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Academic literature on the topic 'United orders'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 10 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "United orders"

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Murphy, Fiona. "Under doctor’s orders in the United States." Elderly Care 5, no. 5 (September 1993): 12–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/eldc.5.5.12.s31.

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Stevandic, Danilo. "The United States of America president's executive orders." Pravni zapisi 3, no. 1 (2012): 198–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/pravzap1201198s.

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Kirgis, Frederic L. "Federal Statutes, Executive Orders and “Self-Executing Custom”." American Journal of International Law 81, no. 2 (April 1987): 371–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2202408.

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A hotly debated issue raised in this publication’s October 1986 Agora and, repeatedly, during the drafting of the Restatement of Foreign Relations Law of the United States (Revised) has to do with the relationship between customary international law and federal law in the United States. Most of the debate addressed whether a newly emerged custom would supersede an earlier federal statute or self-executing treaty. The reporters of the Restatement took a strong stand at first, placing custom on the same plane as federal statutes and self-executing treaties: in case of conflict, the latest in time should prevail. Criticism rolled in, and the reporters eventually retreated a bit. The final version says only that since custom and international agreements have equal authority in international law, and both are law of the United States, “arguably later customary law should be given effect as law of the United States, even in the face of an earlier law or agreement, just as a later international agreement of the United States is given effect in the face of an earlier law or agreement.”’

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Edwards, Denis J. "A Domestic Muddle: Custody orders in the United Kingdom." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 41, no. 2 (April 1992): 444–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iclqaj/41.2.444.

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Owen, John M. "Two emerging international orders? China and the United States." International Affairs 97, no. 5 (September 2021): 1415–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiab111.

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Abstract If it continues, deglobalization may lead not to atomization but two overlapping international orders: a liberal one (LIO) led by the United States, and an authoritarian–capitalist one (ACIO) led by China. This equilibrium could emerge because a central purpose of international orders is to preserve the domestic regimes of their Great Power sponsors. The United States and China have markedly different domestic regimes, and so as China continues to grow in power and influence, tension over the content of international order should continue to grow. I borrow from Darwinian evolution the notion of ‘niche construction’: just as organisms alter phenotype selection by manipulating their natural environments, states can alter the ‘selection’ of domestic regimes by shaping their international environments. Modes of international niche construction include foreign regime promotion, interdependence, transnational interaction and multilateral institutions. The liberal democratic niche constructed by the United States and its allies after the Second World War preserved democracy for many decades. Today, China is attempting through various means to build a niche that will eliminate the liberal bias in international institutions and safeguard its own Market-Leninist regime. The resulting ACIO would select for autocracy and hence be partially separate from the LIO, which selects for liberal democracy.

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Adams, James G. "Prehospital Do-Not-Resuscitate Orders: A Survey of State Policies in the United States." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 8, no. 4 (December 1993): 317–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00040577.

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AbstractIntroduction:Many states in the United States ‘have developed policies that enable prehospital emergency medical services (EMS) providers to withhold cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in the terminally ill. Several states also have policies that enable the implementation of do-not-resuscitate (DNR) orders.Objectives:1) assess which states have statutes governing DNR orders for the prehospital setting; 2) determine which states authorize DNR orders in ways other than by specific state statue; and 3) define those states that had regional protocols which address prehospital DNR orders.Methods:Survey of the state EMS directors in each of the 50 U.S. states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico.Results:As of 1992, specific legislation authorizing the implementation of DNR orders was in place in 11 states. In addition, six others have a legal opinion or policy allowing the implementation of DNR orders. Fourteen additional states have either working groups or legislation pending that address prehospital DNR orders. In only five were there no existing regional protocols for implementation of DNR orders in the prehospital setting.Conclusions:There exists great variation in legal authorization by states for implementation of DNR orders in the prehospital setting. Despite the existence of enabling legislation, many state, regional, or local EMS systems have implemented policies dealing with DNR orders.

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Steward, V. Bruce, Janet L. Kintz, and Tracy A. Horner. "Evaluation of Biological Control Agent Shipments from Three United States Suppliers." HortTechnology 6, no. 3 (July 1996): 233–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.6.3.233.

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Biological control agents were ordered from three U.S. suppliers three times during 1994 and were evaluated (total of nine orders evaluated). Biological control agents evaluated were a whitefly parasitoid [Encarsia formosa Gahan (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae)], mealybug destroyer [Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)], insidious flower bug [Orius insidiosus (Say) (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae)], and a predatory mite [Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae)]. Arrival time, packaging methods, cost, quality, and quantity for each shipment were recorded. Six of the nine orders evaluated did not arrive by the date promised by the supplier. Most biological control agents were shipped in styrofoam boxes; the method by which they were packed in the box differed among suppliers. The cost of each biological control agent order ranged from $260.64 to $327.03 and varied with the same supplier. The number of viable E. formosa emerging ranged from 745 to 4901; two of the nine orders met the quota of 2000 live wasps. The total number of live C. montrouzieri received ranged from 234 to 288; five orders contained the expected number of 250 live beetles. For the expected order of 1000 O. insidiosus, quantities of live insects ranged from 423 to 1333; three orders contained at least the expected amount. The number of live P. persimilis ranged from 199 to 4447. Three orders contained the targeted amount of 2000. Our findings indicate that there are problems with the quantity of viable biological control agents being shipped. To build consumer confidence in the potential effectiveness of biological control, suppliers and producers of biological control agents must address ways to ensure that the consumer receives a high-quality product, in quantity and viability.

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Ammar, Nawal H., Leslye E. Orloff, Mary Ann Dutton, and Giselle A. Hass. "Battered Immigrant Women in the United States and Protection Orders." Criminal Justice Review 37, no. 3 (August 2012): 337–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734016812454660.

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Fowler, James H., Seth J. Hill, Remy Levin, and Nick Obradovich. "Stay-at-home orders associate with subsequent decreases in COVID-19 cases and fatalities in the United States." PLOS ONE 16, no. 6 (June 10, 2021): e0248849. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248849.

