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Relevant bibliographies by topics / United Nations Rwanda

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Academic literature on the topic 'United Nations Rwanda'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 27 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "United Nations Rwanda"

1

Megwalu, Amaka, and Neophytos Loizides. "Dilemmas of Justice and Reconciliation: Rwandans and the Gacaca Courts." African Journal of International and Comparative Law 18, no. 1 (March 2010): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/e0954889009000486.

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Following the 1994 genocide, several justice initiatives were implemented in Rwanda, including a tribunal established by the United Nations, Rwanda's national court system and Gacaca, a ‘traditional’ community-run conflict resolution mechanism adapted to prosecute genocide perpetrators. Since their inception in 2001, the Gacaca courts have been praised for their efficiency and for widening participation, but criticised for lack of due process, trained personnel and attention to atrocities committed by the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF). To evaluate these criticisms, we present preliminary findings from a survey of 227 Rwandans and analyse their attitudes towards Gacaca in relation to demographic characteristics such as education, residence and loss of relatives during the genocide.

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2

Aptel, Cécile. "The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda." International Review of the Red Cross 37, no. 321 (December 1997): 675–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020860400077767.

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The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda was created on 8 November 1994 by the United Nations Security Council, of which it is a subsidiary body. Its task is to help restore and maintain peace and bring about national reconciliation by trying persons allegedly responsible for acts of genocide and other grave breaches of international humanitarian law committed in Rwanda and Rwandan citizens suspected of committing such acts and violations in the territory of neighbouring States between 1 January and 31 December 1994.

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3

Taylor, Christopher C. "The United Nations and Rwanda 1993-96." International Journal of African Historical Studies 31, no. 2 (1998): 414. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/221120.

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Wembou, Djiena. "The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda: Its role in the African context." International Review of the Red Cross 37, no. 321 (December 1997): 685–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020860400077779.

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In the face of the atrocities committed in Rwanda between April and July 1994, the international community committed itself to ensuring respect for international humanitarian law and trying those responsible for breaches of it. Thus, on 8 November 1994, the United Nations Security Council adopted resolution 955 creating the International Criminal Tribunal for the prosecution of persons responsible for genocide and other serious violations of international humanitarian law committed in the territory of Rwanda and of Rwandan citizens responsible for such acts committed in the territory of neighbouring States.

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5

Newman, Michael. "A dysfunctional United Nations and the Rwanda genocide." Political Quarterly 90, no. 2 (March 25, 2019): 329–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-923x.12674.

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6

Bontea, George Horațiu. "A Postmodernist Critique of the International Community’s Response to the Genocide in Rwanda: How the UN’s Rhetoric Contributed to Humanitarian Failure." Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Studia Europaea 67, no. 2 (December 30, 2022): 81–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbeuropaea.2022.2.04.

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"The gruesome savagery displayed during the events in Rwanda astounded the entire world. Even more outrageous is the fact that the international community did not have a strong response to the massacre and allowed millions of lives to be affected by the actions of Akazu. In this essay, I wish to propose that, drawing on the notion that postmodernist international theory's metanarratives can be created inside the framework of international politics, I look at a horrific incident that shocked the public. This study aims to address the issue, ""Why was the rhetoric of the United Nations potentially fueling the brutality of the Rwandan genocide?"" to demonstrate that the international community's rhetoric played a significant role in these sad events. All of them point to the fact that the way we classify and prioritise humanitarian situations can be considerably influenced by a international organisation with accepted authority in the international community. We saw the construction of a ""Rwanda Civil War"" metanarrative that only showed one side of the conflict before collapsing in the face of the terrible truth of what had actually occurred. Keywords: Rwandan Genocide, humanitarian intervention, discourse analysis, United Nations, postmodernism."

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7

Philpot, John. "Le tribunal pénal international pour le Rwanda - La justice trahie (Note)." Études internationales 27, no. 4 (April 12, 2005): 827–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/703665ar.

