Relevant bibliographies by topics / United States - 20th Century/20s

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'United States - 20th Century/20s'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 8 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "United States - 20th Century/20s"

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Abrams, Marc D., Saskia van de Gevel, Ryan C. Dodson, and Carolyn A. Copenheaver. "The dendroecology and climatic impacts for old-growth white pine and hemlock on the extreme slopes of the Berkshire Hills, Massachusetts, U.S.A." Canadian Journal of Botany 78, no. 7 (July 1, 2000): 851–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b00-057.

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Dendrochronological techniques were used to investigate the dynamics of an old-growth forest on the extreme slope (65%) at Ice Glen Natural Area in southwestern Massachusetts. The site represented a rare opportunity to study the disturbance history, successional development, and responses to climatic variation of an old-growth hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr) - white pine (Pinus strobus L.) - northern hardwood forest in the northeastern United States. Hemlock is the oldest species in the forest, with maximum tree ages of 305-321 years. The maximum ages for white pine and several hardwood species are 170-200 years. There was continuous recruitment of hemlock trees from 1677 to 1948. All of the existing white pine was recruited in the period between 1800 and 1880, forming an unevenly aged population within an unevenly aged, old-growth hemlock canopy. This was associated with large increases in the Master tree-ring chronologies, indicative of major stand-wide disturbances, for both hemlock and white pine. Nearly all of the hardwood species were also recruited between 1800 and 1880. After 1900, there was a dramatic decline in recruitment for all species, including hemlock, probably as a result of intensive deer browsing. White pine and hemlock tree-ring growth during the 20th century was positively correlated with the annual Palmer drought severity index (r = 0.61 and 0.39, respectively). This included reduced growth during periods of low Palmer drought severity index values, the drought years of 1895-1922, and dramatic increases during periods of high Palmer drought severity index values in the 1970s and 1990s. Significant positive and negative correlations of certain monthly Palmer drought severity index values with 20th century tree-ring chronologies also exist for white pine and hemlock using response function analysis. The results of this study suggest that old-growth forests on extreme sites in the eastern United States may be particularly sensitive to direct and indirect allogenic factors and climatic variations and represent an important resource for studying long-term ecological and climatic history.Key words: age structure, radial growth analysis, disturbance, climate, fire, tree rings.
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Steele, Megan, Converse Griffith, and Christin Duran. "Monthly Variations in Perfluorinated Compound Concentrations in Groundwater." Toxics 6, no. 3 (September 14, 2018): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics6030056.

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Large-scale manufacturing of poly- and perfluorinated compounds in the second half of the 20th century has led to their ubiquity in the environment, and their unique structure has made them persistent contaminants. A recent drinking water advisory level issued by the United States Environmental Protection Agency lowered the advisory level concentration of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) from 200 nanograms per liter and 400 nanograms per liter, respectively, to 70 nanograms per liter separately or combined. Small temporal variations in PFOS and PFOA concentrations could be the difference between meeting or exceeding the recommended limit. In this study, newly sampled data from a contaminated military site in Alaska and historical data from former Pease Air Force Base were collected. Data were evaluated to determine if monthly variations within PFOS and PFOA existed. No statistically significant temporal trend was observed in the Alaska data, while the results from Pease, although statistically significant, showed the spread of observed contaminant concentrations around the fitted line is broad (as indicated by the low R2 values), indicating that collection date has little value in predicting contaminant concentrations. Though not currently the subject of a US EPA health advisory, data on perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS), perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS), perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA), and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) were collected for each site and their average concentrations evaluated.
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REDMAN, SAMUEL. "Remembering Exhibitions on Race in the 20th-century United States." American Anthropologist 111, no. 4 (November 17, 2009): 517–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-1433.2009.01160_1.x.

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Andreadis, Konstantinos M., and Dennis P. Lettenmaier. "Trends in 20th century drought over the continental United States." Geophysical Research Letters 33, no. 10 (May 2006): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006gl025711.

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Batton, Candice, and Gary Jensen. "Decommodification and Homicide Rates in the 20th-Century United States." Homicide Studies 6, no. 1 (February 2002): 6–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1088767902006001002.

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Rogers, Jeffrey C. "The 20th century cooling trend over the southeastern United States." Climate Dynamics 40, no. 1-2 (July 12, 2012): 341–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-012-1437-6.

