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1
SHAROV, Oleksandr. "LOST IN TRANSLATION» OR EXISTING APPROACHES TO COOPERATION WITH THE IMF AND REAL OPPORTUNITIES." Economy of Ukraine 2019, no. 5 (June 11, 2019): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/economyukr.2019.05.019.
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Ukraine became a member of the IMF in September 1992, shortly after the proclamation of independence in 1991. But in reality, the path to the IMF was much longer, since it began with the creation of the IMF as a specialized agency of the United Nations (taking into account that Ukraine was also the founder of the UN). During the membership period, Ukraine repeatedly turned to the International Monetary Fund for various assistance programs – both technical and financial ones. Nevertheless, in Ukraine there is a lack of understanding of the tasks and order of the functioning of the Fund (both among ordinary citizens and politicians), which requires an explanation in order to destroy certain myths on this issue. The first of the myths is that the IMF acts as a global «shadow government» while it is actually a mutual organization in which all members (including Ukraine) could and should play an appropriate role. In this regard, the role of economic diplomacy for the establishing of relations with the IMF and with its individual members is growing significantly. At the same time, the IMF is not an «international bank», which seeks to obtain from the countries high interest rates, but rather the international «mutual fund» of solidarity, which one needs to know how to use by. At the same time, the lack of the IMF credit programs with a member country is not necessarily a bad signal for it. Many countries have successfully reformed their economies without receiving financial assistance from the IMF. It is important to understand that the IMF does not impose its lending conditions, but takes note of the program that actually is designed (at least used to be designed) by a government of the recipient country. Finally, the IMF cooperates not only with governments of member states, but also with civil society institutions. Of course, if they are able to put pressure on their governments. Thus, a true understanding of the rules of the IMF – which are fixed in numerous documents – could help significantly improve the effectiveness of Ukraine’s relations with the International Monetary Fund.
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Gagen, Elizabeth A. "An Example to Us All: Child Development and Identity Construction in Early 20th-Century Playgrounds." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 32, no. 4 (April 2000): 599–616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a3237.
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At the turn of the 20th century, children's play came under new and heightened scrutiny by urban reformers. As conditions in US cities threatened traditional notions of order, reformers sought new ways to direct urban-social development. In this paper I explore playground reform as an institutional response that aimed to produce and promote ideal gender identities in children. Supervised summer playgrounds were established across the United States as a means of drawing children off the street and into a corrective environment. Drawing from literature published by the Playground Association of America and a case study of playground management in Cambridge, MA, I explore playground training as a means of constructing gender identities in and through public space. Playground reformers asserted, drawing from child development theory, that the child's body was a conduit through which ‘inner’ identity surfaced. The child's body became a site through which gender identities could be both monitored and produced, compelling reformers to locate playgrounds in public, visible settings. Reformers' conviction that exposing girls to public vision threatened their development motivated a series of spatial restrictions. Whereas boys were unambiguously displayed to public audiences, girls' playgrounds were organised to accommodate this fear. Playground reformers' shrewd spatial tactics exemplify the ways in which institutional authorities conceive of and deploy space toward the construction of identity.
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Shepherd, John. "The dynamics of worship." Theology 125, no. 6 (November 2022): 403–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040571x221133787.
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Mediaeval liturgies embodied the understanding that the offering of worship became united with Christ’s perfect offering to the Father and was therefore deemed to be as acceptable to God as though it had been offered by Christ himself. It was an offering of worship that embraced the arts. Their beauty and the sense of transcendence that they created revealed the beauty and transcendence of the divine. This understanding of worship changed dramatically with the reformers of the mid-sixteenth century. They insisted that the incorporation of any human offering into Christ’s perfect and once-only offering illegitimately compromised the purpose and effect of his sacrificial death. Instead, the proper offering consisted of a thankful remembrance of Christ’s only perfect and acceptable offering. Moreover, this offering needed to be an offering, not of the body, being inherently corrupt, but of the spirit. Since there was now no prospect of incorporation with the divine, any idea of worship creating a sense of transcendence or of experiencing heaven on earth was futile. So there developed an intense opposition to any works of art whose purpose was to invest worship with the means of facilitating such a union of the human and the divine. These works were now dismissed as idolatrous and an impediment to true worship. From the early seventeenth century this position, so fervently embraced by the reformers, began to be significantly revised and developed, even allowing for a significant rehabilitation of the pre-reformed understanding.
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Kelly, Matthew Gardner. "Schoolmaster's Empire: Race, Conquest, and the Centralization of Common Schooling in California, 1848–1879." History of Education Quarterly 56, no. 3 (August 2016): 445–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/hoeq.12198.
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This article explores how education reformers in California pioneered forms of centralized educational governance between 1850 and 1879. Challenging previous scholarship that has attributed the success of this early educational state to reformer John Swett and New England migrants, this article situates the creation of common schools in California within the larger context of American state-building in the nineteenth-century West. While increased state authority over education was a goal for reformers across the nation, this article contends that California's early innovations in centralization reflected a regionally specific response to the dilemmas of governing a recently acquired territory distant from eastern centers of power. The precarious nature of elite attempts to convert California into an American place, reflected in perceived lawlessness, weak governmental authority, and racial anxiety, inspired forms of educational organization commonly associated with Progressive Era responses to industrialization, urbanization, and immigration. The desire to promote nineteenth-century American racial and governmental order in California, this article concludes, powerfully shaped the growth of public education in the state, influencing the organization of schooling in ways that suggest the importance of looking beyond the Northeast to understand the development of public education in the United States.
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Newman, Martha G. "Reformed Monasticism and the Narrative of Cistercian Beginnings." Church History 90, no. 3 (September 2021): 537–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009640721002171.
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AbstractThis essay explores the ongoing debates about the character of early Cistercian monasticism, the dating of early Cistercian documents, and assumptions about the Cistercians’ place in eleventh- and twelfth-century monastic “reform.” It analyzes the Cistercians’ narratives of their foundation in relation to particular moments in the twelfth-century history of the order, drawing on and elaborating recent theories about the dating of these documents. Although the Cistercians often seem the quintessential example of “reformed monasticism,” this essay argues that the earliest Cistercians did not present themselves as reformers but only gradually developed a rhetoric of reform over the course of the twelfth century. Finally, it suggests that reform is less a specific set of changes than it is a rhetorical use of the past that authenticates current practices and affirms that these interpretations of the past must be right and true.
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Brown, Casey. "A True Threat to First Amendment Rights: United States v. Turner and the True Threats Doctrine." Texas Wesleyan Law Review 18, no. 2 (December 2011): 281–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/twlr.v18.i2.6.
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The Supreme Court has carved out several exceptions to what qualifies as protected speech under the First Amendment, including true threats and incitement. The majority rule in the circuit courts is that speech qualifies as a true threat if the speech would be interpreted by an objectively reasonable person as an intent to commit serious harm or injury. Most courts apply a true threats analysis to cases involving a charge under 18 U.S.C. § 115(a)(1)(B). Furthermore, most courts do not require that the speaker actually intend to carry out the threat in order to be convicted. Although courts have generally treated the doctrines as separate, the Court in United States v. Turner agreed with the Government's argument that being charged with threatening federal judges under § 115 is essentially being charged with incitement. Therefore, this Note argues that the Turner Court should have applied the true threats doctrine as it was applied in the seminal Supreme Court case, Watts v. United States, in the relevant Second Circuit cases, United States v. Kelner and United States v. Malik, and in accordance with the statutory scheme established by other circuit court cases dealing with charges under § 115. This Note further analyzes how issues presented by the Turner case might have been resolved if the Second Circuit had applied the proper true threats analysis. Finally, this Note calls for reversal and remand of the Turner case by the Second Circuit Court of Appeals and for Supreme Court clarification of issues left unresolved by the circuit courts
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Lázaro Lorente, Luis Miguel. "El Groupe Français d´Éducation Nouvelle y la Guerra Civil española en las revistas Pour l´Ère Nouvelle y L´Éducateur Prolétarien." Espacio, Tiempo y Educación 4, no. 2 (July 1, 2017): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.14516/ete.150.
