Academic literature on the topic 'United States. Agency for International Development. Africa'
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Journal articles on the topic "United States. Agency for International Development. Africa"
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MACLURE, RICHARD. "No Longer Overlooked and Undervalued? The Evolving Dynamics of Endogenous Educational Research in Sub-Saharan Africa." Harvard Educational Review 76, no. 1 (April 1, 2006): 80–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.17763/haer.76.1.1855703m42272353.
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Multilateral donors like the World Bank and bilateral agencies such as the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and the British Department for International Development exert a great deal of influence in international educational development — particularly in sub-Saharan Africa — both in the programs they fund and the types of research they engage in. In this article, Richard Maclure investigates educational research in Africa and juxtaposes research done by large, exogenous, Western, results-oriented organizations with research performed by smaller, endogenous, local researchers aided by local research networks. Maclure argues convincingly that research that falls into the exogenous "donor-control" paradigm far too often is irrelevant to the African educational policy context and does little to develop local research capacity. The cases of two African research networks — the Educational Research Network of West and Central Africa and the Association for the Development of Education in Africa—are presented as exemplars of organizations that promote an alternative type of research that is endogenous, relevant to policy and the process of policymaking, and controlled by Africans. Maclure concludes with a call for increased support for and development of these types of networks, and for the development of the long-term solution to educational research in Africa — the university.
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Rebe, Kevin Brian, Glenn De Swardt, Helen Elizabeth Struthers, and James Alisdair McIntyre. "Towards 'men who have sex with menappropriate' health services in South Africa." Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine 14, no. 2 (June 4, 2013): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajhivmed.v14i2.78.
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Health programming for men who have sex with men (MSM) in South Africa has been ignored or absent until fairly recently, despite this population being at high risk for HIV acquisition and transmission. Anova Health Institute, with support from the US President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR)/United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and in collaboration with the South African National Department of Health, launched the first state sector MSM-targeted sexual health clinic in 2010. The clinic has been successful in attracting and retaining MSM in care, and lessons learned are described in this article. Components contributing to the creation of MSM-appropriate healthcare services are discussed.
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Manton, John, and Martin Gorsky. "Health Planning in 1960s Africa: International Health Organisations and the Post-Colonial State." Medical History 62, no. 4 (September 7, 2018): 425–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2018.41.
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This article explores the programme of national health planning carried out in the 1960s in West and Central Africa by the World Health Organization (WHO), in collaboration with the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). Health plans were intended as integral aspects of economic development planning in five newly independent countries: Gabon, Liberia, Mali, Niger and Sierra Leone. We begin by showing that this episode is treated only superficially in the existing WHO historiography, then introduce some relevant critical literature on the history of development planning. Next we outline the context for health planning, noting: the opportunities which independence from colonial control offered to international development agencies; the WHO’s limited capacity in Africa; and its preliminary efforts to avoid imposing Western values or partisan views of health system organisation. Our analysis of the plans themselves suggests they lacked the necessary administrative and statistical capacity properly to gauge local needs, while the absence of significant financial resources meant that they proposed little more than augmentation of existing structures. By the late 1960s optimism gave way to disappointment as it became apparent that implementation had been minimal. We describe the ensuing conflict within WHO over programme evaluation and ongoing expenditure, which exposed differences of opinion between African and American officials over approaches to international health aid. We conclude with a discussion of how the plans set in train longer processes of development planning, and, perhaps less desirably, gave bureaucratic shape to the post-colonial state.
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Adejumobi, Said. "Popular Participation and Africa's Development Agenda: Projecting a Citizen-Based United States of Africa." Politikon 36, no. 3 (December 2009): 403–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02589341003600213.
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Kapur, K. D. "Nuclear Non-Proliferation Regime and The Soviet Union." India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs 44, no. 3-4 (July 1988): 188–225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097492848804400302.
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An international regime may broadly consist of a ‘set of purposes, norms, rules and procedures’, which are intended to affect, channel, contain and shape patterns of behaviour. Such a “‘regime is cither a conscious creation’ of actors or at least is recognised and consciously used by them regardless of its manner of creation.”1 The nuclear non-proliferation regime which the Nuclear Weapons States (NWS)—USA, USSR and UK, had sought to establish ever since the 1960s fulfils most of the parameters of the international regime. The germs of the non-proliferation regime can be traced back to the policy of denial and secrecy adopted by the United States and the Soviet Union in the early phases of the development of nuclear energy and technology. The Western Suppliers’ Group (WSG), a precursor of the 1975 Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG), formed in 1954 at the initiative of the United States, was meant even at that time to control the sales of uranium to prevent the spread of nuclear capabilities. The WSG consisted of South Africa, Britain, Canada, France, Belgium, Australia and the United States. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) which was established in 1957 with the concurrence and explicit support of the Soviet Union, was on the one hand meant to provide the peaceful use of nuclear energy and on the other to create an international safeguards system to check and control the diversion of nuclear materials for non-peaceful purposes. Over the years the IAEA with all its safeguard measures has emerged as the key component and instrument of the international non-proliferation regime.
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Adenle, Ademola A. "Building the African economy." Journal of Entrepreneurship and Public Policy 6, no. 1 (April 10, 2017): 92–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jepp-12-2015-0036.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to assess the strengths and weaknesses of the President Obama Youth African Leadership Initiative (YALI) program with evidence from experts and other relevant stakeholders. This study examines YALI program with a focus on entrepreneurship and public management. Design/methodology/approach Qualitative semi-structured interviews used in this study explore the understanding and diverse views of various stakeholder experts on training of young leaders in entrepreneurship and public management in Africa regarding the YALI program. Findings The study provides insight into the importance of the YALI program, but questions whether it can make a positive impact and be effectively implemented in Africa. The findings suggest that there is lack of clarity in the objectives of the program, particularly with regards to the role of the key stakeholders including academics, government institutions, policymakers and the private sector. The results underscore the need for sound and clear-cut government policies toward entrepreneurship development that will foster a better relationship between the African governments and the United States Agency for International Development program. Research limitations/implications The study focused on academic experts and a number of policymakers and may not have been representative of all stakeholders. Originality/value The study specifically emphasizes policies that target entrepreneurship training and education for women and youth, using a participatory approach and multi-stakeholder partnership to promote innovative entrepreneurship and social development in the continent.
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Byker, Erik Jon, and S. Michael Putman. "Catalyzing Cultural and Global Competencies: Engaging Preservice Teachers in Study Abroad to Expand the Agency of Citizenship." Journal of Studies in International Education 23, no. 1 (December 3, 2018): 84–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1028315318814559.