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Rabins, Peter V. "The History of Psychogeriatrics in the United States." International Psychogeriatrics 11, no. 4 (December 1999): 371–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610299005980.

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During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, elderly individuals with severe mental illness living in the United States were cared for in state-run facilities that went by various names (asylums, psychopathic hospitals, state hospitals, state mental hospitals, and medical centers). Since the beginning of the 20th century, approximately 20% of patients in state hospital facilities had brain diseases such as dementia, usually complicated by behavioral disorder.
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Paal, Douglas H. "The United States in Asia in 1999: Ending the 20th Century." Asian Survey 40, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3021215.

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Kramer, Ryan, Lahouari Bounoua, Ping Zhang, Robert Wolfe, Thomas Huntington, Marc Imhoff, Kurtis Thome, and Genevieve Noyce. "Evapotranspiration Trends Over the Eastern United States During the 20th Century." Hydrology 2, no. 2 (May 14, 2015): 93–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrology2020093.

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Schoen, Robert, and Vladimir Canudas-Romo. "Timing Effects on Divorce: 20th Century Experience in the United States." Journal of Marriage and Family 68, no. 3 (August 2006): 749–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2006.00287.x.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "United States - 20th Century/20s"

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Brannan, David. "Violence, terrorism and the role of theology : repentant and rebellious Christian identity." Thesis, St Andrews, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/342.

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Lima, Adson Cristiano Bozzi Ramatis. "Oscilando entre o ser e o nada: a aventura urbana de Sartre na América." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/16/16133/tde-17062010-160327/.

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No ano de 1945 o filósofo francês Jean-Paul Sartre fez uma viagem aos Estados Unidos da América, a convite do governo americano e dois textos foram escritos sobre esta viagem, Villes dAmérique e New York, ville coloniale. Estes dois textos, os quais podem ser compreendidos desde o termo ou categoria de literatura de viagem, foram escritos para jornais franceses e posteriormente republicados em livro (a coletânea Situations III, de 1949), e são os únicos escritos de Sartre a tratar, de maneira direta e exclusiva, o tema da arquitetura e do urbano. Assim, estes textos são importantes na medida em que revelam a mais desconhecida faceta do filósofo francês: aquela do analista do urbano e do crítico de arquitetura. Além disto, os textos revelam o olhar de um estrangeiro em tudo fascinado com o Novo Mundo: o sistema construtivo dos arranha-céus, a ausência de ornamentos de certos prédios, a imagem das cidades, percebidas como frágeis e provisórias, construídas rapidamente para durar alguns poucos anos.
In 1945 the French philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre made a trip to the United States of America, by the invitation of the U.S. government. He wrote two texts about this trip, Villes d\'Amérique and New York, ville coloniale. These two texts, which can be understood from the term or category of \"travel literature\" were written for Frenchs newspapers and then reprinted in book (Situations III, 1949), and are the unique Sartres writings directly and exclusively related to the theme architecture and urban. Thus, these texts are important because they shows the most unknown aspect of the French philosopher: the urban analyst and critic of architecture. Moreover, they reveal the foreigners point of view at all fascinated with the New World: the constructive system of skyscrapers, the absence of certain buildings ornaments of, the image of cities, perceived as \"weak\" and \"provisional\" quickly built to last a few years.
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李綱. "意識形態在二戰後40年代美國對華政策中的影響." Thesis, University of Macau, 2011. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2554427.

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Leclercq, Catherine. "Alexander Calder: mobile, couleur et forme." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212989.

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Um, Ji-Young. "War without end : 20th century U.S. wars in Asia and empire structured in dominance /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/9359.

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Wang, Chongyuan, and 王重圆. "Taiwan's propaganda activities in the United States, 1971-1979." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B50605847.

