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Journal articles on the topic "United States. 1972 May 26"
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Wu, Qingwu, Rui Zheng, Weihao Wang, Huijun Qiu, Xuekun Huang, and Qintai Yang. "The top 100 most influential articles in allergic rhinitis from 1970 to 2018: A bibliometric analysis." Journal of International Medical Research 47, no. 12 (November 19, 2019): 6315–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300060519885570.
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Objective This study aimed to identify the top 100 most influential articles in the field of allergic rhinitis (AR). Methods Web of Science was queried for 1970 to 2018. Articles were sorted in descending order of the citation count. All titles and abstracts were screened to identify the top 100 articles. Results The top 100 most influential articles in AR were identified. The earliest article was published in 1975, and the most recent in 2015. The most prolific decade was the 2000s, with 59 articles published. Twenty-nine journals contributed to the top 100 articles, with the Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology contributing most of the articles (n = 34). The top three countries of article origin were the United States (n = 34), followed by the United Kingdom and France (n = 14 each). The type of article covered clinical research (n = 68), reviews (n = 22), and basic research (n = 10). For the clinical research articles, there were 6 studies with level 1 evidence, 25 with level 2 evidence, 11 with level 3 evidence, and 26 with level 4 evidence. Conclusions This study identified the top 100 most influential articles in the area of AR. Recognition of important historical contributions to this field may guide future investigations into AR.
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De Boer, S. H. "Occurrence of Potato Wart Caused by Synchytrium endobioticum on Prince Edward Island, Canada." Plant Disease 85, no. 12 (December 2001): 1292. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2001.85.12.1292a.
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During harvest (October 2000) of a 26-ha field of processing potatoes (cv. Russet Burbank) on Prince Edward Island (PEI), a small number of tubers with symptoms of potato wart were found in a 1-ha area of the field. Resting sporangia of Synchytrium endobioticum were present in diseased tissue. Potato wart is not endemic in Canada outside of Newfoundland, where the disease has occurred since 1909, and has been under official quarantine control since 1912 (1). In the United States, the disease was eradicated from Pennsylvania and West Virginia by 1974 and, more recently, was eradicated from Maryland, where its presence had been reconfirmed in 1987 (2). Anecdotal information pertaining to the PEI field suggests that the source of infection may have been infected tubers from Newfoundland that were grown in this portion of the field many years ago. Cv. Russet Burbank is resistant to pathotype 1 which occurs in the United Kingdom, but is susceptible to pathotype 2, which predominates in Newfoundland (1). A soil survey confirmed the presence of S. endobioticum resting sporangia in the 1-ha area in which the symptomatic tubers were found. Concentrations of sporangia ranged from <1 to 124 sporangium per g of air-dried soil. Resting sporangia of S. endobioticum were not found in soil samples from fields within a 0.8-km radius of the infested field, nearby garden plots, or fields in which the same equipment had been used since 1984. References: (1) M. C. Hampson. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 15:223, 1993. (2) M. L. Putnam and A. B. Sindermann. Am. Potato J. 71:743, 1994.
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YEŞILBURSA BEHÇET, KEMAL. "FROM FRIENDSHIP TO ENMITY SOVIET-IRANIAN RELATIONS (1945-1965)." History and Modern Perspectives 2, no. 1 (March 30, 2020): 92–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.33693/2658-4654-2020-2-1-92-105.
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On 26 February 1921, the Soviet Union signed a «Treaty of Friendship» with Iran which was to pave the way for future relations between the two states. Although the Russians renounced various commercial and territorial concessions which the Tsarist government had exacted from Iran, they secured the insertion of two articles which prohibited the formation or residence in either country of individuals, groups, military forces which were hostile to the other party, and gave the Soviet Union the right to send forces into Iran in the event that a third party should attempt to carry out a policy of usurpation there, use Iran as a base for operations against Russia, or otherwise threaten Soviet frontiers. Furthermore, in 1927, the Soviet Union signed a «Treaty of Guarantee and Neutrality» with Iran which required the contracting parties to refrain from aggression against each other and not to join blocs or alliances directed against each other’s sovereignty. However, the treaty was violated by the Soviet Union’s wartime occupation of Iran, together with Britain and the United States. The violation was subsequently condoned by the conclusion of the Tripartite Treaty of Alliance of 29 January 1942, which permitted the Soviet Union to maintain troops in Iran for a limited period. Requiring restraint from propaganda, subversion and hostile political groups, the treaty would also appear to have been persistently violated by the Soviet Union: for example, the various radio campaigns of «Radio Moscow» and the «National Voice of Iran»; the financing and control of the Tudeh party; and espionage and rumour-mongering by Soviet officials in Iran. Whatever the Soviet’s original conception of this treaty may have been, they had since used it one-sidedly as a treaty in which both countries would be neutral, with one being «more neutral than the other». In effect, both the 1921 and 1927 treaties had been used as «a stick to beat the Iranians» whenever it suited the Soviets to do so, in propaganda and in inter-governmental dealings. During the Second World War, the treaty between the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and Iran, dated 29 January 1942 - and concluded some 5 months after the occupation of parts of Iran by allied forces, the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union were entitled to maintain troops in Iran, but the presence of such troops was not to constitute a military occupation. Nonetheless, Soviet forces in the Northern provinces used their authority to prevent both the entry of officials of the Iranian Government and the export of agricultural products to other provinces. The treaty also required military forces to be withdrawn not later than six months after «all hostilities between the Allied Powers and Germany and her associates have been suspended by the conclusion of an armistice or on the conclusion of peace, whichever is the earlier». This entailed that the Soviet Union should have withdrawn its forces by March 1946, six months after the defeat of Japan. Meanwhile, however, there emerged in Iranian Azerbaijan, under Soviet tutelage, a movement for advanced provincial autonomy which developed into a separatist movement under a Communist-led «National Government of Azerbaijan». In 1945, Soviet forces prevented the Iranian army from moving troops into Azerbaijan, and also confined the Iranian garrison to barracks while the dissidents took forcible possession of key points. At the same time, Soviet troops prevented the entry of Iranian troops into the Kurdistan area, where, under Soviet protection, a Kurdish Republic had been set up by Qazi Mohammad. In 1946, after Iran had appealed to the Security Council, the Russians secured from the Iranian Prime Minister, Qavam es Saltaneh, a promise to introduce a bill providing for the formation of a Soviet-Iranian Oil Company to exploit the Northern oil reserves. In return, the Soviet Union agreed to negotiate over Azerbaijan: the Iranians thereupon withdrew their complaint to the Security Council, and Soviet forces left Azerbaijan by 9 May 1946. In 1955, when Iran was considering joining a regional defensive pact, which was later to manifest itself as the Baghdad Pact, the Soviet Government threatened that such a move would oblige the Soviet Union to act in accordance with Article 6 of the 1921 treaty. This was the «big stick» aspect of Soviet attempts to waylay Iranian membership of such a pact; the «carrot» being the conclusion in 1955 of a Soviet-Iranian «Financial and Frontier Agreement» by which the Soviets agreed to a mutually beneficial re-alignment of the frontier and to pay debts arising from their wartime occupation of Northern Iran. The Soviets continued their war of nerves against Iranian accession to the Pact by breaking off trade negotiations in October 1955 and by a series of minor affronts, such as the cancellation of cultural visits and minimal attendance at the Iranian National Day celebrations in Moscow. In a memorandum dated November 26, the Iranian Government openly rejected Soviet criticisms. Soviet displeasure was expressed officially, in the press and to private individuals. In the ensuing period, Soviet and Soviet-controlled radio stations continued to bombard their listeners with criticism of the Baghdad Pact, or CENTO as it later became. In early 1959, with the breakdown of the negotiations for a non-aggression pact, Iran-Soviet relations entered into a phase of propaganda warfare which intensified with the signature of the bilateral military agreement between Iran and the United States. The Soviet Union insisted that Iran should not permit the establishment of foreign military bases on its soil, and continued to threaten Iran despite the Shah’s assurance on this issue. Consequently, the Iranians denounced Articles 5 and 6 of the 1921 treaty, on the basis of which the Soviet Union was making its demands. Attempts by the Secretary-General of the United Nations to improve relations met with little success until September 1959, when Russia offered massive economic support on condition that Iran renounced its military agreements with the United States. This offer was rejected, and, as relations continued to become strained, the Soviets changed their demand to one neither for a written agreement that Iran would not allow its terrain to be used as a base of aggression nor for the establishment of foreign missile bases. The publication by the Soviet Union of the so-called «CENTO documents» did nothing to relieve the strain: the Soviet Union continued to stand out for a bilateral agreement with Iran, and the Shah, in consultation with Britain and the United States, continued to offer no more than a unilateral assurance. In July 1962, with a policy of endeavouring once more to improve relations, the Shah maintained his insistence on a unilateral statement, and the Soviet Government finally agreed to this. The Iranian undertaking was accordingly given and acknowledged on 15 September. The Instruments of ratification of the 1957 Agreements on Transit and Frontier Demarcation were exchanged in Moscow on 26 October 1962 and in Tehran on 20 December, respectively.
