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Journal articles on the topic 'United Nations Peace Operations'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 2 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Bandana, Pattnayak. "CHALLENGES BEFORE UNITED NATIONS PEACE KEEPING OPERATIONS: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS." Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary studies 13, no. 87 (2025): 28–35. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15147894.

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<em>The very purpose of establishing United Nations in after the end of the Second World War was to herald an era of peace in the world. There was in the United Nations charter a provision for United Nations peace keeping operation to be used in the war torn regions or nations.  Constituted by the member countries the operations will be under the aegis of the United Nations. The predicament of these operations lies in the fact that after the war is over, UNPK operations will be deployed to maintain peace. There is no provision for peace making operations. There are a myriad challenges&nbs

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2

Badawi, Habib. "The new role of the Japan Self-Defense Forces (JSDF) under proactive contribution to peace strategy." Defense and Security Studies 4 (August 16, 2023): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.37868/dss.v4.id242.

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As per the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, no nation can maintain security and peace on its own. Therefore, Tokyo, through the Japanese Ministry of Defense, contributes to the United Nations' efforts to maintain and restore international peace and security. Article 9 of the pacifist constitution, in force since 1947, binds Japan's defense policy. But global dangers, especially the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the Chinese threats to Taiwan, and the madness of the North Korean dictator, forced Japan to develop the proficiency of the Self-Defense Forces under the title of “proactive contrib

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3

Jetschke, Anja, and Bernd Schlipphak. "MILINDA: A new dataset on United Nations-led and non-united Nations-led peace operations." Conflict Management and Peace Science 37, no. 5 (2019): 605–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0738894218821044.

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Is there a trend toward the regionalization of peacekeeping? Does regionalization undermine the United Nations (UN) system of collective security? To answer these questions, we present an innovative dataset of peace operations. Covering the 1947–2016 period, the dataset captures every UN and non-UN peace operation, information on mission type, the existence of target state consent and UN authorization. The unit of analysis is the mission. The first analysis of the dataset yields three findings: (1) There is a significant regionalization of peace operations; (2) regions show distinct interventi

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4

Dacin, Octavian. "Special Operations Forces in United Nations Peace Keeping Operations." Studii Juridice Universitare, no. 1 (November 2022): 36–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.54481/sju.2022.1.03.

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Special Operation Force’s had started to participate in the United Nations peacekeeping operations not long ago, but the consensus on acceptability of their use in peacekeeping operations has already been reached. Present article analyzes views on SOF use in peacekeeping as expressed by the specialist and enshrined in guidance documents of different countries, explores normative regulation formalized in mandates of respective peacekeeping operations and contemplates typical SOF tasks in peacekeeping operations as defined by the UN in „United Nations Peacekeeping Missions Military Special Force

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5

Vohra, Shyla. "Impartiality in United Nations Peace-Keeping." Leiden Journal of International Law 9, no. 1 (1996): 63–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156596000040.

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United Nations peace-keeping is presently being faced with dynamic new challenges. The concept of peace-keeping is rapidly expanding, operations are being entrusted with new and innovative tasks, and are increasingly being deployed in intrastate conflicts. As the functions of peace-keepers vary, so too does the role and conception of peace-keeping. The new tasks entrusted to peace-keepers have brought with them new problems and difficulties. Controversial recent operations, such as those in Somalia and the former Yugoslavia, have particularly raised the issue of impartiality in the context of

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6

Rudderham, M. A. "Canada and United Nations Peace Operations." International Journal: Canada's Journal of Global Policy Analysis 63, no. 2 (2008): 359–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002070200806300210.

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7

ISHIZUKA, KATSUMI. "Japan and UN Peace Operations." Japanese Journal of Political Science 5, no. 1 (2004): 137–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1468109904001355.

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Japan created ‘the PKO Law’ in 1992 to provide a legal framework for international peacekeeping activities, following its financial involvement in the Gulf War of 1991. This paper argues that the PKO Law imposed certain restrictions which complicated the missions of the Japanese Self Defence Forces (SDF) and civilian personnel in operational fields. Post 11 September (2001), the Japanese government created a new legal framework for counter-terrorism and dispatched its SDF personnel to the United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET) and the United Nations Mission of Suppor

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8

Curran, David, and Paul D. Williams. "The United Kingdom and United Nations peace operations." International Peacekeeping 23, no. 5 (2016): 630–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13533312.2016.1235098.