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In the 1970s, Taiwan, officially known as the Republic of China (ROC),suffered a series of diplomatic setbacks. Nixon’s visit to Beijing in 1972 preluded the normalization between the United States (US) and the People’s Republic of China (PRC), as well as the estrangement between the Republic of China (ROC)and the US. A year before, Taiwan was forced to withdraw from the United Nations (UN). Many countries then ceased to cooperate with Taiwan and turned to the PRC. This made Taiwan the “Orphan of Asia”. To survive and prevent further isolation, Taiwan rallied support from the international community, especially the US, its old ally. It strengthened propaganda in the US and attempted to build a prosperous and democratic image of itself. It sought to appeal to the American public. This thesis investigates Taiwan’s propaganda activities in the US and explores how the Kuomintang (KMT) government built a favorable image of Taiwan during the 1970s. The most notable propaganda organization of the ROC was the Government Information Office (GIO). The GIO’s overseas branch in New York, the Chinese Information Service, launched propaganda campaigns in the US through organizing political, economic and cultural activities. Although the GIO was centrally responsible for propaganda, the execution of the campaigns was a product of collaboration between various government organizations. This thesis analyzes the GIO’s responsibilities within this network of collaboration. The thesis then explores the variety of Taiwan’s propaganda strategies. The KMT tried very hard to solicit support from different sectors in the US. They appealed to the general public by launching advertising campaigns, cultural exhibitions and art performances. Apart from the general public, they also targeted reporters, members of Congress and scholars by offering material benefits including free trips to Taiwan and academic funding. Several public relation firms were also hired to publicize Taiwan in the US media. Some of these publicity campaigns were even illegal. The overseas Chinese formed a large constituent to the Taiwan government’s propaganda efforts. However, the overseas Chinese were not a singular group of people and recognizing this, the GIO tailored their campaigns accordingly. Taiwan wooed Chinatown leaders by giving them financial benefits and educated Chinatown residents through controlling the Chinese media and Chinese language schools. Meanwhile, the KMT threatened and punished Taiwan Independence Movement supporters in American universities. They also made attempts to re-educate these supporters and their families in and out of Taiwan. Through these activities, Taiwan hoped to create an illusion that the KMT supporters were not limited to people in Taiwan, but included the majority of Chinese around the world. By examining Taiwan’s propaganda organizations and strategies in the 1970s, the thesis aims to expand our knowledge of US-PRC-ROC relations in the 1970s, and show how Taiwan adapted to the changing international environment.
published_or_final_version
History
Master
Master of Philosophy
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Whiting, Sarah. "The jungle in the clearing : space, form and democracy in America, 1940-1949." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/8748.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 2001.
"February 2001."
Includes bibliographical references (p. 237-248).
Combining aesthetic theory with theories of the public sphere, this dissertation examines the brief appearance of a publicly empathetic civic realm in the United States during the 1940s. The argument begins with a reevaluation of the debate over monumentality initiated in modernist architectural circles, which included such figures as Sigfried Giedion, Lewis Mumford, Henry-Russell Hitchcock, and Philip Johnson. Centering on the city, this debate recast monumentality in terms more progressive than commemorative; it posited open-ended architectural and urban strategies that offered a non-restrictive yet sympathetic public resonance. If empathy is understood as the viewer's physical and psychological engagement with an object, then the 'publicly empathetic' collects and communicates the public 's individualized engagements. The term 'publicly empathetic' underscores the distinction between totalitarian consensus, exemplified by the modernism of Mussolini's fascist Italy, and what Alexis de Tocqueville identified in 1835 as America's collective individualism, which persisted in the 1940s under the umbrella of Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal. Springboarding from Ernst Cassirer and Susanne Langer's philosophies of symbolic form as unconsummated symbol, I argue that the modernism of this period did not define the public but rather expressed architecture's publicness through the recasting of form, programming, and modernism's public mandate. The chapters of this dissertation examine in turn the texts, projects and urbanism of this empathetic modernism. The projects constituting this realm are both public and private in nature; they include Charles Franklin and ...
by Sarah Whiting.
Ph.D.
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Heath, Karen Patricia. "Conservatives and the politics of art, 1950-88." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:d62a078b-4009-40a8-8765-1a4f5e0fbcbc.