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The Groupe Français d’Éducation Nouvelle (G.F.E.N.) was a fundamental point of reference for the New Education movement in Europe, represented in the interwar period by the International League for New Education. It was a diverse group, both in its composition and its ideological and pedagogical guidance, especially from 1936 with the arrival of Celestin Freinet and his co-workers from the Coopérative d’Enseignement laic. Through its magazine, Pour l’Ère Nouvelle, which was founded by Adolphe Ferrière and published regularly between January 1922 and March 1940, this movement had a significant influence on educational reformers throughout those two decades. The same is true for the magazine directed by Freinet, L’Éducateur Prolétarien – published regularly from October 1932 to March 1940, which also had a decisive influence on the most dedicated reformers in the field of education who were engaged in the transformation of the school during the emergence of the new social and political order. From 1936 onwards, the drama of the Spanish Civil War prompted the mobilisation of important and influential sectors of intellectuals and French educators in a broad progressive movement of solidarity with the Spanish Republic. This paper aims to analyse how this conflict, in particular its educational and humanitarian aspects, was represented editorially in the two most influential journals linked more or less directly to G.F.E.N.: Pour l’Ère Nouvelle and L’Éducateur Prolétarien. The plurality of the G.F.E.N. is reflected in how that conflict was dealt with in both journals.
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Davies, Alan. "Tradition and Modernity in Protestant Christianity." Journal of Asian and African Studies 34, no. 1 (1999): 19–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852199x00149.
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Protestantism, a relatively late form of Christianity, accepts the principle of sola scriptura as its essence. For the early reformers this was a creative principle, but for subsequent generations it often became a sterile orthodoxy, producing theological and moral rigidity. Hence a tension developed between biblical literalism and the claims of modernity, including the rise of higher criticism. What is the true meaning of biblical authority in light of a rapidly changing world? What are its implications for the Christian lifestyle? Calvinism in particular concerned itself with the latter question, infusing a strain of asceticism into the social order through its distinctive religious ethic. The later puritan extension of Calvinism left an indelible mark on western society. Sometimes the puritan influence degenerated into a narrow legalism; sometimes it produced a deep and genuine godliness. Sola scriptura can have both effects - this is the paradox of Protestantism. At its most profound, Protestantism represents a creative iconoclasm. This is its genius and enduring strength.
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Moss, David A. "Kindling a Flame under Federalism: Progressive Reformers, Corporate Elites, and the Phosphorus Match Campaign of 1909–1912." Business History Review 68, no. 2 (1994): 244–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3117443.
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In 1909, the leaders of the American Association for Labor Legislation launched a campaign to eradicate phosphorus matches from the American market. Because phosphorus match workers often contracted a hideous disease called phosphorus necrosis (or “phossy jaw”), many European countries had already prohibited the poison matches from their markets. In the United States, nearly all interested parties supported legal abolition but found that the nation's federal system constituted a formidable obstacle. No state wanted to be the first to act (for fear of driving industry from its borders), and the federal government lacked the power to regulate intrastate economic activity. This article examines how, in order to circumvent the federalism obstacle, an alliance of academic reformers and business leaders worked to tax phosphorus matches out of existence—that is, to use the federal taxing power as a regulatory instrument.
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Bloom, Jack M. "Political Opportunity Structure, Contentious Social Movements, and State-Based Organizations: The Fight against Solidarity inside the Polish United Workers Party." Social Science History 38, no. 3-4 (2014): 359–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2015.29.
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Studies of social movements have often focused on the role of the state vis-à-vis social movements—in recent times using the concept of political opportunity structure to understand the options available to social movements. This article examines the internal conflicts within the ruling party in Communist Poland to show that a reciprocal process proceeded, in which both the social movement and the state found the choices of action available to them limited by the other, rather than just the social movement. The social upheaval that impacted the entire country brought about the rise of a reform movement within the ruling Polish United Workers Party, which prevented the government from acting as it preferred for a significant period of time. That reform movement, which would not have existed without Solidarity and certainly would not have brought about intraparty changes by itself, saw itself as connected to and dependent upon Solidarity. Party conservatives had to respond to and overcome the reformers before they could turn their full attention to ending the challenge Solidarity presented to the Communist system. In effect, for a time, Solidarity limited the political opportunity structure of the state, while the reverse was also true. While social movement scholars have long considered the possibilities and the limits on possibilities available to social movements because of the state or other external circumstances, this experience demonstrates that similar considerations must sometimes be contemplated with respect to the state.
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Waits, Mira Rai. "Imperial Vision, Colonial Prisons:." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 77, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 146–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jsah.2018.77.2.146.
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Prison construction was among the most important infrastructural changes brought about by British rule in nineteenth-century India. Informed by the extension of liberal political philosophy into the colony, the development of the British colonial prison introduced India to a radically new system of punishment based on long-term incarceration. Unlike prisons in Europe and the United States, where moral reform was cited as the primary objective of incarceration, prisons in colonial India focused on confinement as a way of separating and classifying criminal types in order to stabilize colonial categories of difference. In Imperial Vision, Colonial Prisons: British Jails in Bengal, 1823–73, Mira Rai Waits explores nineteenth-century colonial jail plans from India's Bengal Presidency. Although colonial reformers eventually arrived at a model of prison architecture that resembled Euro-American precedents, the built form and functional arrangements of these places reflected a singularly colonial model of operation.
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Kneer, Markus. "Norms of assertion in the United States, Germany, and Japan." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 37 (September 10, 2021): e2105365118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2105365118.
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The recent controversy about misinformation has moved a question into the focus of the public eye that has occupied philosophers for decades: Under what conditions is it appropriate to assert a certain claim? When asserting a claim that x, must one know that x? Must x be true? Might it be normatively acceptable to assert whatever one believes? In the largest cross-cultural study to date (total n = 1,091) on the topic, findings from the United States, Germany, and Japan suggest that, in order to claim that x, x need not be known, and it can be false. However, the data show, we do expect considerable epistemic responsibility on the speaker’s behalf: In order to appropriately assert a claim, the speaker must have good reasons to believe it.
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Roark, Mary Margaret. "Elonis v. United States: The Doctrine of True Threats: Protecting Our Ever-Shrinking First Amendment Rights in the New Era of Communication." Pittsburgh Journal of Technology Law and Policy 15, no. 2 (August 21, 2015): 197–223. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/tlp.2015.162.
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The First Amendment protects one of our most precious rights as citizens of the United States—the freedom of speech. Such protection has withstood the test of time, even safeguarding speech that much of the population would find distasteful. There is one form of speech which cannot be protected: the true threat. However, the definition of what constitutes a "true threat" has expanded since its inception. In the new era of communication—where most users post first and edit later—the First Amendment protection we once possessed has been eroded as more and more speech is considered proscribable as a "true threat." In order to adequately protect both the public at large and our individual right to free speech, courts should analyze a speaker’s subjective intent before labeling speech a "true threat." Though many courts have adopted an objective, reasonable listener test, the U.S. Supreme Court now has the opportunity, in deciding Elonis v. United States, to take a monumental step in protecting the First Amendment right to free speech. By holding that the speaker’s subjective intent to threaten is necessary for a true threat conviction, the Court will restore the broad protection afforded by the First Amendment and repair years of erosion caused by an objective approach.