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On November 8,1994, the Security Council of the United Nations adopted Resolution 955 creating an ad hoc international criminal tribunal to judge individuals responsible for violations of international humanitarian law committed in Rwanda between January 1, 1994 and December 31, 1994. In its form and structure, the Tribunal does not respect basic legal requirements required of a tribunal set up in international law. Us mandate - limited in time, in scope of potential indictment, and in jurisdiction to violations of international humanitarian law - mil prevent any light from being shed on the real issue raised by the Rwandan conflict, namely that of armed military intervention in Rwanda from Uganda. It will likely lead to the reinforcement of a one-sided view of the crisis in Rwanda and legitimate further unilateral interventionist policies in Africa and elsewhere. The Tribunal will institutionalize the de facto impunity for the members and supporters of the present government of Rwanda who undoubtedly committed many serious crimes between October 1, 1990 and the present.

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8

Mironko, Charles K., and Michael Barnett. "Eyewitness to a Genocide: The United Nations and Rwanda." African Studies Review 46, no. 2 (September 2003): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1514870.

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9

Gerhart, Gail M., and Michael N. Barnett. "Eyewitness to a Genocide: The United Nations and Rwanda." Foreign Affairs 81, no. 6 (2002): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20033409.

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10

Berdal, Mats. "The United Nations, Peacebuilding, and the Genocide in Rwanda." Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations 11, no. 1 (August 3, 2005): 115–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19426720-01101009.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "United Nations Rwanda"

1

Astroff, Robert Eden. "Scuttled diplomacy, a study of intervention by the United Nations in Rwanda." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0021/MQ48513.pdf.

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2

Astroff, Robert Eden Carleton University Dissertation International Affairs. "Scuttled diplomacy: a study of intervention by the United Nations in Rwanda." Ottawa, 1999.

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3

Woofter, Jennifer Kay. "OPSEC v. RTK: Media Restrictions in United Nations Peacekeeping." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/9740.

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The United Nations currently adopts media policies for peacekeeping missions on an ad-hoc basis, often relying on US or NATO rules. Some have suggested that a standardized media policy for all peacekeeping missions should be the norm. This project examines that proposition with an eye to the tension between the right to know and operational security. Looking at UN intervention in the Gulf War, Somalia, and Rwanda, the problems with such a rigid media policy appear significant. Instead, a dual-level approach is advocated, allowing broad principles of independent coverage as well as in-country negotiations to take place.
Master of Arts

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4

Murray, Leonie G. "United States-United Nations relations during the first Clinton administration, with special reference to Somalia and Rwanda." Thesis, University of Ulster, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.414102.

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5

Toma, Hideko. "Displaced persons and international human rights with reference to Rwanda and Cambodia." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.310574.

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Farry, Stephen A. "Mission impossible : the United Nations' peace and security activities in the post Cold War era." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.322850.

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7

Jones, Bruce David. "The theory and practice of interconnected third-party conflict resolution : explaining the failure of the peace process in Rwanda, 1990-1994." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.340885.

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New approaches to third-party conflict resolution stress the significance of the interconnections between the interventions of various external actors. Recent empirical and policy-onented work on civil wars underscores the recurrent policy challenges such external actors face in peace processes. Taken together, the two bodies of work provide a framework for assessing the impact of international conflict resolution efforts. The thesis explores the connections between different third-party conflict resolution efforts that accompanied the Rwandan civil war, from 1990 to 1994, and assesses the individual and collective impact they had on the course of that conflict. Empirical chapters, arranged chronologically, review pre-negotiation efforts, mediation processes, and both diplomatic and peacekeeping efforts to secure the implementation of a peace agreement signed in August 1993. This review considers official and unofficial efforts by both state and non-state actors. Applying the framework to the empirical material, the thesis explores a seeming paradox: that the genocide that engulfed Rwanda in 1994 was preceded by a wide range of international efforts to contain and manage what started off as a small-scale civil war. The thesis dispels the conventional wisdom that nothing was done to prevent the genocide in Rwanda. Rather, it provides empirical and theoretical evidence that the failure of the peace process was not a function of the weakness of any one third-party effort, but of the paucity of the connections between them. In so doing, the thesis generates further insights into the critical role—and current weakness—of co-ordinating elements in peace processes. The thesis then highlights the theoretical implications of the case study. First, it confirms the significance of interconnections between third-party interventions, and adds detail as to the various positive and negative forms those interconnections may take. Second, it highlights the fact that recurrent obstacles to conflict resolution in civil wars may arise not only from the nature of the wars themselves, but also from the nature of third-party intervenors. Thus, it suggests a shift in emphasis both for empirical and theoretical investigation onto intervening actors, and in particular the systems and processes that co-ordinate and organise their efforts—or fail to do so. The central arguments of the thesis serve as a cautionary tale about the limits of third-party conflict resolutrnn, and as an argument for systematic reform of the international system for managing third-party interventions.

