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Journal articles on the topic 'United States - 20th Century/20s'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 8 February 2022

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1

Abrams, Marc D., Saskia van de Gevel, Ryan C. Dodson, and Carolyn A. Copenheaver. "The dendroecology and climatic impacts for old-growth white pine and hemlock on the extreme slopes of the Berkshire Hills, Massachusetts, U.S.A." Canadian Journal of Botany 78, no. 7 (July 1, 2000): 851–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b00-057.

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Dendrochronological techniques were used to investigate the dynamics of an old-growth forest on the extreme slope (65%) at Ice Glen Natural Area in southwestern Massachusetts. The site represented a rare opportunity to study the disturbance history, successional development, and responses to climatic variation of an old-growth hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr) - white pine (Pinus strobus L.) - northern hardwood forest in the northeastern United States. Hemlock is the oldest species in the forest, with maximum tree ages of 305-321 years. The maximum ages for white pine and several hardwood species are 170-200 years. There was continuous recruitment of hemlock trees from 1677 to 1948. All of the existing white pine was recruited in the period between 1800 and 1880, forming an unevenly aged population within an unevenly aged, old-growth hemlock canopy. This was associated with large increases in the Master tree-ring chronologies, indicative of major stand-wide disturbances, for both hemlock and white pine. Nearly all of the hardwood species were also recruited between 1800 and 1880. After 1900, there was a dramatic decline in recruitment for all species, including hemlock, probably as a result of intensive deer browsing. White pine and hemlock tree-ring growth during the 20th century was positively correlated with the annual Palmer drought severity index (r = 0.61 and 0.39, respectively). This included reduced growth during periods of low Palmer drought severity index values, the drought years of 1895-1922, and dramatic increases during periods of high Palmer drought severity index values in the 1970s and 1990s. Significant positive and negative correlations of certain monthly Palmer drought severity index values with 20th century tree-ring chronologies also exist for white pine and hemlock using response function analysis. The results of this study suggest that old-growth forests on extreme sites in the eastern United States may be particularly sensitive to direct and indirect allogenic factors and climatic variations and represent an important resource for studying long-term ecological and climatic history.Key words: age structure, radial growth analysis, disturbance, climate, fire, tree rings.

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2

Steele, Megan, Converse Griffith, and Christin Duran. "Monthly Variations in Perfluorinated Compound Concentrations in Groundwater." Toxics 6, no. 3 (September 14, 2018): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics6030056.

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Large-scale manufacturing of poly- and perfluorinated compounds in the second half of the 20th century has led to their ubiquity in the environment, and their unique structure has made them persistent contaminants. A recent drinking water advisory level issued by the United States Environmental Protection Agency lowered the advisory level concentration of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) from 200 nanograms per liter and 400 nanograms per liter, respectively, to 70 nanograms per liter separately or combined. Small temporal variations in PFOS and PFOA concentrations could be the difference between meeting or exceeding the recommended limit. In this study, newly sampled data from a contaminated military site in Alaska and historical data from former Pease Air Force Base were collected. Data were evaluated to determine if monthly variations within PFOS and PFOA existed. No statistically significant temporal trend was observed in the Alaska data, while the results from Pease, although statistically significant, showed the spread of observed contaminant concentrations around the fitted line is broad (as indicated by the low R2 values), indicating that collection date has little value in predicting contaminant concentrations. Though not currently the subject of a US EPA health advisory, data on perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS), perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS), perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA), and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) were collected for each site and their average concentrations evaluated.

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3

REDMAN, SAMUEL. "Remembering Exhibitions on Race in the 20th-century United States." American Anthropologist 111, no. 4 (November 17, 2009): 517–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-1433.2009.01160_1.x.

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4

Andreadis, Konstantinos M., and Dennis P. Lettenmaier. "Trends in 20th century drought over the continental United States." Geophysical Research Letters 33, no. 10 (May 2006): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006gl025711.

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5

Batton, Candice, and Gary Jensen. "Decommodification and Homicide Rates in the 20th-Century United States." Homicide Studies 6, no. 1 (February 2002): 6–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1088767902006001002.

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6

Rogers, Jeffrey C. "The 20th century cooling trend over the southeastern United States." Climate Dynamics 40, no. 1-2 (July 12, 2012): 341–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-012-1437-6.

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7

Rabins, Peter V. "The History of Psychogeriatrics in the United States." International Psychogeriatrics 11, no. 4 (December 1999): 371–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610299005980.

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During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, elderly individuals with severe mental illness living in the United States were cared for in state-run facilities that went by various names (asylums, psychopathic hospitals, state hospitals, state mental hospitals, and medical centers). Since the beginning of the 20th century, approximately 20% of patients in state hospital facilities had brain diseases such as dementia, usually complicated by behavioral disorder.

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8

Paal, Douglas H. "The United States in Asia in 1999: Ending the 20th Century." Asian Survey 40, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3021215.

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9

Kramer, Ryan, Lahouari Bounoua, Ping Zhang, Robert Wolfe, Thomas Huntington, Marc Imhoff, Kurtis Thome, and Genevieve Noyce. "Evapotranspiration Trends Over the Eastern United States During the 20th Century." Hydrology 2, no. 2 (May 14, 2015): 93–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrology2020093.

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10

Schoen, Robert, and Vladimir Canudas-Romo. "Timing Effects on Divorce: 20th Century Experience in the United States." Journal of Marriage and Family 68, no. 3 (August 2006): 749–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2006.00287.x.

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11

Paal, Douglas H. "The United States in Asia in 1999: Ending the 20th Century." Asian Survey 40, no. 1 (January 2000): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2000.40.1.01p0043x.

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12

Kilpatrick, Alan, and J. Anthony Paredes. "Indians of the Southeastern United States in the Late 20th Century." Man 29, no. 2 (June 1994): 495. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2804518.

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13

Lemon, James. "Plans for Early 20th-Century Toronto." Articles 18, no. 1 (August 7, 2013): 11–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1017821ar.

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On several occasions in the early twentieth century, advocates of urban planning proposed significant measures for altering the layout of Toronto streets. Planning historians often have proposed that an interest in beautification was superseded by a focus on efficiency by the 1920s, but Toronto's plans largely were lost amidst private development processes and business cycles. Confusion over planning priorities, the short-term perspectives of politicians, and a lack of urgency also impeded city and regional planning. Toronto experienced less planning initiatives than major United-States cities.

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14

Galletta, Gene J. "Strawberry Breeding for the Southern United States." HortScience 32, no. 4 (July 1997): 597C—597. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.4.597c.

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This review briefly summarizes the status of the Southern strawberry industries during the 20th century. Objectives, contributions, and personnel of the Southern state and federal improvement programs are presented. The future of the southern strawberry industries and their reduced number of breeding programs are predicted, with emphasis on the objectives which may have to be altered to accommodate new and continuing problems.

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15

Shapiro-Miller, Lauren B., Emily K. Heyerdahl, and Penelope Morgan. "Comparison of fire scars, fire atlases, and satellite data in the northwestern United States." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 37, no. 10 (October 2007): 1933–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x07-054.

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We evaluated agreement in the location and occurrence of 20th century fires recorded in digital fire atlases with those inferred from fire scars that we collected systematically at one site in Idaho and from existing fire-scar reconstructions at four sites in Washington. Fire perimeters were similar for two of three 20th century fires in Idaho (1924 and 1986). Overall spatial agreement was best in 1924 (producer’s accuracy = 94% and 68% and user’s accuracy = 90% and 70% for the 1924 and 1986 fires, respectively). In 1924, fire extent from the atlas was greater than for fire scars, but the reverse was true for 1986. In 1986, fire extent interpreted from the delta normalized burn ratio derived from pre- and post-fire satellite imagery was similar to that inferred from the fire-scar record (producer’s accuracy = 92%, user’s accuracy = 88%). In contrast, agreement between fire-scar and fire-atlas records was poor at the Washington sites. Fire atlases are the most readily available source of information on the extent of late 20th century fires and the only source for the early 20th century. While fire atlases capture broad patterns useful at the regional scale, they should be field validated and used with caution at the local scale.