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Ulbricht, Otto. "The Debate about Foundling Hospitals in Enlightenment Germany: Infanticide, Illegitimacy, and Infant Mortality Rates." Central European History 18, no. 3-4 (September 1985): 211–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938900017337.
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The German Enlightenment has often been described as a philosophical or literary movement. This is certainly true to some extent; however, it is far from being an adequate description. It seems more justified to regard it as a general reform movement, even though many reforms that were suggested were not introduced. In the second half of the eighteenth century, social and economic problems became increasingly important for the enlightened thinker. First the emancipation of the peasants was demanded, then that of the Jews, and towards the end of the century, some even asked for the emancipation of women, to name just a few major groups. The enlightened reformers advocated the abolition of the guilds, the introduction of free trade and agricultural reforms. The old penal law was to be brought up to the standards of the time, and the system of poor relief to be reorganized. Groups that needed special care, like the blind, the deaf, and the insane, now received more attention. For the first time, public health became a matter of general concern. Educational reforms were proposed, not only to improve schooling, but also in order to change society through an educative process.
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Dickson, Gary. "Revivalism and Populism in the Franciscan Observance of the Late Quattrocento." Studies in Church History 44 (2008): 62–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s042420840000348x.
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Revival, as this volume shows, has had many different meanings within Christian history, and has taken many different, forms. Institutional revitalization, for example, is one thing; popular revivalism is another. Of course, they may be intertwined, as they were in the case of the Franciscan Observance of the late Quattrocento. The ‘re’ of ‘revivalism’ is usually taken in a retrospective sense -that which previously existed is brought to life once more. Renaissance classicism is an obvious instance. With the Franciscan Observance, it is true, one does get a sense of the desire to restore, to re-institute, the idealized primitive poverty of the order in the days of St Francis. For the Observants, pristine Franciscanism would have been the equivalent of the early Church in the eyes of the Protestant reformers. Yet ‘revivalism’ can also be thought of as pertaining to remarkable occasions of religious intensity, moments of collective enthusiasm, moments, as Emile Durkheim puts it, of ‘general effervescence.’ But champagne is too light-headed and celebratory to do justice to the phenomenon. A better symbol of ‘revivalism’ would be the flames of Pentecost. Here I shall attempt to show how the Observance rose to prominence, and eventually triumphed within the Franciscan order, through the raging fires – creative as well as destructive – of popular, indeed populist revivalism.
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Ilan, Tal. "The Attraction of Aristocratic Women to Pharisaism During the Second Temple Period." Harvard Theological Review 88, no. 1 (January 1995): 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017816000030376.
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Unlike Christianity, which regards the word “Pharisee” as synonymous with “hypocrite,” “legalist,” and “petty-bourgeois,” Jews have always understood Pharisaism as the correct and trustworthy side of Judaism. Since the eighteenth century, all disputants who participated in the great controversies and schisms within Judaism have claimed to represent the true heirs of the Pharisees. For example, adherents of the strong anti-Hasidic movement initiated by R. Eliyahu of Vilna in the second half of the eighteenth century, who are usually referred to in literature by the negative appellation “opposers” (םירננחמ), referred to themselves by the positive title “Pharisees” (םישורפ). When the Reform movement was founded in Germany in the first half of the nineteenth century, with the goal of reforming the Jewish religion to make it more “modern” and acceptable to its neighbors, the reformers perceived themselves as the true heirs of the Pharisees. In his important study of the Pharisees and Sadducees, Abraham Geiger, one of the founders, ofWissenschaft des Judentumsand an important spokesman for the radical wing of the Reform movement, formulated the view of the flexible open-minded Pharisees, who reformed Judaism to the point of contradicting the laws set out in the Pentateuch, in order to accommodate them to their changing needs. Geiger's opponents easily produced evidence that negated his findings and proved beyond doubt that they, in their conservative strain, were the real heirs of Pharisaism. To his opponents, Geiger was a representative of the detestable Sadducees or their later counterparts, the Karaites.
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Caldwell, Katherine L. "Not Ozzie and Harriet: Postwar Divorce and the American Liberal Welfare State." Law & Social Inquiry 23, no. 01 (1998): 1–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.1998.tb00111.x.
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This article analyzes divorce as a technology of governance in twentieth-century America in order to examine the emergence of a rights-based liberal welfare-state regime during the postwar era. The author offers an interpretation of the post–World War II “divorce boom” that challenges prevailing notions of postwar domestic tranquillity and highlights the legal formalization of family relations and the administration of the developing welfare state. The article posits an important shift in postwar public policy regarding divorce from the policing of public morality through family preservation to the regulation of public welfare through family structures. The legal consequences of this shift are explored at the local level by focusing on the “problem” of the Chicago divorce courts and the frustrated attempts of postwar reformers in Illinois to employ the traditional methods and rhetoric of Progressive Era reform. At the national level, the author examines the formulation of new governmental objectives and individual rights in the liberal welfare-state regime through an analysis of the United States Supreme Court's decisions regarding migratory divorce.
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Craun, Michael F., Gunther F. Craun, Rebecca L. Calderon, and Michael J. Beach. "Waterborne outbreaks reported in the United States." Journal of Water and Health 4, S2 (December 1, 2006): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2006.016.
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Epidemic waterborne risks are discussed in this paper. Although the true incidence of waterborne illness is not reflected in the currently reported outbreak statistics, outbreak surveillance has provided information about the important waterborne pathogens, relative degrees of risk associated with water sources and treatment processes, and adequacy of regulations. Pathogens and water system deficiencies that are identified in outbreaks may also be important causes of endemic waterborne illness. In recent years, investigators have identified a large number of pathogens responsible for outbreaks, and research has focused on their sources, resistance to water disinfection, and removal from drinking water. Outbreaks in surface water systems have decreased in the recent decade, most likely due to recent regulations and improved treatment efficacy. Of increased importance, however, are outbreaks caused by the microbial contamination of water distribution systems. In order to better estimate waterborne risks in the United States, additional information is needed about the contribution of distribution system contaminants to endemic waterborne risks and undetected waterborne outbreaks, especially those associated with distribution system contaminants.
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Kimura, Masami. "American Asia Experts, Liberal Internationalism, and the Occupation of Japan." Journal of American-East Asian Relations 21, no. 3 (September 11, 2014): 246–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18765610-02103002.
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This article reexamines the thought of American Asia experts during the 1940s and early 1950s who directly or indirectly influenced u.s. policy toward post-surrender Japan. Revisionist scholars in the late 1960s and 1970s categorized Asianists in a binary manner as “conservatives” and “progressives,” “Japan” and “China specialists,” and “Cold Warriors” and “critics,” but they all were in reality essentially modernization theorists and liberal internationalists of various kinds who agreed on the desirability of democratizing Japan and constructing a new order in the Asia-Pacific under American leadership. This new perspective exposes limitations in the revisionist narrative of the Allied Occupation of Japan informed by Marxian-populist criticisms of u.s. Cold War policy. Revisionists not only tended to stress differences over similarities in judging the ideas of Asia experts, but idealized “radical” reformers over more “moderate” ones. By arguing that the United States should have democratized Japan thoroughly, they held on to liberal internationalist ideology and unintentionally endorsed u.s. intervention in a foreign nation. This article shows how an objective assessment of the Occupation history requires transcending Cold War historiography and integrating a more global perspective.
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Tabassum, Reshma. "Is Narayan’s Bharati a Crocus of an Ideal Indian Woman?" European Scientific Journal, ESJ 18, no. 26 (August 31, 2022): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2022.v18n26p34.