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PIASKOWY, KATHARINE ANN. "MADELEINE ALBRIGHT AND UNITED STATES HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTIONS: A PRINCIPLED OR PERSONAL AGENDA?" University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1163531263.

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9

Högberg, Sara. "Women and Peacebuilding in Rwanda and Sierra Leone : A comparative study of the impacts of United Nations Resolution 1325." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Utveckling och internationellt samarbete, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-38255.

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This study examines and problematizes how the Resolution 1325 has impacted women's inclusion in two developing countries. The study focuses on how the resolution 1325 has affected and increased women's inclusion in peacebuilding since the implementation in Rwanda (2009) and Sierra Leone (2010). To analyse the results a theoretical framing is used, which is Empowerment theory and Feminist Approaches to Peacebuilding. This thesis uses a comparative literature method to compare the impacts in the two cases and critical reading is used while searching for material in e.g. scientific articles and in reports. Based on the theoretical framing and the material that are used in this thesis, the study concludes that Rwanda and Sierra Leone have experienced different results from the implementation of resolution 1325. This study concludes that the implementation of resolution 1325 in Rwanda has worked as a tool to push gender equality further in peace processes as in the parliament and in the security sector, alongside women's organizations and activists since 2009. The results in Sierra Leone concludes that the implementation of resolution 1325 has progressed the work within peacebuilding as the proportion of women has increased in peace processes and in the police and security-sector since 2010. However, the development in Rwanda had come further before the implementation of resolution 1325 and therefore the results differ in these countries.

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10

Silander, Hidiana. "Att agera eller inte agera? : En studie om hur Frankrike, Belgien och Rwanda agerade i folkmordet i Rwanda 1994." Thesis, Högskolan för lärande och kommunikation, Högskolan i Jönköping, HLK, Ämnesforskning, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-37815.

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Folkmordet i Rwanda 1994 pågick under tre månader och är ett av de mest brutala folkmorden som har utförts under modern tid. Under dessa tre månader dödades ca 800 000 personer och takten i mördandet i Rwanda var fem gånger högre än vad dödandet var under Förintelsen. Till en början trodde omvärlden att det var ett inbördeskrig i Rwanda, vilket var en lögn. Den tidigare forskningen kring folkmordet i Rwanda 1994 bekräftar att FN som organisation misslyckades med att genomföra sitt uppdrag i Rwanda – men det visade sig också att vissa medlemsländer i FN kunde ha agerat annorlunda. Syftet med studien är att med utgångspunkt i FN-dokument undersöka hur Frankrike, Belgien och Rwanda agerade under och efter folkmordet i Rwanda 1994. Studiens källmaterial bestod av officiella FN-dokument som har publicerats i sin helhet i boken The United Nations and Rwanda 1993 – 1996 som FN utgav 1996. Studien präglades utav en kvalitativ textanalys, vilket syftar till att undersöka och analysera vad som faktiskt står i källmaterialet. Resultatet utav studien visade att både Frankrike och Belgiens ”icke-agerande” resulterade i att folkmordet i Rwanda inte stoppades tillräckligt fort. Både Frankrike och Belgien har en historia i Rwanda, vilket borde ha spelat en stor roll i hur de båda borde ha agerat. Resultatet visade också att Rwanda inte kunde sätta stopp för folkmordet själva eftersom Rwandas dåvarande regering var i konflikt med RPF. Det hade behövts ett agerande från FN, men speciellt från Frankrike och Belgien. Detta eftersom att de två medlemsländerna hade vetskap om bakomliggande orsaker till varför folkmordet utfördes under 1994.

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Books on the topic "United Nations Rwanda"

1

Rwanda, Nations Unies au. Les Nations Unies au Rwanda. [Kigali]: Nation Unies, 1998.

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2

Nations, United, ed. The United Nations and Rwanda, 1993-1996. New York: Dept. of Public Information, United Nations, 1996.

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Rwanda, United Nations. UNDAF 2008-2012, Rwanda. Kigali, Rwanda: United Nations Rwanda, 2012.