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This thesis offers a new policy history of the National Endowment for the Arts, the federal agency responsible for providing grants to artists and arts organisations in the United States. It focuses in particular on the development of conservative perspectives on federal arts funding from the 1950s to the 1980s, and hence, illuminates the broader evolution of conservative political power, especially its limits. The most familiar narrative holds that the Endowment found itself caught up in the Culture Wars of the late 1980s when Christian right groups objected to certain federal grants, particularly to Andres Serrano's Piss Christ and Robert Mapplethorpe's Self-Portrait with Whip. This thesis, however, uncovers the older origins of conservative opposition to state support for the arts, analyses conservative conceptions of art, and illuminates the limited federal role the right sought to secure in the arts in the post-war period. Numerous studies have analysed the meanings and origins of the Culture Wars, but until now, scholars had not examined conservative approaches to federal arts politics in a historical sense. Historians have generally been too interested in explaining change to the detriment of examining continuity, but this approach under-emphasises the long-term tensions that underlie seemingly sudden political eruptions. This work also offers a deep account of the conservative movement and the arts world, an area that has so far been almost completely ignored by scholars, even though a focus on marginalised players is essential to understanding the limits of conservatism. In a general sense then, this thesis evaluates the range and diversity of the conservative movement and illuminates the overall odyssey of the right in modern America. In so doing, it provides a new insight into the ways we periodise political history and also invites a broader view of how we understand politics itself.
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Probert, Thomas John William. "The politics of human rights in the United States of America and in the United Kingdom, 1963-76." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648500.

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Heckerl, David K. "From Emerson's 'Great guest' to Strauss's Machiavelli : innocence, responsibility, and the renewal of American studies." Thesis, McGill University, 1998. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=35708.

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My dissertation explores the intense crisis of sensibility experienced by liberal intellectuals in cold war America, with special emphasis on the desire to renew liberal democratic culture by moving, in mind and spirit, from innocence to responsibility. The latter term, however, expresses sentiments of civic virtue or republicanism very much at odds with liberalism; hence the ultimate failure of liberals to consummate their own sense of what is most needful or necessary. Although liberals clearly desire the sensational execution of innocence, their inability to be "altogether evil" (Machiavelli) consigns them to the equivocating limbo of what R. W. B. Lewis called the "new stoicism." The liberal desire for renewal does find its consummation, however, in Leo Strauss's Thoughts on Machiavelli (1958), which instructs liberals in the salutary benefits of a philosophical republicanism. As embodied in Machiavelli himself, this mode of republicanism promises to emancipate liberals (if only they would listen) from the tyranny of innocence, thereby effecting the desired regenerative movement to civic responsibility.
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Books on the topic "United States - 20th Century/20s"

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Preston, Daniel. 20th century United States history. New York, N.Y: Harper Perennial, 1992.

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Charlie and the Shawneetown dame: Love and madness in the Roaring Twenties : an incredible true story. West Lafayette, Ind: Purdue University Press, 2005.

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U.S. military intervention in the post-Cold War era: How to win America's wars in the twenty-first century / Glenn J. Antizzo. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2010.

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Antizzo, Glenn J. U.S. military intervention in the post-Cold War era: How to win America's wars in the twenty-first century / Glenn J. Antizzo. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2010.

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Antizzo, Glenn J. U.S. military intervention in the post-Cold War era: How to win America's wars in the twenty-first century / Glenn J. Antizzo. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2010.

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Herringshaw, DeAnn. The United States enters the 20th century. Ann Arbor, Mich: Cherry Lake Pub., 2011.

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The United States in the 20th century. New York: Scholastic Reference, 1995.

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Herringshaw, DeAnn. The United States enters the 20th century. Ann Arbor, Mich: Cherry Lake Pub., 2011.

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Shaping a nation: Twentieth-century American architecture and its makers. New York: Norton, 1998.

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Reynosa, Mark A. U.S. combat helmets of the 20th century: Mass production. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Pub., 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "United States - 20th Century/20s"

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Hertel, Florian R. "Social fluidity in the United States of America." In Social Mobility in the 20th Century, 299–330. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-14785-3_12.

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Shields, Lisa B. E., Donna M. Hunsaker, and John C. Hunsaker. "Trends of Suicide in the United States During the 20th Century." In Forensic Pathology Reviews, 305–35. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-910-3_10.

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Biagini, Furio. "Jewish Traditionalism and Jewish Socialism Between 19th and 20th Century in Europe and in the United States: A Survey." In Pragmatic Studies in Judaism, edited by Andrew Schumann, Aviram Ravitsky, Lenn E. Goodman, Furio Biagini, Alan Mittleman, Uri J. Schild, Michael Abraham, et al., 249–66. Piscataway, NJ, USA: Gorgias Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.31826/9781463235536-013.