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India is a land with deep-rooted value system. Exhibiting the trends associated with being a ‘true Indian’, R.K. Narayan, who is celebrated as a pure and simple writer, affirms the values of life and reposes faith in moral order in his novels. At the time when he started writing, Indian society underwent a sea change. Social reformers and intellectuals were busy in redefining the image of an Indian woman. Narayan also felt the pressure of the prevalent ideology and put forward the idea of what it is to be an ideal Indian woman and created a female character named Bharati in his novel Waiting for the Mahatma (1955). The novel is seen as a ‘liberation fable’ with Bharati as the central character who is viewed as a crocus of an ideal Indian woman. Her view of life is considered viable and authentic. Critics opine that Bharati, who is bold, self-dependent, and strong is an example of Narayan’s true vision of women’s empowerment. Although when her character is studied closely, it becomes apparent that Bharati internalizes myths and accepts roles that afford her no real choices and no real values. She perfectly resembles traditional women who possess neither agency nor any will of their own and spend their energy in the service of patriarchy. Even though Bharati radiates through the novel and finds a space, her attributes as a volitional force reserved for Sriram suggest that she is the subject of the novel who lacks artistic expression and self-assertion. Narayan, despite his awareness about the predicament of an Indian woman and his sincere effort to be judicious towards woman, fails to transcend the forces of history that allows him to look at women with stereotypical vision.
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Fink, Steven R. "Preaching as Reimagining: Post-9/11 Khutbas in the United States and Canada." Comparative Islamic Studies 3, no. 2 (November 1, 2007): 195–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/cis.v3i2.195.
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How have North American Muslims been equipped to deal with discouragement following September 11? One answer to this question is through khutbahs, or Friday sermons, in various Islamic centers in the United States and Canada. This may especially be true with khutbahs that exemplify “reimaginative preaching,” a type of preaching discussed by Old Testament scholar Walter Brueggemann that enables listeners to interpret their existence differently for the sake of new possibility. Utilizing Brueggemann’s framework provides a unique perspective on Islamic preaching. It reveals that by offering a key principle linked to a verse or brief portion of the Quran, preachers of certain khutbahs present an intended phenomenological structure of disruption and refiguration in order to enable listeners to deal with discouragement.
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Veronica V. Usacheva. "Russian Perspective on Eurasia in a Changing World Order." ijpmonline 1, no. 2 (December 31, 2022): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.26524/ijpm.1.11.
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The world at large is on the edge very complex and complicated world with new understanding of ideologies, new version of foreign or external affairs of different partners. This is a New World. For Russia, as well as for India, or for China necessary to understand and even accept that each of them is not only one or main actor in Eurasia. Perhaps it holds true for other countries all around the World, even for the United States whose field of the interests is the whole world or for Britain. New players arise and old ones long for a new fair relations.The crisis spreads on different levels - local, bilateral, regional, global - acting as a factor in the next stage of turbulence of international relations and world politics. At the same time, for the XXI century it is the longest period of strict confrontation, affecting the basics and principles of post-bipolar world order. There is the option that the future of Eurasia will be determined by the new configuration of the world order and the results of Russia’s confrontation with the US/NATO.
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Swatuk, Larry A. "The Clinton Administration and Africa: A View from Gaborone, Botswana." Issue: A Journal of Opinion 26, no. 2 (1998): 64–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047160700502972.
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With fanfare befitting the arrival of a god of the Western material world, U.S. President Bill Clinton toured Southern Africa imparting “words of wisdom” along the way. His aim, we were told, was to see that the United States becomes Africa’s “true partner.” The reason being, according to Clinton, “[a]s Africa grows strong, America grows stronger ... Yes, Africa needs the world, but more than ever it is equally true that the world needs Africa.” To this end, the United States would pursue a mix of political and economic policies that included the African Crisis Response Initiative and the Africa Growth and Opportunity Act, both designed to foster “stability” and “prosperity” on the continent. Lofty goals, to be sure, but ends whose means are badly in need of interrogation. This article does just that: To wit, does Clinton, on behalf of U.S. policymakers, mean what he says? If so, in naming “peace” and “prosperity,” can he make them? Put differently, does the Clinton administration have the power to introduce order where there was chaos? Or will it only compound existing problems and visit new ones upon those who had few to begin with?
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Asad, Zaman. "Immanuel Wallerstein's Theory of the World System, Geopolitics and Geoculture." ENDLESS: International Journal of Future Studies 5, no. 2 (August 15, 2022): 157–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.54783/endlessjournal.v5i2.85.
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A world system theorist, Immanuel Wallerstein attempts to describe a modern world system covering economic, political and cultural areas. In his theory, he argues that the conflicts between the countries which determine the world order in these areas are not true conflicts because the modern world system is built on a capitalist economic basis. He regards powerful states such as the United States of America, Russia, Japan and European States, which seem to be engaged in a competition, as global collaborators of a single modern world system. At the head of this cooperation is the United States of America and the world system is based on the hegemony of the United States of America. Wallerstein maintains that the modern world system is fragile due to economic crises that are likely to arise and regards the period we are in as a post-liberalism period where this hegemony has begun to collapse.
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LADHANI, S., M. P. SLACK, P. T. HEATH, and M. E. RAMSAY. "Changes in ascertainment of Hib and its influence on the estimation of disease incidence in the United Kingdom." Epidemiology and Infection 135, no. 5 (November 9, 2006): 861–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268806007382.
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SUMMARYEnhanced surveillance for Hib infection, initially covering Wales and five English regions, began in 1990 and in 1995 was extended to the whole of England and Wales. To determine whether changes in the ascertainment ofHaemophilus influenzaemay have affected estimates of Hib disease incidence, data from January 1990 to December 2003 were analysed. A total of 8887 and 4020 (45%) cases ofH. influenzaeand Hib respectively were reported. The proportion of isolates that were serotyped increased over time, and therefore reported incidence may have underestimated the true incidence in the early years of the study. Adjusting for this under-ascertainment, the incidence in children aged <5 years declined from a peak of 28·3/100 000 in 1991 to 0·97/100 000 in 1998 and increased to 3·8/100 000 in 2003. Following the implementation of universal vaccination a dramatic decline in the true incidence of invasive Hib disease occurred. The observation of the subsequent resurgence was real but the highest incidence reached was 85% below the corrected incidence in the pre-vaccine era. Continued high-quality surveillance is needed in order to accurately monitor and detect changes in disease incidence.
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Bachmann, Sascha-Dominik, and Matthew Burt. "Control Orders Post 9-11 and Human Rights in the United Kingdom, Australia and Canada: A Kafkaesque Dilemma?" Deakin Law Review 15, no. 2 (December 1, 2010): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.21153/dlr2010vol15no2art122.
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This article aims to assess the impact that the European Convention of Human Rights, incorporated into British law through the Human Rights Act 1998, has had on the control order regime in the United Kingdom. It will discuss recent British jurisprudence on the topical question of whether there can be a true balance between the civil liberties of an individual and the need to protect state and society from a continuing terrorist threat. The article compares the UK’s present control order system of summer 2010 with similar legislation, which the Commonwealth jurisdictions of Australia and Canada have enacted to protect their nations from the threat of terrorism. It will conclude with a discussion of possible reforms as well as other security measures which have been identified as alternatives to control orders and which form the basis of present UK governmental initiatives to limit the scope and impact of anti terrorism legislation.
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Heemann, Lisa, and Patrick Rosenow. "Multilateralismus in der Krise, die Vereinten Nationen unter Druck und die Rolle Deutschlands." Sicherheit & Frieden 37, no. 4 (2019): 193–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0175-274x-2019-4-193.