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Study abroad is an experiential learning pedagogy that has many positive outcomes. In the field of teacher education, study abroad provides opportunity for the development of global competencies and agency. Similarly, study abroad can help expand notions of what it means to be a global citizen. This article examines the effects of preservice teachers engaging in a study abroad program to South Africa. Critical Cosmopolitan Theory provides the article’s theoretical frame for the investigation of the impact of this study abroad program. The study’s participant sample comprised preservice teachers from a large research university located in the Southeast region of the United States ( N = 21). Using a mixed-methods research design, the study examined the participants’ perceptions of their study abroad and international teaching experiences. It was found that the study abroad experience was a catalyst for enhancing preservice teachers’ global competencies, intercultural awareness, and cultural responsiveness as the participants widened their perspectives of what it means to be a critically cosmopolitan educator and citizen.
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Morley, Louise, and Alison Croft. "Agency and Advocacy: Disabled Students in Higher Education in Ghana and Tanzania." Research in Comparative and International Education 6, no. 4 (January 1, 2011): 383–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2304/rcie.2011.6.4.383.
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Between 10% and 15% of the world's population are thought to be disabled. The 2006 United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities is an example of emerging global policy architecture for human rights for disabled people. Article 24 states that disabled people should receive the support required to facilitate their effective education. In research, links between higher education access, equalities and disability are being explored by scholars of the sociology of higher education. However, with the exception of some small-scale studies from Zimbabwe, South Africa, Rwanda, Namibia, Uganda and Pakistan, literature tends to come from the global North. Yet there is a toxic correlation between disability and poverty – especially in the global South. This article is based on a review of the global literature on disability in higher education and interview findings from the project ‘Widening Participation in Higher Education in Ghana and Tanzania: developing an Equity Scorecard’, funded by the Economic and Social Research Council and the Department for International Development. A central finding was that while disability was associated with constraints, misrecognition, frustration, exclusion and even danger, students' agency, advocacy and achievement in higher education offered opportunities for transforming spoiled identities.
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Manhique, Milagre, Dominique Barchiesi, and Raed Kouta. "Rural Electrification in Mozambique: Challenges and Opportunities." E3S Web of Conferences 294 (2021): 02004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129402004.
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The International Energy Agency states that access to electricity is an essential condition for sustainable human development, however, it is estimated that approximately 22% of the world population (about 1.6 billion people) does not have access to electricity, a significant part of these people live in rural areas of developing countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, despite the fact that Africa has enormous potential in renewable and non-renewable energy sources. In Mozambique, approximately 50% of the population does not have access to electricity due to the fact that 66.6% of the population lives in rural areas, where the rate of access to electricity is even worse, paradoxically, Mozambique has a significant potential for renewable energy sources equivalent to 23 TW, this potential when combined with factors such as commitment to ensuring access to electricity for all, forecast of population growth and electricity demand, generates huge investment and long term business opportunities in the electricity sector, however, there are economic, social and cultural challenges that constitute uncertainties that should be considered in the decision-making process for investment in rural electrification infrastructure in the specific context of Mozambique and Sub-Saharan Africa in general. This article aims to discuss the possibilities that Mozambique has to guarantee access to electricity for all by 2030 (emanating from United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 7) emphasizing land use plans and education for rural electrification benefits through the use of renewable energy sources.
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Hollander, Daniel, Brittany Ajroud, Evan Thomas, Shawn Peabody, Elizabeth Jordan, Amy Javernick-Will, and Karl Linden. "Monitoring Methods for Systems-Strengthening Activities Toward Sustainable Water and Sanitation Services in Low-Income Settings." Sustainability 12, no. 17 (August 29, 2020): 7044. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12177044.
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To address the complex challenge of sustaining basic water and sanitation services in low income settings, international organizations and local and national government entities are beginning to design and implement interventions explicitly aimed at addressing system weaknesses. Often referred to as “systems approaches,” these interventions seek to understand, engage with, and positively influence the network of actors and the interacting factors that deliver services. As WASH sector assistance and support activities shift toward systems approaches, many associated intermediate results and desired outcomes become less quantifiable than those of more traditional WASH activities. This paper reviews systems approaches, evaluation methodologies, and several applications in East Africa, at varying geographic scales. Early findings from the application of outcome mapping and system-wide assessments within the USAID-funded Sustainable WASH Systems Learning Partnership (SWS) indicate the importance of including both within an overall monitoring approach to support systems strengthening of water and sanitation services. The views and opinions expressed in this paper are those of the author(s) and not necessarily the views and opinions of the United States Agency for International Development, or the U.S. Government.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "United States. Agency for International Development. Africa"
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Scraggs, Emily Anne. "The use of social science knowledge at the United States Agency for International Development." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.313027.
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Jacobs, Camila C. "A participação da United States Agency for international development (USAID) na reforma da universidade brasileira na década de 1960." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/3894.
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O presente estudo propôs-se investigar de que forma os acordos assinados com a USAID sobre ensino superior no Brasil fizeram parte da estratégia dos Estados Unidos de construção de regimes internacionais mais amplos que deveriam sustentar a ordem mundial depois da Segunda Guerra Mundial. A hipótese central é a de que esses acordos estavam relacionados com a estratégia de promoção do desenvolvimento econômico e social que tinha, de um lado, a noção de que o desenvolvimento poderia ser planejado e implementado pelos governos e, de outro, uma visão de segurança internacional em que a promoção do desenvolvimento era entendida como fator essencial. Para a realização do estudo foram realizadas análise documental e entrevistas com pessoas que, de várias formas, estiveram ligadas às ações da USAID no ensino superior brasileiro na década de 1960, em especial ao caso de cooperação técnica com a Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Os dados levantados pelo estudo permitiram confirmar em larga medida a hipótese levantada inicialmente, mas mostraram também que a questão é bem mais complexa. Os acordos da USAID sobre ensino superior no Brasil fizeram parte da estratégia de construção de regimes internacionais, mas representaram apenas uma etapa de um amplo programa de cooperação científica e tecnológica iniciada muito antes.
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Jensen, Amy. "The Role of International Organizations in the Development of African States." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2007. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/1174.