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Harari, P. M. "Why has induction chemotherapy for advanced head and neck cancer become a United States community standard of practice?" Journal of Clinical Oncology 15, no. 5 (May 1997): 2050–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.1997.15.5.2050.
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PURPOSE Induction chemotherapy for advanced head and neck (H&N) cancer has been studied in clinical trials for more than two decades without clear demonstration of benefit for locoregional tumor control or overall patient survival. Nonetheless, its use has become a common community standard of practice in the United States (US). This report examines some of the factors that may have contributed to this phenomenon. MATERIALS AND METHODS A mail survey was conducted of 300 US community cancer specialists (equally divided among otolaryngologists, radiation oncologists, and medical oncologists) to solicit their most frequent therapy approach for patients with locoregionally advanced, nonmetastatic H&N cancer. The rationale for selection of treatment strategy was identified by each respondent. RESULTS Two hundred eighteen physicians (73%) completed and returned the survey, representing 47 US states. The single most common treatment approach reported for patients with locoregionally advanced H&N cancer was that of sequential chemoradiation (61%), specifically, induction chemotherapy with fluorouracil (5-FU)/cisplatin followed by radiation therapy. Four percent of respondents indicated that induction chemotherapy was administered within the context of a controlled clinical trial, whereas 96% indicated that therapy was administered off study. The primary objectives cited by respondents for the use of induction chemotherapy included the desire to improve locoregional tumor control (67%), to improve overall survival (56%), to maintain a spirit of multidisciplinary care (34%), to improve quality of life (29%), and to decrease distant metastases (26%). CONCLUSION Review of the published trials between 1970 and 1995 and of the published meta-analyses show no clear evidence for an improvement in locoregional tumor control or survival for H&N cancer patients treated with 5-FU/cisplatin induction chemotherapy regimens. Nonetheless, this induction chemotherapy approach for advanced H&N cancer patients has become a dominant community practice in the US. Factors that may have contributed to this paradox are reviewed.
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Vu, A. L., K. D. Gwinn, and B. H. Ownley. "First Report of Leaf Spot on Switchgrass Caused by Pithomyces chartarum in the United States." Plant Disease 97, no. 12 (December 2013): 1655. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-01-13-0117-pdn.
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There are few reports on diseases of switchgrass. In November 2009, light brown to white bleached spots (1 to 2 × 3 to 4 μm) were observed on ‘Alamo’ switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) grown in a growth chamber in Knoxville, TN, from surface-disinfested seed produced in Colorado. Symptomatic leaf tissue was surface sterilized, air dried, and plated on 2% water agar (WA) amended with 6.9 mg fenpropathrin/liter (Danitol 2.4 EC, Valent Chemical, Walnut Creek, CA) and 10 mg/liter rifampicin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO). Plates were incubated at 26°C in the dark for 5 days. A sporulating, dematiaceous, mitosporic fungus was observed and transferred to potato dextrose agar. Colonies were white to gray, with brown as conidia increased. Conidia ranged in size from 10 to 22.5 × 20 to 37.5 (average 15.2 × 26.5) μm. Conidia were golden to dark brown, broadly ellipsoidal, some pyriform, with one longitudinal septum and two to three transverse septa, sometimes constricted at the transverse septa. Based on microscopic examination, the fungus was identified as Pithomyces chartarum (Berk. & Curt.) M.B. Ellis (1); observations were consistent with the authority (2). Pathogenicity assays were conducted with 5-week-old ‘Alamo’ switchgrass grown from seed scarified with 60% sulfuric acid and surface-sterilized with 50% bleach. Seed were sown in 9 × 9-cm pots containing 50% (v/v) ProMix Potting and Seeding Mix (Premier Tech Horticulture, Québec, Canada) and 50% Turface ProLeague (Profile Products, Buffalo Grove, IL). Eight replicate pots with ~20 plants each were sprayed with a spore suspension of 5.7 × 105 spores/ml sterile water prepared from 6-day-old cultures grown on V8 juice agar in the dark. Two more pots were sprayed with sterile water to serve as controls. All plants were subjected to high humidity for 72 h by enclosure in a plastic bag. Plants were placed in a growth chamber at 25/20°C with a 12-h photoperiod. Leaf spot symptoms similar to the original disease were evident on plants in each of the eight replicate pots 6 to 10 days post-inoculation. Control plants had no symptoms. Lesions were excised from leaves, surface sterilized, and plated on WA. The resulting cultures were again identified as P. chartarum based on morphology. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA from the original isolate and the pathogen recovered from plants in the pathogenicity tests were amplified with PCR using primers ITS4 and ITS5. PCR amplicons were obtained from both isolates, sequenced, and found to have 100% identity. A 580-bp sequence was deposited at GenBank (Accession No. JQ406588). The nucleotide sequence had 98 to 100% identity to the ITS sequences of isolates of Leptosphaerulina chartarum (anamorph: P. chartarum), including isolate Mxg-KY09-s4 (GU195649) from leaf spot on Miscanthus × giganteus in Kentucky (1), and isolates from leaf lesions on wheat (EF489400 and JX442978). To our knowledge, leaf spot caused by P. chartarum has not been described on switchgrass (3). Pithomyces chartarum is a seedborne pathogen of switchgrass, and may play a role in stand establishment. References: (1) M. O. Ahonsi et al. Plant Dis. 94:480, 2010. (2) M. B. Ellis. Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, Surrey, England. 1971. (3) D. F. Farr and A. Y. Rossman. Fungal Databases. Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA, Retrieved from http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/ , 18 January 2013.