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Daunton, Martin. "Taxation, State, and Society in Comparative Perspective, 1750-1950." In Taxation, State and Civil Society in Germany and the United States from the 18th to the 20th Century, 205–28. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co KG, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783845205892-205.

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"THE ARCHITECTS COLLABORATIVE (TAC) (UNITED STATES)." In Encyclopedia of 20th-Century Architecture, 739–66. Routledge, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203483886-43.

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Fox, Karin. "The Natural History of the Normal First Stage of Labor." In 50 Studies Every Obstetrician-Gynecologist Should Know, 97–102. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190947088.003.0018.

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This article provides a summary of a landmark study on labor, in a large, multicenter modern cohort of women with singleton, vertex gestations. Emanuel Friedman published his original labor curve showing the expected progression of normal labor in 1955, and that for multiparous patients in 1956.2,3 He plotted the individual labor progression of 500 nulliparous laboring women from a single center to calculate the average progression of labor. In his cohort, 70% of whom were between 20 and 30 years old, many were Caucasian, and 55% of women were delivered via forceps. Dr. Friedman classically identified the second stage of labor starting at 4cm dilatation. Since the mid-20th century, many practice patterns have changed, and today’s population of women delivering in the United States is diverse and, on average, older and heavier than in 1955; therefore, use of the traditional labor curve has been questioned. The investigators in this study performed a secondary analysis of data from a multicenter cohort of 26,838 patients with singleton gestation, spontaneous labor, and normal outcomes. Using a sophisticated statistical approach Zhang et al. produced a modern labor curve.
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"Organization and Innovation in the Early 20th Century 1898–1928." In History of Professional Nursing in the United States. New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/9780826133137.0006.

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Singh, Ashbindu. "International Activities Related to Dryland Degradation Assessment and Drought Early Warning." In Monitoring and Predicting Agricultural Drought. Oxford University Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195162349.003.0045.

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Land degradation usually occurs on drylands (arid, semiarid, and dry subhumid areas). According to the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification held in Paris in 1994 (UNCCD, 1999), drylands are defined as those lands (other than polar and subpolar regions) where the ratio of annual precipitation to potential evapotranspiration falls within the range of 0.05–0.65. Land degradation causes reduction in the biological or economic productivity of those lands that may support cropland, rangelands, forest, and woodlands. Land degradation threatens culturally unique agropastoral and silvopastoral farming systems and nomadic and transhumance systems. The consequences of land degradation are widespread poverty, hunger, migration, and creation of a potential cycle of debt for the affected populations. Historical awareness of the land degradation was cited, mainly at the local and regional scales, by Plato in the 4th century B.C in the Mediterranean region, and in Mesopotamia and China (WRI, 2001). The occurrence of the “dust bowl” in the United States during the 1930s affected farms and agricultural productivity, and several famines and mass migrations, especially in Africa during the 1970s, were important landmarks of land degradation in the 20th century. It is estimated that more than 33% of the earth’s land surface and 2.6 billion people are affected by land degradation and desertification in more than 100 countries. About 73% of rangelands in dryland areas and 47% of marginal rain-fed croplands, together with a significant percentage of irrigated croplands, are currently degraded (WRI, 2001). In sub-Saharan Africa, land degradation is widespread (20–50% of the land) and affects some 200 million people. This region experiences poverty and frequent droughts on a scale not known anywhere else in the world. Land degradation is also severe and widespread in Asia, Latin America, as well as other regions of the globe. Continuous land degradation is accelerating the loss of agricultural productivity and food production in the world. Over the next 50 years, food production needs to triple in order to provide a nutritionally adequate diet for the world’s growing population. This will be difficult to achieve even under favorable circumstances.
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Stavans, Ilan. "Nomenclature." In Latinos in the United States. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wentk/9780190670191.003.0001.

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How did the term “Latino” come about? An attempt at understanding the essential role Latinos play in America needs to start with a basic etymological discussion. The term “Latino” came about in the late 20th century to describe the rich, heterogeneous minority made up...
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"20th Century Responses to Contested Epidemics in the United States and Brazil." In Contested Epidemics, 35–91. IMPERIAL COLLEGE PRESS, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9781783265152_0002.

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Conference papers on the topic "United States - 20th Century/20s"

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Vohnout, Vincent J. "The Impact of Sheet Metal Stamping on Manufacturing and Economic Growth of the United States in the Early 20th Century." In ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-33270.