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This item is only available in print in the UCF Libraries. If this is your Honors Thesis, you can help us make it available online for use by researchers around the world by following the instructions on the distribution consent form at http://library.ucf.edu/Systems/DigitalInitiatives/DigitalCollections/InternetDistributionConsentAgreementForm.pdf You may also contact the project coordinator, Kerri Bottorff, at kerri.bottorff@ucf.edu for more information.Bachelors
Sciences
Political Science
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Bene, Charmaine B. "Donor Engagement of Diasporas: Public-Private Partnerships Towards Development Effectiveness?" Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/24014.
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During the past decade, international development discourse has shifted from a narrow focus on aid effectiveness to one of cooperation towards more effective development. A series of High Level Forums have produced a set of principles to guide this new development framework. With the steady increase of international migration, sizeable diasporas who generate a diversity of activities with development implications in their homelands have formed outside of developing countries. Recognizing their importance and potential for development, several developed country bilateral donors have engaged these emerging development actors, including the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA), the United Kingdom’s Department for International Development (DFID), and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). Analysis of their policies and programs reveals a set of emerging themes and lessons learned that identify the need to challenge conventional ways of thinking about the nature of development partnerships in order to move towards more effective development.
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Durr, Samantha J. "A Brief History of United States Foreign Development Assistance to Benin, the Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia and Senegal Since 2000." Kent State University Honors College / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ksuhonors1493389407692537.
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Doctor, Frederica. "An Analysis of Servant Leadership in Russian-American Nongovernmental Organization Partnerships." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/5851.
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Despite Russia's foreign agent law and a plethora of literature on the deterioration of Russia's civil society, there is a scarcity of research about the breakthroughs and transformation of Russian-and-American (RA) nongovernmental organization (NGO) partnerships. Accordingly, the research goal of this qualitative case study was to explore the tenets of servant leadership theory exhibited by foreign aid organizations for the restoration of RA NGO partnerships. The research questions addressed the influence and dominance of servant leadership tenets within United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and its collaborating agencies. A content analysis was conducted using online publicly available data such as annual reports from foreign aid organizations, newspaper articles, fact sheets, recorded interviews, and blogs. Data were deductively coded around the servant leadership attributes: (a) listening, (b) healing, (c) awareness, (d) empathy, (e) foresight, (f) conceptualization, (g) stewardship, (h) persuasion, (i) commitment to the growth of people, and (j) building community. Content analysis findings revealed that some servant leadership tenets (e.g., building community, commitment to the growth of people) were more dominant than others among USAID and its collaborating agencies; however, there was insufficient evidence to conclude that servant leadership had a dominant effect on the restoration of RA NGO partnerships. The implications for positive social change include recommendations involving governmental agencies, NGOs, and nonpartisan groups with understanding and adopting the principles of servant leadership for the restoration of RA NGO partnerships to assist Russian civil society with embedding principles of democratic governance.
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Harvey, Neil M. "The development and transfer of core competencies in multinational corporations : a study of three South African originated multinational corporations, compared and contrasted with a leading United States multinational." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1008369.
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The thesis studies the development and transfer of core competencies in multinational corporations. It aims to advance the general body of knowledge relating to core competencies, to have practical applicability for management practitioners and academics, to explain how three companies from South Africa became global leaders in their fields and to examine the lessons they learned about international business. Three South African originated multinationals and a US multinational company were studied. The basic methodology is a case study. The methods of research were personal interviews, telephone interviews, written questionnaires, documents, archival records and direct observations. Value chains were used to evaluate the effectiveness of methods of development and transfer and the success of transfer of core competencies. It is concluded that different and multiple methods are needed to develop and transfer core competencies. The effectiveness of methods varies by company and value chain location. There is a significant high degree of correlation between the ratings of success in transferring core competencies and the effectiveness of the methods used to transfer them. This gives substantial credibility to the information provided by the companies and highlights the importance of selecting appropriate methods. There are some variances between the research results and established literature on the development and transfer of core competencies. There are notable differences between the companies from South Africa and the US multinational on the effectiveness of methods used to develop and transfer core competencies. There are also areas where all the companies are in accord. "Roadmaps" covering the effectiveness of methods for developing and transferring core competencies in different locations in a value chain are presented. Practical examples of the companies' actions relating to acquisitions and post-acquisition integration, their experiences in different countries, challenges they face, the methods used to assess transfer, avoid pitfalls and improve transfer, and other issues are also provided.The success of the multinationals from South Africa is explained by a combination of history, competitive factor conditions, management practices, attributes and leadership. The conclusions of the thesis are followed by recommendations on how to improve the management, development and transfer of core competencies.
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Novotny, Ryan J. "The "road" to success : importance of construction on reconstruction in conflict-affected states." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/14845.
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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimitedThe United States has spent over $2 billion during the last six years to reconstruct and stabilize Afghanistan through the Commander's Emergency Response Program (CERP). This effort is only one of several simultaneous programs attempting to stabilize Afghanistan using approaches including providing humanitarian aid, education, government and security reform, and construction. Construction often involves simple infrastructure development with tangible benefits including increased access, growing commerce and better security. Construction projects can also employ the local population and, if done correctly, develop a sense of community and social capital. What causes construction projects to miss the mark failing to result in creating a stable community? This research compares four different construction programs including CERP, National Solidarity Program (NSP), United States Agency for International Development (USAID), and Provincial Reconstruction Teams (PRT) to determine their potential impact on Afghan stability. It uses a combination of statistical regression, correlation, geospatial and temporal analysis to compare completed construction with recorded SIGACTs (Significant Acts) reported by U.S. forces and NGOs. The results imply that the identified stabilization programs are not using construction effectively to create social capital and stability.
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Kinuthia, Wanyee. "“Accumulation by Dispossession” by the Global Extractive Industry: The Case of Canada." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/30170.
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This thesis draws on David Harvey’s concept of “accumulation by dispossession” and an international political economy (IPE) approach centred on the institutional arrangements and power structures that privilege certain actors and values, in order to critique current capitalist practices of primitive accumulation by the global corporate extractive industry. The thesis examines how accumulation by dispossession by the global extractive industry is facilitated by the “free entry” or “free mining” principle. It does so by focusing on Canada as a leader in the global extractive industry and the spread of this country’s mining laws to other countries – in other words, the transnationalisation of norms in the global extractive industry – so as to maintain a consistent and familiar operating environment for Canadian extractive companies. The transnationalisation of norms is further promoted by key international institutions such as the World Bank, which is also the world’s largest development lender and also plays a key role in shaping the regulations that govern natural resource extraction. The thesis briefly investigates some Canadian examples of resource extraction projects, in order to demonstrate the weaknesses of Canadian mining laws, particularly the lack of protection of landowners’ rights under the free entry system and the subsequent need for “free, prior and informed consent” (FPIC). The thesis also considers some of the challenges to the adoption and implementation of the right to FPIC. These challenges include embedded institutional structures like the free entry mining system, international political economy (IPE) as shaped by international institutions and powerful corporations, as well as concerns regarding ‘local’ power structures or the legitimacy of representatives of communities affected by extractive projects. The thesis concludes that in order for Canada to be truly recognized as a leader in the global extractive industry, it must establish legal norms domestically to ensure that Canadian mining companies and residents can be held accountable when there is evidence of environmental and/or human rights violations associated with the activities of Canadian mining companies abroad. The thesis also concludes that Canada needs to address underlying structural issues such as the free entry mining system and implement FPIC, in order to curb “accumulation by dispossession” by the extractive industry, both domestically and abroad.
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Gomis, François. "Les nouveaux défis et enjeux de la politique étrangère de la France en Afrique francophone subsaharienne." Thesis, Paris 5, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA05D020.
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Des années 1960 jusqu’à la fin de la guerre froide, voire au-delà, l’influence voire la prépondérance de la France sur les territoires francophones d’Afrique noire est presque totale. Cependant, en ce XXIème siècle naissant, la compétition mondiale dans la recherche de nouveaux débouchés et de la sécurisation de l’approvisionnement énergétique amène inexorablement les grandes puissances à entrer en ‘‘conflit d’intérêts’’ par la pénétration réciproque des « arrière-cours ». Ceci est particulièrement vrai pour la France qui voit des pays tels que les Etats-Unis, la Chine, l’Inde, le Brésil, la Turquie, les pays du Golfe, etc., faire une entrée fracassante dans une région géographique qu’elle considère depuis longtemps comme sa « chasse gardée » compte tenu des liens historique, linguistique et politique. Ces nouveaux défis et enjeux pour la politique africaine de la France se mesurent désormais, à l’aune des transformations à l’œuvre sur la scène internationale avec la mondialisation et l’émergence de nouvelles puissances du Sud. Les défis et les enjeux sont importants pour l’action extérieure de la France et sa place dans le monde, compte tenu de la concurrence féroce des nouveaux acteurs et des changements des sociétés africaines en cours. Néanmoins elle possède encore des atouts économiques, diplomatiques et stratégiques susceptibles de lui permettre d’élaborer, grâce à l’espace culturel francophone, un projet original, ambitieux et porteur d’espoir. Pour ce faire, il faudra répondre aux deux interrogations suivantes : Comment réformer cette politique traditionnelle basée sur des relations étroites et privilégiées avec les dirigeants africains sans toutefois compromettre les avantages comparatifs de la France sur place? Quelle stratégie politique mettre en œuvre pour identifier les véritables intérêts communs des Français et des Africains francophones, en tenant compte des opportunités et des menaces, et les développer dans un partenariat mutuellement bénéfique ?From 1960s to the end of the cold war, even beyond, the influence even the supremacy of France in the French-speaking territories in Sub-Saharan Africa is almost total. However, in this 21st century, the world competition in the research of new markets and the security of the energy supply leads inexorably the great powers to enter in “conflict of interests” by the mutual penetration of the “back-yards”. This is particularly true for France which has countries such as the United States, China, India, Brazil, Turkey, the Gulf Arab States, etc., to make a dramatic entrance in a geographical area where she judged it for a long time as her “exclusive domain” considering the historical, linguistic and political links. These new challenges and issues for the African policy of France are measured from now on, in the light of the transformations at work in the world with the globalization and the emergence of new powers of the South. The challenges and the issues are important for the external action of France and its place in the World, considering the fierce competition between new stakeholders and the ongoing African society changes. Nevertheless it still has economic, diplomatic and strategic assets which enable him to elaborate, thanks to the francophone cultural center, an original project, ambitious and promising. With this aim in mind, it will be necessary to answer to the two following questions: How to reform this traditional policy based on close and privileged relationships with African leaders without compromising, however, the comparative advantages of France on the spot? Which political strategy has to be implemented in order to identify the real common interests of the French and the French-speaking Africans, by taking into account the opportunities and threats, and to develop them in a mutually beneficial partnership?
Books on the topic "United States. Agency for International Development. Africa"
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United States. Agency for International Development. Bureau for Africa. USAID/Africa. Washington, DC: USIAD, 2003.
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Population, Health & Nutrition Information Project. USAID malaria programs in Africa: 1998-2003. Washington, DC: SARA Project, Academy for Educational Development, 2003.
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Population, Health & Nutrition Information Project. USAID malaria programs in Africa: 1998-2003. Washington, DC: SARA Project, Academy for Educational Development, 2003.
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President's Greater Horn of Africa Initiative (U.S.). Inter-Agency Team on Rapid Transitions from Relief to Development. Linking relief and development in the Greater Horn of Africa: USAID constraints and recommendations. Washington, D.C.]: USAID, 1996.
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Division, United States Agency for International Development Bureau for Africa Office of Sustainable Development Human Resources and Democracy. Overview of USAID basic education programs in Sub-Saharan Africa II. Washington, D.C: U.S. Agency for International Development, Bureau for Africa, Office of Sustainable Development, Human Resources and Democracy Division, 1995.
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Division, United States Agency for International Development Bureau for Africa Office of Sustainable Development Human Resources and Democracy. Overview of USAID basic education programs in Sub-Saharan Africa II. Washington, D.C: U.S. Agency for International Development, Bureau for Africa, Office of Sustainable Development, Human Resources and Democracy Division, 1995.
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United States. Agency for International Development. Bureau for Africa. Office of Sustainable Development. Human Resources and Democracy Division. Overview of USAID basic education programs in Sub-Saharan Africa III. Washington, D.C: Human Resources and Democracy Division, Office of Sustainable Development, Bureau for Africa, U.S. Agency for International Development, 2001.
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Lucke, Lewis. Waiting for rain: Life and development in Mali, West Africa. Hanover, Mass: Christopher Pub. House, 1998.
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United States. Agency for International Development. Bureau for Africa. Office of Analysis, Research, and Technical Support. Overview of A.I.D. basic education programs in Sub-Saharan Africa: An ARTS publication. Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Agency for International Development, 1993.
