies. Lastly, industrial adversity and uncertainty have made them defer aggressive takeover opportunities. Originality/value Several researchers have investigated the impacts of the COVID-19 on the airline industry. However, there remains a dearth of scholarship on the hampered business activities and crisis management of the airline industry. In the absence of sufficient response strategies against the COVID-19 panic, this paper is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the major airlines’ response strategies to the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, this paper yields an opportunity for on-site management to review how major global airlines have responded to the crisis and find managerial insights to restore their business sustainability.
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Taniwangsa, Wendy. "Design Considerations for a Base-Isolated Demonstration Building." Earthquake Spectra 18, no. 4 (2002): 761–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1516752.
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A base-isolated demonstration building (BIDB) was built in Indonesia as part of an ongoing effort by the United Nations Industrial Development Organization to promote the use of base isolation technology for common structures in earthquake-prone developing countries. The superstructure of the demonstration building is a four-story reinforced concrete frame with masonry infill walls, designed in accordance with the Indonesian Seismic Code. A specially developed isolation system for this project consisted of 16 high-damping natural rubber bearings, which were connected to the columns and foundation using recessed-type connections at the ground level. The seismic isolation provisions from the 1994 Uniform Building Code were adapted to complement the Indonesian Seismic Code requirements for this project, and site-specific spectra were developed and used for the design of the isolation system. This paper discusses the design considerations for the base-isolated demonstration building, the design and testing of the bearings and the cost-effectiveness of the isolation system. The seismic performance of the base-isolated building is discussed in the companion paper. It is expected that this newly developed isolation system, designed specifically for low-axial pressure applications, can be adopted for the earthquake protection of a variety of smaller public buildings—such as housing, schools, and hospitals—in developing countries.
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Thepchalerm, Teeris, and Phutawan Ho. "Impacts of COVID-19 on Airline Business: An Overview." 11th GLOBAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 11, no. 1 (2020): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/gcbssproceeding.2020.11(130).
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Corona Virus Disease 2019 or COVID-19 has spread globally and been concerned as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO, 2020a). The virus has an enormous social and economic impact. United Nations Industrial Development Organization (2020) expects that the 2020 global GDP shall range between -8% to 1% depended on the situation during the last six months of 2020. Various businesses – tourism, hospitality, restaurant and transportation get affected by this pandemic. The airline business is one of the most vulnerable business since it is highly sensitive to change in the market environment and socio-economic factors (Wittmer et al., 2011). Airlines business has always dramatically affected during crisis circumstances, e.g., the Asian economic crisis in 1998, the USA terrorist attack in 2001, and the SARS virus spreading in 2003. The airlines lost 7 billion USD in terms of revenue solely because of SARS in 2003 (IATA, 2006). It is possible to expect a much more noticeable impact caused by the COVID-19 pandemic comparing to the impact of SARS in 2003 because of the difference in the market environment, especially the difference in market size. The number of passengers per year has increased from 2 billion passengers in 2003 to 4.5 billion passengers in 2018 (IATA, 2019). The International Air Transport Association (IATA, 2020a) forecasts that the airline industry will need at least three to four years for recovering. An overview investigation of the impacts of COVID-19 on airlines can contribute to both academic study and management practice of the airlines. Keywords: COVID-19, Airline, Air transportation
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Mukhametzyanov, R. R., M. N. Besshaposhniy, G. K. Dzhancharova, N. G. Platonovskiy, and N. V. Vorontsova. "Dynamics of grain production and export in Russia and neighboring countries." Economy of agricultural and processing enterprises, no. 5 (2021): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.31442/0235-2494-2021-0-5-47-58.