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Multilateralism is currently in a crisis, according to many opinions. However, this is only partly true. It is noticeable that particularly the powerful states are questioning multilaterally negotiated procedures as a cornerstone of the current world order and are putting pressure on the United Nations as the central international organization of multilateralism. This most obviously concerns the US with its “America First” policy under President Donald Trump, but also Russia under Vladimir Putin and China under Xi Jinping. However, it should not be forgotten that the majority of UN member states continue to believe that global problems can only be solved multilaterally. What role can Germany play in renewing multilateralism and strengthening the United Nations? The current non-permanent membership in the UN Security Council 2019/2020 represents an opportunity in this regard.
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Kiva, A. "WHY DID POST-SOVIET RUSSIA NOT FOLLOW THE "CHINESE PATH" OF REFORMS?" EurasianUnionScientists 5, no. 10(79) (November 20, 2020): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/esu.2413-9335.2020.5.79.1068.
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Analyzing the progress of reforms in the two countries, A.V. Kiva emphasizes that China managed to reform the country in an evolutionary way without the shocks that the Russian Federation went through. Deng Xiaoping's team carefully developed a reform model, including ways to get outside investment, technology, and expertise. At the same time, the emphasis was placed on internal development, and the authorities refused any geopolitical projects in order to save money. Already at the beginning of the reforms, the emphasis was placed on the development of the industrial and innovative sector in the economy and the creation of a strong export potential in order to obtain currency and increase investment in the economy. At the same time, Deng Xiaoping instructed his colleagues not to quarrel with anyone, not to react to unfriendly statements against China, no matter where they came from. As for Russia, the team of young reformers led by Yegor Gaidar did not develop their own model of reforms, but borrowed it from the United States and implemented it with the participation of American advisers. This model is made in the spirit of neoliberalism and a priori was disastrous for Russia. In the zero years, the model has changed, but the problem of transferring the country's raw material economy to the rails of industrial and innovative development has not been solved. Russia, as the legal successor of the USSR, became embroiled in expensive geopolitical projects, quarreled with a number of influential countries, and failed to evade sanctions that hindered its development.
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Bochkarev, S. A. "The Philosophy of the Criminal Law of the Middle Ages." Russian Journal of Legal Studies 4, no. 3 (September 15, 2017): 49–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/rjls18287.
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The author of the article analyzes in sufficient detail the contribution of medieval thinkers: Aurelius Augustine, Anita Boethius, Anselm of Canterbury, Pierre Abelard, Peter Lombard, Thomas Aquinas, to the philosophy of the criminal law emerging in the Middle Ages, noting that at present this is either not given due importance, or it is significantly underestimated. Many researchers forget that it was in the Middle Ages that European nations began to emerge and that modern states were being formed, and the languages we speak were emerging; to the Middle Ages many of the cultural values that formed the basis of our civilization come up. The author believes that an in-depth knowledge of the creativity of these medieval thinkers enables us to form a true and integral image of the criminal law philosophy, one that stood at its origins. The legacy of the noted thinkers does not allow one to agree with the popular opinion about the Middle Ages as being timeless or as a failure for the criminal-legal thought in the period. Moderators of medieval thought were no less than enlighteners and reformers of the New Time, humanistically aligned with the goals and tasks of criminal justice. In conclusion, the author calls on the modern science of criminal law not to deny the usefulness of the legacy of the Middle Ages for the development of philosophical and legal thought, since it is unquestionable that theological thought, like the natural science or philosophy, is born of human consciousness and has an object of its human interest, his spiritual order.
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Kreide, Regina. "Preventing Military Humanitarian Intervention? John Rawls and Jürgen Habermas on a Just Global Order." German Law Journal 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 93–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200000948.
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We rarely witness wars between states anymore but this does not mean that there are fewer conflicts or less injustice worldwide. The contrary is true. More people than ever have become a victim of civil wars, other sub-state armed conflicts and genocide during recent years. The international community disagrees about how to react to gross human rights violations that occur in the course of these “new wars”: whereas some think this is a genuine task for the United Nations, others stress the argument of unrestrained national sovereignty as essential condition for international peace. Despite unceasing contestation, foreign interventions are nevertheless increasingly seen as an appropriate response to this kind of armed domestic conflicts – at least under certain conditions. The latest testimony in this direction is the emergence of an intense international debate over the “responsibility to protect”, which seeks to justify military invention in cases of a severe violation of individual negative rights of freedom.
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More, Ellen S. "Congregationalism and the Social Order: John Goodwin's Gathered Church, 1640–60." Journal of Ecclesiastical History 38, no. 2 (April 1987): 210–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022046900023058.
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In 1644 the Puritan lawyer and parliamentary pamphleteer, William Prynne, voiced a question much on the minds of moderate Puritans: Would not Congregationalism ‘by inevitable necessary consequence subvert…all settled…forms of civil government…and make every small congregation, family (yea person if possible), an independent church and republic exempt from all other public laws’? What made Congregationalism seem so threatening? The calling of the Long Parliament encouraged an efflorescence of Congregational churches throughout England. While differing in many other respects, their members were united in the belief that the true Church consisted of individually gathered, self-governing congregations of the godly. Such a Church was answerable to no other earthly authority. The roots of English Congregationalism extended back to Elizabethan times and beyond. Some Congregationalists, in the tradition of Robert Browne, believed in total separation from the Established Church; others, following the later ideas of Henry Jacob, subscribed to semi-separatism, believing that a godly remnant remained within the Established Church. For semi-separatists some contact with the latter was permissible, as was a loose confederation of gathered churches. During the English civil wars and Interregnum, the Church polity of most leading religious Independents actually was semi-separatist.
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Dush, David M. "High–Tech, Aggressive Palliative Care: In the Service of Quality of Life." Journal of Palliative Care 9, no. 1 (March 1993): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/082585979300900107.
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The hospice movement grew in part as a reaction to the perception that modern medical care had become too technological at the expense of being impersonal and insensitive to human psychological and spiritual concerns. In the United States, the institutionalization of hospice care under Medicare and other reimbursement systems has further established hospice as an alternative to high-technology, high-cost care. The present paper examines the question: What if hospice care becomes itself high-technology, aggressive, costly health care in order to remain true to its goal of maximizing quality of life? Implications for the goals and philosophical underpinnings of palliative care are discussed.
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Lehrer, Roni, and Nick Lin. "Everything to everyone? Not when you are internally divided." Party Politics 26, no. 6 (December 31, 2018): 783–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354068818812222.
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Despite the normative importance of a clear party stance to political competition and representation, research has discovered that parties and candidates tend to employ the “broad-appeal” strategy to becloud their true policy intentions in order to expand their electoral support. Empirical work by Somer-Topcu demonstrates evidence that being ambiguous indeed helps political parties gain votes in elections since equivocal messages make voters underestimate the preference divergence between themselves and parties. In this article, we ask under what conditions would the “broad-appeal” strategy fail to work? We then propose internal unity of political parties as a critical condition for this strategy to work effectively. If a party is internally divided, conflict within the party accentuates the true policy intentions of the party and then counterbalances the discounting effect of being ambiguous on voters’ perceptions. Using survey data from the German Internet Panel, we show that voters underestimate policy distances to ambiguous parties only if they perceive them as internally united. Using a two-stage estimator, we also present evidence that the underestimation of policy distances affects voters’ vote choices.
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Mendez, Elvin, and Marc J. Sicklick. "Hymenoptera Reactions." Pediatrics In Review 16, no. 9 (September 1, 1995): 355–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.16.9.355.
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The order Hymenoptera comprises a group of insects that has a true stinger. Only the female of the species can sting because the stinger itself is a modified ovipositor. Insect bites and stings are common and usually cause mild localized reactions. However, Hymenoptera stings are of greater concern, with reactions ranging from mild local irritation to fatal anaphylaxis. The incidence of systemic reactions to stings reported in the literature ranges from 0.4% to 0.8%. More recent studies have shown that up to 5% of the population is at risk of anaphylaxis laxis from insect stings. Fewer than 50 deaths from insect stings are necorded in the United States every year, but many more are unreported or undiagnosed.