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Roberts, J. A., and L. P. Tredway. "First Report of Curvularia Blight of Zoysiagrass Caused by Curvularia lunata in the United States." Plant Disease 92, no. 1 (January 2008): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-92-1-0173b.
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Symptoms of an unknown foliar blight have been observed in zoysiagrass (Zoysia matrella, Z. japonica, and hybrids) landscapes in North Carolina since 2002. Disease activity is most common during spring and summer when temperatures are between 21 and 30°C. Affected leaves initially exhibit small, chocolate brown spots, followed by dieback of leaves from the tips, and eventually blighting of entire tillers. Symptoms appear in small, irregular patches as much as 15 cm in diameter, but numerous patches may coalesce to impact large sections of turf. Infected turf appears tan or brown from a distance, but often turns black during periods of wet or humid weather. Microscopic analysis revealed profuse sporulation of Curvularia spp. on the surface of symptomatic leaves. Leaf sections were surface disinfested in 10% Clorox for 1 to 2 min, blotted dry, then plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) containing 50 mg/l of tetracycline, streptomycin, and chloramphenicol. Twenty-eight fungal isolates were obtained from six locations. Examination of conidia produced in culture revealed 21 isolates of Curvularia, two isolates of Drechslera, one isolate of Nigrospora, and four unidentified sterile fungi. Curvularia isolates were identified to species on the basis of morphological characteristics (1) and ITS-rDNA sequences. Known isolates of C. eragrostidis, C. geniculata, C. inequalis, C. lunata, C. pallescens, and C. trifolii were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection for comparison. All unknown isolates produced conidia that were characteristic of C. lunata (lacking a protuberant hilum, smooth walled, tri-septate, predominantly curved, and mid- or dark brown, average dimensions 17 to 25 × 8 to 12 μm). Colonies on PDA lacked stroma or the zonate appearance indicative of C. lunata var. aeria. The pathogenicity of C. lunata isolates was tested on zoysiagrass cvs. El Toro (Z. japonica) and Emerald (Z. japonica × matrella). Cores (11.4 cm in diameter) of established zoysiagrass were potted in calcined clay (Turface Allsport; Profile Products LLC, Buffalo Grove, IL), and transferred to a greenhouse where the average temperature was 26°C. Five isolates were selected to represent the geographic range of Curvularia blight in North Carolina, and conidia were produced on PDA under continuous fluorescent illumination. Each isolate was inoculated to one pot of each zoysiagrass variety by spraying with 25 ml of a suspension containing 2 × 105 conidia/ml with an airbrush. Inoculated pots were placed in a sealed, nontransparent plastic container for 48 h at 28°C to encourage infection and then transferred back to the greenhouse bench. Pathogenicity tests were repeated four times over time. Isolates ZFB3 and ZFB28 were most virulent with initial symptoms of foliar dieback appearing within 1 week after inoculation. Continued disease progress resulted in necrosis of the entire plant. Other isolates induced symptoms within 2 to 3 weeks after inoculation; however, disease severity was lower as compared with ZFB3 and ZFB28 throughout each experiment. Cvs. Emerald and El Toro were equally susceptible to infection by C. lunata. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Curvularia blight of zoysiagrass in the United States. This disease was previously described in Japan where it is commonly referred to as ‘dog footprint’ (3) and Brazil (2). References: (1) M. B. Ellis. Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. CMI, Kew, Surrey, UK, 1971. (2) F. B. Rocha et al. Australas. Plant Pathol. 33:601, 2004. (3) T. Tani and J. B. Beard. Color Atlas of Turfgrass Diseases. Ann Arbor Press, Chelsea, MI, 1997.
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Rahmani, Natasha Indah, Kania Sofiantina Rahayu, and Dyah Prabandari. "Potensi Pengembangan Konsep Agro Science and Technology Park (STP) menggunakan Analisis SWOT di Arjasari, Kabupaten Bandung." Jurnal Sosial Terapan 1, no. 1 (April 13, 2023): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jstr.1.1.18-26.
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Science parks have been emerged and developed in the United States of America to linked the gap between research sectors and industry. For few decades ago, Science and Technology Park (STP) have been developing rapidly in most of countries in Asia. In 1976 Indonesia have established their very first Science and Technology Park. Science and Technology Park in Indonesia became one of government strategy to stimulate innovation based on local resources. Bandung Regency is one of the regions in Indonesia that depend on their agriculture activities. Arjasari Area is one of sub district in Bandung Regency, where most of the area is a rural area that famous from its Clove, Coconut and Coffee plantation. Besides that, Arjasari have many agricultural activities such as Agriculture Wetlands, Dryland farming, Horticultural Agriculture, Clove, Coconut, Coffee Plantation, Production Forest and Middle Industrial Area. Bandung Regency Municipalities have a plan strategy to encourage rural area with tourism. Developing an agriculture science and technology is one of the strategies to boosting an innovation in agricultural sector while promoting the local product of this area. This research is qualitative research using SWOT (Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, Threat) Anlaysis. SWOT Analysis is used to describe the potential innovation and potential problems that may occurs in the future. Bandung Regency nowadays still lack of innovation in agriculture sector. Human Resources skill and competency of Bandung Regency’s local community also still need to be empowering to improve. This lacking of human resources skill needs to be improved widely from many sectors. On the other hand, Bandung regency have a much potential on agricultural sector.
ABSTRAK
Science Parks atau Taman Sains telah muncul dan dikembangkan di Amerika Serikat untuk menghubungkan kesenjangan antara sektor penelitian dan industri. Science and Technology Park (STP) telah berkembang pesat di sebagian besar negara di Asia. Pada tahun 1976 Indonesia telah mendirikan taman sains dan teknologi pertama mereka. Taman IPTEK di Indonesia menjadi salah satu strategi pemerintah untuk mendorong inovasi berbasis sumber daya lokal. Kabupaten Bandung merupakan salah satu daerah di Indonesia yang menggantungkan hidupnya pada kegiatan pertanian. Kawasan Arjasari merupakan salah satu kecamatan di Kabupaten Bandung yang sebagian besar wilayahnya merupakan kawasan pedesaan yang terkenal dengan perkebunan Cengkeh, Kelapa dan Kopi. Selain itu Arjasari memiliki banyak kegiatan pertanian seperti Pertanian Lahan Basah, Pertanian Lahan Kering, Pertanian Hortikultura, Cengkeh, Kelapa, Perkebunan Kopi, Hutan Produksi dan Kawasan Industri Menengah. Kabupaten Bandung memiliki rencana untuk mendorong kawasan pedesaan melalui pariwisata. Pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi pertanian merupakan salah satu strategi untuk mendorong inovasi di bidang pertanian sekaligus mempromosikan produk lokal daerah ini. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan menggunakan Analisis SWOT (Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, Threat). Analisis SWOT digunakan untuk menggambarkan potensi inovasi dan potensi masalah yang mungkin terjadi di masa depan. Kabupaten Bandung saat ini masih minim inovasi di bidang pertanian. Keterampilan dan kompetensi Sumber Daya Manusia masyarakat Kabupaten Bandung juga masih perlu diberdayakan untuk ditingkatkan. Kurangnya keterampilan sumber daya manusia ini perlu ditingkatkan secara luas dari berbagai sektor. Di sisi lain, Kabupaten Bandung memiliki banyak potensi di sektor pertanian.
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Hassoun, Sama, Florin Leasu, Peter Manu, Liliana M. Rogozea, Eleonora Dinu, and Maria Elena Cocuz. "Pharmacological Management of Cholera: A Century of Expert Opinions in Cecil Textbook of Medicine." American Journal of Therapeutics 30, no. 6 (November 2023): e519-e525. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mjt.0000000000001679.
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Background: Cholera is a potentially lethal diarrheal disease produced by Vibrio cholerae serotypes O1 El Tor and O139. Known since antiquity, the condition causes epidemics in many areas, particularly in Asia, Africa, and South America. Left untreated, the mortality may reach 50%. The crucial therapeutic intervention is intravenous or oral rehydration and correction of acidosis, dyselectrolytemia, and renal impairment. Antibiotic use represents the main pharmacological intervention. Study Question: What are the milestones of the antibiotics use recommended by experts for the pharmacological management of cholera in the past century? Study Design: To determine the changes in the experts' approach to the management of cholera and particularly the use of antibiotics as presented in a widely used textbook in the United States. Data Sources: The chapters describing the management of cholera in the 26 editions of Cecil Textbook of Medicine published from 1927 through 2020. Results: Sulfonamides were recommended in 1947, followed by the introduction of tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, and furazolidone in 1955. The options were restricted in 2000 to doxycycline. In the past decade, patients infected with strains known to have a degree a resistance to tetracyclines were treated with azithromycin or ciprofloxacin. Antibiotic use decreases the volume of stool and the duration of diarrhea but has not been considered lifesaving. Drugs with antimotility, antiemetic, or antisecretory properties are not useful. Conclusions: The utility of antibiotic use in cholera has been endorsed by experts, but only as an adjunct to rapid and complete fluid and electrolyte replacement.
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Tzanakakis, M. E. "First records of the sycamore lace bug, Corythucha ciliata (Say), in Greece." ENTOMOLOGIA HELLENICA 6 (May 31, 2017): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/eh.13959.
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In late August 1988, the author noticed the presence of Corythucha ciliata (Say) (Hemiptera: Tingidae) in many plane trees of the following locations of northwestern Greece: 1) City of Kastoria, on 22.VIII.1988, along the coastal road of the city’s peninsula in Lake Orestias. Along this road, trees near the Panaghia Mavriotissa church were heavily infested, while trees further away were less so. Infested trees were also noticed along the quay of the northern end of the city. 2) Zagori, Epirus, on 24. VIII.1988, on the banks of the river Voidomatis, where the river meets the road between the villages Aristi and Papingo. The degree of infestation varied between adjacent trees. 3) Zagori, Epirus, on 25.VIII.1988, the single plane tree in the middle of the square of the village Eptahori. 4) City of Yannina, on 26. VIII. 1988, several single trees in the Kastro section of the city and also trees along the banks of the lake bordering the city. As heavily infested were recorded trees having most of their leaves chlorotic in the largest part of their laminae. On the underside of leaves that could be reached from the ground live adults, exuviae of immature stages and dark sports typical of excrement and of oviposition sites of Tingidae were found. On certain leaves more than 10 live adults per leaf were counted in Kastoria and Yannina. The identity of the species was determined by the author on adult specimens from Kastoria preserved dry and in ethanol. The fact that the infested locations were tens of kilometers apart and at considerably differ ent altitudes, leads to the conclusion that C. ciliata must have crossed the Greek northwestern border not less than two years ago. It is suspected that the insect entered Greece by natural spread from neighboring Albania. Examination by the author of plane trees in towns and villages of the Pella and Kilkis prefectures near the Yugoslavian border, showed no infestation. C. ciliata is of nearctic origin. In the northeastern and northwestern United States it is a pest of sycamore, Platanus occidentalis L., which is its preferred host plant, but also feeds on ash, hickory and also on mulberry. In Europe the host plants of preference are Platanus X acerifolia (Afton) Willd. and P. orientalis L., while such other broad-leaved trees as Brussonetia pap•rifera and ash are also reported as able to support the insect. The insect entered Europe and was noted first in Italy in 1964. Its spread was rather rapid, so that by 1986 it had spread to all the regions of Italy. In 1976 chemical control tests against it were reported from Hungary. Its presence in Yugoslavia was reported in 1972, in France in 1977, in Spain in 1981, in Switzerland in 1983 and in Austria in 1984. It is considered one of the three most important insects infesting the leaves of plane trees in Italy and generally very destructive. The adult insect is approximately 3 to 3.5 mm long and has reticulate front wings and reticulate expansions of the pronotum. The pronotum is yellowish, largely expanded on the sides which are transparent, and has a median vesicated process. The front wings are subquadrangular and have a proximal vesica which is globular and more or less smoky towards its internal margin. Two to three generations per year have been reported in Italy, same as in the northeastern United States. Hibernation takes place in the adult stage, mostly under loose bark at the basal part of the trunk or in other protected places nearby. In spring, the adults move to the young leaves, where they lay their eggs on the under side of the blade where the immature stages feed and develop and the long-lived adults remain feeding and reproducing. The feeding punctures cause chlorosis which starts from the basal part of the leaf and may expand to almost the whole leaf. On the underside of leaves, where the insect lives in colonies, there are usually numerous small dark spots. Heavily infested species of Platanus, in addition to extensive yellowing, may undergo premature leaf drop. In Italy and especially in urban areas, C. ciliata continues to cause concern because of the weakening of plane trees which predisposes them to attacks by other enemies. There is no doubt that the spread of C. ciliates in Greece will also be fairly rapid. The authorities should take advantage of the extensive work done in Italy, to further develop effective and ecologically sound control measures. Determining the resistance to the insect of Plalanus stock available in Greece should be among the projects to be encouraged.
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Sogomonyan, Zaven A. "Crisis of Industrial Regions in the Midwestern USA: the First Stage (the mid-1960s – early 1980s)." Vestnik of Kostroma State University 26, no. 4 (January 28, 2021): 58–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.34216/1998-0817-2020-26-4-58-64.
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he systemic crisis of old industrial regions in many countries of the world is a very important historical phenomenon of recent decades. This article examines the decline of traditional industrialism in the Great Lakes region of the United States as an example of such events. The article covers the first stage of the regional crisis (the mid-1960s – early 1980s). The study is based on historical statistics, as well as on various non-quantitative data. It is argued that the onset of the crisis was associated with aggravated competition – basic sectors of the local economy (steel manufacturing, automotive industry, etc.) were increasingly lagging behind advanced factories located in the southern states of the USA, as well as in Japan and Western Europe. Later the region (with some differences by industry and state) faced very deep failures during recessions of 1969–1970, 1974–1975 and 1980–1982, also experiencing constant pressure due to the high dollar exchange rate. However, a further deterioration in the early 1980s drew public attention to the situation in the region, which contributed to the turn of local and federal authorities to more active anti-crisis politics.