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Governments issue “stay-at-home” orders to reduce the spread of contagious diseases, but the magnitude of such orders’ effectiveness remains uncertain. In the United States these orders were not coordinated at the national level during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, which creates an opportunity to use spatial and temporal variation to measure the policies’ effect. Here, we combine data on the timing of stay-at-home orders with daily confirmed COVID-19 cases and fatalities at the county level during the first seven weeks of the outbreak in the United States. We estimate the association between stay-at-home orders and alterations in COVID-19 cases and fatalities using a difference-in-differences design that accounts for unmeasured local variation in factors like health systems and demographics and for unmeasured temporal variation in factors like national mitigation actions and access to tests. Compared to counties that did not implement stay-at-home orders, the results show that the orders are associated with a 30.2 percent (11.0 to 45.2) average reduction in weekly incident cases after one week, a 40.0 percent (23.4 to 53.0) reduction after two weeks, and a 48.6 percent (31.1 to 61.7) reduction after three weeks. Stay-at-home orders are also associated with a 59.8 percent (18.3 to 80.2) average reduction in weekly fatalities after three weeks. These results suggest that stay-at-home orders might have reduced confirmed cases by 390,000 (170,000 to 680,000) and fatalities by 41,000 (27,000 to 59,000) within the first three weeks in localities that implemented stay-at-home orders.

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Clawson, Mary Ann. "Fraternal Orders and Class Formation in the Nineteenth-Century United States." Comparative Studies in Society and History 27, no. 4 (October 1985): 672–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417500011713.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "United orders"

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Fischer, Michael E. "Mission-type orders in joint air operations the empowerment of air leadership /." Maxwell Air Force Base, Ala. : Air University Press, 1995. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/33021775.html.

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Steele, Galen. "Strategic Factors Influencing the Issuance and Duration of Executive Orders." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2008. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc9027/.

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Executive orders are a significant source of presidential power although scholars disagree on the nature of that power. It has been argued that executive orders are an indication of a president's failure to persuade others to act as he desires; others contend that executive orders offer "power without persuasion." This dissertation introduces the conditional model of executive order issuance and duration in order to offer a synthesis to these competing views, and to offer a better understanding of the opportunities and constraints faced by the president when choosing to act unilaterally through executive orders. The conditional theory holds that both the issuance and duration of executive orders is a function of the president's ideological proximity to Congress and the Supreme Court, and the availability of fresh policy space.

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Stanford, Ben. "Counter-terrorist hybrid orders and the right to a fair trial : the perpetual quasi-emergency." Thesis, University of Bedfordshire, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10547/622544.

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This thesis examines a number of closely connected counter-terrorist executive mechanisms in the United Kingdom (UK) and the manner in which they are administered, in order to evaluate the implications of the mechanisms for, and ultimately their compatibility with, the right to a fair trial under international human rights law (IHRL). More specifically, this study critically analyses Control Orders, Terrorism Prevention and Investigation Measures (TPIMs), and Temporary Exclusion Orders (TEOs). For reasons made clear in this thesis, these mechanisms are termed ‘counter-terrorist hybrid orders’ and are collectively analysed as such. As the study identifies a number of issues pertaining to the current design and administration of these mechanisms that can adversely affect the right to a fair trial, the thesis argues that they should be substantially reformed to make them more consistent with IHRL fair trial standards. Moreover, the thesis examines how these mechanisms, as they are currently designed and administered, have been accepted in a legal system with a recognised and long-established attachment to upholding high human rights standards. Having identified, generated and analysed a substantial body of research to perform this task, the thesis argues that the acceptance of the mechanisms as they are currently administered may have occurred as a result of the establishment of a state of ‘perpetual quasi-emergency’. This denotes a particular legal phenomenon in which the UK has responded to an evolving legal problem, namely, how to deal with terror suspects who cannot be prosecuted, deported, or indefinitely detained, in a manner that, whilst being grounded in law, actually resembles the behaviour of States enduring ‘prolonged emergencies’. The thesis asserts that the state of perpetual quasi-emergency, which creates the space necessary for the acceptance of these mechanisms, was established and is preserved by a number of legal and extra-legal factors. As such, some of the research, analysis and methods used to evaluate the phenomena in this study represents an original contribution to knowledge. This study encompasses a variety of approaches in order to examine a particular type of counter-terrorist power, the implications of these mechanisms for the right to a fair trial under IHRL, and the relationships between these issues and wider society. The study requires traditional doctrinal analysis when exploring what the right to a fair trial in the context of national security entails, and in order to examine the various counter-terrorist hybrid order regimes in light of this framework. When assessing what factors may play a role in the establishment and preservation of the state of perpetual quasi-emergency, the study necessitates methods which are less doctrinal and more socio-legal in nature.

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Littlepage, Kelley. "Crafting International Legal Orders: Horizontal Legal Integration and the Borrowing of Foreign Law in British Courts." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/18741.

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My dissertation project seeks to understand when and how do national judges play an active and significant role in how international legal orders do or do not affect their polities. Specifically, I look at when and how British judges play a role in how European Union law through the European Court of Justice and European human rights law through the European Court of Human Rights affect the British polity. These international legal orders contain both vertical and horizontal aspects. Vertical aspects include the highest court and its judges defined by the treaty, which operates as the international, hierarchical authority on the treaty and is tasked with ensuring the compliance of the member states of the treaty. Horizontal aspects include member state courts and judges who interact with other member state courts and judges as equals voluntarily to share an understanding of the law. Britain is interesting because it may seem like a counterintuitive place to find such dynamics. Britain has a strong resistance to international authority, a deeply entrenched idea of Parliamentary Supremacy, and a dualist legal tradition where Parliament translates international law into domestic law prior to its use by the courts, which contributes to a lack of expectation of British judges engaging in international judicial activism, making Britain a hard case. In this context, we should expect that international law only matters to the extent that domestic actors are forced to incorporate it by a strong international legal order with vertical supremacy and unambiguous authority. To the contrary, my dissertation shows that British judges are quite active in many international legal orders in ways that do not merely reflect the degree of established vertical legal authority. Through dynamics that are quite autonomous from British politicians' difficult interactions with international authority, British judges play a very active role in managing and integrating international law into British politics. To see these dynamics and understand how international law has affected British politics, we must pay special attention to horizontal legal integration. Horizontal legal integration occurs when judges intentionally and selectively borrow legal concepts and precedents from other national or international jurisdictions.