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Rwanda, United Nations, ed. One UN Programme Rwanda Common Operational Document, 2008-2012. Kigali, Rwanda: United Nations Rwanda, 2007.

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5

Eyewitness to a genocide: The United Nations and Rwanda. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2002.

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Jim, Whitman, and Pocock David, eds. After Rwanda: The coordination of United Nations humanitarian assistance. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1996.

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7

Peacemaking in Rwanda: The dynamics of failure. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2001.

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8

Visiting Rwanda. Dublin: Lilliput Press, 1998.

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9

Programme, United Nations Development, ed. The economics of poverty-reduction in Rwanda. Kigali: The Programme, 1999.

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10

Julie, Pudlowski, and UNDP (Rwanda), eds. Ten years on: Helping rebuild a nation : the United Nations in Rwanda. Kigali, Rwanda?]: UNDP Rwanda, 2004.

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Book chapters on the topic "United Nations Rwanda"

1

Howie, Ian. "Life After Death: Rwanda." In Reflections on a United Nations' Career, 215–40. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77063-1_11.

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"Rwanda." In Permanent Missions to the United Nations, 263. United Nations, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/9789210018289c144.

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"Rwanda." In Permanent Missions to the United Nations, No. 309, 259. United Nations, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/9789210056755c144.

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"Rwanda." In Permanent Missions to the United Nations No.301, 227. United Nations, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/9789210544207c141.

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"Rwanda." In Permanent Missions to the United Nations No.299, 219. United Nations, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/9789210558693c141.

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"Rwanda." In Permanent Missions to the United Nations No.300, 221. United Nations, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/9789210543668c141.

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"No. 45585. Belgium and Rwanda." In United Nations Treaty Series, 187–99. UN, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/3582265e-en-fr.

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"No. 43750. Germany and Rwanda." In United Nations Treaty Series, 123. UN, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/a4df0a47-en-fr.

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"No. 47772: Germany and Rwanda." In United Nations Treaty Series, 43. UN, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/e653dbc3-en-fr.

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"No. 47596: Germany and Rwanda." In United Nations Treaty Series, 63. UN, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/0b8c0e29-en-fr.

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Reports on the topic "United Nations Rwanda"

1

Duval, Jean-Francois. Could the Outcome of the Genocide in Rwanda be Different with an Operational Planning Cell in the United Nations? Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada605433.

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Kwizera, Maurice, Kwizera, Maurice, Lambert Karangwa, Jeannette Murekatete, Gilbert Rukundo Mutabaruka, Jean Paul Mbarushimana, Tariya Yusuf, Inbar Hanna Yaffe, et al. Making Sanitation and Hygiene a Human Security Issue: The case of Nyamagabe District, Rwanda. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/slh.2021.017.

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This case study was developed to inform subsequent research and analysis of local government leadership and prioritisation of sanitation and hygiene (S&H) in East Africa. Consolidated learning from across the three countries involved can be found in the Sanitation Learning Hub (SLH) Learning Brief: Strengthening sub-national systems for area-wide sanitation and hygiene. From late 2020 to early 2021, the SLH collaborated with local government actors and development partners from three sub-national areas to explore ways of increasing local government leadership and prioritisation of S&H to drive progress towards area-wide S&H. For some time, local government leadership has been recognised as key to ensuring sustainability and scale, it is an important component of the emerging use of systems strengthening approaches in the sanitation sector. It is hoped that this work will provide practical experiences to contribute to this thinking. Three case studies were developed to capture local government and development partners’ experiences supporting sub-national governments increase their leadership and prioritisation of S&H in Siaya County (Kenya), Nyamagabe District (Rwanda), and Moyo District (Uganda), all of which have seen progress in recent years. The development partners involved were UNICEF in Kenya, WaterAid in Rwanda, and WSSCC/ Uganda Sanitation Fund in Uganda. The cases were then analysed through three online workshops facilitated with staff from the local governments, central government ministries and development partners involved to explore them in further detail, review experiences and identify levers and blockages to change. Lessons from the workshops are documented in the SLH learning brief mentioned above. This is the case study developed by Nyamagabe District and WaterAid documenting their experiences and reflections from working together to increase prioritisation of S&H in Nyamagabe District, Rwanda.