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Andreescu, Raluca. "“In the desert, we are all illegal aliens”: Border Confluences and Border Wars in Luis Alberto Urrea’s The Devil’s Highway." American, British and Canadian Studies 33, no. 1 (December 1, 2019): 189–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/abcsj-2019-0022.
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AbstractIn May 2001, a traveling party of 26 Mexican citizens tried to cross the Arizonan desert in order to enter the United States illegally. Their attempt turned into a front-page news event after 14 died and 12 barely made it across the border due to Border Patrol intervention. Against the background of consistent tightening of anti-immigration laws in the United States, my essay aims to examine the manner in which Luis Alberto Urrea’s The Devil’s Highway: A True Story (2004) reenacts the group’s journey from Mexico through the “vast trickery of sand” to the United States in a rather poetic and mythical rendition of the travel north. Written to include multiple perspectives (of the immigrants and their coyotes, the immigration authorities, Border Patrol agents, high officials on both sides of the border), Urrea’s account, I argue, stands witness to and casts light on the often invisible plight of those attempting illegal passage to the United States across the desert. It thus humanizes the otherwise dry statistics of immigration control by focusing on the everyday realities of human-smuggling operations and their economic and social consequences in the borderland region. At the same time, my paper highlights the impact of the Wellton 26 case on the (re)negotiation of identity politics and death politics at the US-Mexican border.
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Lim, Chang-Ho. "The Measures of Enhancing Police Accountability Mechanisms in South Korea." Korean Association of Public Safety and Criminal Justice 31, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 395–424. http://dx.doi.org/10.21181/kjpc.2022.31.3.395.
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It is true that South Korea’s police accountability mechanisms, unlike those of United States and United Kingdom, have been not systematically established and that academic research on the police accountability mechanisms has been also very poor. The purpose of this study is first to analyze previous studies published recently in South Korea and foreign countries on the police accountability mechanisms, second to summarize the police accountability mechanisms of western countries, third to explain six types of the police accountability mechanisms of South Korea and, fourth to suggest the measures for improving the police accountability mechanisms of South Korea. In particular, this study presented six types of police accountability mechanisms in South Korea: legal, political, administrative, societal, communal, and judicial. In order to improve the police accountability system in South Korea, the measures to strengthen the internal police accountability mechanisms and strengthen the external police accountability mechanisms have been proposed. First, in order to strengthen the internal police accountability mechanisms, it is necessary to strengthen the performance evaluation of the police department, introduce the early warning system, strengthen the education and training of police officers, and operate the existing internal police accountability mechanisms more systematically. Second, in order to strengthen the external police accountability mechanisms, it is necessary to activate the police supervision system, activate the police ombudsman system of the Anti-Corruption and Civil Rights Commission, establish the police accountability mechanisms step by step, and promote research on the police accountability mechanisms.
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Aronowitz, Shoshana V., Therese S. Richmond, Peggy Compton, and Sara F. Jacoby. "Is It “True” Pain? Pain Treatment Discharge Planning for Seriously Injured Patients." Ethnicity & Disease 31, no. 1 (January 21, 2021): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.18865/ed.31.1.139.
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Background: The United States is experiencing an opioid overdose crisis accounting for as many as 130 deaths per day. As a result, health care providers are increasingly aware that prescribed opioids can be misused and diverted. Prescription of pain medication, including opioids, can be influenced by how health care providers perceive the trustworthiness of their patients. These perceptions hinge on a multiplicity of characteristics that can include a patient’s race, ethnicity, gender, age, and presenting health condition or injury. The purpose of this study was to identify how trauma care providers evaluate and plan hospital discharge pain treatment for patients who survive serious injuries.Methods: Using a semi-structured guide from November 2018 to January 2019, we interviewed 12 providers (physicians, nurse practitioners, physician assistants) who prescribe discharge pain treatment for injured patients at a trauma center in Philadelphia, PA. We used thematic analysis to interpret these data.Results: Participants identified the importance of determining “true” pain, which was the overarching theme that emerged in analysis. Subthemes included perceptions of the influence of reliable methods for pain assessment, the trustworthiness of their patient population, and the consequences of not getting it right.Conclusions: Trauma care providers described a range of factors, beyond patient-elicited pain reports, in order to interpret their patients’ analgesic needs. These included consideration of both the risks of under treatment and unnecessary suffering, and overtreatment and contribution to opioid overdoses.Ethn Dis. 2021;31(1):139- 148; doi:10.18865/ed.31.1.139
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HAWTHORN, GEOFFREY. "Liberalism since the Cold War: an enemy to itself?" Review of International Studies 25, no. 5 (December 1999): 145–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026021059900145x.
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Many expected that after the Cold War, there would be peace, order, increasing prosperity in expanding markets and the extension and eventual consolidation of civil and political rights. There would be a new world order, and it would in these ways be liberal. In international politics, the United States would be supreme. It would through security treaties command the peace in western Europe and east Asia; through its economic power command it in eastern Europe and Russia; through clients and its own domination command it in the Middle East; through tacit understanding command it in Latin America; and, in so far as any state could, command it in Africa also. It could choose whether to cooperate in the United Nations, and if it did not wish to do so, be confident that it would not be disablingly opposed by illiberal states. In the international markets, it would be able to maintain holdings of its bonds. In the international financial institutions, it would continue to be decisive in the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank; it would be an important influence in the regional development banks; and it would be powerful in what it was to insist in 1994 should be called the World (rather than Multinational) Trade Organisation. Other transactions in the markets, it is true, would be beyond the control of any state. But they would not be likely to conflict with the interests of the United States (and western Europe) in finance, investment and trade, and would discipline other governments.
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Seabury, Paul. "Marxism-Leninism and its Strategic Implications for the United States." Social Philosophy and Policy 3, no. 1 (1985): 192–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265052500000236.
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My central concern in this paper is with the implications of Marxist-Leninist ideology for Western defense policy and for United States strategic policy in particular. However, this is an extremely complex issue, and consideration of it will lead me to examine the ways in which ideas are related to interests, interests to strategy, and strategy to actions.II begin with an important observation: Americans in general, and for various reasons, have not taken Marxism-Leninism seriously for a long time. This is true even of many experts who consider the Soviet challenge to be very serious, affecting our very survival as a free society. At the risk of oversimplification, I would claim that many quite well-informed Americans, hardened to the realities of the Soviet “empire” and its activities, have come around to the view that Marxist-Leninist ideology has simply degenerated into a rigid system of enforced belief administered by authorities who have no particular commitment to it other than to employ it in order to remain in power. In this regard, “Marxism” (like “God” in America in the 1960s) is deemed “dead,” surviving only in the publicity offices of formal establishments as a means of maintaining their authority. Marxism-Leninism is thought to be no different from the moribund “divine right of kings,” which undergirded the monarchical establishments of 17th Century Europe.Oddly enough, the “socialism-is-dead” theme is today found in the writings of such prominent American neo-conservatives as Irving Kristol, George Gilder, and many others. It is also echoed in Europe in the writings of such eminent philosophers as Leszek Kolakowski of Poland and Paul Johnson of England.
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Proctor, Kyle W., Ganti S. Murthy, and Chad W. Higgins. "Agrivoltaics Align with Green New Deal Goals While Supporting Investment in the US’ Rural Economy." Sustainability 13, no. 1 (December 25, 2020): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13010137.