Books on the topic "United States. 1972 May 26"
1
United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations. The ABM Treaty interpretation resolution: Report of the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, together with additional views. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1987.
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2
United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations. The ABM Treaty interpretation resolution: Report of the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, together with additional views. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1987.
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3
United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations. The ABM Treaty interpretation resolution: Report of the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, together with additional views. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1987.
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4
ABM Treaty and U.S. ballistic missile defense: Hearings before the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, One Hundred Fourth Congress, second session, September 24 and 26, 1996. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1997.
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Compliance review process and missile defense: Hearing before the Subcommittee on International Security, Proliferation, and Federal Services of the Committee on Governmental Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred Fifth Congress, first session, July 21, 1997. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1997.
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National missile defense and the ABM Treaty: Hearing before the Subcommittee on International Security, Proliferation, and Federal Services of the Committee on Governmental Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred Fifth Congress, first session, May 1, 1997. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1997.
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Relations, United States Congress Senate Committee on Foreign. Administration's proposal to seek modification of the 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (Ex. L, 92-2): Hearings before the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, One Hundred Third Congress, second session, March 10 and May 3, 1994. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1994.
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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations. Administration's proposal to seek modification of the 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (Ex. L, 92-2): Hearings before the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, One Hundred Third Congress, second session, March 10 and May 3, 1994. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1994.
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Egypt. Health: Agreement between the United States of America and Egypt, signed at Geneva May 9, 1989. Washington, D.C: Dept. of State, 1995.
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Egypt. Health: Agreement between the United States of America and Egypt, signed at Geneva May 6, 1986. Washington, D.C: Dept. of State, 1993.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "United States. 1972 May 26"
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Regan, W. T. "United States and United Nations Respond to North Korea Resumption of Missile Tests : January 12, February 1, March 24, March 25, and May 26, 2022." In Historic Documents of 2022, 77–86. 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks California 91320: CQ Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781071901601.n5.
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Lemoine, Pamela, and Michael D. Richardson. "Immigrant and Refugee Children in the United States." In Overcoming Current Challenges in the P-12 Teaching Profession, 97–124. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1177-0.ch005.
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Since 2014 America has seen increasingly large numbers of poor, immigrant refugee children, often unaccompanied, arrive in the United States. By 2016, 26% of the 70 million children in the U.S. under 18 were immigrant children. States with high numbers of immigrants with children, many illegal and undocumented and often living in the care of non-family members, attend schools in the United States. In 1982, the Supreme Court in Plyler v. Doe recognized the right of all students, regardless of immigration status, to have a free public education affirming a state may not deny access to a basic public education to any child residing in the state whether present in the United States legally or otherwise. Educators face issues with under-resourced schools gaining increasing numbers of immigrant children of undocumented immigrants while there is a need to enhance opportunities for all students to learn.
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Lindley-French, Julian. "The Lukewarm Peace 1970–1979." In A Chronology of European Security & Defence 1945—2007, 99–132. Oxford University PressOxford, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199214327.003.0004.
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Abstract 1970–1979 The Lukewarm Peace begins with a United States mired in a costly and failing war in Vietnam and unable to exert the influence it once enjoyed over its fractious European allies. It also begins with a Soviet Union less credible by the day as an ideological power. Consequently, Moscow and Washington begin to forge an ever more direct relationship, often bypassing their European allies and satellites, because by the 1970s the legitimacy of superpower can only be justified by the existence of the other. It is a direct relationship of which Europeans are suspicious not least when Washington and Moscow negotiate a raft of strategic arms control treaties over the heads of the European Allies. In 1970 talks commence between the US and Soviet Union on a Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT), which is duly signed on 26 May, 1972, along with the Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty. It is a far cry from the early days of the Cold War and American nuclear monopoly. Indeed, the ABM Treaty is a very un-American treaty designed as it is to ensure the mutual vulnerability that both sides accept as the price for nuclear stability and thus never sits comfortably with the Washington political establishment.
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Hall, David, John Battin, Unyime O. Nseyo, and Donald L. Lamm. "Immunotherapy Of Bladder Cancer." In Bladder Cancer, 345–58. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192630384.003.0019.
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Abstract In the United States the incidence of bladder cancer increased 26% from 1956 to 1990, nevertheless mortality has declined by 8% following the introduction, of bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) immunotherapy and effective cisplatinum-based combination chemotherapy. Intravesical immunotherapy has reduced disease progression and may have contributed to observed decline in mortality. The antineoplastic effect of the live attenuated tuberculosis vaccine, BCG, was reported by Pearl in 1929. However, Morales, in 1976 was the first to report the results of intravesical BCG in the management of early stage bladder cancer. Many clinical investigations have demonstrated the superior benefit of intravesical BCG in the management of superficial bladder cancer, and currently BCG remains the gold standard by which treatments of aggressive superficial bladder cancer must be compared. This chapter contains highlights of the recent advances in intravesical immunotherapy of bladder cancer, summarizes the mechanisms of action of BCG, and reviews the important role of intravesical BCG immunotherapy as well as other immunotherapeutic agents in the therapy and prophylaxis of superficial transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the urinary bladder.
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McElroy, Michael B. "Nuclear Power An Optimistic Beginning, A Clouded Future." In Energy and Climate. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190490331.003.0013.
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Nuclear power was widely regarded as the Holy Grail for energy supply when first introduced into the US electricity market in the late 1950s and early 1960s— power so cheap that utilities could scarcely afford the cost of the meters needed to monitor its consumption and charge for its use. The first civilian reactor, with a capacity to produce 60 MW of electricity (MWe), went into service in Shippingport, Pennsylvania, in late 1957. By the end of 1974, 55 reactors were in operation in the United States with a combined capacity of about 32 GWe. The largest individual power plant had a capacity of 1.25 GWe: the capacity of reactors constructed since 1970 averaged more than 1 GWe. The industry then went into a state of suspended animation. A series of highly publi¬cized accidents was responsible for this precipitous change in the fortunes of the industry. Only 13 reactors were ordered in the United States after 1975, and all of these orders were subsequently cancelled. Public support for nuclear power effectively disappeared in the United States following events that unfolded at the Three Mile Island plant in Pennsylvania on March 28, 1979. It suffered a further setback, not only in the United States but also worldwide, in the wake of the disaster that struck at the Chernobyl nuclear facility in the Ukraine on April 26, 1986. The most recent confidence- sapping development occurred in Japan, at the Fukushima- Daiichi nuclear complex. Floodwaters raised by a tsunami triggered by a major offshore earthquake resulted in a series of self- reinforcing problems in March 2011, culminating in a highly publicized release of radioactivity to the environment that forced the evacuation of more than 300,000 people from the surrounding communities If not a death blow, this most recent accident certainly clouded prospects for the future of nuclear power, not only in Japan but also in many other parts of the world. Notably, Germany elected to close down its nuclear facilities, leading to increased dependence on coal to meet its demand for electricity, seriously complicating its objective to markedly reduce the nation’s overall emissions of CO2.
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"No. 4762. Convention between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, France, the United States of America and the Federal Republic of Germany on the settlement of matters arising out of the war and the occupatiou, signed at Bonn on 26 May 1952 (AS Amended by Schedule IV to the Protocol on the Termination of the Occupation Regime in the Federal Republic of Germany, Signed at Paris on 23 October 1954." In United Nations Treaty Series, 158. UN, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/1f994abe-en-fr.
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"No. 4759. Convention between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the United States of America, France and the Federal Republic of Germany on relations between the Three Powers and the Federal Republic of Germany, signed at Bonn on 26 May 1952 (as amended by schedule 1 to the Protocol on the termination of the occupation regime in the Federal Republic of Germany, signed at Paris on 23 October 1954)." In United Nations Treaty Series, 157. UN, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/0ceb3bf8-en-fr.
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Eckersley, Robyn. "Great Expectations: The United States and the Global Environment." In Great Powers, Climate Change, and Global Environmental Responsibilities, 50–70. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198866022.003.0003.
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This chapter conceptually disentangles the relationship between environmental leadership and special environmental responsibilities that attach to the US as a great power and uses this framework to assess the US’s environmental diplomacy from the 1970s to 2020. It shows that the US has never fully accepted special environmental responsibilities because they cede economic advantages to rising powers and clash with the US-sponsored liberal economic order. The chapter also challenges the conventional narrative that US environmental leadership has been in general decline since the Nixon administration’s diplomacy at Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment in 1972. It identifies the conditions that are most conducive to US environmental leadership and shows that the high point of environmental leadership was the US’s ozone diplomacy under the Reagan administration, followed by the Obama administration’s climate diplomacy, while the Biden administration’s climate diplomacy may give rise to another high point.
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"26. Japan Chafes and Germany Invades the Soviet Union: May- June, 1941." In Road to Pearl Harbor: The Coming of the War Between the United States and Japan, 202–8. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781400868285-027.
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"No. 13060. Air Transport Agreement between Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Hungariau People’s Republic. Signed at Washington ou 30 May 1972." In United Nations Treaty Series, 454–62. UN, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/8692de6b-en-fr.
Full textConference papers on the topic "United States. 1972 May 26"
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Egan, Kathleen, Sophia Villani, and Eric Soule. "Absence of age verification for delivery of online purchases of CBD and Delta-8: implications for youth access to CBD and Delta-8 Products." In 2022 Annual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2022.02.000.44.
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While marijuana is currently illegal in the United States (US) at the federal level and is a Schedule I drug under the Controlled Substances Act of 1970, the 2018 Farm Bill exempted some products containing cannabinoids from the Drug Enforcement Agency’s controlled substance list. Under the 2018 Farm Bill, products containing <0.3% tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) content, such as cannabidiol (CBD) and Delta-8 THC, would not be considered Schedule I controlled substances. Dependent on state law, individuals must be either 18+ or 21+ to purchase CBD and 21+ to purchase Delta-8. The proliferation of online CBD/Delta-8 shops and the shipment of these products from brick-and-mortar locations may contribute to youth access and use of these products in the absence of age verification checks. As part of a pilot study, we aimed to purchase a variety of CBD and Delta-8 product types (e.g., edible, flower, vape, etc.) from CBD shops located in 18 unique states throughout the US. We identified 18 states based on those that permitted the sale of CBD and Delta-8 products and represented all four Census regions of the US (i.e., West, Northeast, Midwest, and South). We searched for the top-rated CBD shops in the largest city in the selected state using Yelp. We selected the highest rated CBD/Delta-8 product available of the identified product type. If we were not able to purchase the product at the shop, we would search the next shop that was in the Yelp review. All products were ordered by someone over 21 years of age and were shipped to a residential address. We documented ability to purchase the product online, online age verification, and whether or not identification or a signature was required at the time of delivery. We had to visit different 26 CBD store websites to reach our goal of purchasing 20 CBD and Delta-8 products from 20 unique states across all four Census regions of the US. Of the websites we visited to purchase CBD products, 37.5% required the customer to verify their age prior to viewing products, and 70.0% of the websites we visited to purchase Delta-8 products required age verification. There were 6 shops that we were unable to purchase a product from. In most cases, this was due to a lack of shipping options, and one store required that the credit card used matched a valid ID which was not possible given our use of an university credit card. At the time of delivery, none of the products required an age identification check or contact with the customer. All deliveries were either left in the mailbox or on the porch. The findings of our pilot study suggest that youth can obtain CBD and Delta-8 products from online sources without age verification. Efforts are needed to increase the utilization of age verification at the point of delivery by stores that ship CBD and Delta-8 products.
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Jackson, Stuart, David Hinshelwood, Eric Kaiser, Stephen Swanekamp, Andrew Richardson, Joseph Schumer, Michael Johnson, John Foster, and Christopher Durot. "Spectroscopic investigation of electron-beam-induced excitation and ionization of air [Abstract]." In 49. IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science (ICOPS), Seattle, WA (United States), 22-26 May 2022. US DOE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/2001699.
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Stimpson, Clinton, and William Quadros. "Continuous Integration and Delivery of GMTK and CUBIT." In Proposed for presentation at the 2022 Tri-lab Advanced Simulation & Computing Sustainable Scientific Software Conference held May 24-26, 2022 in Albuquerque, United States United States. US DOE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/2003305.
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Fuller, Timothy, Steven Bova, and Michael Powell. "The Evolution of Alegra's Devops Ecosystem." In Proposed for presentation at the ASC S3C held May 24-26, 2022 in Albuquerque, NM United States. US DOE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/2003333.
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Jackson, Stuart, David Hinshelwood, Eric Kaiser, Stephen Swanekamp, Andrew Richardson, Joseph Schumer, Michael Johnson, John Foster, and Christopher Durot. "Spectroscopic Investigation of Electron-Beam-Induced Excitation and Ionization of Air." In Proposed for presentation at the IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science (ICOPS) held May 22-26, 2022 in Seattle, WA United States. US DOE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/2003231.
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Shurtz, Randy, Alexander Brown, Lynelle Takahashi, Matthew Kesterson, and James Laurinat. "A Suite of Thermodynamic and Transport Properties for Computational Simulations with Hydrogen Isotopes." In Proposed for presentation at the 12th US National Combustion Institute Meeting held May 24-26, 2021 in College Station, Texas, United States. US DOE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1869389.
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Wood, Mitchell. "FitSNAP : Scalable Solutions for Training Machine Learned Interatomic Potentials." In Proposed for presentation at the Advanced Materials Simulation Engineering Tool Workshop held May 26-27, 2022 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania United States of America. US DOE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/2003344.
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Heintzelman, Emily, and Ashley Fate. "Co-Designing to Create Sustainable Software: How to leverage a user-centered process to co-design sustainable software with users and stakeholders." In Proposed for presentation at the Tri-Lab Advanced Simulation & Computing Sustainable Scientific Software Conference. held May 24-26, 2022 in Albuquerque, NM United States. US DOE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/2003297.
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Le, Leonardo. "Valhalla - Satellite Constellation Tools." In Proposed for presentation at the 2022 Tri-Lab Advanced Simulation & Computing Sustainable Scientific Software Conference held May 24-26, 2022 in Albuquerque, NM United States. US DOE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/2003306.
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Milewicz, Reed, Evan Harvey, Miranda Mundt, Derek Trumbo, and Wesley Coomber. "Evidence-Based Foundations for Software Engineering Practice in Scientific Computing ." In Proposed for presentation at the 2022 Tri-lab Advanced Simulation & Computing Sustainable Scientific Software Conference held May 24-26, 2022 in Albuquerque, New Mexico United States. US DOE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/2003335.
Full textReports on the topic "United States. 1972 May 26"
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Mobley, Erin M., Diana J. Moke, Joel Milam, Carol Y. Ochoa, Julia Stal, Nosa Osazuwa, Maria Bolshakova, et al. Disparities and Barriers to Pediatric Cancer Survivorship Care. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepctb39.
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Objectives. Survival rates for pediatric cancer have dramatically increased since the 1970s, and the population of childhood cancer survivors (CCS) exceeds 500,000 in the United States. Cancer during childhood and related treatments lead to long-term health problems, many of which are poorly understood. These problems can be amplified by suboptimal survivorship care. This report provides an overview of the existing evidence and forthcoming research relevant to disparities and barriers for pediatric cancer survivorship care, outlines pending questions, and offers guidance for future research. Data sources. This Technical Brief reviews published peer-reviewed literature, grey literature, and Key Informant interviews to answer five Guiding Questions regarding disparities in the care of pediatric survivors, barriers to cancer survivorship care, proposed strategies, evaluated interventions, and future directions. Review methods. We searched research databases, research registries, and published reviews for ongoing and published studies in CCS to October 2020. We used the authors’ definition of CCS; where not specified, CCS included those diagnosed with any cancer prior to age 21. The grey literature search included relevant professional and nonprofit organizational websites and guideline clearinghouses. Key Informants provided content expertise regarding published and ongoing research, and recommended approaches to fill identified gaps. Results. In total, 110 studies met inclusion criteria. We identified 26 studies that assessed disparities in survivorship care for CCS. Key Informants discussed subgroups of CCS by race or ethnicity, sex, socioeconomic status, and insurance coverage that may experience disparities in survivorship care, and these were supported in the published literature. Key Informants indicated that major barriers to care are providers (e.g., insufficient knowledge), the health system (e.g., availability of services), and payers (e.g., network adequacy); we identified 47 studies that assessed a large range of barriers to survivorship care. Sixteen organizations have outlined strategies to address pediatric survivorship care. Our searches identified only 27 published studies that evaluated interventions to alleviate disparities and reduce barriers to care. These predominantly assessed approaches that targeted patients. We found only eight ongoing studies that evaluated strategies to address disparities and barriers. Conclusions. While research has addressed disparities and barriers to survivorship care for childhood cancer survivors, evidence-based interventions to address these disparities and barriers to care are sparse. Additional research is also needed to examine less frequently studied disparities and barriers and to evaluate ameliorative strategies in order to improve the survivorship care for CCS.
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Ley, Matt, Tom Baldvins, Hannah Pilkington, David Jones, and Kelly Anderson. Vegetation classification and mapping project: Big Thicket National Preserve. National Park Service, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2299254.
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The Big Thicket National Preserve (BITH) vegetation inventory project classified and mapped vegetation within the administrative boundary and estimated thematic map accuracy quantitatively. National Park Service (NPS) Vegetation Mapping Inventory Program provided technical guidance. The overall process included initial planning and scoping, imagery procurement, vegetation classification field data collection, data analysis, imagery interpretation/classification, accuracy assessment (AA), and report writing and database development. Initial planning and scoping meetings took place during May, 2016 in Kountze, Texas where representatives gathered from BITH, the NPS Gulf Coast Inventory and Monitoring Network, and Colorado State University. The project acquired new 2014 orthoimagery (30-cm, 4-band (RGB and CIR)) from the Hexagon Imagery Program. Supplemental imagery for the interpretation phase included Texas Natural Resources Information System (TNRIS) 2015 50 cm leaf-off 4-band imagery from the Texas Orthoimagery Program (TOP), Farm Service Agency (FSA) 100-cm (2016) and 60 cm (2018) National Aerial Imagery Program (NAIP) imagery, and current and historical true-color Google Earth and Bing Maps imagery. In addition to aerial and satellite imagery, 2017 Neches River Basin Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data was obtained from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) and TNRIS to analyze vegetation structure at BITH. The preliminary vegetation classification included 110 United States National Vegetation Classification (USNVC) associations. Existing vegetation and mapping data combined with vegetation plot data contributed to the final vegetation classification. Quantitative classification using hierarchical clustering and professional expertise was supported by vegetation data collected from 304 plots surveyed between 2016 and 2019 and 110 additional observation plots. The final vegetation classification includes 75 USNVC associations and 27 park special types including 80 forest and woodland, 7 shrubland, 12 herbaceous, and 3 sparse vegetation types. The final BITH map consists of 51 map classes. Land cover classes include five types: pasture / hay ground agricultural vegetation; non ? vegetated / barren land, borrow pit, cut bank; developed, open space; developed, low ? high intensity; and water. The 46 vegetation classes represent 102 associations or park specials. Of these, 75 represent natural vegetation associations within the USNVC, and 27 types represent unpublished park specials. Of the 46 vegetation map classes, 26 represent a single USNVC association/park special, 7 map classes contain two USNVC associations/park specials, 4 map classes contain three USNVC associations/park specials, and 9 map classes contain four or more USNVC associations/park specials. Forest and woodland types had an abundance of Pinus taeda, Liquidambar styraciflua, Ilex opaca, Ilex vomitoria, Quercus nigra, and Vitis rotundifolia. Shrubland types were dominated by Pinus taeda, Ilex vomitoria, Triadica sebifera, Liquidambar styraciflua, and/or Callicarpa americana. Herbaceous types had an abundance of Zizaniopsis miliacea, Juncus effusus, Panicum virgatum, and/or Saccharum giganteum. The final BITH vegetation map consists of 7,271 polygons totaling 45,771.8 ha (113,104.6 ac). Mean polygon size is 6.3 ha (15.6 ac). Of the total area, 43,314.4 ha (107,032.2 ac) or 94.6% represent natural or ruderal vegetation. Developed areas such as roads, parking lots, and campgrounds comprise 421.9 ha (1,042.5 ac) or 0.9% of the total. Open water accounts for approximately 2,034.9 ha (5,028.3 ac) or 4.4% of the total mapped area. Within the natural or ruderal vegetation types, forest and woodland types were the most extensive at 43,022.19 ha (106,310.1 ac) or 94.0%, followed by herbaceous vegetation types at 129.7 ha (320.5 ac) or 0.3%, sparse vegetation types at 119.2 ha (294.5 ac) or 0.3%, and shrubland types at 43.4 ha (107.2 ac) or 0.1%. A total of 784 AA samples were collected to evaluate the map?s thematic accuracy. When each AA sample was evaluated for a variety of potential errors, a number of the disagreements were overturned. It was determined that 182 plot records disagreed due to either an erroneous field call or a change in the vegetation since the imagery date, and 79 disagreed due to a true map classification error. Those records identified as incorrect due to an erroneous field call or changes in vegetation were considered correct for the purpose of the AA. As a simple plot count proportion, the reconciled overall accuracy was 89.9% (705/784). The spatially-weighted overall accuracy was 92.1% with a Kappa statistic of 89.6%. This method provides more weight to larger map classes in the park. Five map classes had accuracies below 80%. After discussing preliminary results with the parl, we retained those map classes because the community was rare, the map classes provided desired detail for management or the accuracy was reasonably close to the 80% target. When the 90% AA confidence intervals were included, an additional eight classes had thematic accruacies that extend below 80%. In addition to the vegetation polygon database and map, several products to support park resource management include the vegetation classification, field key to the associations, local association descriptions, photographic database, project geodatabase, ArcGIS .mxd files for map posters, and aerial imagery acquired for the project. The project geodatabase links the spatial vegetation data layer to vegetation classification, plot photos, project boundary extent, AA points, and PLOTS database sampling data. The geodatabase includes USNVC hierarchy tables allowing for spatial queries of data associated with a vegetation polygon or sample point. All geospatial products are projected using North American Datum 1983 (NAD83) in Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 15 N. The final report includes methods and results, contingency tables showing AA results, field forms, species list, and a guide to imagery interpretation. These products provide useful information to assist with management of park resources and inform future management decisions. Use of standard national vegetation classification and mapping protocols facilitates effective resource stewardship by ensuring the compatibility and widespread use throughout NPS as well as other federal and state agencies. Products support a wide variety of resource assessments, park management and planning needs. Associated information provides a structure for framing and answering critical scientific questions about vegetation communities and their relationship to environmental processes across the landscape.
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Ley, Matt, Tom Baldvins, David Jones, Hanna Pilkington, and Kelly Anderson. Vegetation classification and mapping: Gulf Islands National Seashore. National Park Service, May 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2299028.
Full textAbstract:
The Gulf Islands National Seashore (GUIS) vegetation inventory project classified and mapped vegetation on park-owned lands within the administrative boundary and estimated thematic map accuracy quantitatively. The project began in June 2016. National Park Service (NPS) Vegetation Mapping Inventory Program provided technical guidance. The overall process included initial planning and scoping, imagery procurement, field data collection, data analysis, imagery interpretation/classification, accuracy assessment (AA), and report writing and database development. Initial planning and scoping meetings took place during May, 2016 in Ocean Springs, Mississippi where representatives gathered from GUIS, the NPS Gulf Coast Inventory and Monitoring Network, and Colorado State University. Primary imagery used for interpretation was 4-band (RGB and CIR) orthoimages from 2014 and 2016 with resolutions of 15 centimeters (cm) (Florida only) and 30 cm. Supplemental imagery with varying coverage across the study area included National Aerial Imagery Program 50 cm imagery for Mississippi (2016) and Florida (2017), 15 and 30 cm true color Digital Earth Model imagery for Mississippi (2016 and 2017), and current and historical true-color Google Earth and Bing Map imagery. National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration National Geodetic Survey 30 cm true color imagery from 2017 (post Hurricane Nate) supported remapping the Mississippi barrier islands after Hurricane Nate. The preliminary vegetation classification included 59 United States National Vegetation Classification (USNVC) associations. Existing vegetation and mapping data combined with vegetation plot data contributed to the final vegetation classification. Quantitative classification using hierarchical clustering and professional expertise was supported by vegetation data collected from 250 plots in 2016 and 29 plots in 2017 and 2018, as well as other observational data. The final vegetation classification includes 39 USNVC associations and 5 park special types; 18 forest and woodland, 7 shrubland, 17 herbaceous, and 2 sparse vegetation types were identified. The final GUIS map consists of 38 map classes. Land cover classes include four types: non-vegetated barren land / borrow pit, developed open space, developed low – high intensity, and water/ocean. Of the 34 vegetation map classes, 26 represent a single USNVC association/park special, six map classes contain two USNVC associations/park specials, and two map classes contain three USNVC associations/park specials. Forest and woodland associations had an abundance of sand pine (Pinus clausa), slash pine (Pinus elliottii), sand live oak (Quercus geminata), yaupon (Ilex vomitoria), wax myrtle (Morella cerifera), and saw palmetto (Serenoa repens). Shrubland associations supported dominant species such as eastern baccharis (Baccharis halimifolia), yaupon (Ilex vomitoria), wax myrtle (Morella cerifera), saw palmetto (Serenoa repens), and sand live oak (Quercus geminata). Herbaceous associations commonly included camphorweed (Heterotheca subaxillaris), needlegrass rush (Juncus roemerianus), bitter seabeach grass (Panicum amarum var. amarum), gulf bluestem (Schizachyrium maritimum), saltmeadow cordgrass (Spartina patens), and sea oats (Uniola paniculata). The final GUIS vegetation map consists of 1,268 polygons totaling 35,769.0 hectares (ha) or 88,387.2 acres (ac). Mean polygon size excluding water is 3.6 ha (8.9 ac). The most abundant land cover class is open water/ocean which accounts for approximately 31,437.7 ha (77,684.2 ac) or 87.9% of the total mapped area. Natural and ruderal vegetation consists of 4,176.8 ha (10,321.1 ac) or 11.6% of the total area. Within the natural and ruderal vegetation types, herbaceous types are the most extensive with 1945.1 ha (4,806.4 ac) or 46.5%, followed by forest and woodland types with 804.9 ha (1,989.0 ac) or 19.3%, sparse vegetation types with 726.9 ha (1,796.1 ac) or 17.4%, and shrubland types with 699.9 ha (1,729.5 ac) or 16.8%. Developed open space, which can include a matrix of roads, parking lots, park-like areas and campgrounds account for 153.8 ha (380.0 ac) or 0.43% of the total mapped area. Artificially non-vegetated barren land is rare and only accounts for 0.74 ha (1.82 ac) or 0.002% of the total area. We collected 701 AA samples to evaluate the thematic accuracy of the vegetation map. Final thematic accuracy, as a simple proportion of correct versus incorrect field calls, is 93.0%. Overall weighted map class accuracy is 93.6%, where the area of each map class was weighted in proportion to the percentage of total park area. This method provides more weight to larger map classes in the park. Each map class had an individual thematic accuracy goal of at least 80%. The hurricane impact area map class was the only class that fell below this target with an accuracy of 73.5%. The vegetation communities impacted by the hurricane are highly dynamic and regenerated quickly following the disturbance event, contributing to map class disagreement during the accuracy assessment phase. No other map classes fell below the 80% accuracy threshold. In addition to the vegetation polygon database and map, several products to support park resource management are provided including the vegetation classification, field key to the associations, local association descriptions, photographic database, project geodatabase, ArcGIS .mxd files for map posters, and aerial imagery acquired for the project. The project geodatabase links the spatial vegetation data layer to vegetation classification, plot photos, project boundary extent, AA points, and the PLOTS database. The geodatabase includes USNVC hierarchy tables allowing for spatial queries of data associated with a vegetation polygon or sample point. All geospatial products are projected using North American Datum 1983 (NAD83) in Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 16 N. The final report includes methods and results, contingency tables showing AA results, field forms, species list, and a guide to imagery interpretation. These products provide useful information to assist with management of park resources and inform future management decisions. Use of standard national vegetation classification and mapping protocols facilitates effective resource stewardship by ensuring the compatibility and widespread use throughout the NPS as well as other federal and state agencies. Products support a wide variety of resource assessments, park management and planning needs. Associated information provides a structure for framing and answering critical scientific questions about vegetation communities and their relationship to environmental processes across the landscape.