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Hylton, Joseph G. "The Growth of Executive Power and the Modern Presidency: Nixon to Clinton." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2016. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1444.

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This thesis tracks the direction of the development of unilateral executive power from Nixon to Clinton. The thirty-two-year process saw a mostly continuous growth of the power of the president to act unilaterally through a variety of mechanisms seizing the ability to act first from the other branches of government and the bureaucracy. The ability to enhance presidential power depends on many factors such as one time shocks (such as Watergate) and congressional support. The minority presidency of Richard Nixon responded to democratic control of Congress by aggressive assertions of presidential power via unilateral decrees. In fights such as impoundment, wage and price controls, and affirmative action plans, Nixon attempted to increase the power of the presidency while also laying groundwork for future regulatory reforms. Nixon’s resignation and Watergate crated stiff headwinds for the development of the unilateral powers of the presidency with Congress passed meaningful attempts to claw back presidential powers that had accumulated over time. Nevertheless, the Ford and Carter presidencies still saw the groundwork laid for the next major expansion of presidential authority. Under Reagan and George Herbert Walker Bush, the “Reagan Revolution” saw the Presidency gain new powers to aggressively combat the growing state. The assault on government saw the creation of modern signing statements, and harsh anti-regulatory actions. Clinton’s presidency saw a continued evolution of executive power albeit shaped by the significantly different ends trying to be achieved than under the two previous Republican presidents while also seeing new innovations in the mix of powers.

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Sullivan, Rebecca. "Revolution in the convent : women religious and American popular culture, 1950-1971." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0020/NQ55383.pdf.

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Pennycott, Thomas William. "Diseases of wild birds of the orders Passeriformes and Columbiformes : a review of conditions reported from the United Kingdom and an analysis of results from wild bird disease surveillance in Scotland, 1994-2013." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/23001.

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There is growing concern about the impact of human activities on wildlife, both at the level of the individual animal and at a global population level, and the need for surveillance of wildlife for evidence of infectious and non-infectious diseases has never been greater. There is also much interest in attempting to help wildlife by treating and rehabilitating sick and injured wild animals and by providing supplementary feeding to garden birds. This thesis reviews the literature describing the diseases found in the United Kingdom (UK) in different birds of the orders Passeriformes and Columbiformes, the orders of birds with which members of the general public and wildlife rehabilitators are most likely to have contact. The thesis then collates and analyses the postmortem findings from wild bird surveillance carried out on 2048 birds of these orders at one diagnostic laboratory in Scotland over a twenty-year period (1994- 2013). The overall aim was to make maximum use of surveillance data already gathered but not previously readily available, to inform those involved with wildlife disease surveillance, wildlife rehabilitation, and members of the public providing supplementary feeding to garden birds. During the 20 years of wild bird disease surveillance, 42 endemic conditions or pathogens were identified, raising awareness and increasing our understanding of these conditions. One re-emerging disease, salmonellosis, came to prominence and then declined during the surveillance period, and was confirmed in approximately 350 garden birds. Two new conditions were described in finches; Escherichia albertii bacteraemia in approximately 150 finches and Trichomonas gallinae infection in approximately 370 finches. The large numbers of birds with salmonellosis, E. albertii bacteraemia or trichomonosis permitted further analysis by species of bird, geographic region, and distribution by age and sex, permitting conclusions to be drawn regarding the epidemiology of these diseases. Two new conditions were diagnosed in choughs (Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax), a species of conservation concern in the UK; a developmental abnormality of the eye and sometimes brain of young choughs, most likely inherited, and significant helminthosis caused by spirurid gizzard worms and intestinal thorny-headed worms. These findings will influence future attempts to conserve this species in Scotland. Another new condition encountered was enteritis and/or hepatitis associated with schistosome-like eggs, diagnosed in blackbirds (Turdus merula) and a dunnock (Prunella modularis). More specific identification of the causal organism and evaluation of potential zoonotic implications are required. Two conditions were investigated for which no satisfactory aetiological agent could be identified; a nonsuppurative encephalitis affecting multiple fledgling starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) and house sparrows (Passer domesticus), and a necrotic oesophagitis of unknown cause detected in five chough nestlings. Three organisms identified in wild birds elsewhere in the world and found for the first time in the UK as part of this surveillance study were the avian gastric yeast Macrorhabdus ornithogaster (“megabacteria”) in greenfinches (Chloris chloris) and a waxwing (Bombycilla garrulus), Mycoplasma sturni in blackbirds, starlings and corvids, and Ornithonyssus sp. mites in corvids. Screening for two zoonotic pathogens exotic to UK wildlife, highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) and West Nile virus (WNV) was carried out on over 600 samples and over 500 samples respectively, but no positive results were obtained. Investigation of novel and re-emerging conditions and screening for exotic pathogens relied heavily on work carried out by other laboratories, underlining the importance of collaboration between multiple laboratories when carrying out disease surveillance. To aid those working in wild bird disease surveillance, diagnosis and treatment, a collection of approximately 700 images of lesions, parasites and their eggs or oocysts is included as an appendix to this thesis, as has a guide to the presumptive identification of some of the internal parasites encountered. This study has demonstrated the ever-changing nature of diseases of wild birds of the orders Passeriformes and Columbiformes, and the same is likely to be true of wild birds in other orders. Continued wild bird disease surveillance is essential, to help safeguard the health of wildlife, livestock, humans, and indeed the environment itself.

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Ayala, Castiblanco Lizeth Vanessa, and Bullón Javier Ernesto Ramírez. "Systemic forces in the construction of South American regional order: The role of United States hegemony." Politai, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/92536.

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The creation of the Union of South American Nations (Unasur) in 2008 seemed to encourage the formation of an alternative regional order to the inter-American system led by the United States. This project emerged in a context characterized by the failure of the FTAA, Brazil's international projection and the strength of South American countries to face the global economic crisis. Such conditions led to the diffusion of post-hegemonic readings to understand the regionalization of South America. Nowadays, however, the quest for regional autonomy is limited both by domestic and regional factors and by systemic forces involved in shaping new regional orders.As part of its nearest influence zone, United States has vital interests in South America that may collide with projects of regional autonomy. Given this context, it is necessary to review how the US hegemony has evolved in the region and how it interrelates with the construction of a South American order. For this purpose, this research will analyze the changes occurred during the presence of the United States in the region at economic, military, political and ideological level. Using a historical perspective, the study finds partial hegemonic declining tendencies that allow a greater agency capacity for the formation of a South American order. However, recent data shows that US economic and military primacy continues to be projected through its major regional partners, questioning the hypothesis of a significant decline in its hegemony.
La creación de la Unión de Naciones Suramericanas (Unasur), en el año 2008, parecía alentar la formación de un orden regional alternativo al sistema interamericano liderado por Estados Unidos. Este proyecto surgía en un contexto caracterizado por el fracaso del ALCA, la ambiciosa proyección internacional de Brasil y la fortaleza de los países sudamericanos frente a la crisis económica mundial. Tales condiciones propiciaron la difusión de lecturas post-hegemónicas para entender la regionalización de Sudamérica. Sin embargo, en la actualidad, la búsqueda de autonomía regional es limitada tanto por factores domésticos y regionales, como por fuerzas sistémicas que intervienen en la configuración de nuevos órdenes regionales.Como parte de su zona de influencia más próxima, Estados Unidos tiene intereses puntuales en Sudamérica que pueden colisionar con los proyectos de autonomía regional. Ante este panorama, es necesario examinar cómo ha evolucionado la hegemonía estadounidense en la región y de qué modo se interrelaciona con la construcción de un orden sudamericano. Para este propósito, se analizan los cambios del poder estadounidense en Sudamérica a nivel económico, militar, político e ideológico. Usando una perspectiva histórica, el estudio encuentra tendencias de retroceso hegemónico parciales que posibilitan una mayor capacidad de agencia para la formación de un ordensudamericano. No obstante, los datos más recientes muestran que la primacía económica y militar de Estados Unidos continúa proyectándose a través de sus principales socios regionales, lo cual cuestiona la hipótesis de un declive irreversible de su hegemonía.

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Smith, G. Davidson. "The liberal democratic response to terrorism : a comparative study of the policies of Canada, the United States and the United Kingdom." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1986. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU366344.

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The dissertation is a comparative study of the government counter terrorism policies of the liberal democratic nations of Canada, the United States, and the United Kingdom. It includes reference to the threat of terrorism as a modem phenomenon beginning in the period of the 1960s decade. While discussion centres on policies of response, attention is also given to policy measures which have developed as an outcome of those policies. The dissertation is comprised of five chapters. Chapter one is devoted to terrorism as a threat to national and international security and stability. The context describes problems associated with definition of terrorism, motivational aspects, the aims and strategies of terrorists, group infrastructure, and factors and implications of current and future importance. Chapter two is concerned with an examination of general policies of response adopted by the three subject nations. Discussion relates to characteristics of policy, the philosophy of the use of force, policy development, fundamental policies, and the translation of those policies into direct (active) and indirect (passive) measures. Chapter three provides a description of the decision-making and crisis-management machinery peculiar to Canada, the United States, and the United Kingdom in regard to counter terrorism activity. Chapter four reviews a range of resources and capabilities available to those nations for response to the threat of terrorism. Specifically included are factors of policy, experience, infrastructure, law enforcement agencies, the armed forces, legislation, and the role of the media. Chapter five summarizes general comments on strengths and weaknesses of the policies and policy measures presented in the preceding chapters. Many of the salient points are contained in the observations put forward in chapter five, but some judgements must necessarily be left to a reading of individual chapters. In conjunction, chapter two includes a brief commentary on the Cycle of Activity involving the threat of terrorism and the mechanics of governmental reaction to that threat. Acting upon the Cycle is a spectrum of other factors,' termed the Envelope of Influences, which has. a significant effect upon all the components. The Envelope is a combination of such influences as environment, history, culture, precedent, ideas, pressure groups, et al, which must be taken into consideration when assessing policy and policy measures. Judgements of policy and policy measures (taking into account the Envelope) were based upon four principal aspects of governmental performance; 1. Perceptiveness; 2. Capacity to Adapt to New Challenges; 3- Practicality; and, 4* Adherence to Legal, Democratic, and Moral Principles. The context of chapter five, as well as that of chapters two, three, and four, reflects that approach.

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Luddington, Peter. "Why the good war was good Franklin D. Roosevelt's new world order /." Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1580016701&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Books on the topic "United orders"

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Pfannenstiel, James Dixon. "Always under orders". [Wilmington, N.C: s.n.], 2004.

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Krotow, Geri. Navy orders. Dom Mills, Ont: Harlequin Books, 2013.

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United States. General Accounting Office. Accounting and Information Management Division. Navy negative undelivered orders. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1996.

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Latvia. Postal, money orders: Agreement between the United States of America and Latvia, signed at Washington April 17, 1992. Washington, D.C: Dept. of State, 1993.

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Panama. Postal, money orders: Agreement between the United States of America and Panama, signed at Montevideo March 15, 1991. Washington, D.C: Dept. of State, 1993.

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Honduras. Postal, money orders: Agreement between the United States of America and Honduras, signed at Montevideo March 14, 1991. Washington, D.C: Dept. of State, 1994.

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Miller, Amata. Promises to keep: Compensation for religious in the United States. Washington, D.C: Tri-Conference Retirement Project, 1989.

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Rica, Costa. Postal, money orders: Agreement between the United States of America and Costa Rica, signed at Mexico August 16, 1991. Washington, D.C: Dept. of State, 1993.

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Salvador, El. Postal, money orders: Agreement between the United States of America and El Salvador, signed at Mexico August 16, 1991. Washington, D.C: Dept. of State, 1993.

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Estonia. Postal, money orders: Agreement between the United States of America and Estonia, signed at Tallinn and Washington March 9 and 22, 1993. Washington, D.C: Dept. of State, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "United orders"

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Shmaltsev, Nikita, and Dmitry G. Zaytsev. "Protesters as the “Challengers of the Status Quo” in Embedded Democracies: The Cases of Iceland, the United Kingdom, and the United States." In Societies and Political Orders in Transition, 183–201. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05475-5_11.

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Campbell, Faith T., Hilda Diaz-Soltero, and Deborah C. Hayes. "Legislation and Policy." In Invasive Species in Forests and Rangelands of the United States, 321–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45367-1_15.

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AbstractIn the United States, biological invaders are managed by all Federal agencies that have responsibility for natural resources, as well as the States, territories, and occasionally regional entities. Federal agencies’ invasive species programs are implemented under the mandates and guidance provided by dozens of laws, which include statutes enacted by the Congress, Executive Orders issued by the President, and regulations adopted by the relevant agencies. Although there are numerous laws implemented by the States or occasionally regional entities, this chapter will focus on Federal legislation and regulations that guide work on all public and private forests, rangelands, and grasslands in the United States. There are three categories of laws: (1) laws to prevent introduction or initial spread; (2) laws for management or control of invasive species; and (3) more generally defined land management laws which serve as an umbrella for invasive species activities.

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Welsh, Michael. "Defence and Security: A new world order." In Europe United?, 126–43. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-24761-5_9.

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Simons, Geoff. "Towards the New World Order." In The United Nations, 147–64. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-23389-2_6.

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Salsa, Sandro, and Gianmaria Verzini. "First Order Equations." In UNITEXT, 149–214. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15416-9_3.

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Ahmad, Shair, and Antonio Ambrosetti. "Second order equations." In UNITEXT, 71–112. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02129-4_5.

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Ahmad, Shair, and Antonio Ambrosetti. "Second order equations." In UNITEXT, 79–123. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16408-3_5.

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McGuire, Steven, and Michael Smith. "World Order." In The European Union and the United States, 226–60. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-11994-0_10.

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van Krieken, Peter J. "The United Nations And Terrorism." In Terrorism and the International Legal Order, 111–235. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-447-9_4.

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Scalapino, Robert A. "Asia’s New Order: Implications for the United States." In Asia’s New World Order, 181–203. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-14137-1_8.

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Conference papers on the topic "United orders"

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Lutz, Robert J., and Robert P. Prior. "Comparison of Fukushima Response in the United States and Europe." In 2016 24th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone24-60101.

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The accident at the three reactor units at Fukushima Daiichi showed weaknesses in the plant coping capability for beyond design basis accidents caused by extreme external events. The weaknesses included plant design features, accident management procedures and guidance, and offsite emergency response. As a result, significant changes to plant coping capability have been made to light water reactors worldwide to enhance the coping capabilities for beyond design basis accidents. However, the response in the United States has been significantly different from that in Europe in a number of ways. In the United States, the regulator and the industry convened separate expert panels to review the Fukushima accident and make recommendations for enhancements. On the regulatory side, a series of three Orders were issued and that required the implementation of certain enhancements (Mitigation strategies, hardened vents for certain BWRs, spent fuel pool level indication) to ensure adequate protection for the health and safety of the public. Other enhancements were subject to the “Backfit Rule” which requires that changes to regulatory requirements be shown to be cost beneficial using accepted methodologies. Simultaneously, the industry took independent steps to develop a diverse and flexible coping strategies (known as FLEX) and other enhancements. The focus in the United States was clearly on enhancements to guarantee continued core, containment and spent fuel pool cooling in the event of beyond design basis accidents, particularly those resulting from extreme external events. In Europe, the regulatory agencies ordered the development and completion of “Stress Tests” for each reactor site. These Stress Tests were focused on identifying the capability of the plant and its staff to respond to increasingly severe external events. The Stress Tests not only examined the ability to maintain core, containment and spent fuel pool cooling but also the ability to mitigate the consequences of accidents that progress to core damage (i.e., a severe accident). Regulatory requirements were then issued by the national regulators that addressed the weaknesses identified from the Stress Tests. While many of the enhancements to the plant coping capability were similar to those in the United States, significant hardware enhancements were also required to reduce the consequences of core damage accidents including hydrogen control and containment filtered venting. Finally, most European regulators also include severe accident management guidance (SAMG) as a regulatory requirement. In the United States, SAMG will be maintained as a voluntary industry commitment that is subject to regulatory oversight review.

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Bruzek, Radim, Michael Trosino, Leopold Kreisel, and Leith Al-Nazer. "Rail Temperature Approximation and Heat Slow Order Best Practices." In 2015 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2015-5720.

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The railroad industry uses slow orders, sometimes referred to as speed restrictions, in areas where an elevated rail temperature is expected in order to minimize the risk and consequence of derailment caused by track buckling due to excessive rail temperature. Traditionally, rail temperature has been approximated by adding a constant offset, most often 30°F, to a peak ambient air temperature. When this approximated maximum rail temperature exceeds a given risk threshold, slow orders are usually issued for a predefined period of the day. This “one size fits all” approach, however, is not effective and suitable in all situations. On very warm days, the difference between rail temperature and ambient air temperature can exceed railroad-employed offsets and remain elevated for extended periods of time. A given temperature offset may be well suited for certain regions and track buckling risk-related rail temperature thresholds but less accurate for others. Almost 160,000 hours of rail temperature measurements collected in 2012 across the eastern United States by two Class I railroads and predicted ambient air temperatures based on the National Weather Service’s National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) data were analyzed using detection theory in order to establish optimal values of offsets between air and rail temperatures as well as times when slow orders should be in place based on geographical location and the track buckling risk rail temperature threshold. This paper presents the results of the analysis and describes an improved procedure to manage heat-related slow orders based on ambient air temperatures.