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Meeuwissen, Talia, Mable Chanzu, Julie Aubriot, Jimmy Kariuki, Carolyne Odhiambo, Hillary Okumu, Peter Karichu, and Emmah Mwende. How Sanitation and Hygiene Champions Emerged in Siaya County. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/slh.2021.019.

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This case study was developed to inform subsequent research and analysis of local government leadership and prioritisation of sanitation and hygiene (S&H) in East Africa. Consolidated learning from across the three countries involved can be found in the Sanitation Learning Hub (SLH) Learning Brief: Strengthening sub-national systems for area-wide sanitation and hygiene. From late 2020 to early 2021, the SLH collaborated with local government actors and development partners from three sub-national areas to explore ways of increasing local government leadership and prioritisation of S&H to drive progress towards area-wide S&H. For some time, local government leadership has been recognised as key to ensuring sustainability and scale and it is an important component of the emerging use of systems strengthening approaches in the sanitation sector. It is hoped that this work will provide practical experiences to contribute to this thinking. Three case studies were developed to capture local government and development partners’ experiences supporting sub-national governments increase their leadership and prioritisation of S&H in Siaya County (Kenya), Nyamagabe District (Rwanda), and Moyo District (Uganda), all of which have seen progress in recent years. The development partners involved were UNICEF in Kenya, WaterAid in Rwanda, and WSSCC/Uganda Sanitation Fund in Uganda. The cases were then analysed through three online workshops facilitated with staff from the local governments, central government ministries and development partners involved to explore them in further detail, review experiences and identify levers and blockages to change. Lessons from the workshops are documented in the SLH learning brief mentioned above. This is the case study developed by Siaya County and UNICEF documenting their experiences and reflections from working together to increase prioritisation of S&H in Siaya County, Kenya.

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Coultas, Mimi. Strengthening Sub-national Systems for Area-wide Sanitation and Hygiene. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/slh.2021.007.

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From late 2020 to early 2021, the Sanitation Learning Hub (SLH) collaborated with local government actors and development partners from three sub-national areas to explore ways of increasing local government leadership and prioritisation of sanitation and hygiene (S&H) to drive progress towards area-wide S&H. For some time, local government leadership has been recognised as key to ensuring sustainability and scale and it is an important component of the emerging use of systems strengthening approaches in the S&H sector. It is hoped that this work will provide practical experiences to contribute to this thinking. Case studies were developed to capture local government and development partners’ experiences supporting sub-national governments increase their leadership and prioritisation of S&H in Siaya County (Kenya, with UNICEF), Nyamagabe District (Rwanda, with WaterAid) and Moyo District (Uganda, with WSSCC), all of which have seen progress in recent years. The cases were then explored through three online workshops with staff from the local governments, central government ministries and development partners involved to review experiences and identify levers and blockages to change. This document presents key findings from this process.

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Coultas, Mimi. Strengthening Sub-national Systems for Area-wide Sanitation and Hygiene. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/slh.2021.013.

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From late 2020 to early 2021, the Sanitation Learning Hub (SLH) collaborated with local government actors and development partners from three sub-national areas to explore ways of increasing local government leadership and prioritisation of sanitation and hygiene (S&H) to drive progress towards area-wide S&H. For some time, local government leadership has been recognised as key to ensuring sustainability and scale and it is an important component of the emerging use of systems strengthening approaches in the S&H sector. It is hoped that this work will provide practical experiences to contribute to this thinking. Case studies were developed to capture local government and development partners’ experiences supporting sub-national governments increase their leadership and prioritisation of S&H in Siaya County (Kenya, with UNICEF), Nyamagabe District (Rwanda, with WaterAid) and Moyo District (Uganda, with WSSCC), all of which have seen progress in recent years. The cases were then explored through three online workshops with staff from the local governments, central government ministries and development partners involved to review experiences and identify levers and blockages to change. This document presents key findings from this process.

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6

Katwere Ssemwanga, David, Dominic Lomongin Aballa, Steven Amoko, and Sheila Nduhukire. A Holistic Approach to Accelerated Attainment of Open-Defecation Free Status in Moyo District. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/slh.2021.018.