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Grain farming is a strategically important sector of the economy of many countries of the world. The food independence of the state, political stability in the country, export earnings, and the functioning of other branches of the agro-industrial complex depend on the degree of its development. The situation on the national grain market is fundamental for the formation of the conjuncture of many other markets for agricultural products, including food products. In the process of research, based on the use of statistical data from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations for 1992-2019 the physical volumes of grain production in Russia and neighboring countries were analyzed. The tendencies of changes in the volume of its exports from the countries of this region of the world are also considered. In Russia, as in other independent states that emerged after the collapse of the USSR, over the past three decades there have been significant changes in the development of grain farming. Practically in all of them, except for Belarus, Georgia, Armenia, Kazakhstan, in 2019 there is a higher level of gross grain harvest compared to 1992. On a per capita basis, a significant increase (two or more times) is observed in the Baltic countries, Tajikistan, Ukraine. The same indicator has almost doubled in Azerbaijan, Moldova and Uzbekistan, while more modest results are characteristic for Russia. Nevertheless, the achievements obtained in the grain industry of our country in terms of increasing gross harvests and grain exports are undoubtedly a positive fact. However, not all experts are unequivocally positive about the current situation in this branch of agriculture in Russia.
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Flammini, Alessandro, Erik Brundin, Rikard Grill, and Hannes Zellweger. "Supply Chain Uncertainties of Small-Scale Coffee Husk-Biochar Production for Activated Carbon in Vietnam." Sustainability 12, no. 19 (2020): 8069. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12198069.
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Between 2014 and 2019, an innovative small-pyrolysis system (the PPV300) using agrowaste as feedstock was transferred and adapted from Switzerland to Vietnam by a United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) project. The coffee husk resulting from the processing of coffee beans is usually disposed of in Vietnam or burned inefficiently to dry coffee beans. Small-scale pyrolysis of coffee husk using the PPV300 avoids smoke emissions and local air pollution while providing an energy source for coffee drying and biochar as a by-product. This paper investigates the uncertainties in the “coffee husk to activated carbon” supply chain in Vietnam and discusses the pros and cons of different supply chain setups using a framework derived by Chopra and Meindl (2013). According to the analysis, a number of actors (an intermediary without previous direct involvement in the coffee supply chain, a coffee processor, or a hybrid between farm and processor), each with advantages and disadvantages, would be suitable from a supply chain perspective to attain an efficient strategy that would keep the price of the biochar low. However, in order to be attractive for one activated carbon producer, several PPV300 systems are needed to reach a significant economy of scale. Sufficient husk sourcing and storage capacity is also needed. If the purpose is simply to produce biochar for activated carbon, processors and intermediaries could consider a simpler and cheaper design than the PPV300. In conclusion, supply chain uncertainties and economic viability can be optimized when the PPV300 is used by coffee processors or intermediaries, who are able to make use of the co-products generated (biochar, heat, and wood vinegar). In addition to its financial viability, all of the other co-benefits of this technology should be taken into consideration (reduced smoke and environmental pollution, avoided health costs, greenhouse gas savings, etc.) for a proper assessment of its economic attractiveness.
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Dastagiri, M. B. "Global Agriculture: Vision and Approaches." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 13, no. 21 (2017): 312. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n21p312.
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The perceived limits to producing food for a growing global population have been a source of debate and preoccupations for ages. Experts and the public alike seem to alternate between pessimism and optimism, anxiety and complacency, about the world food situation and outlook. Agriculture in the 21st century has multiple challenges. Globally, Agriculture it seems is back on the development agenda to meeting the Millennium Development Goals. The main objective of the paper is to analyse and trace insights of past and present of global agriculture and frame new vision of it. The status of global agriculture in general and continents and country-wise policies in particular from 61 countries of 6 continents were collected and insights are analyzed. These continent-wide policies can safeguard each country’s independence. New Vision for Agriculture calls for a new approach. The new approach of global leaders has aligned around the New Vision for Agriculture. Development of a “Road map for Achievement of the Vision is providing a framework for action and collaboration for global leaders. These includes exchanging ideas, collaborating with international scientists and agricultural institutions is part of the solution. The study found that agriculture must be global agenda in future and all countries should fix minimum support price policy must be world prices with 20% extra. The “double by 2050” analysis from the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization revealed that food production in the developing countries would need to almost double The study found that developing countries have witnessed higher demands (2025) for wheat, maize, soybean, pig meat, poultry meat, sheep meat, beef and veal, whereas developed countries have witnessed higher demands for sugar. The globe has to develop a new strategy and global policies to meet the requirements of the rice. The future task of CGIAR&FAO must act as intelligent think tank on acquaint, analyse global research knowledge on future technologies, inventions, income models, latitude based science, space technologies, farm computer, Global Agricultural Growth and Policy coordination, climate financing, genetically modified crops on Mars, understanding too many variable effects on agriculture, digital agriculture, industrial farming, International Agricultural Education and transfer to capacity building of NARES System.