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Agrivoltaic systems combine solar photovoltaic energy production with agriculture to improve land-use efficiency. We provide an upper-bound reduced-order cost estimate for widespread implementation of Agrivoltaic systems in the United States. We find that 20% of the US’ total electricity generation can be met with Agrivoltaic systems if less than 1% of the annual US budget is invested into rural infrastructure. Simultaneously, Agrivoltaic systems align well with existing Green New Deal goals. Widescale installation of Agrivoltaic systems can lead to a carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions reduction equivalent to removing 71,000 cars from the road annually and the creation of over 100,000 jobs in rural communities. Agrivoltaics provide a rare chance for true synergy: more food, more energy, lower water demand, lower carbon emissions, and more prosperous rural communities.
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Bernecker, Walther L., and Thomas Fischer. "Rise and Decline of Latin American Dependency Theories." Itinerario 22, no. 4 (1998): 25–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300023494.
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In order to understand the value of any theory, one has to know its origins and background. This is especially true of the various dependency theories, which have always been more than just ‘theories of theorists for theorists’. Dependency theories can only be understood against the background of Latin American politics in the 1960s. Taking this into account, there was an obvious connection between the Cuban Revolution on the one hand, and the unfulfilled expectations of development caused by the failure of modernisation efforts, on the other. The basic idea behind dependency theories is the explanation of the historically unequal relations between Latin America and the North Atlantic economies (Europe and the United States). Dependency theories are essentially attempts to justify government policies to acquire control of national development.
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TOSHINO, SHO. "Scolionema sanshin sp. n., a new species (Hydrozoa, Limnomedusae, Olindiidae) from the Ryukyu Archipelago, southern Japan." Zootaxa 4344, no. 2 (November 7, 2017): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4344.2.4.
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A new species of hydrozoan jellyfish belonging to the order Limnomedusae is reported from the Ryukyu Archipelago, Southern Japan. The species belongs to the genus Scolionema, which prior to this study includes just a single valid species, S. suvaense. This name, however, has several junior synonyms and considerable diversity has been reported for different populations from Mediterranean, Indian ocean and Pacific ocean localities, including Central Japan. The species described in this paper, Scolionema sanshin sp. n., can be differentiated from all other described populations of Scolionema based on shape of gonad, number of tentacles of its medusa stage, and/or genetic sequences. A discussion of the diversity presently united under the name S. suvaense suggests that additional work is necessary to clarify the true number of Scolionema species.
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Garcia, E. S., and C. L. Tague. "Soil storage influences climate–evapotranspiration interactions in three western United States catchments." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 12, no. 8 (August 14, 2015): 7893–931. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-12-7893-2015.
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Abstract. In the winter-wet, summer-dry forests of the western United States, total annual evapotranspiration (ET) varies with precipitation and temperature. Geologically mediated drainage and storage properties, however, may strongly influence these relationships between climate and ET. We use a physically based process model to evaluate how soil available water capacity (AWC) and rates of drainage influence model estimates of ET-climate relationships for three snow-dominated, mountainous catchments with differing precipitation regimes. Model estimates show that total annual precipitation is a primary control on inter-annual variation in ET across all catchments and that the timing of recharge is a second order control. Low soil AWC, however, increases the sensitivity of annual ET to these climate drivers by three to five times in our two study basins with drier summers. ET–climate relationships in our Colorado basin receiving summer precipitation are more stable across subsurface drainage and storage characteristics. Climate driver-ET relationships are most sensitive to soil AWC and soil drainage parameters related to lateral redistribution in the relatively dry Sierra site that receives little summer precipitation. Our results demonstrate that uncertainty in geophysically mediated storage and drainage properties can strongly influence model estimates of watershed scale ET responses to climate variation and climate change. This sensitivity to uncertainty in geophysical properties is particularly true for sites receiving little summer precipitation. A parallel interpretation of this parameter sensitivity is that spatial variation in soil properties are likely to lead to substantial within-watershed plot scale differences in forest water use and drought stress.
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Beard, Jack M. "The Geneva Boomerang: The Military Commissions Act of 2006 and U.S. Counterterror Operations." American Journal of International Law 101, no. 1 (January 2007): 56–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0002930000029535.
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Over five years have passed since President George W. Bush issued the much-criticized order making an obscure device, military commissions, the primary tool for the United States to bring accused Qaeda terrorists to justice. Some legal scholars suggested in the wake of the issuance of that order that military commissions were the only practicable method available to address many of the problems presented by the trial of accused terrorists in civilian U.S. courts. True or not, it is clear that the decision to approach the problem of terrorists primarily in terms of war rather than crime continues to have far-reaching legal consequences. Following the Supreme Court’s decision in Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, which found that the military commissions designed by the Bush administration were inconsistent with the requirements of both the Uniform Code of Military Justice (U.C.M.J.) and the law of war as incorporated in that statute, the U.S. Congress attempted to fashion a compliant charter for these commissions through the Military Commissions Act of 2006 (MCA).
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Bussiere, Elizabeth. "Trial by Jury as “Mockery of Justice”: Party Contention, Courtroom Corruption, and the Ironic Judicial Legacy of Antimasonry." Law and History Review 34, no. 1 (January 26, 2016): 155–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0738248015000644.
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Sweeping across the social and political landscape of the northeastern United States during the late 1820s and early 1830s, the Antimasonic Party has earned a modest immortality as the first “third” party in American history. In pamphlets, speeches, sermons, protests, and other venues, Antimasons lambasted the fraternal order of Freemasonry as undemocratic, inegalitarian, and un-Christian, reviling it as a threat to the moral order and civic health of the Early Republic. Because they believed that the fraternal organization largely controlled all levels of government, antebellum Antimasons first created a social movement and then an independent political party. Even before the full emergence of modern mass democratic politics, Antimasons demonstrated the benefits of party organization, open national nominating conventions, and party platforms. Scholars with otherwise different perspectives on the “party period” tend to agree that Antimasonry had an important impact on what became the first true mass party organizations—the Jacksonian Democrats and the Whigs—and helped push the political culture in a more egalitarian and populist direction.
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Gorris, Morgan E., Karin Ardon-Dryer, Althea Campuzano, Laura R. Castañón-Olivares, Thomas E. Gill, Andrew Greene, Chiung-Yu Hung, Kimberly A. Kaufeld, Mark Lacy, and Edith Sánchez-Paredes. "Advocating for Coccidioidomycosis to Be a Reportable Disease Nationwide in the United States and Encouraging Disease Surveillance across North and South America." Journal of Fungi 9, no. 1 (January 5, 2023): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof9010083.
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Coccidioidomycosis (Valley fever) has been a known health threat in the United States (US) since the 1930s, though not all states are currently required to report disease cases. Texas, one of the non-reporting states, is an example of where both historical and contemporary scientific evidence define the region as endemic, but we don’t know disease incidence in the state. Mandating coccidioidomycosis as a reportable disease across more US states would increase disease awareness, improve clinical outcomes, and help antifungal drug and vaccine development. It would also increase our understanding of where the disease is endemic and the relationships between environmental conditions and disease cases. This is true for other nations in North and South America that are also likely endemic for coccidioidomycosis, especially Mexico. This commentary advocates for US state and territory epidemiologists to define coccidioidomycosis as a reportable disease and encourages disease surveillance in other endemic regions across North and South America in order to protect human health and reduce disease burden.
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Myrick, David T., and John D. Horel. "Verification of Surface Temperature Forecasts from the National Digital Forecast Database over the Western United States." Weather and Forecasting 21, no. 5 (October 1, 2006): 869–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/waf946.1.