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A vast array of manufactured articles containing metal components utilize power press methods in their production. The common aspect of these methods is the use of specialized dies and the mechanical energy of the press machine to impart the required finished shape with a minimum of time and material loss. The innovation of power press metal forming methods in conjunction with advances in sheet rolling technology can be credited with a significant portion of the United States economic growth from manufacturing between 1890 and 1940. Of the many variations of power press metal forming processes that now exist, sheet stamping is found to be the most significant to the economic development of the U.S. as a synergetic partner of the new automobile industry. Data from the 1929 Census of Manufactures is used to generate a Social Savings metric which estimates the effect of the use of sheet stamping in terms productivity gained. The estimated Social Savings of this very small sector of manufacturing represents a tenth of one percent of the total Value Added by all U.S. industries in 1929.
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Özgün, Tevfik Orçun, and Meral Uçmaz. "The Great Game in Asia: Kyrgyzstan." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c02.00333.

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Marked the 19th Century, “The Great Game” which took place between Great Britain and Imperial Russia, has determined the fates of many other nations. In practical sense, the term is expired in the first quarter of the 20th Century. States of Central and Southern Asia, involved in the strategic plans of Great Powers focused their interest to Central Asia in the 20th Century. Especially, after the collapse of the Soviet Union the strategicially important Kyrgyzstan has become an area of struggle between the United States, Russia, and strategically rising China in order to hold economic concessions. This paper tries to handle the strategic games played internationally on Kyrgyzstan addressing the reference frame of “The Great Game”.
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Vandenbergh, Alex. "Terra Cotta Flat Arches: A Historic Modern-Day Challenge." In IABSE Congress, New York, New York 2019: The Evolving Metropolis. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/newyork.2019.2542.

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<p>At the turn of the 20th century, terra cotta flat arches (TCFA’s) were a popular floor system in steel framed buildings for industrial and office construction in the United States. These arches were lighter but just as fireproof as standard brick arches, and were designed empirically using proprietary allowable load tables, which were based mostly on load testing.</p><p>In the 21st century, the proprietary nature of the TCFA makes evaluating these systems problematic for the modern engineer, architect, and contractor. Renovations of buildings with TCFA floor assemblies typically will have new penetrations as well as altered loading conditions from its original construction.</p><p>It is important for all parties involved in the design and construction process of a renovation to understand the history, mechanisms, and limitations of TCFAs in order to have a successful renovation from both a design and a cost perspective. Conversely, renovating a building without the proper knowledge or experience with the existing materials can lead to change orders, time overruns, and most importantly life safety risks.</p><p>This paper is a summary of a presentation given by the same author to the Association for Preservation Technology (APT) conference in September, 2018. A more in-depth paper by the same author and colleagues Derek Trelstad and Rebecca Buntrock will appear as an article in the APT Bulletin in 2019.</p>
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Borbor, J. D., Katinka C. Van Cranenburgh, and Christiaan W. F. Luca. "Social Risk Management as a Response to Increasing International Pressure for Social Performance." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/206240-ms.

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Abstract In the past decades, financial institutions have led the way for companies to adhere to international standards for social performance. The journey began in the Industrial Revolution, when negative societal business impacts rapidly escalated, which led people to demand for their management. Initially focused on working conditions, impacts on the environment soon started to gain notice. Halfway through the 20th century, a combination of oil spills and mass media attention generated enough public pressure for the United States to sign the first piece of legislation requiring the environmental impact assessment. With this law and its replication abroad, however, came the concern with social impacts as well. Both environmental and social performance expectations soon spread internationally and, by the 1980s, multilateral financial institutions, most prominently the World Bank, incorporated such considerations into their investment and lending practices, which is the source of all such international standards today. These standards require the establishment of a social management system to integrate risk and impact management processes and stakeholder engagement activities. Given the challenge of implementing these requirements, a social risk management development framework is proposed to bring together the extensive and multidisciplinary demands of effective social performance. Five development areas are proposed: governance, social policy, tools, resourcing and capacity, and knowledge sharing. This is an important step to take today as it is expected that the next decades will see these international demands increase, possibly by ever increasing governmental regulation.
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Río Vázquez, Antonio Santiago. "La lección del embalse. Le Corbusier y los aprovechamientos hidroeléctricos." In LC2015 - Le Corbusier, 50 years later. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/lc2015.2015.1007.