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9

Freedman, Lawrence D., Michael W. Doyle, and Nicholas Sambanis. "Making War and Building Peace: United Nations Peace Operations." Foreign Affairs 85, no. 6 (2006): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20032164.

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10

Meijer, Iris C. "Un Peace-Keeping Forces: The Conditions of Change." Leiden Journal of International Law 7, no. 1 (1994): 63–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s092215650000282x.

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United Nations peace-keeping was invented as a creative response to the inability of the United Nations to utilise all the possibilities of the Charter mechanism for collective security. To cover its lack of legal basis, over the years a set of semi-legal conditions was developed for peace-keeping. The recent expansion of peace-keeping operations has caused some changes in these conditions, while some of the current peace-keeping forces have moved so far away from the established format that they cannot even be qualified as true peace-keeping operations any longer. For better or for worse, kee

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11

Cockayne, James, and David Malone. "United Nations Peace Operations Then and Now." Journal of International Peacekeeping 9, no. 1 (2005): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18754112-90000026.

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12

Oswald, Bruce. "Informal Justice and United Nations Peace Operations." International Organizations Law Review 10, no. 1 (2013): 166–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15723747-01001005.

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This paper seeks to address how UN military members undertaking UN peacekeeping operations should engage with customary or informal justice systems that they encounter. The relevant guidance that exists suggests that, as a policy matter, informal justice systems should not be allowed to deal with matters of serious crime because of the danger they may violate basic rights, and because dealing with serious crime is a key prerogative of the state. However, there is a growing movement away from adopting a unitary, state-centric rule of law orthodoxy approach, towards viewing the rule of law from

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13

Hingorani, Rup C. "United Nations Peace-Keeping Operations: An Overview." India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs 53, no. 3-4 (1997): 9–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0974928497053003-402.

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14

Spearin, Christopher. "Since you left: United Nations peace support, private military and security companies, and Canada." International Journal: Canada's Journal of Global Policy Analysis 73, no. 1 (2018): 68–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020702017740158.

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In the late 1990s when Canada was largely removing itself from United Nations peace support endeavours, private military and security companies were heralded as likely replacements. Canada has indicated its desire to reengage in a United Nations peace support milieu in which there is now a private military and security presence. It is not the type of presence initially envisioned, but it is one with multiple impacts regarding training and operations. This article emphasizes the interventions in the first decade of the twenty-first century and the corresponding, defensively minded regulations t

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15

Oswald, Bruce ‘Ossie’, and Adrian Bates. "Privileges and Immunities of United Nations Police." Journal of International Peacekeeping 14, no. 3-4 (2010): 375–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187541110x504418.

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This paper examines the law concerning the privileges and immunities of international police serving in UN peace operations. It describes the legal framework concerning privileges and immunities in UN peace operations and focuses on the key legal privileges and immunities that UN police are granted. More specifically the paper describes the immunity of UN police from criminal and civil jurisdiction of the host State.

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Uz Zaman, Rashed, and Niloy Ranjan Biswas. "‘Not business as usual’: changing realities and the transformations in peace operations." Studia Politologiczne 2020, no. 56 (2020): 299–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.33896/spolit.2020.56.18.

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The paper highlights the major transformations in global peace support operations led by the United Nations at present. In light of these trends, this paper asks how these trends affect today’s peace operations and what affect they may have on future operations. In attempting to answer these questions, the paper conducts a comparative historical analysis of peacekeeping and peace enforcement operations – their scopes and legal mandates. This paper explores the local security and legitimacy implications of the expanded will of the United Nations to use peace enforcement. Furthermore, it examine

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Jacuch, Andrzej, Przemysław Rychlewski, and WOJCIECH SOKOŁOWSKI. "PROVIDING TRANSPORT CAPACITY FOR PEACE OPERATIONS IN AFRICA." Rocznik Bezpieczeństwa Morskiego XIV (November 2, 2020): 0–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.6107.