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Abstract Experimental gridded forecasts of surface temperature issued by National Weather Service offices in the western United States during the 2003/04 winter season (18 November 2003–29 February 2004) are evaluated relative to surface observations and gridded analyses. The 5-km horizontal resolution gridded forecasts issued at 0000 UTC for forecast lead times at 12-h intervals from 12 to 168 h were obtained from the National Digital Forecast Database (NDFD). Forecast accuracy and skill are determined relative to observations at over 3000 locations archived by MesoWest. Forecast quality is also determined relative to Rapid Update Cycle (RUC) analyses at 20-km resolution that are interpolated to the 5-km NDFD grid as well as objective analyses obtained from the Advanced Regional Prediction System Data Assimilation System that rely upon the MesoWest observations and RUC analyses. For the West as a whole, the experimental temperature forecasts issued at 0000 UTC during the 2003/04 winter season exhibit skill at lead times of 12, 24, 36, and 48 h on the basis of several verification approaches. Subgrid-scale temperature variations and observational and analysis errors undoubtedly contribute some uncertainty regarding these results. Even though the “true” values appropriate to evaluate the forecast values on the NDFD grid are unknown, it is estimated that the root-mean-square errors of the NDFD temperature forecasts are on the order of 3°C at lead times shorter than 48 h and greater than 4°C at lead times longer than 120 h. However, such estimates are derived from only a small fraction of the NDFD grid boxes. Incremental improvements in forecast accuracy as a result of forecaster adjustments to the 0000 UTC temperature grids from 144- to 24-h lead times are estimated to be on the order of 13%.
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Nam, Young Hee, Sarah J. Willis, Aaron Mendelsohn, Susan Forrow, Jeffrey Brown, Bradford D. Gessner, James Stark, and Sarah Pugh. "1200. Healthcare Claims-Based Lyme Disease Case-Finding Algorithms in the United States: A Systematic Literature Review." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 8, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2021): S691—S692. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofab466.1392.
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Abstract Background Lyme disease (LD) is the fifth most common notifiable disease in the US with 30,000-40,000 LD cases reported annually via public health surveillance. Recent healthcare claims-based studies utilizing case-finding algorithms estimate national LD cases are >10-fold higher than reported by surveillance. The reliability of claims-based data depends on the accuracy of the case-finding algorithms using the information available in the claims primarily generated for the administrative purposes. To assess the true burden of LD, it is imperative to use validated well-performing LD case-finding algorithms (“LD algorithms”). We conducted a systematic literature review to identify LD algorithms based upon healthcare claims data in the US and their respective performance. Methods We searched PubMed and Embase for articles published in English from January 1, 2000 through the most recent date as of February 20, 2021. We selected articles including all of the following search terms: (1) “Lyme disease”; (2) “claim*” or “administrative* data”; and (3) “United States” or “the US*”. We then reviewed the titles, abstracts, and full texts to identify articles describing LD algorithms developed for claims data. Figure 1 shows the flow diagram following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement. Results We found 15 articles meeting the inclusion criteria. Of these, 7 study algorithms used only LD diagnosis codes (ICD-9, 088.81; ICD-10, A69.2 or A69.2x), 4 studies additionally used antibiotic dispensing records, and 4 studies additionally used serologic test order codes (CPT 86617, 86618). Three studies used different algorithms for inpatient and outpatient settings. Only one study (in Tennessee, a low-incidence state for LD) provided validation results for their algorithm, which only used a LD diagnosis code (ICD-9, 088.81), with reported sensitivity=50% and positive predictive value=5%. Conclusion Validation data on the LD algorithms developed for healthcare claims data are limited, and suggest algorithms using only LD diagnosis codes may not perform well. Further validation of high-performance claims-based LD algorithms is critical to inform the true burden of LD overall and within subgroups. Disclosures Bradford D. Gessner, MD, MPH, Pfizer Inc. (Employee) James Stark, PhD, Pfizer Inc. (Employee) Sarah Pugh, PhD, Pfizer Inc. (Employee)
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Garcia, E. S., and C. L. Tague. "Subsurface storage capacity influences climate–evapotranspiration interactions in three western United States catchments." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 19, no. 12 (December 18, 2015): 4845–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-4845-2015.
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Abstract. In the winter-wet, summer-dry forests of the western United States, total annual evapotranspiration (ET) varies with precipitation and temperature. Geologically mediated drainage and storage properties, however, may strongly influence these relationships between climate and ET. We use a physically based process model to evaluate how plant accessible water storage capacity (AWC) and rates of drainage influence model estimates of ET–climate relationships for three snow-dominated, mountainous catchments with differing precipitation regimes. Model estimates show that total annual precipitation is a primary control on inter-annual variation in ET across all catchments and that the timing of recharge is a second-order control. Low AWC, however, increases the sensitivity of annual ET to these climate drivers by 3 to 5 times in our two study basins with drier summers. ET–climate relationships in our Colorado basin receiving summer precipitation are more stable across subsurface drainage and storage characteristics. Climate driver–ET relationships are most sensitive to subsurface storage (AWC) and drainage parameters related to lateral redistribution in the relatively dry Sierra site that receives little summer precipitation. Our results demonstrate that uncertainty in geophysically mediated storage and drainage properties can strongly influence model estimates of watershed-scale ET responses to climate variation and climate change. This sensitivity to uncertainty in geophysical properties is particularly true for sites receiving little summer precipitation. A parallel interpretation of this parameter sensitivity is that spatial variation in storage and drainage properties are likely to lead to substantial within-watershed plot-scale differences in forest water use and drought stress.
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Kulla, Bakri, and patrick Haggerty. "750. Retrospective Evaluation of the Three-Step EIA/PCR Algorithm as a Cost-Effective Method for Detection and Treatment of Clostridium Difficile Infection." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 8, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2021): S472—S473. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofab466.947.
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Abstract Background Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is the primary cause of infectious diarrhea in the United States. With an estimated 453,000-500,000 burden cases that are associated with 15,000-30,000 deaths annually in the United States. Because of its prevalence, there is a projected 3.2-4.8 billion dollar annual cost for inpatient care related to CDI. For these reasons, accurate and timely detection of CDI is crucial to reduce the morbidity, mortality, and medical costs. Methods This is a retrospective cohort study. Adult patients, aged 18 through 80 years, admitted between 9/1/2016 and 9/30/2017, who presented with diarrhea and received a CDI algorithm test. To assess bivariate associations between true positive and indeterminate positive groups, categorical variables were compared using Chi-Square or Fisher’s exact tests when appropriate, and continuous variables were analyzed using independent samples t-tests. Results The study included 1031 stool samples, of which 853 (82.7%) were CDI negative and 178 (17.3%) were CDI positive. Of the full sample, 265 (25.7%) were GDH (+), 94 (9.1%) were toxin (+), and 84 (8.1%) were PCR (+). In order to examine patient-level variables, the first positive from each patient was included to ensure independence of data points, resulting in 830 unique tests and patients. The true positive rate of this sub-sample was 9.4% (n = 78) and indeterminate positive rate was 8.7% (n = 72). An important findings of the study is that of the patients who were GDH (+)/toxin (-), 87 (50.9%) were PCR (-) and 84 (49.1%) were PCR (+).Table 1 Conclusion The study found that of the patients who are GDH (+) and Toxin (-), the PCR test serves as a proxy for the CDI test. In addition, we demonstrated that whether the patient was true positive by the GDH/Toxin test or indeterminate positive, the outcomes were the same. The only difference was the antibiotic selections for treatment. Performing PCR tests as a part of three-step algorithm prevented nearly half of discrepant patients from being unnecessarily treated with antibiotics and placed on enteric precaution, thereby extending their hospital stay. Finally, by preventing unnecessary antibiotic use, isolation and hospital length of stay, it is proposed that the three-step algorithm effectively reduces hospital cost. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures