Journal articles: 'United States. Ageny for International Development'

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Knox, Paul L. "Washington policy conference, United States agency for international development." Cities 6, no. 2 (May 1989): 150–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0264-2751(89)90069-3.

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Hirschmann, David. "“Customer Service” in the United States Agency for International Development." Administration & Society 31, no. 1 (March 1999): 95–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009539999400935501.

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Hendrawan, Muhammad Rosyihan. "The Application of Knowledge Management in The United States Agency for International Development ( USAID )." Record and Library Journal 2, no. 1 (July 25, 2016): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/rlj.v1i3.2128.

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This study aims to find out the implementation of Knowledge Management by The United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The other goal of this study is to determine why USAID tries to develop KM. This study was done by using a literature review method with descriptive analyses. Data was collected by documents analyses. This result of the study shows that knowledge management (KM) has a strategic and vital position to the existence of USAID. USAID has been Able to run continuously through the KM division specifically created to carry out a series of policies that have been determined by the USAID. As a worldwide organization, USAID has been very worth implementing its own strategic system in an effort to reach every knowledge management of the latest and dynamic information so that it can be an organization's intellectual assets for sustainability in the era of globalization. Expected with the implementation of KM system will be Able to improve the performance of the organization so that it has a competitive advantage in the face of global competition.

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Hendrawan, Muhammad Rosyihan. "The Application of Knowledge Management in The United States Agency for International Development ( USAID )." Record and Library Journal 2, no. 1 (January 5, 2018): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/rlj.v2-i1.2016.64-71.

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Knowledge management (KM) has a strategic and vital position to the existence of an organization. USAID as an global organization which has a working area of promoting transnational cultural knowledge in existence. USAID has been Able to run continuously through the KM division specifically created to carry out a series of policies that have been determined by the USAID. As a worldwide organization, USAID has been very worth implementing its own strategic system in an effort to reach every knowledge management of the latest and dynamic information so that it can be an organization's intellectual assets for sustainability in the era of globalization. Expected with the implementation of KM system will be Able to improve the performance of the organization so that it has a competitive advantage in the face of global competition.

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Kyenkya, Margaret Isabirye, and Kathleen A. Marinelli. "Being There: The Development of the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes, the Innocenti Declaration and the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative." Journal of Human Lactation 36, no. 3 (June 16, 2020): 397–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0890334420926951.

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Margaret Isabirye Kyenkya (photo) grew up in Uganda with five bothers and six sisters. Her Bachelor of Arts was in Social Work and Social Administration (Makerere University, Uganda), and was followed by a Masters in Sociology, (Nairobi University), and a Certificate in Mother and Child Health (International Child Health Institute, London). Her PhD focused on Hospital Administration inspired by the WHO/UNICEF Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative. She has worked as a researcher, the founder of Non-Governmental Organizations, a Senior United Nations Officer (New York Headquarters and several regions), a Manager in the United States Agency for International Development-funded National Health and Nutrition Projects, and a governmental Health and Nutrition Adviser. A certified trainer in a number of health and nutrition areas, a breastfeeding counselor, and a retired La Leche League Leader, Dr. Kyenkya has significantly influenced the course of lactation support and promotion globally. She stated, “My most precious and valued occupation is that of a mother [of five] and grandmother [of eight].” Dr. Kyenkya currently lives in Atlanta, Georgia, in the United States. (This interview was conducted in-person and transcribed verbatim. It has been edited for ease of readability. MK refers to Margaret Kyenkya; KM refers to Kathleen Marinelli.)

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Parshkova, J. Yu. "The Development of the US National Missile Defense and its Impact on the International Security." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 1(40) (February 28, 2015): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2015-1-40-43-48.

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The article reflects the US officials' point of view on the development of its national missile defense. The major threat to international security is the proliferation of ballistic missiles and weapons of mass destruction. The United States and the former Soviet Union made huge efforts to reduce and limit offensive arms. However, presently the proliferation of ballistic missiles spreads all over the world, especially in the Middle East, because of the ballistic missile technology falling into the hands of hostile non-state groups. Missile defenses can provide a permanent presence in a region and discourage adversaries from believing they can use ballistic missiles to coerce or intimidate the U.S. or its allies. With the possible attack regional missile defense systems will be promptly mobilized to enhance an effective deterrent. The ultimate goal of such large-scale missile defense deployment is to convince the adversaries that the use of ballistic missiles is useless in military terms and that any attack on the United States and its allies is doomed to failure. The United States has missile defense cooperative programs with a number of allies, including United Kingdom, Japan, Australia, Israel, Denmark, Germany, Netherlands, Czech Republic, Poland, Italy and many others. The Missile Defense Agency also actively participates in NATO activities to maximize opportunities to develop an integrated NATO ballistic missile defense capability. The initiative of the development of US BMD naturally belongs to the United States. That country has enormous technological, financial, economic, military and institutional capabilities, exceeding by far those of the other NATO members combined.