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The article is aimed at question how nations can better support the United Nations missions in Africa with focus on their transport operations, including military support and commercial transport. The intention is to fill a gap in literature on the most needed specialist enablers - military transport

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18

Ryniker, Anne. "Respect du droit international humanitaire par les forces des Nations Unies." International Review of the Red Cross 81, no. 836 (1999): 795–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1560775500103724.

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Abstract Ever since the Security Council decided for the first time to send armed forces into a troubled area, the question has remained open as to whether such peace-keeping or peace-enforcement contingents were required to comply with international humanitarian law when they had to use force. The ICRC has always argued in favour of the applicability of that body of law, in particular the 1949 Geneva Conventions, to operations conducted under the control of the United Nations. Under the title « Observance by United Nations forces of international humanitarian law» the United Nations Secretary

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19

Pushkina, Daria B. "Successes and Failures of United Nations Peace Operations." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 65, no. 1 (2020): 261–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2020.115.

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20

Gamez, Samantha. "United Nations peace operations and International Relations theory." International Affairs 97, no. 5 (2021): 1626–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiab134.

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21

Pogany, I. "The Evaluation of United Nations Peace-Keeping Operations." British Yearbook of International Law 57, no. 1 (1987): 357–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bybil/57.1.357.

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22

Dr., Avanish Kumar. "United Nations Peacekeeping Missions: Transition, Challenges and Reform." International Journal of Contemporary Research in Multidisciplinary 3, no. 6 (2024): 186–92. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14593553.

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There have been tactical shifts in the working nature of United Nations peacekeeping missions, i.e., from ‘traditional’ to ‘multidimensional’ approaches. Traditional peace operations often compass the deployment of lightly armed forces, generally sent after the peace agreement or ceasefire. It tried to create a buffer zone among the conflicting parties, demobilize peace forces, disarm, and provide humanitarian assistance. In contrast, multidimensional peace operations have gone beyond the old paradigm approaches, including establishing a peaceful and stable environment

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23

Dzeletovic, Milenko, Hatidza Berisha, and Nikola Vidovic. "FROM TRADITIONAL TO MODERN PEACE OPERATIONS OF UNITED NATIONS." Knowledge International Journal 28, no. 6 (2018): 1801–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij28061801m.

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In paper, the authors point out a description of the basic characteristics of the UN Organization, the process of establishing peacekeeping operations and their legal foundation in the UN Charter on the complexity of the UN system in the decision-making process and in process of the establishment of peacekeeping operations. Considering the interpretation of the legitimacy of the establishment of peacekeeping operations through the goals set by the United Nations Charter.Through the paper the conceptual-theoretical determination of peacekeeping operations was carried out and the classification

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24

Nordin, N. N. H., Wan Norhasniah Wan Husin, and M. Z. Salleh. "Challenges in United Nations Peacekeeping Operations." International Journal of Social Science Research 10, no. 1 (2022): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijssr.v10i1.19141.

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Given the variety of actions concentrating on peacekeeping with significant successful operations, the United Nations (UN) continues to encounter concerns and challenges that have hampered its peacekeeping operations’ efficiency, effectiveness, and performance. This article aimed to investigate the primary challenges that adversely influence peacekeeping operations and challenge them based on the security theory proposed by Barry Buzan. According to the study’s findings, UN peacekeeping missions have been successful in addressing conflict situations and promoting peace in many regions of the w

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25

Fernandez-Osorio, Andres Eduardo. "The Participation of Colombia in United Nations’ Multidimensional Peace Operations." Journal of International Peacekeeping 21, no. 1-2 (2017): 83–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18754112-02101003.

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This article challenges conventional explanations why Colombia, a country emerging from an armed internal conflict but still with multiple challenges, should participate in United Nations’ multidimensional peace operations. While Colombian official rationale maintains that contribution to peacekeeping is a common stage for countries within a post-peace agreement scenario to gain worldwide recognition, to improve legitimacy, and to establish an alternative source of funding, international experience suggests that the occurrence of several other circumstances is necessary before making such a co

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26

Sommaruga, Cornelio. "Humanitarian action and peace-keeping operations." International Review of the Red Cross 37, no. 317 (1997): 178–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020860400085107.