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16

Stoner, Allan, and Kim Hummer. "19th and 20th Century Plant Hunters." HortScience 42, no. 2 (April 2007): 197–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.42.2.197.

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The latter part of the 19th and the first several decades of the 20th century can be described as a “golden age” for plant exploration and collecting. During the initial years of this period, agricultural scientists from the United States and elsewhere devoted considerable resources to collecting potential new crops for farmers as well as superior plants or cultivars of the species that farmers were already growing. Over time, there was a shift toward collecting unadapted germplasm, or raw material that possessed traits that plant breeders and other scientists could use for cultivar improvement and other types of research. Although many institutions and individuals were involved in plant collecting during this period, the creation of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Office of Seed and Plant Introduction in 1898, resulted in the largest single program devoted to plant exploration. This office employed many individuals, including David Fairchild, P.H. Dorsett, Frank Meyer, Walter Swingle, and Wilson Popenoe. These and many other individuals collected—and introduced into the United States—seeds and plants of thousands of fruits, vegetables, nuts, ornamentals, cereals, forages, oilseeds, and other types of crops. Although the mission of most of the plant explorations during this period was to collect any plants that appeared interesting or potentially useful, others focused on collecting targeted species. Much of the material collected during this era is still maintained by the U.S. National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS), and much more of it shows up in the pedigrees of cultivars grown by farmers and gardeners today. In addition to collecting plants for immediate and future use, scientists of this era, such as Nicolai I. Vavilov and Jack Harlan, contributed greatly to the understanding of the evolution of plants and plant genetic diversity, and the interdependence of plants and civilization.

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17

BENTLEY, R. ALEXANDER, and PAUL ORMEROD. "ACCELERATED INNOVATION AND INCREASED SPATIAL DIVERSITY OF US POPULAR CULTURE." Advances in Complex Systems 15, no. 01n02 (March 2012): 1150011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219525911003232.

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We observe a marked increase in the spatial homogeneity of the popularity of first names across the United States in recent decades. We explain this by calibrating a modified standard model of neutral cultural evolution to the record of first name popularities for the United States as a whole since 1900 and across the individual states over the last 50 years. We obtain estimates of both the temporal and spatial diversity of the speed of cultural evolution during the 20th century and early 21st century. We find that the speed of innovation of popular baby names accelerated substantially since the end of the 20th century. We suggest that the increased inventiveness has driven a drift process that increased the geographic diversity across the United States.

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18

KONDRATEV, Vladimir. "Deindustrialization Issues in the United States." Perspectives and prospects. E-journal, no. 3 (2019): 130–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.32726/2411-3417-2019-3-130-147.

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According to conventional wisdom accepted at the end of the 20th century, the United States had to move to a "post-industrial" economy, transfer production offshore and concentrate on research, software and finance. However, over time, real national costs of that strategy have become obvious. Not only has the U.S. manufacturing sector lost 5 million jobs in 20 years. Its persistent pattern of weakness is indicated by weak productivity growth, production increases in just a few industries, decreasing numbers of small and medium-sized enterprises, shortages of skilled personnel, expanding trade deficits in advanced technologies and increased risks for defense sector.

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19

Jaffe, Martin. "Land Use Control Trends in the United States Since the 20th Century." Urban Planning International 32, no. 1 (2017): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.22217/upi.2016.513.

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20

Greason, Walter. "Blackness and Whiteness as Historical Forces in the 20th Century United States." Multicultural Perspectives 11, no. 1 (March 31, 2009): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15210960902717650.

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21

Ausubel, Jesse H., Perrin S. Meyer, and Iddo K. Wernick. "Death and the human environment: the United States in the 20th century." Technology in Society 23, no. 2 (April 2001): 131–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0160-791x(01)00005-7.

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22

Brody, J. A., and D. B. Brock. "Epidemiologic characteristics of the United States elderly population in the 20th century." European Journal of Epidemiology 2, no. 1 (March 1986): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00152712.

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23

DiNapoli, Steven M., and Vasubandhu Misra. "Reconstructing the 20th century high-resolution climate of the southeastern United States." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 117, no. D19 (October 9, 2012): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012jd018303.

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24

Dobrowski, Solomon Z., John Abatzoglou, Alan K. Swanson, Jonathan A. Greenberg, Alison R. Mynsberge, Zachary A. Holden, and Michael K. Schwartz. "The climate velocity of the contiguous United States during the 20th century." Global Change Biology 19, no. 1 (October 26, 2012): 241–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12026.

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25

Sunder, Marco. "Toward generation XL: Anthropometrics of longevity in late 20th-century United States." Economics & Human Biology 3, no. 2 (July 2005): 271–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2005.04.006.

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26

Lascarides, V. Celia. "United states contribution to children’s rights: An overview of the 20th century." International Journal of Early Childhood 24, no. 2 (October 1992): 41–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03175504.

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27

De Ville, Kennethe. "Medical Malpractice in Twentieth Century United States: The Interaction of Technology, Law, and Culture." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 14, no. 2 (1998): 196–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462300012198.

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AbstractAlthough medical malpractice litigation in the United States has generated extensive professional and scholarly attention, few analyses of the issue have explored its underlying causes. This essay develops and employs an historical framework to explain the late 20th century phenomenon and concludes that widespread medical malpractice suits are the result of a combination of short-term topical causes and long-term cultural changes that are ignored or left untouched by most reform efforts. Most importantly, however, the development and proliferation of new and improved medical technologies has played a pivotal role throughout the entire history of the litigation, an effect that has become most prominent and important in the last third of the 20th century.

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28

Kirsner, Joseph B. "The Scientific Advance of Gastroenterology in the United States During the 20th Century." Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology 31, no. 1 (July 2000): 3–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004836-200007000-00002.

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29

Pearce, Daniel J., Katherine H. Stealey, Rajesh Balkrishnan, Alan B. Fleischer, and Steven R. Feldman. "Psoriasis treatment in the United States at the end of the 20th century." International Journal of Dermatology 45, no. 4 (April 2006): 370–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-4632.2006.02532.x.

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30

Davis, K. "Universal coverage in the United States: lessons from experience of the 20th century." Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 78, no. 1 (March 1, 2001): 46–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jurban/78.1.46.

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31

Duerbeck, H. W. "Extragalactic research in Europe and the United States in the early 20th century." Astronomische Nachrichten 323, no. 6 (December 2002): 534–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1521-3994(200212)323:6<534::aid-asna534>3.0.co;2-v.

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32

Armstrong, Gregory L. "Trends in Infectious Disease Mortality in the United States During the 20th Century." JAMA 281, no. 1 (January 6, 1999): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.281.1.61.

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33

ARMSTRON, GREGORY L., LAURA A. CONN, and ROBERT W. PINNER. "Trends in Infectious Disease Mortality in the United States During the 20th Century." Survey of Anesthesiology 43, no. 5 (October 1999): 260–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00132586-199910000-00014.

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34

Knappenberger, PC, PJ Michaels, and RE Davis. "Nature of observed temperature changes across the United States during the 20th century." Climate Research 17 (2001): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/cr017045.

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35

Crafts, Nicholas, and Alexander Klein. "Spatial concentration of manufacturing industries in the United States: re-examination of long-run trends." European Review of Economic History 25, no. 2 (January 27, 2021): 223–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ereh/heaa027.

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Abstract We re-examine the long-run geographical development of US manufacturing industries using recent advances in spatial concentration measures. We construct spatially weighted indices of the geographical concentration between 1880 and 2007 taking into account industrial structure and checkerboard problem. New results emerge. Average spatial concentration was much lower in the late 20th than in the late 19th century, and it was the outcome of a continuing reduction over time. Spatial concentration did not increase in the early 20th century but declined, and we find no inverted-U shape pattern of long-run spatial concentration. The persistent tendency to greater spatial dispersion was characteristic of most industries.

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36

Lymar, Marharyta. "Transformations of the US European Policy in the 2nd Half of the 20th Century." American History & Politics Scientific edition, no. 8 (2019): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2521-1706.2019.08.01.

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The article deals with the European aspects of the US foreign policy in the 2nd half of the 20th century. It also includes studies of the transatlantic relations of the described period and the exploration of an American influence on European integration processes. It is determined that the United States has demonstrated itself as a partner of the Western governments in the post-war reconstruction and further creation of an area of US security and prosperity. At the same time, it is noted that the American presidents have differently shaped their administrations’ policies towards Europe. The greatest supporter of the European integration processes was President Eisenhower. Among other things, the US President believed that Europe would become a key ally of the United States, thus, he considered the union of Sweden, Greece, Spain and Yugoslavia as a solid foundation for building a “United States of Europe”. After Eisenhower administration, European affairs, to a lesser extent, were taken up by such Presidents as Johnson, Carter, Reagan and Clinton. Showing no personal interest, Kennedy, Nixon and Bush-Sr. were forced to support the transatlantic dialogue, understanding the inevitability of European integration and the need for the United States to cooperate with the new consolidated actor. The United States aimed to strengthen its position in the European space, moving to that purpose by using NATO mechanisms and applying the policies of American protectionism against the communist threat. The main competitor of the United States for strengthening national positions in Europe was France led by General de Gaulle, who believed that the affairs of Europe should be resolved by European governments without the American intervention. However, NATO continued to serve as a springboard for the U.S. involvement in European affairs. At the end of the 20th century, through the close links between the EU and NATO, the USA received new allies from Central and Eastern European countries. It is concluded that after the end of World War II, Europe needed an assistance that the United States willingly provided in exchange for the ability to participate in European issues, solving and partly controlling the integration processes. The study found that, despite the varying degree of the American interest in transatlantic affairs, Europe has consistently been remaining a zone of national interest for the United States.

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37

Székely, Csilla Imola. "Spirituality and Concept of ’Child’ in Kokas Pedagogy for Children with Special Educational Needs." Central European Journal of Educational Research 2, no. 1 (April 28, 2020): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.37441/cejer/2020/2/1/5754.

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Klára Kokas was a music teacher and music psychologist (1929-2010). Her method is based on music, motion and manual arts, therefore it can be defined as a form of reform pedagogy, otherwise it is called complex art pedagogy. The main elements and characteristics of Klára Kokas’s pedagogy were revolutionary new ideas in the fields of personality development, and music education – compared to the practices of reform pedagogy trends in the 20th century Europe and the United States (Pukánszky-Németh, 1996). The main elements of this concept are music, dance improvisation, motion, imaginative stories, visual arts, painting and drawing. However, its most important component is the very specific and intimate relation, which connected her to children. This distinctive feature of the Kokas-method is hard to teach. Klára Kokas approached to people with problems, suffering and disabilities, especially to marginalized and disadvantaged children with utmost empathy. She struggled to develop the social-cognition skills and affectionate behavior of the handicapped children through her own invented musical method.Her writings reflected her relationship with God, namely the presence of Him which can be felt behind the scenes. His name was mostly unspoken, yet when she named Him, it was to reveal that God was always in her mind, like in her words and musical activities too.The goal of this paper is to search and frame that text corpus, which can outline the spirituality of Klára Kokas with the aim of drawing up her relationship with God and children – according to her publications, writings, essays, books, short-film compilations, movie archives and interviews (Kokas, 1992; 1999; 2002; 2007; 2012; 2013). The contours of her spirituality from her teachings, manuscripts and publications couldn’t be attributed to any religious denomination. Also, to be presented are her notions about youth and teenage spirit and a unique relation with the world, her own students, the talents, the music and the holiness: the spirituality of Klára Kokas. The importance of beliefs and moral convictions in the art of education will be outlined.A single paragraph of about 150-200 words maximum. For research articles, abstracts should give a complete overview of the work. We encourage authors to use the following style of abstracts: background, methods, results and conclusion. The abstract should give an objective representation of the article.