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The impact of U.S. development assistance in Africa: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Africa of the Committee on International Relations, House of Representatives, One Hundred Fifth Congress, first session, March 13, 1997. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1997.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "United States. Agency for International Development. Africa"
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Brady, N. C. "Food legume research sponsored by the United States Agency for International Development (A.I.D.)." In World crops: Cool season food legumes, 3–6. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2764-3_1.
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Scollan, Angela. "Practices/6, United States of America: Hybrid-Transitions as a Space for Children’s Agency. A Case-Study from a Pre-kindergarten in Boston." In International Perspectives on Early Childhood Education and Development, 93–105. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14556-9_7.
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Songwe, Vera. "The Economics of Peacebuilding: International Organizations for Dealing with Victor and Vanquished." In The State of Peacebuilding in Africa, 33–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46636-7_3.
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Abstract This chapter draws on the sharply contrasting experiences of both the League of Nations and the United Nations in the twentieth century in order to highlight the importance of the economic dimension to peace building. In doing so, this chapter questions the conventional wisdom and practice that only after peace is fully restored in a conflict environment can the focus shift to economic development. With special reference to the cases of Guinea Bissau, Cote d’Ivoire and Sudan, it suggests that the insistent, quasi-dogmatic priority given to sequencing actions in this way has served to undermine many peace-building processes before they even begin. At the heart of most of Africa’s largely internal conflicts are the economic imbalances and weaknesses evident in all states on the continent. Just as peace was built in war-shattered Europe through a massive reconstruction plan, the chapter argues that peace-building solutions in Africa must give much greater weight to the economic dimension.
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"Current State of Chinese and USA Healthcare and Corona Care (COVID-19) in Africa." In Advances in Human Services and Public Health, 78–94. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-4450-1.ch006.
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As Chinese and African countries grow in trade and economic development so has the soft power dynamics. Healthcare has been an area where the Chinese have dominated the area for the last decade. The USA has been in a decline and has been absent in providing the leadership in healthcare soft power dynamics. The partisan politics in the USA has consumed the United States Agency for International Development bringing an era of Chinese experimentation with a free market (capitalism) and toying with international development superpower status. Yet, there are still areas of improvement for healthcare in Africa between United States America (USA) and China (PRC). Africans have become used to engaging with the Chinese in the hope of meeting their developmental healthcare goals. But the acceptance of the Chinese healthcare and medicine in Africa is a game changer in the healthcare diplomacy arena.
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Tuuri, Rebecca. "Mississippi, Who Has Been the Taillight, Can Now Be the Headlight." In Strategic Sisterhood, 177–202. University of North Carolina Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469638904.003.0009.
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This chapter explores the National Council of Negro Women's (NCNW) international work, focusing especially on NCNW's postwar work for human rights and its later formation of an international division in the 1970s. In 1973 Congress passed the Percy Amendment to the U.S. Foreign Service Act that pushed the U.S. government to ensure that women were beneficiaries of international development projects. In this climate, NCNW won $1.7 million dollars in funding from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) between 1975 and 1985. The U.S. government saw the women of the NCNW, as a black American women-led nonprofit organization, as the "natural allies" of women of African descent worldwide. With this money, the NCNW first hosted a concurrent conference for women of African descent at the International Women's Year conference in Mexico City, established an international division, and tried to create international poverty programming like it had in Mississippi.
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Stuth, Jerry W., and Jay Angerer. "Livestock Early Warning System for Africa’s Rangelands." In Monitoring and Predicting Agricultural Drought. Oxford University Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195162349.003.0032.
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Rangelands in Africa (i.e., grasslands, savannas, and woodlands, which contain both grasses and woody plants) cover approximately 2.1 × 109 ha. Africa’s livestock population of about 184 million cattle, 3.72 million small ruminants (sheep and goats), and 17 million camels extract about 80% of their nutrition from these vast rangelands (IPCC, 1996). Rangelands have a long history of human use and are noted for great variability in climate and frequent drought events. The combination of climatic variability, low ecological resilience, and human land use make rangeland ecosystems more susceptible to rapid degeneration of ecosystems. From a land-use perspective, there are differences between West Africa and East Africa in rangelands use. In arid and semiarid areas of West Africa (rainfall 5–600 mm), millet (or another crop) is planted over a unimodal (one peak in rainfall per year) rainy season (three to four months); then fields remain fallow during the dry season, ranging from eight to nine months. Livestock eat crop residues. Land use is dominated by cultivation, with livestock playing a subsidiary role in the village economy. In East Africa, by contrast, areas with higher rainfall (up to 600 mm) are inhabited by pastoralists rather than farmers. In dry parts, cultivation occurs mainly where irrigation is possible or where water can otherwise be sequestered and stored for cropping. Rainfall is bimodal (two peaks in rainfall per year) in most rangelands, resulting in two growing seasons. As much as 85% of the population live and depend on rangelands in a number of countries in Africa. With emerging problems associated with the increasing population, the changes in key production areas, and the prevalence of episodic droughts and insecurity due to climatic change and ecological degradation and expansion of grazing territories, the traditional coping strategies of farmers, ranchers, and pastoralists have become inappropriate. More uncertainties require new innovations in characterizing, monitoring, analyzing, and communicating the emergence of drought to allow pastoral communities to cope with a rapidly changing environment. To this end, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) awarded the Texas A&M University System an assessment grant to develop a Livestock Early Warning System (LEWS) as part of the Global Livestock Collaborative Research Support Program.
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Adomi, Esharenana E. "Africa and the Challenges of Bridging the Digital Divide." In Handbook of Research on Public Information Technology, 303–13. IGI Global, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-857-4.ch029.
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Much of the developed world has, over the past two decades, been transformed by what are now termed information and communication technologies (ICTs). These technologies exert great impact on most aspects of our lives—in economic activities, education, entertainment, communication, travel, and so on. Also they have inextricably linked with economic prosperity and power (Davison, Vogel, Harris, et al., 2000). At present, Africa is at the bottom of the ICT ladder. This has serious implications both for the continent and the entire world. This is because ICTs are enhancing the economies of those countries that are ICT-rich faster then those that are ICT-poor, thus further widening the development gap between Africa and the industrialized world (Ya’u, n.d.) The realization of the importance of ICTs in economic advancement led the United Nations Commission on Science and Technology for Development (UNCSTD) to devote the 1995 through 1997 to the study of the linkages between ICTs and development. One of the important results of that effort was the placing of the digital divide on global development agenda. Since then, there has been an internal consensus that there is the need to bridge the digital divide. As a result of this consensus, there has evolved various bridging strategies, actions and initiatives at international, regional, continental and local country levels. Learning from these efforts, African countries have, under the leadership of the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (ECA), been developing national, sub-regional, and continental initiatives to overcome the digital divide and to promote the greater inclusion of Africa communities into the cyberspace (Ya’u, n.d.) In this chapter, efforts are made to define digital divide, unravel the status of Africa in the global digital map, enumerate the causes of low level of ICT diffusion in Africa, efforts at bridging the divide, discusses future trends, and concludes with steps that can address the divide.