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It is an honour and a privilege for me to address this Conference devoted to a topic of great importance to the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). As a humanitarian organization, whose mandate it is to provide protection and assistance for victims of armed conflicts and which is operational worldwide, the ICRC has been directly concerned with many peace-keeping missions undertaken by the United Nations.

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27

Balas, Alexandru. "It Takes Two (or More) to Keep the Peace: Multiple Simultaneous Peace Operations." Journal of International Peacekeeping 15, no. 3-4 (2011): 384–421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187541111x572737.

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This study introduces the concept of multiple simultaneous peace operations (MSPOs). Two or more peace operations deployed at the same time in the same conflicts are MSPOs. There are numerous conflicts in which a United Nations peace operation works side by side with the peace operations of regional international organizations. The majority (60%) of all peace operations from 1978-2009 are MSPOs. Multiple simultaneous peace operations are also the 21st century’s trend for deployments. This study provides a description of a new dataset on multiple simultaneous peace operations and argues for ana

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Breede, H. Christian. "Special (peace) operations: Optimizing SOF for UN missions." International Journal: Canada's Journal of Global Policy Analysis 73, no. 2 (2018): 221–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020702018787633.

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Since the release of the 2015 United Nations Peacekeeping Missions Military Special Forces Manual, there has been surprisingly little scholarly attention devoted to it. Indeed, much of the recent literature on the topic of special operations forces (SOF) is descriptive, sensationalized, or simply boosting the image of SOF as the proverbial “easy button” for decision-makers. This article seeks to critically engage with the 2015 United Nations manual on SOF through the framework of specialized generalists, boundary spanning, and military autonomy. 1 This paper will then continue the argument tha

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Sha'aban, Magaji, and Alhassan Muhammad Umar. "PEACE-KEEPING OPERATIONS IN AFRICA IN THE 21ST CENTURY: AN ASSESSMENT." GPH-International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 07, no. 08 (2024): 01–09. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13692433.

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<strong>This study presents a critical overview and analysis of principal events that characterize peace keeping operations in Africa: challenges encountered and prospects towards enhancing their effectiveness. The study observed that between 1947 and 2013, Africa experienced 90 peace keeping operations. Majority of the armed conflicts in Africa attracted peace operations more regularly than the global average with United Nations (UN) consistently being the predominant peacekeeper in the continent of Africa where 33 UN-led operations had been deployed. African contributions to peace operations

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Paramasatya, Satwika. "Peran Penjaga Perdamaian Wanita dalam Proses Bina-Damai: Studi Kasus Operasi Perdamaian Monusco." Global South Review 2, no. 1 (2017): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/globalsouth.28851.

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Peacekeeping Operations (PKO) is known as an instrument used by the United Nations to create peace in countries affected by conflict. Peacekeeping operations work as a mediator for the parties of the conflict and to ensure that violence no longer exists in the peace process. Once peace is achieved, peace operations are expected to remain involved in the peace building process. At first, men played a very dominant role in peacekeeping operations. Even so, women have been more involved in peace operations nowadays. It can be seen from the increasing number of female members of peacekeeping opera

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31

Kenkel, Kai Michael, and Conor Foley. "Responding to the crisis in United Nations peace operations." Contemporary Security Policy 42, no. 2 (2021): 189–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13523260.2021.1899543.

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32

Breda, Gianmatteo. "United Nations Naval Peace Operations in the Territorial Sea." Military Law and the Law of War Review 49, no. 3-4 (2010): 418–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/mllwr.2010.3-4.10.

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33

Palwankar, Umesh. "Applicability of international humanitarian law to United Nations peace-keeping forces." International Review of the Red Cross 33, no. 294 (1993): 227–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020860400076993.

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In recent years, and especially in 1992, the number of United Nations peace-keeping operations has increased at an unprecedented rate. Thirteen such operations were carried out between 1945 and 1987, whereas fourteen have been initiated since 1987. In 1992 alone, three new operations were started — in Cambodia, the former Yugoslavia and Somalia — and 1993 brought another, in Mozambique. The number of United Nations personnel deployed in the field quadrupled during 1992 to more than 50,000 persons, with a total budget of some $2,500 million at the end of the year.