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38

Skop, Emily, and Wei Li. "Diaspora in the United States: Chinese and Indians Compared." Journal of Chinese Overseas 6, no. 2 (2010): 286–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/179325410x526131.

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AbstractIn recent years, the migration rates from both China and India to the U.S. have accelerated. Since 2000 more than a third of foreign-born Chinese and 40% of foreign-born Indians have arrived in that country. This paper will document the evolving patterns of immigration from China and India to the U.S. by tracing the history of immigration and racial discrimination, the dramatic transitions that have occurred since the mid-20th century, and the current demographic and socioeconomic profiles of these two migrant groups.

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39

Ramsay, Nancy J. "Practical Theology in the United States 2000–2020 with Attention to Its Emergence in the Twentieth Century." International Journal of Practical Theology 24, no. 1 (July 15, 2020): 135–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijpt-2020-0038.

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AbstractPractical Theology (PT) in the US emerged in the latter half of the 20th century shaped by the epistemological turn toward a critical postmodernity and liberation theologies. This article traces the emergence of PT in the 20th and first two decades of the 21st century including attention to the emergence of several constitutive fields and the Association of Practical Theology. I will attend to several trajectories: epistemological and related liberative political influences, effects of privilege and marginalization for the integrity of the discipline and the knowledge it constructs, methodological innovations, and strategies for research. The article describes emerging trajectories.

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40

Kohlstedt, Sally Gregory. "Sustaining Gains: Reflections on Women in Science and Technology in 20th-Century United States." NWSA Journal 16, no. 1 (April 2004): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/nws.2004.16.1.1.

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41

Fogelson, Raymond D. ": Indians of the Southeastern United States in the Late 20th Century . J. Anthony Paredes." American Anthropologist 95, no. 2 (June 1993): 500–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.1993.95.2.02a00680.

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42

Vergobbi, David J. "Political Commentators in the United States in the 20th Century: A Bio-Critical Sourcebook." American Journalism 15, no. 2 (April 1998): 114–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08821127.1998.10731979.

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43

Eisenmann, Joey C., and Robert M. Malina. "Secular trend in peak oxygen consumption among United States youth in the 20th century." American Journal of Human Biology 14, no. 6 (October 24, 2002): 699–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.10084.

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44

CHANDLER, ALFRED D. "Corporate Strategy, Structure and Control Methods in the United States During the 20th Century." Industrial and Corporate Change 1, no. 2 (1992): 263–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icc/1.2.263.

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45

CHAMPAGNE, DUANE. "Indians of the Southeastern United States in the Late 20th Century . J. ANTHONY PAREDES." American Ethnologist 21, no. 4 (November 1994): 1049–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ae.1994.21.4.02a01630.

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46

Martin, Justin T., Gregory T. Pederson, Connie A. Woodhouse, Edward R. Cook, Gregory J. McCabe, Kevin J. Anchukaitis, Erika K. Wise, et al. "Increased drought severity tracks warming in the United States’ largest river basin." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 21 (May 11, 2020): 11328–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1916208117.