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Serov, V. M., and Y. P. Tikhonov. "Methodology for the Evaluation of the Economic Effectiveness of Investment Projects." Zhurnal Economicheskoj Teorii 18, no. 3 (2021): 433–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31063/2073-6517/2021.18-3.8.
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This article discusses the problem of evaluating the economic efficiency of investment in production capital. The article provides an overview of the theoretical and methodological framework developed by Russian scholars and practitioners. In the Soviet period, when the model of centrally planned economy prevailed, the evaluation methodology comprised the following methods: comparing the result of capital investment and its amount (calculation of the coefficient of capital investment effectiveness); comparing the coefficient’s estimated value with its normative value set for specific sectors of economy; and the category of national income (net production) being taken as the result of capital investment. The methodology was described in the officially approved document ‘Methodological Guidelines for Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Investment Projects (Second Edition)’, which corresponded to the guidelines of the research centre of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization. Our analysis brings to light certain drawbacks in the methods described in this document, more specifically, the inaccuracies in the evaluation criteria, the lack of methods for calculation of the corresponding indicators, and the shortcomings of the established indicators of economic effectiveness, in particular the main indicator -the net present value. In accordance with the established methodology, we calculate not the amount of net present value but only a part of it and the method of calculating this part boils down to testing whether the desired level of profitability is ensured or not. To improve this methodology, it is proposed to apply a combination of income- and property-based approaches. The newly generated value should be taken as the result of investment (on the national level — national income, on the level of production entities — net output). Since this approach focuses on the satisfaction of the economic interests of the government, investors and employees, apart from general effectiveness, it is recommended to differentiate between entrepreneurial, budget-related and labour-related components of effectiveness.
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Matthíasson, Pétur Berg. "Stefnuyfirfærsla: Áhrif Efnahags- og framfarastofnunarinnar (OECD) á stefnumótun á Íslandi." Veftímaritið Stjórnmál og stjórnsýsla 17, no. 1 (2021): 23–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.13177/irpa.a.2021.17.1.2.
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International organizations such as the OECD, the United Nations, the International Monetary Fund, and the World Bank are known for spreading ideas, values and policies around the world. In the 90s academic interest in policy transfer increased significantly and researchers tried to create a framework for the approach, explaining why a policy transfer is taking place, under what circumstances, at what stage, etc. Policy transfer as a method has been studied in great detail in recent years by a number of scholars, although not very much in Iceland. Despite great interest in the method, the approach has been criticized for being too descriptive and theoretically weak. Haven’t officials and politicians copied ideas from each other for centuries? This year, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) will be 60 years old. It is therefore timely to study the impact OECD has had on Icelandic public administration after 60 years of partnership. The objective of this analysis is to combine a discussion on OECD’s activities and assess its impact on Icelandic public policy making. The first part of the article discusses the predecessor of the OECD, the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC), and how it laid the foundations for how the OECD operates today. Furthermore, the current role and structure of the OECD is discussed as well as the tools it has at its disposal to impact policy making in member states. In the second part, the policy transfer method is examined in detail. The definition of the term is discussed, while an attempt is made to identify who is normally involved in policy transfer etc.? Is policy transfer voluntary or coercive? An attempt is made to frame the main variants of policy transfer and discuss ways to identify whether a policy transfer has occurred. Finally, Iceland’s participation in OECD work is discussed and an attempt is made to analyse data from the OECD’s Programme of Implementation Reports (PIR) to assess the extent to which the Icelandic government is utilizing the organization outputs for shaping policy making.
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Guerra, João, and Julia S. Guivant. "Apresentação - Dossiê "Leigos e peritos na governança socioambiental: perspectivas nas duas margens do Atlântico"." Política & Sociedade 19, no. 44 (2020): 7–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-7984.2020v19n44p7.