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34

Primosch, Edmund G. "The Roles of United Nations Civilian Police (Uncivpol) within United Nations Peace-Keeping Operations." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 43, no. 2 (1994): 425–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iclqaj/43.2.425.

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35

Sarooshi, Danesh. "The Role of the United Nations Secretary-General in United Nations Peace-Keeping Operations." Australian Year Book of International Law Online 20, no. 1 (2000): 279–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26660229-020-01-900000016.

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36

Burke, Róisín. "Due Diligence and UN Support for African Union Security Forces." Journal of International Peacekeeping 21, no. 1-2 (2017): 1–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18754112-02101001.

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Complicity by UN military peacekeepers in sexual abuse and sexual exploitation (‘SEA’) has been in the lime light in academic, practice and policy circles for many years now. Recent scandals involving sexual violence and abuse by peacekeepers in the Central African Republic and failures to respond are proving the catalyst for major reforms being discussed and implemented currently at UN level. There are numerous legal complexities, difficulties and flaws with the legal framework, policies and systems presently in place. Less considered are the parallel regulatory frameworks operative, or not o

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Rikhye, Indar Jit. "United Nations Peacekeeping Operations and India." India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs 41, no. 3-4 (1985): 303–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097492848504100301.

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Since independence, India has played an important role in strengthening the United Nations capability in the maintenance of international peace and security. Faced with the problem of Kashmir where Pakistan supported raiders, in violation of the Six Month Stand Still Agreement to work out future status of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, had entered the state, the ruler of the state called for assistance from India. Within hours Indian troops started to move by air and surface transportation and on entering the state faced Pakistani raiders. Some hard fighting ensued. In spite of the c

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SOLHJELL, Randi. "“There are no women here”. Gender Discourses in United Nations’ Peace Operations." Relaciones Internacionales, no. 27 (October 29, 2014): 97–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.15366/relacionesinternacionales2014.27.005.

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International Relations (IR) discipline is no longer only a man’s world. For decades, feminist IR scholars have managed to challenge the gender-blind and male-dominated discourses of security, power and conflict. However, and outside this academic bubble, in international politics more broadly, and with the United Nations Security Council resolution 1325 (2000) on Women, Peace and Security specifically, “gender” in relation to peace and security is often interpreted in narrow perspectives. The article discuss some of the feminist IR contribution to the Women, peace and security agenda and offe

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Hutabarat, Leonard F. "Indonesian Female Peacekeepers in The United Nations Peacekeeping Mission." Jurnal Pertahanan 3, no. 3 (2017): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.33172/jp.v3i3.214.

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<p align="justify">As peacekeeping has evolved to encompass a broader humanitarian approach, women personels have become increasingly part of the peacekeeping family. The UN has called for more deployment of female peacekeepers to enhance the overall “holistic” approach to current UN peacekeeping operations. There is clearly more work to be done to integrate more female peacekeepers into UN missions. More skilled and trained female peacekeepers can only be an asset to future peacekeeping operations. In October 2000, the UN Security Council adopted Resolution 1325 on Women, Peace and Secu

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40

Mlađenović, Mirjana. "RAZVOJ I REDEFINISANjE ULOGE MIROVNIH OPERACIJA UN U OČUVANjU MEĐUNARODNOG MIRA I BEZBEDNOSTI." Glasnik prava XIII, no. 1 (2022): 107–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/gp.1301.107m.

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This paper explains the importance and role of United Nations peacekeeping missions in solving social crises and conflicts. The historical basis of the conflicts themselves, as well as their causes and development in different societies, is analyzed. The role of the collective security system is also defined with reference to the first established system of this kind through the Statute of the League of Nations. Normative-legal frameworks of peace operations and their conceptual concepts and existing types are presented. Types of cooperation between the United Nations and regional organization

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Nikitin, A. "United Nations Peace Operations: Reconsidering the Principles, Reforming the Practice." World Economy and International Relations 60, no. 3 (2016): 16–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2016-60-3-16-26.