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Hitoshi, Nasu. "Part I International Law and Global Security, Ch.2 The Global Security Agenda: Securitization of Everything?" In The Oxford Handbook of the International Law of Global Security. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198827276.003.0003.
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This chapter discusses how, since the end of the Cold War, the global security agenda has not only widened but also deepened, moving the focus of security concerns away from the sovereign State to include other objects such as the environment, social groups, and regional institutions. The process of widening and deepening the global security agenda is premised upon the theory of securitization. Since its emergence, this theory has provided a critical perspective to security studies and contemporary debates about security governance. After briefly reviewing the trajectory of the theoretical debate, the chapter examines the institutional practice of securitization, with particular focus on the practices of the United Nations, European Union, African Union, and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations as major international and regional security institutions. The understanding of how global and regional policy issues have been securitized in institutional practices is of particular significance to the development of international law because of the ways in which the process of securitization operates within, or interacts with, the existing framework of international law. The role of national security in the process of securitization of a global policy agenda also reveals normative constraint within the framework of international law.
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Wheatley, Steven. "United Nations Human Rights Law." In The Idea of International Human Rights Law, 65–94. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198749844.003.0004.
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Chapter 3 tells the story of human rights in the United Nations. The work shows how we can understand the UN as a complex system of regulatory authority, which evolves with changes in the behaviours of the Member States and United Nations bodies as they respond to new information. The analysis demonstrates that, up until the 1960s, human rights provided a set of moral guidelines only, informing states how they should treat those subject to their jurisdiction and control. That was until the newly independent African countries joined the Organization and turned their attention to the problem of systematic racial discrimination in southern Africa, especially after the 1960 Sharpeville Massacre, when UN action against South Africa and South West Africa (Namibia) transformed the non-binding moral code contained in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights into a body of international human rights law, with the development explained by the importance of subsequent agreements and practices in the evolution of the regulatory authority of the United Nations.
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Gilardi, Kirsten V. K., and Jonna A. K. Mazet. "The United States Agency for International Development Emerging Pandemic Threats PREDICT Project—Global Detection of Emerging Wildlife Viral Zoonoses." In Fowler's Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine Current Therapy, Volume 9, 110–16. Elsevier, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-55228-8.00019-9.
Full textConference papers on the topic "United States. Agency for International Development. Africa"
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Allison, Edith. "United States Experience Regulating Unconventional Oil and Gas Development." In SPE/AAPG Africa Energy and Technology Conference. SPE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/afrc-2573582-ms.
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ABSTRACT In the midst of aggressive anti-drilling campaigns by environmental organizations and well-publicized complaints by citizens unaccustomed to oil and gas operations, rigorous studies of unconventional oil and gas development show that there are no widespread or systemic impacts on drinking water resources in the United States. In addition, air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions have significantly declined with the growth in natural gas production and its use in power generation. Furthermore, induced seismicity from subsurface waste disposal has plummeted in response to industry initiatives and new regulations. This record of environmental protection reflects the fact that U.S. hydraulic fracturing, like other oil and gas operations, is highly regulated by the states. In addition, air emissions, operations on federal lands, and subsurface injection are subject to federal regulation. Academic and government researchers have documented that chemicals and gas produced by hydraulic fracturing are not contaminating drinking water. However, as an added complication, methane occurs naturally in drinking water aquifers in some producing areas. In 2015, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) completed a four-year study of potential aquifer contamination from hydraulic fracturing and associated industry operations. The report found some impacts on drinking water including contamination of drinking water wells; however, the number of cases was small compared to the number of wells hydraulically fractured. The scientific peer-review and public critique of the study, which continues after more than a year, may recommend additional research. The emotionally charged, anti-fracking campaigns provided important lessons to U.S. operators: pre-drilling, baseline data on water and air quality are essential to answering public concerns; infrastructure issues such as increased truck traffic on small, local roads are important to residents; and the initial failure to disclose the composition of hydraulic fracturing fluid intensified public concern.
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Murphy, Jessica, Busisiwe Alant, and Jasmine Keys. "TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION STUDENTS IN THE UNITED STATES AND SOUTH AFRICA: PROGRAM PERCEPTION AND CAREER PREPARATION." In International Technology, Education and Development Conference. IATED, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21125/inted.2016.2030.
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Roberts, H. R. "PREVENTION OF DEEP VENOUS THROMBOSIS: CONCLUSIONS OF A CONSENSUS DEVELOPMENT CONFERENCE." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1642966.
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Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) are major health problems that lead to significant morbidity and mortality. In the United States, it is estimated that these two problems result in over 300,000 hospitalizations annually and available data indicate that 50,000 to 100,000 patients per year die of pulmonary embolism.The advent of several diagnostic tests has permitted the identification of groups of patients at high risk for development of deep venous thrombosis and subsequent pulmonary embolism. Identification of these patient groups has led to therapeutic measures designed to prevent both deep venous thrombosis and subsequent embolic episodes. However, the efficacy of these preventive measures have not been widely adopted and reservations have been expressed regarding use of low dose anticoagulant drugs for prevention of DVT and PE, especially in surgical patients. Because of the apparent reluctance to adopt putative preventive measures for DVT and PE, the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute convened a Consensus Development Conference on the issue of prevention in 1986. Experts from North America, Europe, and South Africa presented data, both pro and con, on prevention of DVT and PE, using one or more therapeutic regimens. An impartial Panel was then asked to arrive at a consensus statement on the following questions: 1) the level of risk of DVT and PE in different patient groups; 2) the efficacy and safety of prophylactic measures in these groups; 3) the recommended prophylactic regimens for different patient groups, and 4) remaining questions related to prevention of DVT and PE. Recommendations for prevention were based on the assumption that reduction in DVT would also result in reduction of pulmonary embolism. Furthermore, the consensus was based, at least in part, upon data combined from multiple clinical trials. Thus, combined data on 12,000 individuals in randomized clinical trials indicated that in appropriate patient groups, treated with low dose heparin, there was a 68 percent reduction in DVT, as measured by the 125I-fibrinogen uptake test and venography, and that there was a reduction of 49% in pulmonary embolism and a significant decrease in overall mortality resulting from pulmonary embolism.Prophylactic measures for the following different patient groups were assessed: 1) general surgery; 2) orthopedic surgery; 3) urology; 4) gynecology-obstetrics; 4) neurosurgery and neurology; 5) trauma; and 6) medical conditions.Basically, the following prophylactic regimens were considered: 1) low dose heparin; 2) low dose dihydroergotamine heparin; 3) dextran; 4) low dose warfarin; and 5) external pneumatic compression. In general terms, low dose heparin appears to be one of the more effective prophylactic regimens in certain groups of high risk patients. This regimen is not useful in orthopedic or certain neurosurgical procedures where heparin has been shown to be of little value or hazardous. In these cases, dextran, warfarin, or external pnuematic compression may be more beneficial. In some groups of high risk patients, combination of mechanical measures with anticoagulant agents appear to be of value in prevention of DVT and PE.The recommendations of the Consensus Panel for Prevention of DVT and PE for each patient group will be assessed.