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AGYEMAN, J. et al. Trends and Directions in Environmental Justice: From Inequity to Everyday Life, Community, and Just Sustainabilities. Annual Review of Environmental Resources, v. 41, p. 6.1-6.20, 2016.BOYLE, A. Human rights and the environment: where next? The European Journal of International Law, v. 23, n. 3, p. 613-642, 2012.CRUTZEN, P. J.; STOERMER, E. F. The ‘Anthropocene’. Global Change Newsletter, v. 41, p. 17-18, 2000.DRYZEK, J. S.; NORGAARD, R. B.; SCHLOSBERG, D. Climate-Challenged Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.GONÇALVES, A.; GUERRA, J. Experimentar ciência e cidadania: o caso EuroLifeNet. Atas do VI Congresso Português de Sociologia: Mundos Sociais: Saberes e Práticas. Lisboa: Associação Portuguesa de Sociologia, 2008.GUERRA, J.; LOURENÇO, L. C. The 2030 Agenda: trends of transition toward sustainability. In: DELICADO, A.; DOMINGOS, N.; SOUSA, L. (org.). The Diverse Worlds of Sustainability. Lisboa: Imprensa de Ciências Sociais, 2018. p. 53-85.GUDOWSKYA, N.; ROSA, A. Bridging epistemologies – Identifying uniqueness of lay and expert knowledge for agenda setting. Futures, v. 109, p. 24-38, 2019.GUIVANT, J. S. O Legado de Ulrich Beck. Ambiente & Sociedade, v. 19, n. 1, p. 229-240, 2016.HOLANDA, S. B. Raízes do Brasil. São Paulo: Cia. das Letras, 2006.IPCC. Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Genebra: IPCC, 2014.IPCC. Global warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty. Genebra: World Meteorological Organization, 2018.KAISER J. Ecologists on a mission to save the world. Science, v. 287, p. 1188-1192, 2000.LIKENS, G. E. The role of science in decision making: does evidence-based science drive environmental policy? Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, v. 8, n. 6, p. e1-e9, 2010.LIMA, S. et al. Produção e consumo de produtos orgânicos no mundo e no Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada, 2020.PIKETTY, T.; SAEZ, E. Inequality in the long run. Science, v. 344, n. 6186, p. 838-843, 2014.PNUD. Relatório de Desenvolvimento Humano 2011 – Sustentabilidade e Equidade: um Futuro Melhor para Todos. Lisboa: IPAD/PNUD, 2011.REGANOLD, J.; WACHTER, J. Organic agriculture in the twenty-first century. Nature Plants, v. 2, Article 15221, 2016. DOI: 10.1038/NPLANTS.2015.221.TAYLOR, D. Is Environmental Health a Basic Human Right? Environmental Health Perspectives, v. 112, n. 17, p. A1006-A1009, 2004.UN GENERAL ASSEMBLY. Transforming our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development - Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 25 September 2015. Genebra: ONU, 2015.UNCHE. Report of the United Nations Conference of the Human Environment. Stockholm: United Nations Publication, 5-16 June 1972.
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Ulugov, Umidjon Amonovich, Lyudmila Sergeevna Bobritskaya, and Julia Sinitsky. "Inventory of Obsolete Pesticide Warehouses in Tajikistan and Implications for Removal of Contaminated Soil." Journal of Health and Pollution 8, no. 17 (2018): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5696/2156-9614-8.17.1.
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Background. Tajikistan is an agrarian-industrial republic. A large portion of the Tajikistan economy relies on agriculture. With the rise of agriculture, especially cotton production, came the widespread use of pesticides. Abandoned and unsupervised pesticide storage warehouses have become a health and environmental problem. In many cases such sites, as well as significant areas of pesticide-contaminated land, remain accessible to the public. A survey and analysis of 26 former pesticide storage warehouse sites across Tajikistan revealed a country-wide pesticide exposure problem that threatens the health of vulnerable populations. Infrastructure and local governance issues are barriers to addressing this health crisis for rural residents. Objectives. The purpose of this article is to describe the issues surrounding former pesticide storage warehouses and their effect on the health of the population of Tajikistan. Materials and Methods. In 2012, the non-governmental organization (NGO), Pure Earth (formerly Blacksmith Institute), with the financial support of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Green Cross Switzerland and the European Union conducted surveys of 26 pesticide warehouses located throughout Tajikistan. The survey included detailed site assessments, including analysis of the maintenance of chemicals and soil testing. Results. Soil samples taken from the studied sites exceeded maximum permissible concentrations referenced by Pure Earth by several hundred times for dichlorodiphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT) and hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), as well as aldrin and dieldrin. Even the most polluted sites had families living on the premises. Conclusions. Pesticide contamination in Tajikistan is a serious and ongoing problem that requires the attention of local, state governments, and international non-governmental organizations. We recommend the development of a government-sponsored public education campaign to inform the population about the potential risks of exposure to obsolete pesticides. The dangers of agricultural use, former storage warehouses and disposal areas should be addressed. In addition, data from the 2012 surveys of 26 warehouses should be used to prioritize the four high-risk sites and develop preliminary clean-up plans for contaminated soil around warehouses to present to government ministries and NGOs. Competing Interests. The authors declare no competing financial interests
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Thalpawila, Osantha Nayanapriya. "Politics of Covid-19: A Study of the Role of the Global Powers in Combatting the Pandemic." Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Studies 4, no. 7 (2021): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/jhsss.2021.4.7.4.