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Nwalieji, HU, MC Madukwe, AE Agwu, and MI Umerah. "Adoption of Rice Technologies Introduced by the United States Agency for International Development in Anambra and Ebonyi States, Nigeria." Journal of Agricultural Extension 18, no. 1 (June 17, 2014): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jae.v18i1.13.

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Powell, Clydette Linda. "Working together for global health goals: The United States Agency for International Development and Faith-based organizations." Christian Journal for Global Health 1, no. 2 (November 5, 2014): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.15566/cjgh.v1i2.36.

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Restivo, Michael, John M. Shandra, and Jamie M. Sommer. "The United States Agency for International Development and forest loss: A cross-national analysis of environmental aid." Social Science Journal 55, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 170–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2017.09.001.

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Hirschmann, David. "Thermometer or sauna?: Performance measurement and democratic assistance in the United States Agency for International Development (USAID)." Public Administration 80, no. 2 (January 2002): 235–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9299.00302.

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Hanson, Elizabeth Crump. "Biotechnology, International Law, and the National Interest." Politics and the Life Sciences 9, no. 1 (August 1990): 109–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0730938400010273.

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On November 25, 1969 Richard Nixon announced that because of the “massive, unpredictable, and potentially uncontrollable consequences” of biological weapons, the United States would never use these weapons, would destroy all existing stocks, and would confine its research to strictly defined measures of defense (Harris, 1987:193). This unilateral renunciation followed an extensive review by the National Security Council of U.S. chemical and biological warfare policy, which lasted six months and involved every relevant agency in the U.S. government and which concluded that U.S. biological warfare capabilities provided no compelling military advantages (Tucker, 1984-85:61). Three years later the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BWC) was signed; it was the first postwar arms control agreement to elminate an entire class of weapons from the arsenals of states (U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, 1982:122). The treaty was ratified unanimously by the U.S. Senate in 1974, and over 100 nations have acceded to it. This arms control achievement has been attributed in part to the serious doubts which many countries, including the United States, shared about the military value of biological weapons (Harris, 1987:205-6). Within a decade of the signing of this treaty, however, the development of recombinant-DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) technology had raised the possibility of a new and more effective form of biological warfare.

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Surm, Jasmin. "AFP, EFE and dpa as international news agencies." Journalism 21, no. 12 (November 13, 2019): 1859–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464884919883491.

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While earlier news agency studies have often concentrated on Reuters in the United Kingdom (now in Canada) and on the Associated Press in the United States as the leading international news agencies, there is less up-to-date research in English on international agencies outside the Anglo-American sphere. This article intends to help bridge that research gap and to analyse the recent development of Agence France-Presse in France, EFE in Spain and Deutsche Presse-Agentur in Germany. The article uses a case study approach, employing in-depth interviews with agency representatives. The results of the analysis show that all three agencies fulfil the criteria for an international agency. However, to do so, they all not only need a large domestic market, together with linguistic and cultural markets outside their home countries, but also state support, in case of Agence France-Presse and EFE. The findings emphasize the relevance of diversification and innovation in response to the changing structure and demands of national and international markets.

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Garnier, Adèle. "Arrested Development? UNHCR, ILO, and the Refugees’ Right to Work." Refuge: Canada's Journal on Refugees 30, no. 2 (November 19, 2014): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.25071/1920-7336.39615.

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This article contributes to literature assessing power dynamics in the emerging global migration governance. Drawing on Barnett and Finnemore’s analysis of bureaucratic culture in international organizations, it investigates inter-agency cooperation between the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and the International Labour Organization in the promotion of refugees’ right to work in the last two decades. While the mandate and activities of both organizations appear to significantly intersect in the promotion of this right, practical constraints related to states’ diverging interests, differences in institutional structure, and discursive ambivalence in the situation of the refugee worker limit coordination and effectiveness.

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Sepreninova, Yulia, Inna Makarenko, Alex Plastun, Angela Babko, and Gunnay Gasimova. "Mapping Of The Responsible Investments Instruments In Sdg 3 ‘Good Health And Well-Being’ Financing: EU And US Experience." Health Economics and Management Review 1, no. 1 (2020): 106–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/hem.2020.1-10.