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Toprak, Nuri Gökhan. "From Embargo to Blockade: An Evaluation of the United States Sanctions against Iran in the Context of the Use of Economic Impact Tools in Foreign Poli." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c11.02219.

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The concept of influence can be defined as a tool of international actors, a form of power, the ability to overcome obstacles in order to achieve different purposes or the desired result in the process of power relations established between actors in international politics. According to the approach that aims to reach the concept of influence as the desired result, in the process of setting up influence states try to influence each other through different methods and tools in which can be used through states’ own capacities. In addition to political and military tools, economic impact tools related to the field of foreign trade and finance are frequently used today. Economic impact tools, such as external aid, which may be positive or rewarding, may also be negative or punitive in a range from the boycott to the blockade. The study aims to provide a qualitative assessment of the United States' (US) economic sanctions against Iran in the context of the use of economic impact tools in international politics. In order to achieve this aim, 12 executive orders issued by the US on the grounds that Iran poses a threat to its national security, foreign policy and economy will be examined. In the conclusion of the study, the assumption that the US sanctions against Iran almost for 40 years has become a multilateral structure such as commercial and financial blockade from a structure related to bilateral relations such as boycott and embargo will be tested.

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Özel, Çağlar, and Dila Okyar. "The Liability of Seller for the Conformity of the Goods in Contracts of Sale According to United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c06.01217.

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In practice, breach of contract cases mostly involve controversies over the failure of the seller to deliver conforming goods in accordance with the contract. Article 35 CISG defines the obligation of the seller to deliver conforming goods in a very broad and uniformed manner as it states that, the seller must deliver goods which are of the quantity, quality and description required by the contract and which are contained or packaged in the manner required by the contract. CISG provides two criteria for the assessment of the non-conformity of goods. One of them is called “subjective” criterion of non-conformity. It goes without saying that the goods delivered shall be in conformity with all specifications agreed upon by the parties whether explicitly or implicitly. The other one is called “objective” criterion. If the agreement of the parties does not involve any specifications at all– like in the case of routine and quick orders of purchase, or if the agreement of the parties is insufficient in this respect, conformity of the goods will be decided according to the objective criterion. In accordance with Article 35 CISG, Article 36 CISG establishes the responsibility of the seller for any lack of conformity which exists at the time when the risk passes to the buyer, even though the lack of conformity becomes apparent only after that time. Regarding this, Article 67 CISG defines the moment at which the risk passes to the buyer and thus, divides the responsibility between the seller and the buyer.

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Harrop, Grenville, and Bill P. Poirier. "Construction of Westinghouse AP1000™ Nuclear Power Plants in China." In 18th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone18-30077.

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In July 2007, China entered a new era of sustainable, safe, and ecologically sound energy development by committing to build four AP1000™ units to be constructed in pairs at the coastal sites of Sanmen (Zhejiang Province) and Haiyang (Shandong Province). Both sites have the planned ability to accommodate at least six AP1000 units. The Westinghouse AP1000 is the only Generation III+ reactor to receive design certification from the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). With a design that is based on the proven performance of Westinghouse-designed pressurized water reactors (PWRs), the AP1000 is an advanced 1100 megawatt (MW) plant that uses the forces of nature and simplicity of design to enhance plant safety and operations. Excavation commenced for the first of four China AP1000 units in February 2008, and placement of the basemat concrete for Sanmen Unit 1 was completed on schedule in March 2009. This was soon followed by the placement of the first major structural module; the auxiliary building. As part of localization and the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) desire for self-reliance, a China-based module factory is constructing the major modules and manufacturing the containment vessel plates. The fabrication and welding of the containment vessel bottom head for Sanmen Unit 1 is now complete. The 2010 milestones for Sanmen Unit 1 include the setting of major modules such as the reactor vessel cavity, the steam generator, and refueling canal modules, plus containment vessel rings 1, 2, 3, and 4. All major equipment orders have been placed and the first deliveries are beginning to arrive. The technology transfer is also well underway. The Haiyang Unit 1 basemat was placed on schedule in September 2009 and Sanmen Unit 2 Nuclear Island (NI) concrete basemat placement was completed a month earlier than the milestone date of January 2010. Sanmen Unit 1 will be fully operational in November 2013 followed by Haiyang Unit 1 in May 2014. Operational dates for Sanmen Unit 2 and Haiyang Unit 2 are September 2014 and March 2015, respectively. As one of the world’s largest consumers of energy, China’s path in achieving sustainable energy has profound global economic and environmental consequences. The contract with the Westinghouse and Shaw Consortium for four AP1000 units is the largest of its type between the People’s Republic of China and the United States.

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Tucker, Julie, Mary Ernesti, and Akira Tokuhiro. "Quantifying the Metrics That Characterize Safety Culture of Three Engineered Systems." In 10th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone10-22146.