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The Covid-19 pandemic, having convincingly proved its deadliness, has become the most significant global calamity experienced to date in the 21st century. The Covid-19 virus outbreak besides affecting the health of people across the world seriously has also badly disrupted the economies of all countries, and the livelihoods of their citizens. The most recent data from the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) has indicated that most of the lower to upper-middle-income countries have been significantly impacted by the rampaging COVID-19 pandemic. This has prompted a concerted effort by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the major world powers to combat the spread of the Covid-19 global pandemic. In combating this pandemic, the world powers have a responsibility to collaborate with the WHO, as they wield a lot of power in the decision-making process at a global level. The aim of this study is to examine the international cooperation that has been taken forward to combat the ‘Covid-19’ pandemic in the context of management of major calamities by the global powers. The study focuses on the 18-month period from December 2019 when the pandemic first broke out, to June 2021. The study is based entirely on secondary data collected from the reports and documents of involved organizations and the media. The leaders and people of the USA and some Western countries did not provide adequate support to contain the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic in the early stages. They used the disparaging term ‘Chinese Virus’ to refer to the deadly virus, which President Trump wholly underestimated and treated as a minor irritant. Further, avoidable mass gatherings contributed to repeated outbreaks of the virus, which spread from country to country. Mass rallies were held protesting the lockdowns by raising the issues of liberal democracy and individual freedom. Although several high-income Western countries developed vaccines to arrest the pandemic, the distribution of vaccines was not done in a fair and equitable manner. The WHO policy on the distribution of vaccines was undermined due to the “Vaccine Politics” of the world powers. The other aspect of Covid-19 politics was that the pandemic had given rise to a ‘cold war’ between the major Western powers and the burgeoning Chinese power and influence at the global level. Finally, it must be understood that the global cooperation required to combat the Covid-19 pandemic was badly hampered due to the politicization of the programs planned for this purpose during the first year of the pandemic.
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Getman, V. "ETHNOS AS A CULTURAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL PHENOMENON." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Geography, no. 66-67 (2017): 100–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2721.2017.66.15.
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Biosphere and ethnic unity is the main factor of life existence on the Earth. Life process of any nation should harmonize with general evolutionary biosphere development. Otherwise it will be thrown away over the board by centrifugal force. Ethnic interaction with natural environment is noticed mainly on the village level and encloses not only industrial but spiritual sphere. The mentality of the Ukrainian ethnos has been forming on the base of countryside affection. Loss of this affection is an equivalent to the loss of identity of native population that has lived on the territory of modern Ukraine from the immemorial times. The diversity and resilience of natural ecosystems (picturesque nature) determine their performance and viability of the social system entities providing efficiency of labor and intellectual potential of people. Ultimately, all this provokes an energy charge, passionarity (by L.N. Gumilev), strength of national character. On the cultural position, we note that since Tripoli culture (Aratta), Russ (Kyiv) state, Hetmanshyny, Ukrainian land receives and stores still positive information (materials of archaeological excavations chronicle evidence, etc.) of people who vitally concerned about the social organization of the state, care for its unity, greatness and power among the people and countries of the Ecumene during that times. Since then our land has been infected with passion to create a state, the idea of fighting for independence and Ukrainian unity. The strength of feeling of homeland, highly emotional relationship to your native land, your native home, all that is known and is area of interest of the local geography. It has an important place in system of human values. If the fate of the Earth is the lot of human than environment starts flourishing, otherwise there will be loss of control over the natural environment and the disappearance of nation (ethnicity), as evidenced by numerous examples from the long history of entire nations and even civilizations. The strength of the Earth in its spiritual energy. Black arable of an autumn field, as a prototype of our bitter past, gives nutritious juice to spring’s green shoots. Spirit of the land is in black bread, which we consume, in breast milk, in the character of a young child, in the wisdom and will of the new generation of Ukraine!