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This article summarizes the existing approaches to investigating instruments of responsible investments in the health care system in Europe and in United States. The main research’s purpose is to identify existing instruments of responsible investment under funding Sustainable Development Goal 3: ‘Good health and well-being’. Systematization of scientific sources and approaches on the investigated issue showed no unique approach to forming a list of responsible investment instruments to finance health and well-being in Europe and United States. Hence, existing approaches vary by risk, return, suitability for financing, and so on. Therefore, the analysis and generalization of existing approaches and investigating their implementation-related practical features are the relevant scientific problem. The research’s object is the health care financing approaches of the generally recognized organizations such as the Financial Initiative for Biodiversity under the United Nations Development Program, the United States Agency for International Development and the World Bank (Biodiversity Finance Initiative United Nation Development Program, USAID, World Bank). The authors noted that these organizations contributed greatly to provide funding for these projects at the global level. For gaining the research’s goal, this study was conducted in the following logical sequence. Firstly, the authors characterized the Biofin financial decisions in health care under the United Nations Development Program. Secondly, the study systematized the U.S. Agency for International Development financing approaches regarding the Sustainable Development Goal 3. Then, the authors generalized the practical directions towards realizing the mentioned above instruments while digging into the World Bank responsible investment activity regarding health care. The study suggested the typology method to identify the key criteria for classifying responsible investment instruments. In turn, the mapping method was used to generalize the scientific background concerning health care finance. Therefore, the findings could help scientists further develop and unify the classification of responsible investment instruments regarding sustainable development and health care financing based on EU and US experience. Moreover, the obtained results enrich the existing global approaches in funding the national health care system and reaching the established Sustainable Development Goals 3 ‘Good health and well-being’.

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Turman-Bryant, Nick, Corey Nagel, Lauren Stover, Christian Muragijimana, and Evan Thomas. "Improved Drought Resilience Through Continuous Water Service Monitoring and Specialized Institutions—A Longitudinal Analysis of Water Service Delivery Across Motorized Boreholes in Northern Kenya." Sustainability 11, no. 11 (May 29, 2019): 3046. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11113046.

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Increasing frequency and severity of drought is driving increased use of groundwater resources in arid regions of Northern Kenya, where approximately 2.5 million people depend on groundwater for personal use, livestock, and limited irrigation. As part of a broader effort to provide more sustainable water, sanitation, and hygiene services in the region, we have collected data related to site functionality and use for approximately 120 motorized boreholes across five counties. Using a multilevel model to account for geospatial and temporal clustering, we found that borehole sites, which counties had identified as strategic assets during drought, ran on average about 1.31 h less per day compared to non-strategic borehole sites. As this finding was contrary to our hypothesis that strategic boreholes would exhibit greater use on average compared to non-strategic boreholes, we consider possible explanations for this discrepancy. We also use a coupled human and natural systems framework to explore how policies and program activities in a complex system depend on consistent and reliable feedback mechanisms. Funding was provided by the United States Agency for International Development. The views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government.

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Nwalieji, H., M. Madukwe, A. Agwu, and E. Matthews-Njoku. "Impact of the United States Agency for International Development Rice Project Phase 1 on Rice Farmers in Anambra and Ebonyi States, Nigeria." Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics & Sociology 9, no. 4 (January 10, 2016): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajaees/2016/22250.

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Attewell, Wesley. "‘The planet that rules our destiny’: Alternative development and environmental power in occupied Afghanistan." Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 35, no. 2 (September 20, 2016): 339–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263775816664100.

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In this article, I explore the role that the United States Agency for International Development and its implementing partners played in the ‘alternative development’ effort to provide Afghan farmers with sustainable and economically viable alternatives to growing poppy. I argue that alternative development programs in occupied Afghanistan sought to wean farmers off of poppies by creating a rural ‘environment’ conducive to the cultivation of legal alternative crops. My argument proceeds in four steps. First, I theorize alternative development as a form of ‘environmental power’. Second, I put this theoretical framework to work in eastern Afghanistan through a close reading of one of the United States Agency for International Development’s flagship alternative development projects: Development Alternative Inc.’s ‘Incentives Driving Economic Alternatives – North, East and West’. As Incentives Driving Economic Alternatives: North, East and West (IDEA-NEW) ran its course, its end-state goal shifted from improving production to promoting market exchange. Third, I suggest that IDEA-NEW’s marketization efforts produced differentiated subjects of rule, exacerbating already existing patterns of uneven development in the process. Finally, although IDEA-NEW is represented as productive, humanitarian and therapeutic, I conclude by reflecting on how it is undergirded by – and also provides a legitimating armature for – techniques of population management that are destructive of life.