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"Perspectives on Historically Marginalized Doctoral Students in the United States and South Africa." In InSITE 2019: Informing Science + IT Education Conferences: Jerusalem. Informing Science Institute, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/4210.
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[This Proceedings paper was revised and published in the 2019 issue of the International Journal of Doctoral Studies, Volume 14] Aim/Purpose: This work expands discussions on the application of cultural frameworks on research in doctoral education in the United States and South Africa. There is an emphasis on identifying and reinterpreting the doctoral process where racial and cultural aspects have been marginalized by way of legacies of exclusions in both contexts. An underlying premise of this work is to support representation of marginalized students within the context of higher education internationalization. Background: Decades of reporting provide evidence of statistical portraits on degree attainment. Yet, some large-scale reporting does not include representation of historically marginalized groups until the 1970’s in the United States, and the 2000’s for South Africa. With the growth of internationalization in higher education, examination of the impact of marginalization serves to support representation of diversity-focused discussions in the development of regional international education organizations, multilateral networks, and cross-collaborative teaching and research projects. Methodology: Qualitative research synthesis of literature focused on a dimensional framework of diversity provides a basis for this discussion paper regarding the potential of Sankofa as a cultural framework for examining the historically marginalized doctoral experience in the United States and South Africa. Contribution: A major contribution of this work offers critical questions on the use of cultural frameworks in doctoral education in the US and South Africa and broader dynamics of higher education internationalization. Findings: Sankofa reveals critical insight for reinterpretation of the doctoral process through comparison of perspectives on the historically marginalized doctoral experience in the United States and South Africa. They include consideration of the social developments leading to the current predicament of marginalization for students; awareness of the different reporting strategies of data; implementation of cultural frameworks to broaden the focus on how to understand student experiences; and, an understanding of the differences in student-faculty relationships. Recommendations for Practitioners: Recommendations for practitioners highlight the application of cultural frameworks in the development and implementation of practical strategies in the support of historically marginalized doctoral students. Recommendations for Researchers: Recommendations for researchers consider the application of cultural frameworks in the development of scholarship supporting historically marginalized doctoral students within a global context. Impact on Society: Intended outcomes for this work include increasing awareness about historically marginalized doctoral students. Recommendations are focused on improving their academic and career experiences in the United States and South Africa with global implications for this student population. Future Research: Future research should consider the application of cultural frameworks when examining the historically marginalized doctoral experience within global, national, and local contexts.
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Greenman, William, and Kimberly Cole. "Management of Mixed Hazardous and Radioactive Waste in the United States." In ASME 2001 8th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2001-1233.
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Abstract In the United States, mixed-waste is typically defined as waste that contains both radioactive constituents and non-radioactive constituents that pose a threat to human health or the environment (hazardous waste). Prior to 1986 the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) had sole regulatory authority over mixed-waste because of its radioactive constituents. In 1986, however, the U.S. Environmental Protections Agency (EPA) was granted regulatory authority over the hazardous constituents in mixed-waste; and, a system of dual regulation was created. Dual regulation of mixed-waste by the EPA and the NRC has caused significant problems for the regulated community. The burden of dual regulation has contributed to the slow development of treatment technologies, and to the overall lack of treatment capacity available to U.S generators of mixed-waste. This paper reviews the requirements that the EPA and the NRC mandate with regard to mixed-waste generation, treatment and disposal; and it explores technical impacts of those requirements as they relate to generators, treatment facilities and the public.
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Nutt, Mark, Michael Voegele, Jens Birkholzer, Peter Swift, Kevin McMahon, Jeff Williams, and Mark Peters. "Establishment of Research and Development Priorities Regarding the Geologic Disposal of Nuclear Waste in the United States and Strategies for International Collaboration." In ASME 2011 14th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2011-59168.
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The U.S. Department of Energy Office of Nuclear Energy (DOE-NE), Office of Fuel Cycle Technologies (OFCT) has established the Used Fuel Disposition Campaign (UFDC) to conduct research and development (R&D) activities related to storage, transportation and disposal of used nuclear fuel (UNF) and high level radioactive waste (HLW). The U.S. has, in accordance with the U.S. Nuclear Waste Policy Act (as amended), focused efforts for the past twenty-plus years on disposing of UNF and HLW in a geologic repository at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. The recent decision by the U.S. DOE to no longer pursue the development of that repository has necessitated investigating alternative concepts for the disposal of UNF and HLW that exists today and that could be generated under future fuel cycles. The disposal of UNF and HLW in a range of geologic media has been investigated internationally. Considerable progress has been made by in the U.S and other nations, but gaps in knowledge still exist. The U.S. national laboratories have participated in these programs and have conducted R&D related to these issues to a limited extent. However, a comprehensive R&D program investigating a variety of storage, geologic media, and disposal concepts has not been a part of the U.S. waste management program since the mid 1980s because of its focus on the Yucca Mountain site. Such a comprehensive R&D program is being developed and executed in the UFDC using a systematic approach to identify potential R&D opportunities. This paper describes the process used by the UFDC to identify and prioritize R&D opportunities. The U.S. DOE has cooperated and collaborated with other countries in many different “arenas” including the Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) within the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), and through bilateral agreements with other countries. These international activities benefited the DOE through the acquisition and exchange of information, database development, and peer reviews by experts from other countries. Recognizing that programs in other countries have made significant advances in understanding a wide range of geologic environments, the UFDC has developed a strategy for continued, and expanded, international collaboration. This paper also describes this strategy.