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Tundo, Pietro, Paul Anastas, David StC Black, et al. "Synthetic pathways and processes in green chemistry. Introductory overview." Pure and Applied Chemistry 72, no. 7 (2000): 1207–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200072071207.
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ContentsGreen Chemistry in the International ContextThe Concept of green ChemistryDefinition of green chemistry | Green chemistry: Why now? | The historical context of green chemistry | The emergence of green chemistryThe Content of Green ChemistryAreas of green chemistry | Preliminary remarks | Alternative feedstocks | Benign reagents/synthetic pathways | Synthetic transformations | Solvents/reaction conditionsGreen Chemistry in the International ContextIt has come to be recognized in recent years, that the science of chemistry is central to addressing the problems facing the environment. Through the utilization of the various subdisciplines of chemistry and the molecular sciences, there is an increasing appreciation that the emerging area of green chemistry1is needed in the design and attainment of sustainable development. A central driving force in this increasing awareness is that green chemistry accomplishes both economic and environmental goals simultaneously through the use of sound, fundamental scientific principles. Recently, a basic strategy has been proposed for implementing the relationships between industry and academia, and hence, funding of the research that constitutes the engine of economic advancement; it is what many schools of economics call the "triple bottom line" philosophy, meaning that an enterprise will be economically sustainable if the objectives of environmental protection, societal benefit, and market advantage are all satisfied2. Triple bottom line is a strong idea for evaluating the success of environmental technologies. It is clear that the best environmentally friendly technology or discovery will not impact on the market if it is not economically advantageous; in the same way, the market that ignores environmental needs and human involvement will not prosper. This is the challenge for the future of the chemical industry, its development being strongly linked to the extent to which environmental and human needs can be reconciled with new ideas in fundamental research. On the other hand, it should be easy to foresee that the success of environmentally friendly reactions, products, and processes will improve competitiveness within the chemical industry. If companies are able to meet the needs of society, people will influence their own governments to foster those industries attempting such environmental initiatives. Of course, fundamental research will play a central role in achieving these worthy objectives. What we call green chemistry may in fact embody some of the most advanced perspectives and opportunities in chemical sciences.It is for these reasons that the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) has a central role to play in advancing and promoting the continuing emergence and impact of green chemistry. When we think about how IUPAC furthers chemistry throughout the world, it is useful to refer to IUPAC's Strategic Plan. This plan demonstrates the direct relevance of the mission of IUPAC to green chemistry, and explains why there is growing enthusiasm for the pursuit of this new area as an appropriate activity of a scientific Union. The IUPAC Strategic Plan outlines among other goals:IUPAC will serve as a scientific, international, nongovernmental body in objectively addressing global issues involving the chemical sciences. Where appropriate, IUPAC will represent the interests of chemistry in governmental and nongovernmental forums.IUPAC will provide tools (e.g., standardized nomenclature and methods) and forums to help advance international research in the chemical sciences.IUPAC will assist chemistry-related industry in its contributions to sustainable development, wealth creation, and improvement in the quality of life.IUPAC will facilitate the development of effective channels of communication in the international chemistry community.IUPAC will promote the service of chemistry to society in both developed and developing countries.IUPAC will utilize its global perspective to contribute toward the enhancement of education in chemistry and to advance the public understanding of chemistry and the scientific method.IUPAC will make special efforts to encourage the career development of young chemists.IUPAC will broaden the geographical base of the Union and ensure that its human capital is drawn from all segments of the world chemistry community.IUPAC will encourage worldwide dissemination of information about the activities of the Union.IUPAC will assure sound management of its resources to provide maximum value for the funds invested in the Union.Through the vehicle of green chemistry, IUPAC can engage and is engaging the international community in issues of global importance to the environment and to industry, through education of young and established scientists, the provision of technical tools, governmental engagement, communication to the public and scientific communities, and the pursuit of sustainable development. By virtue of its status as a leading and internationally representative scientific body, IUPAC is able to collaborate closely in furthering individual national efforts