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Resumen: El interés de Le Corbusier por los aprovechamientos hidroeléctricos es una constante a lo largo de su vida, sobre todo como inspiración y referencia para proyectar su arquitectura, dando forma a una lección del embalse que veremos enfocada de diferentes maneras y en distintos momentos, desde su descubrimiento durante el trabajo en Vienne (Francia) para la Société d’applications du bétón armé hasta el intento de materialización con la obra de Bhakra en la India, pasando por etapas sucesivas en las que se va exponiendo, publicando o compartiendo, mediante conferencias, textos teóricos o encuentros en viajes, como el realizado a los Estados Unidos en 1946, cuando visita el macroproyecto de la Tennessee Valley Authority y deja constancia en la primera edición americana de Quand les catedrales étaient blanches: voyage au pays des timides. A través de sus palabras, de sus dibujos y de sus proyectos vamos revelando las dos caras de la lección del embalse: la que se desprende de manera inmediata desde las realidades encontradas, que tendrá su impulso final paralelo a la construcción de Chandigarh con la implicación en la presa sobre el Sutlej; y la cara oculta, desvelada como aportaciones e influencias progresivas en su arquitectura. Ambas caras permanecerán como el testimonio de la fértil relación entre Le Corbusier y los aprovechamientos hidroeléctricos. Abstract: The interest of Le Corbusier on hydroelectric industry is a constant throughout his life, especially as inspiration and reference to project its architecture, shaping a lesson of the dam that we will see focused in different ways and at different times, from their discovery while working in Vienne (France) for the Société d’applications du bétón armé to the attempt to materialize the work of Bhakra in India, through successive stages in wich he will be in exposing, publishing or sharing through conferences, theoretical texts and encounters on trips, like the one made to the United States in 1946, when he visits the macro project of Tennessee Valley Authority and describes it in the first American edition of Quand les cathedrals étaient blanches: voyage au pays des timides. Through his words, his drawings and his projects we will reveal the two faces of the lesson of the dam: the one which follows immediately from the facts found, which will find the final attempt parallel to the construction of Chandigarh with the involvement at the dam on Sutlej; and the other side, unveiled as inputs and progressive influences in its architecture. Both sides remain as the testimony of the fertile relationship between Le Corbusier and hydroelectric industry. Palabras clave: Arquitectura; Siglo XX; Le Corbusier; agua; industria; embalse. Keywords: Architecture; 20th Century; Le Corbusier; water; industry; dam. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.1007
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Reports on the topic "United States - 20th Century/20s"

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Eriksson, Katherine, Gregory Niemesh, and Melissa Thomasson. Revising Infant Mortality Rates for the Early 20th Century United States. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, March 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w23263.

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Frydman, Carola, and Eric Hilt. Investment Banks as Corporate Monitors in the Early 20th Century United States. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, October 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w20544.

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Cutler, David, and Grant Miller. The Role of Public Health Improvements in Health Advances: The 20th Century United States. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, May 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w10511.

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Payne, Krista. Median Age at First Marriage, 2019. National Center for Family and Marriage Research, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25035/ncfmr/fp-21-12.

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The median age at first marriage in the United States has increased steadily since the mid-20th century. In the mid-1950s, the median age was at a record low of just over 20 for women and 22 for men, but by 2020, the median age was 28 for women and 30 for men (see Figure 1). The median age at first marriage has increased similarly for both men and women. Consequently, the gender gap in the median age at first marriage has persisted, fluctuating between 1.6 and 2.7 years. This profile uses data from the 2019 American Community Survey (ACS), 1-year estimates to track the trends in women’s and men’s median ages at first marriage. The ACS is ideal because it provides the best annual data on marital status and demographic characteristics allowing for direct estimation of the median age at first marriage (Simmons & Dye, 2004). This is an update to our previous profiles on the topic for the years 2017 (FP-19-06), 2014 (FP-16-07), 2013 (FP-15-05), 2010 (FP-12-07), and 2008 (FP-09-03).
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Rajan, Raghuram, and Rodney Ramcharan. Land and Credit: A Study of the Political Economy of Banking in the United States in the Early 20th Century. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, June 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w15083.

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