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Across the Upper Missouri River Basin, the recent drought of 2000 to 2010, known as the “turn-of-the-century drought,” was likely more severe than any in the instrumental record including the Dust Bowl drought. However, until now, adequate proxy records needed to better understand this event with regard to long-term variability have been lacking. Here we examine 1,200 y of streamflow from a network of 17 new tree-ring–based reconstructions for gages across the upper Missouri basin and an independent reconstruction of warm-season regional temperature in order to place the recent drought in a long-term climate context. We find that temperature has increasingly influenced the severity of drought events by decreasing runoff efficiency in the basin since the late 20th century (1980s) onward. The occurrence of extreme heat, higher evapotranspiration, and associated low-flow conditions across the basin has increased substantially over the 20th and 21st centuries, and recent warming aligns with increasing drought severities that rival or exceed any estimated over the last 12 centuries. Future warming is anticipated to cause increasingly severe droughts by enhancing water deficits that could prove challenging for water management.

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Hansen, Casper Worm, Peter Sandholt Jensen, and Lars Lønstrup. "THE FERTILITY DECLINE IN THE UNITED STATES: SCHOOLING AND INCOME." Macroeconomic Dynamics 22, no. 6 (February 6, 2017): 1584–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s136510051600081x.

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This study investigates the determinants of the fertility transition in the United States from 1850 to the end of the 20th century. We find a robust negative relation between years of schooling and fertility. The magnitude of our baseline estimate suggests that the rise in schooling accounts for about 60% of the US fertility decline. In contrast, we find no evidence of a robust relation between income per capita and fertility. This pattern corroborates theories stressing the importance of human capital investments in generating a transition from high to low fertility.

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Trupej, Janko. "Ideological Influences on the Reception of Mark Twain among Slovenians across the Atlantic." Acta Neophilologica 52, no. 1-2 (December 17, 2019): 141–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/an.52.1-2.141-152.

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The article discusses the reception of Mark Twain and his works in serial publications by Slovenian immigrants in the United States of America. The analysis encompassed writings published in newspapers and magazines with different ideological orientations, from the beginning of the 20th century to mid-century. The article compares Twain’s reception in left-wing and right-wing publications and furthermore discusses the extent to which the reception was affected by the contemporary political situation in the United States.

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Joseph, Tiffany, and Tanya Golash-Boza. "Double Consciousness in the 21st Century: Du Boisian Theory and the Problem of Racialized Legal Status." Social Sciences 10, no. 9 (September 16, 2021): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci10090345.

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In W.E.B. Du Bois’ Souls of Black Folk, he argued that the problem of the 20th century in the United States was the problem of the color line. Given that de facto and explicit racial discrimination persist, anti-immigrant rhetoric is intensifying, and legal status has become more salient, we argue Du Boisian theory remains relevant for understanding social and political cleavages in the 21st century United States. The intersection of race, ethnicity, and legal status or “racialized legal status” represents a new variation of Du Bois’ “color line,” due to how these statuses generate cumulative disadvantages and exclusion for citizens and immigrants of color, particularly the undocumented. We begin with a review of Du Bois’ double consciousness theory, highlighting the marginalization of African Americans. Next, we apply double consciousness to the 21st century U.S. context to empirically demonstrate parallels between 20th century African Americans and the marginalization faced today by people of color. We close with a discussion about how double consciousness enhances our understanding of citizenship and has also generated agency for people of color fighting for socio-political inclusion in the contemporary United States.

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WILLIAMS, NORMA, KELLY F. HIMMEL, ANDRÉE F. SJOBERG, and DIANA J. TORREZ. "The Assimilation Model, Family Life, and Race and Ethnicity in the United States." Journal of Family Issues 16, no. 3 (May 1995): 380–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019251395016003008.

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In this article we assert that it is necessary to better understand the assimilation model of racial and ethnic relations in order to comprehend more fully the contemporary debate over minority welfare mothers. We analyze the origins of the assimilation model in the debate over Indian policy in the 19th-century United States and its role in 20th-century social thought and policy toward other racial and ethnic minorities. We then examine three critical weaknesses of the model as they appear in assimilation programs based on the model. Finally, we return to the debate over assisting minority single mothers and show how the assimilation model has shaped that debate from the turn of the century to the present day.

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