as well as those of multinational entities.An important example of such collaboration in the area of green chemistry is that of IUPAC with the Organization for the Economical Cooperation and Development (OECD) in the project on "Sustainable Chemistry", aimed at promoting increased awareness of the subject in the member countries. During a meeting of the Environment Directorate (Paris, 6 June 1999), it was proposed that United States and Italy co-lead the activity, and that implementation of five recommendations to the member countries be accorded the highest priority, namely:research and developmentawards and recognition for work on sustainable chemistryexchange of technical information related to sustainable chemistryguidance on activities and tools to support sustainable chemistry programssustainable chemistry educationThese recommendations were perceived to have socio-economic implications for worldwide implementation of sustainable chemistry. How IUPAC and, in particular, its Divisions can contribute to this effort is under discussion. IUPAC is recognized for its ability to act as the scientific counterpart to OECD for all recommendations and activities. Although the initiatives being developed by the OECD are aimed primarily at determining the role that national institutions can play in facilitating the implementation and impact of green chemistry, it is recognized that each of these initiatives also has an important scientific component. Whether it is developing criteria or providing technical assessment for awards and recognition, identifying appropriate scientific areas for educational incorporation, or providing scientific insight into the areas of need for fundamental research and development, IUPAC can play and is beginning to play an important role as an international scientific authority on green chemistry.Other multinational organizations including, among others, the United Nations, the European Union, and the Asian Pacific Economic Community, are now beginning to assess the role that they can play in promoting the implementation of green chemistry to meet environmental and economic goals simultaneously. As an alternative to the traditional regulatory framework often implemented as a unilateral strategy, multinational governmental organizations are discovering that green chemistry as a nonregulatory, science-based approach, provides opportunities for innovation and economic development that are compatible with sustainable development. In addition, individual nations have been extremely active in green chemistry and provide plentiful examples of the successful utilization of green chemistry technologies. There are rapidly growing activities in government, industry, and academia in the United States, Italy, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Spain, Germany, Japan, China, and many other countries in Europe and Asia, that testify to the importance of green chemistry to the future of the central science of chemistry around the world.Organizations and Commissions currently involved in programs in green chemistry at the national or international level include, for example:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), with the "Green Chemistry Program" which involves, among others, the National Science Foundation, the American Chemical Society, and the Green Chemistry Institute;European Directorate for R&D (DG Research), which included the goals of sustainable chemistry in the actions and research of the European Fifth Framework Programme;Interuniversity Consortium "Chemistry for the Environment", which groups about 30 Italian universities interested in environmentally benign chemistry and funds their research groups;UK Royal Society of Chemistry, which promotes the concept of green chemistry through a "UK Green Chemistry Network" and the scientific journal Green Chemistry;UNIDO-ICS (International Centre for Science and High Technology of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization) which is developing a global program on sustainable chemistry focusing on catalysis and cleaner technologies with particular attention to developing and emerging countries (the program is also connected with UNIDO network of centers for cleaner production); andMonash University, which is the first organization in Australia to undertake a green chemistry program.Footnotes:1. The terminology "green chemistry" or "sustainable chemistry" is the subject of debate. The expressions are intended to convey the same or very similar meanings, but each has its supporters and detractors, since "green" is vividly evocative but may assume an unintended political connotation, whereas "sustainable" can be paraphrased as "chemistry for a sustainable environment", and may be perceived as a less focused and less incisive description of the discipline. Other terms have been proposed, such as "chemistry for the environment" but this juxtaposition of keywords already embraces many diversified fields involving the environment, and does not capture the economic and social implications of sustainability. The Working Party decided to adopt the term green chemistry for the purpose of this overview. This decision does not imply official IUPAC endorsement for the choice. In fact, the IUPAC Committee on Chemistry and Industry (COCI) favors, and will continue to use sustainable chemistry to describe the discipline.2. J. Elkington, &lt; http://www.sustainability.co.uk/sustainability.htm