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The article describes and debates main points and recommendations of the Report-2015 of the Independent High Level Group on the UN Peace Operations. The author analyses doctrinal innovations and practical guidelines suggested by the Group and debates consequences of the recommended “politicizing” of the UN operations (assuring the leading role for the UN in any political peace process supported by UN peacekeepers, and avoiding operations where the UN role is limited to passive disengagement of conflict sides). Necessity for and limits of reconsidering traditional principles of peacekeeping, su

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Oswald, Bruce “Ossie.” "Robust Peacekeeping and Self-Defense." Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting 112 (2018): 117–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/amp.2019.15.

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In this Article I focus on the use of force in self-defense by United Nations peacekeepers that are members of military contingents. This is an important matter because the use of force in self-defense remains the foundation for the use of force in all United Nations peace operations—including aggressive or robust peacekeeping.

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Makosso, Amanda M. "United Nations Peacekeeping Operations in the era of COVID-19." Journal of Intelligence, Conflict, and Warfare 3, no. 2 (2020): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21810/jicw.v3i2.2378.

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With its seven peacekeeping operations deployed in the African continent, the United Nations peacekeeping seeks to maintain peace and security by helping African states create conditions for sustainable peace. As COVID-19 has exposed the international system’s vulnerability, this analysis seeks to explore what Peacekeeping looks like in the COVID-19 era. By drawing on news articles, reports, and United Nations press releases, this account also examines the challenges faced by peacekeepers in Sub Saharan Africa, a region well known for violent conflicts and warfare. It is interesting to note th

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de Rover, Cees, and Anne Gallagher. "Human Rights Training for United Nations Peace-Keepers: Lessons from Mozambique." Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights 13, no. 3 (1995): 217–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016934419501300302.

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Peace-keeping by the United Nations has become a central tool of international diplomacy and conflict resolution. In contrast to its previous emphasis on providing a passive buffer between antagonists, modern-day United Nations peace-keeping is increasingly directed towards establishing the conditions under which respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms can be maintained or restored. This shift in emphasis is reflected in the tasks which are assigned to peace-keepers. Military and civilian police components of United Nations peace-keeping operations are now called upon to perform a va

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45

Tchie, Andrew E. Yaw. "African-Led Peace Support Operations in a declining period of new UN Peacekeeping Operations." Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations 29, no. 2 (2023): 230–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19426720-02902006.

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Abstract The United Nations is known to be the preeminent body to authorize and oversee international peacekeeping missions; however, new forms of African-led Peace Support Operations (PSO s) are increasingly common, innovative, and context-specific. This paper examines the evolution of African-led PSO s and argues that African-led PSO s are filling a vacuum and taking on responsibilities once assumed by the United Nations Peacekeeping Operations (UN PKO). The paper posits that the rise of African-led PSO s is due to the growing need for security and respond to the changing nature of conflict,

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Fleck, Dieter. "The legal status of personnel involved in United Nations peace operations." International Review of the Red Cross 95, no. 891-892 (2013): 613–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1816383114000290.

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AbstractThis article examines the status of military and civilian personnel of sending states and international organisations involved in UN peace operations. It undertakes an assessment of relevant customary law, examines various forms of treaty regulation and considers topics and procedures for effective settlement of open issues prior to the mission. The author stresses the need for cooperation between the host state, the sending states and the international organisation in this context. He draws some conclusions with a view to enhancing the legal protection of personnel involved in current

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Tsutsui, W. "Conceptions of Japan's Security affecting Cooperation with the United Nations." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 27, no. 1 (1997): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v27i1.6120.

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This article analyses the vexed question of the interaction of Japan's post-War Constitution, the San Francisco Peace Treaty, and the Japan-US Security Treaty. It compares the initial conceptions of Japanese security in relation to the United Nations with conceptions engendered by the Korean War and more recent peace-keeping operations. It concludes with some implications for Japan's security in a post-Cold War era.

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JAKOBSEN, PETER VIGGO. "The Transformation of United Nations Peace Operations in the 1990s." Cooperation and Conflict 37, no. 3 (2002): 267–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010836702037003672.

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Maxwell, Rebekah. "United Nations Peace-Keeping Operations: A Guide to French Policies." Journal of Government Information 27, no. 4 (2000): 522–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1352-0237(00)00197-0.

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Sambanis, Nicholas. "Short- and Long-Term Effects of United Nations Peace Operations." World Bank Economic Review 22, no. 1 (2008): 9–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhm022.

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