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This case study was developed to inform subsequent research and analysis of local government leadership and prioritisation of sanitation and hygiene (S&H) in East Africa. Consolidated learning from across the three countries involved can be found in the Sanitation Learning Hub (SLH) Learning Brief: Strengthening sub-national systems for area-wide sanitation and hygiene. From late 2020 to early 2021, the SLH collaborated with local government actors and development partners from three subnational areas to explore ways of increasing local government leadership and prioritisation of S&H to drive progress towards area-wide S&H. For some time, local government leadership has been recognised as key to ensuring sustainability and scale and it is an important component of the emerging use of systems strengthening approaches in the sanitation sector. It is hoped that this work will provide practical experiences to contribute to this thinking. Three case studies were developed to capture local government and development partners’ experiences supporting sub-national governments increase their leadership and prioritisation of S&H in Siaya County (Kenya), Nyamagabe District (Rwanda), and Moyo District (Uganda), all of which have seen progress in recent years. The development partners involved were UNICEF in Kenya, WaterAid in Rwanda, and WSSCC/ Uganda Sanitation Fund in Uganda. The cases were then analysed through three online workshops facilitated with staff from the local governments, central government ministries and development partners involved to explore them in further detail, review experiences and identify levers and blockages to change. Lessons from the workshops are documented in the SLH learning brief mentioned above. This is the case study developed by Moyo District and WSSCC/Uganda Sanitation Fund documenting their experiences and reflections from working together to increase prioritisation of S&H in Moyo District, Uganda.

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7

Lees, Shelley, and Mark Marchant. Key Considerations: Cross-Border Dynamics Between Uganda and Tanzania in the Context of the Outbreak of Ebola, 2022. Institute of Development Studies, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2022.046.

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This brief summarises key considerations concerning cross-border dynamics between Tanzania and Uganda in the context of the outbreak of Ebola (Sudan Virus Disease, SVD) in Uganda. It is part of a series focusing on at-risk border areas between Uganda and four high priority neighbouring countries: Rwanda; Tanzania; Kenya and South Sudan. The current outbreak is of the Sudan strain of Ebola (SVD). SVD is used in this paper to refer to the current outbreak in East Africa, whereas outbreaks of Zaire Ebolavirus disease or general references to Ebola are referred to as EVD. The current outbreak began in Mubende, Uganda, on 19 September 2022, approximately 240km from the Uganda-Tanzania border. It has since spread to nine Ugandan districts, including two in the Kampala metropolitan area. Kampala is a transport hub, with a population over 3.6 million. While the global risk from SVD remains low according to the World Health Organization, its presence in the Ugandan capital has significantly heightened the risk to regional neighbours. At the time of writing, there had been no cases of Ebola imported from Uganda into Tanzania. This brief provides details about cross-border relations, the political and economic dynamics likely to influence these, and specific areas and actors most at risk. It is based on a rapid review of existing published and grey literature, previous ethnographic research in Tanzania, and informal discussions with colleagues from the Tanzania’s Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly and Children (MoHCDGEC), Tanzania National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), Uganda Red Cross Society, Tanzania Red Cross Society (TRCS), International Organization for Migration (IOM), IFRC, US CDC and CDC Tanzania. The brief was developed by Shelley Lees and Mark Marchant (London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine) with support from Olivia Tulloch (Anthrologica) and Hugh Lamarque (University of Edinburgh). Additional review and inputs were provided by The Tanzania Red Cross and UNICEF. The brief is the responsibility of the Social Science in Humanitarian Action Platform (SSHAP).

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Evaluation of United Nations-supported pilot projects for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV: Overview of findings. Population Council, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/hiv2003.1008.

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Worldwide about 800,000 children a year get HIV infections from their mothers—either during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding. Countries have the potential to prevent a large share of these infections through low-cost, effective interventions. UN agencies have taken the lead in helping developing countries mount programs for prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT). This working paper presents key findings from an evaluation of UN-supported pilot PMTCT projects in 11 countries: Botswana, Burundi, Cote d’Ivoire, Honduras, India, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Key findings include feasibility and coverage, factors contributing to program coverage, program challenges, scaling up, the special case of low-prevalence countries, and recommendations. The pilot experience has shown that introducing PMTCT programs into antenatal care in a wide variety of settings is feasible and acceptable to a significant proportion of antenatal care clients who have a demand for HIV information, counseling, and testing. As they go to scale, PMTCT programs can learn from the pilot phase, during which hundreds of thousands of clients were successfully reached.

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