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Daughdrill, William H. "Assessing the Role of Environmental and Regulatory Issues on Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in the United States." In ASME 2009 28th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2009-79097.
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This paper will describe some of the key environmental and regulatory issues affecting development of offshore renewable energy projects in the United States. Offshore wind, wave, tidal current, and ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) projects all have unique environmental and social issues that must be addressed to the satisfaction of federal, state, and local authorities. This paper examines the existing federal regulatory schemes applicable to offshore renewable energy development in the United States including a discussion of an on-going jurisdictional debate between agencies at the U.S. federal government level. The various permitting processes for offshore renewable energy projects all involve an examination of the potential environmental and social/human effects of each proposed project. Typically, the agency with primary permitting authority must prepare an environmental impact statement (EIS) or equivalent document that includes a transparent process that encourages the participation of the interested public and other affected stakeholders. While acknowledging the importance of social/human impact issues, this paper will focus primarily on the potential physical and biological effects from offshore renewable energy projects including a discussion of the uncertainty that surrounds predicting the impact of new or innovative technologies. The U.S. Department of Interior, Minerals Management Service (MMS) recently published a programmatic environmental impact statement (EIS) that includes 52 “best management practices” for reducing environmental and social impacts from offshore alternative energy projects. Finally the paper will examine the important role of environmental monitoring and adaptive management in informing regulators and developers of potential adverse impacts and adapting project design and operations to avoid or minimize these effects.
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Feldman, Matthew R. "Developing Solutions to Regional Latin America’s Spent Fuel Needs: Supporting the IAEA Mission." In ASME 2006 Pressure Vessels and Piping/ICPVT-11 Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2006-icpvt-11-93746.
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Several countries in regional Latin America, including Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, and Peru, have active nuclear programs. Most of these programs involve small research reactors typically used to create various isotopes for medical and research purposes. Until recently, the highly radioactive spent fuel from these reactors was transported to the United States when it was removed from the various reactor sites. The United States has decided to cease acceptance of these waste materials, thereby requiring these Latin American countries to develop their own methods for dealing with the highly radioactive materials. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the arm of the United Nations (UN) that deals with all forms of radioactive materials from weapons inspections to nuclear reactor safety, has undertaken a leadership role in the development of regional Latin America’s spent fuel storage/disposal plan. Acting as an IAEA mission expert, the author of this paper has aided in the development of the teams responsible for the development of both a Type B transportation cask and a long-term storage cask for these materials. This paper will discuss the overall scope and current status of these projects as well as detail the involvement of the author in helping to develop the ability of the design team members to find viable solutions to this problem.
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Freire, Flávia Magalhães, and Daniela Da Costa Britto Pereira Lima. "A Aliança para o Progresso, a Teoria da Modernização e a EAD no Brasil." In II Seminário de Educação a Distância da Região Centro-Oeste. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/seadco.2018.14816.
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O artigo busca analisar de que forma o programa americano Aliança para o Progresso exerceu influência na política educacional brasileira, culminando na política para educação a distância. A pesquisa foi realizada por meio de revisão bibliográfica e fundamentada pela Teoria da Modernização, de Walt Whitman Rostow, que foi também a base teórica que respaldou a Aliança Para o Progresso. Concluiu-se que o Programa, ao atuar no Brasil por meio, principalmente, da agência criada nos Estados Unidos em 1961, United States Agency For International Development (USAID), trouxe as bases para as políticas de incentivo à EaD no Brasil.
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Bajwa, Christopher S., and Ronald B. Pope. "Development of a Technical Bases Document to Support the IAEA Regulations for Safe Transport of Radioactive Material." In ASME 2013 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2013-98107.
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The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is entrusted by the Social and Economic Council of the United Nations with developing safety requirements for the safe transport of radioactive material. These requirements were first published as “Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material”, Safety Series No. 6, 1961 edition (The Regulations). At the same time, the Director General of the IAEA indicated that these regulations would be revised at appropriate intervals, in consultation with Member States, and with input from other relevant organizations, as appropriate. After 50 years, over 10 revisions of the Regulations have been published. These revisions have been taking into account experiences in transport, newly identified issues, new technologies, best practices, the demand for safer transport, and harmonization. Problems, challenges, the demand for improvements, and the need to provide biennial inputs to international dangerous goods model transport regulations have driven the transport community and the IAEA in particular, to facilitate the regular review and revision of the Regulations. With the passage of time, the scientific and technical heritage of several decades of development in transport safety has begun to fade, and the requirement to capture valuable knowledge which needs to be preserved for future reference has become clear. In general, every requirement in the regulations was developed based on an appropriate technical basis. The technical basis exists in a decentralized manner in many Member States with mature nuclear programs. Easier access to the existing technical bases for the Regulations could lead to a more comprehensive understanding of the Regulations and could inform proposals for change that were previously considered but not accepted for various technical (or political) reasons. Knowledge capture and transfer can contribute to the development of and innovations in, transport safety. This paper provides an overview of the efforts to date that have been undertaken to develop a technical basis document for supporting the current transport regulations and will highlight the future plans for the development of this document.
Reports on the topic "United States. Agency for International Development. Africa"
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Stern, Jonathan M. B., and Benjamin Piper. Resetting Targets: Examining Large Effect Sizes and Disappointing Benchmark Progress. RTI Press, April 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2019.op.0060.1904.
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This paper uses recent evidence from international early grade reading programs to provide guidance about how best to create appropriate targets and more effectively identify improved program outcomes. Recent results show that World Bank and US Agency for International Development–funded large-scale international education interventions in low- and middle–income countries tend to produce larger impacts than do interventions in the United States, as measured by effect sizes. However, these effect sizes rarely translate into large gains in mean oral reading fluency scores and are associated with only small increases in the proportion of students meeting country-level reading benchmarks. The limited impact of these low- and middle–income countries’ reading programs on the proportion of students meeting reading benchmarks is in large part caused by right-skewed distributions of student reading scores. In other words, modest impacts on the proportion of students meeting benchmarks are caused by low mean scores and large proportions of nonreaders at baseline. It is essential to take these factors into consideration when setting program targets for reading fluency and comprehension. We recommend that program designers in lower-performing countries use baseline assessment data to develop benchmarks based on multiple performance categories that allow for more ambitious targets focused on reducing nonreaders and increasing beginning readers, with more modest targets aimed at improving oral reading fluency scores and increasing the percentage of proficient readers.