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With potential energy shortages and increasing electricity demand, the nuclear energy option is being reconsidered in the United States. Public opinion will have a considerable voice in policy decisions that will “roadmap” the future of nuclear energy in this country. This report is an extension of the last author’s work on the “safety culture” associated with three engineered systems (automobiles, commercial airplanes, and nuclear power plants) in Japan and the United States. Safety culture, in brief is defined as a specifically developed culture based on societal and individual interpretations of the balance of real, perceived, and imagined risks versus the benefits drawn from utilizing a given engineered systems. The method of analysis is a modified scale analysis, with two fundamental eigenmetrics, time- (τ) and number-scales (N) that describe both engineered systems and human factors. The scale analysis approach is appropriate because human perception of risk, perception of benefit and level of (technological) acceptance are inherently subjective, therefore “fuzzy” and rarely quantifiable in exact magnitude. Perception of risk, expressed in terms of the psychometric factors “dread risk” and “unknown risk”, contains both time- and number-scale elements. Various engineering system accidents with fatalities, reported by mass media are characterized by τ and N, and are presented in this work using the scale analysis method. We contend that level of acceptance infers a perception of benefit at least two orders larger magnitude than perception of risk. The “amplification” influence of mass media is also deduced as being 100- to 1000-fold the actual number of fatalities/serious injuries in a nuclear-related accident.

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Vandenbergh, Alex. "Terra Cotta Flat Arches: A Historic Modern-Day Challenge." In IABSE Congress, New York, New York 2019: The Evolving Metropolis. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/newyork.2019.2542.

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<p>At the turn of the 20th century, terra cotta flat arches (TCFA’s) were a popular floor system in steel framed buildings for industrial and office construction in the United States. These arches were lighter but just as fireproof as standard brick arches, and were designed empirically using proprietary allowable load tables, which were based mostly on load testing.</p><p>In the 21st century, the proprietary nature of the TCFA makes evaluating these systems problematic for the modern engineer, architect, and contractor. Renovations of buildings with TCFA floor assemblies typically will have new penetrations as well as altered loading conditions from its original construction.</p><p>It is important for all parties involved in the design and construction process of a renovation to understand the history, mechanisms, and limitations of TCFAs in order to have a successful renovation from both a design and a cost perspective. Conversely, renovating a building without the proper knowledge or experience with the existing materials can lead to change orders, time overruns, and most importantly life safety risks.</p><p>This paper is a summary of a presentation given by the same author to the Association for Preservation Technology (APT) conference in September, 2018. A more in-depth paper by the same author and colleagues Derek Trelstad and Rebecca Buntrock will appear as an article in the APT Bulletin in 2019.</p>

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Gernand, Jeremy M. "Particulate Matter: Fine and Ultrafine — How Emerging Data on Engineered Nanomaterials May Change How We Regulate Worker Exposures to Dust." In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-53056.

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Currently in the United States, agencies responsible for regulations related to worker or public exposures to dust set rules based on a few general categories determined by gross particle size categories like PM10 (particles < 10 μm) and PM2.5 (particles < 2.5 μm) and the total mass of certain specific compounds (e.g., 3.5 mg/m3 of carbon black). Environmental health researchers however, have begun to focus on a new category of ultrafine particles (PM0.1; particles < 100 nm) as being more indicative of actual health risks in people. The emerging field of nanotoxicology meanwhile is providing new insights into how and why certain particles cause damage in the lungs by investigating the effects of exposure in animals to very well characterized engineered nanomaterials. Based on this recent research the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has issued new recommended exposure limits (RELs) for carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and titanium dioxide nanoparticles that are 2–3 orders of magnitude more stringent than RELs for larger particles of the same or similar substance. It remains unclear at present how stringent future regulations may be for engineered and inadvertently created nanoparticles or ultrafine dusts. Nor is it clear whether verification methods to demonstrate compliance with these rules could or should be devised to differentiate between engineered and inadvertently created nanoparticles. This study presents a review of the history of dust regulation in the United States, how emerging data on the health risks of ultrafine particles and engineered nanoparticles is changing our understanding of the risks of inhaled dust, and how future rulemaking in regards to these and similar particulate materials may unfold. This review shows the extent to which rules on dust have become more stringent over time specifically in the case of diesel emissions and silica exposure, and indicates that new rules on worker exposure to ultrafine dusts or engineered nanomaterials may be expected in the United States within 5–10 years based on past experience on the time delay in connecting research on new hazards to regulatory intervention. Current research suggests there will be several challenges to compliance with these rules depending on the structure of the final rule and the development of detection technologies. Although the research on ultrafine dust control technologies appears to indicate that once rulemaking begins there may be no serious feasibility limits to controlling these exposures. Based on ongoing exposure studies, those industries likely to be most affected by a new rule on ultrafine dusts not specific to engineered nanomaterials will include transportation, mining, paper and wood products, construction, and manufacturing.

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Chu, Li-Hui, Elliot Wallace, and Jason Ramirez. "Changes in Late Adolescent Marijuana Use During the COVID-19 Outbreak Vary as a Function of Typical Use." In 2020 Virtual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2021.01.000.17.

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Adolescent marijuana use is a significant public health concern given that many individuals first begin using during this developmental period and an earlier age of onset is prospectively associated with numerous marijuana misuse outcomes. The outbreak of COVID-19 has resulted in stay-at-home orders and social distancing guidelines across the United States. For many adolescents, these orders resulted in a number of changes that could alter one’s marijuana use including changes to marijuana availability, parental supervision, amount of free time, and stress levels. Despite these possible changes, the impacts of the COVID-19 outbreak on adolescent marijuana use are unknown. The aims of this analysis were to 1) assess changes to marijuana use among late adolescents related to the COVID-19 outbreak, and 2) examine whether these changes vary as a function of one’s pre-COVID-19 levels of use. Data described here come from a screening survey for a larger study which was completed by 156 adolescents (ages 14-18, 78% male) after the stay-at-home order was put in place in Washington state on March 23rd, 2020. All participants completed a self-report questionnaire that included demographic information, marijuana use, and changes to marijuana use following the state’s stay-at-home order. In the sample, 55 participants described themselves as never having tried marijuana, and none of these participants reported having used during the COVID-19 outbreak. Of the 101 participants who reported any prior marijuana use, 44 reported stopping or decreasing their use as a result of COVID-19, 30 reported using similar amounts as before, and 27 reported increased marijuana use as a result of COVID-19. A chi-square test of independence revealed that changes in use significantly varied as a function of pre-COVID-19 levels of use, X2 (2, N = 98) = 29.79, p < .001. The odds of irregular and light marijuana users decreasing their use was 13.73 times higher than moderate and heavy users. Moderate and heavy users had higher odds of maintaining their current use (5.04 times higher) and increasing their use (3.07 times higher) compared to irregular and light users during the COVID-19 outbreak. Primary reasons given for decreasing use included decreased availability and less socialization. Primary reasons for increasing use included more free time, fewer responsibilities, and coping with stress and anxiety. The findings suggest that although marijuana use may appear to decrease on average across a range of late adolescents that vary according to their regular use, these decreases are not likely among moderate and heavy users who may actually be at increased risk of marijuana misuse during the COVID-19 outbreak.

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Purtscher, Patrick, Simon Sheng, and Terry Dickson. "Analysis of Circumferential Welds in BWRs for Life Beyond 60." In ASME 2015 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2015-45836.

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This paper describes the probabilistic fracture mechanics (PFM) analyzes of the conditional probability of failure (CPF) due to brittle fracture of circumferential welds (CW) from a cold overpressurize event in boiling water reactors (BWR) operated for 72 EFPY. This analysis used the Fracture Analysis for Vessels, Oak Ridge (FAVOR) computer code, developed at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), under United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) funding. Two typical vessel configurations and the associated material properties for the beltline materials, CW, axial welds (AW), and plates (PL) were used. The analyses consider the potential effects of different fabrication options, shop vs field. Shop-fabrication is mainly by submerged arc weld (SAW) process, while field fabrication used the shielded metal arc weld (SMAW) process. In either case, repairs would have required the SMAW process. The calculations show that field-fabricated vessels would have a slight increase in the CPF compared to shop-fabricated vessels, but the assumed fraction of repair welds was more significant than the fabrication option. The details demonstrate the relative importance of surface-breaking flaws vs. embedded flaws for the assumed transient. The results confirm the conclusions from the original analysis from BWRVIP-05 and BWRVIP-74, the CPF for CW is orders of magnitude less than that of PL and AW regions of the vessel; therefore, the ASME Code-required volumetric examinations of the CW every 10 years as part of the in-service inspection (ISI) program does not change the overall CPF for the vessel. In all the cases analyzed, the total CPF values of the BWRs for 72 EFPY are below the goal for safe operation.

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Reports on the topic "United orders"

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Sellen, Keith L. The United Nations Security Council Veto in the New World Order. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada456586.

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Johnson, Sr, and Harry E. The Role of United States Based Contingency Forces in Operations to Restore Order. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada255131.

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Belitz, K., R. Moore, T. Arnold, J. Sharp, and J J Starn. Multi-order hydrologic position: a high-resolution dataset for the conterminous United States. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/313542.

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Inman, Robert. Federal Assistance and Local Services in the United States: The Evolution of a New Federalist Fiscal Order. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, June 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w2283.

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Bhattacharya, Sayan, Elias Koutsoupias, Janardhan Kulkarni, Stefano Leonardi, Tim Roughgarden, and Xiaoming Xu. Prior-Free Multi-Unit Auctions with Ordered Bidders. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada609365.

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Littel, Mark T. National Missile Defense Strategy for the United States Post 11 September, 2001 - A Search for Security in a New World Order. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada404620.

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Cai, Yongxia, Christopher M. Wade, Justin S. Baker, Jason P. H. Jones, Gregory S. Latta, Sara B. Ohrel, Shaun A. Ragnauth, and Jared R. Creason. Implications of alternative land conversion cost specifications on projected afforestation potential in the United States. RTI Press, November 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2018.op.0057.1811.

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The Forestry and Agriculture Sector Optimization Model with Greenhouse Gases (FASOMGHG) has historically relied on regional average costs of land conversion to simulate land use change across cropland, pasture, rangeland, and forestry. This assumption limits the accuracy of the land conversion estimates by not recognizing spatial heterogeneity in land quality and conversion costs. Using data from Nielsen et al. (2014), we obtained the afforestation cost per county, then estimated nonparametric regional marginal cost functions for land converting land to forestry. These afforestation costs were then incorporated into FASOMGHG. Three different assumptions for land moving into the forest sector were run; constant average conversion cost, static rising marginal costs and dynamic rising marginal cost, in order to assess the implications of alternative land conversion cost assumptions on key outcomes, such as projected forest area and cropland use, carbon sequestration, and forest product output.

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Flagg, Melissa, and Zachary Arnold. A New Institutional Approach to Research Security in the United States: Defending a Diverse R&D Ecosystem. Center for Security and Emerging Technology, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51593/20200051.

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U.S. research security requires trust and collaboration between those conducting R&D and the federal government. Most R&D takes place in the private sector, outside of government authority and control, and researchers are wary of federal government or law enforcement involvement in their work. Despite these challenges, as adversaries work to extract science, technology, data and know-how from the United States, the U.S. government is pursuing an ambitious research security initiative. In order to secure the 78 percent of U.S. R&D funded outside the government, authors Melissa Flagg and Zachary Arnold propose a new, public-private research security clearinghouse, with leadership from academia, business, philanthropy, and government and a presence in the most active R&D hubs across the United States.

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Gehlhaus, Diana, and Santiago Mutis. The U.S. AI Workforce: Understanding the Supply of AI Talent. Center for Security and Emerging Technology, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51593/20200068.

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As the United States seeks to maintain a competitive edge in artificial intelligence, the strength of its AI workforce will be of paramount importance. In order to understand the current state of the domestic AI workforce, Diana Gehlhaus and Santiago Mutis define the AI workforce and offer a preliminary assessment of its size, composition, and key characteristics. Among their findings: The domestic supply of AI talent consisted of an estimated 14 million workers (or about 9% of total U.S. employment) as of 2018.

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Uong, Hoang. The application of the ordered list method and the dynamic programming to the unit commitment. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.5832.

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