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Ignatowski, Clare A. "Framing Youth within the Politics of Foreign Assistance." Research in Comparative and International Education 2, no. 3 (September 2007): 222–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2304/rcie.2007.2.3.222.

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Although in the past the field of youth development has been subsumed within or occluded by other traditional development sectors such as education, a re-emerging emphasis on security in US government foreign assistance has tended to foreground youth as a frame of reference for international development programming and public diplomacy. While youth as security threat is by itself a reductive formulation, there are opportunities to grasp more deeply the power of young cohorts to affect social change in multidimensional ways. This article examines how youth issues have been framed within broader policy and program priorities of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), especially in post-conflict/fragile states, in an effort to illuminate some key dilemmas and knowledge gaps.

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Lim, Fang Shiang, Shih Keng Loong, Jing Jing Khoo, Kim Kee Tan, Nurhafiza Zainal, MuhammadFirdaus Abdullah, Chee Sieng Khor, and Sazaly AbuBakar. "Erratum: Identification and characterization of Corynebacterium lactis isolated from Amblyomma testudinarium of Sus scrofa in Malaysia. Systematic & Applied Acarology, 23(9), 1838–1844." Systematic and Applied Acarology 23, no. 10 (October 30, 2018): 2086. http://dx.doi.org/10.11158/saa.23.10.16.

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AcknowledgmentsThis study was supported in parts by the research grants from University of Malaya, under the Research University Grants (RU016-2015) and (RU005-2017), and the Malaysia One Health University Network (MyOHUN) Seed Fund Award (MY/NCO/ACT/P001/SEEDFUND) provided by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID).

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Menghetti, Anita, and Jeff Drumtra. "Improving the U.S. Government's Humanitarian Response." Ethics & International Affairs 18, no. 2 (September 2004): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7093.2004.tb00466.x.

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The Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA) was created in 1964 to provide emergency nonfood humanitarian assistance in response to international crises and disasters, in order to save lives and alleviate human suffering and to reduce the economic impact of those disasters. The office operates under the overall mandate of the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), which is to provide “economic, development and humanitarian assistance around the world in support of the foreign policy goals of the United States.”1 OFDA coordinates relief efforts for the U.S. government, and funds relief efforts by UN humanitarian agencies, private nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and other international organizations.

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Bergmann, Pamela, and Nick Russo. "JOINT CANADA/UNITED STATES WILDLIFE RESPONSE PLANNING: DIXON ENTRANCE." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2001, no. 2 (March 1, 2001): 1327–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2001-2-1327.

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ABSTRACT Neither wildlife nor oil spills acknowledge international boundaries. Both migratory birds and marine mammals move freely between Alaska in the United States and British Columbia in Canada, in the international boundary area known as Dixon Entrance in the North Pacific Ocean. An oil spill on one side of the border may be carried by winds and/or currents into the waters of the adjacent country. Recognition of these facts resulted in the development of the Canada/United States Joint Marine Pollution Contingency Plan, which was signed by the Canadian Coast Guard (CCG) and U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) in 1974. Annexes were subsequently prepared for five transboundary areas, including Dixon Entrance. Following the promulgation of these annexes, joint exercises have been held to enhance annex implementation. In September 1999, at the request of the USCG and CCG, the U.S. Department of the Interior, Alaska Office of Environmental Policy and Compliance (DOI-OEPC) took the lead in organizing and chairing a workshop to discuss issues associated with wildlife response activities for oil spills that cross the Canada/United States border in Dixon Entrance. The workshop was held in Prince Rupert, British Columbia as part of a 4-day joint meeting. Workshop participants included representatives from key U.S. federal and Alaska State wildlife resource agencies, Canadian federal wildlife resource agencies, oil spill cooperatives for Southeast Alaska and British Columbia, and the USCG. Wildlife resource agency representatives participating in the workshop reached consensus that the goal of wildlife protection is to make decisions based on what is best for the wildlife resources and then to determine how the goal can be accomplished within the constraints of each countries regulatory process. Agreement was reached to form a Canada/United States working group to develop a joint wildlife response plan. The plan, which will focus on migratory birds and sea otters, will address issues associated with the removal of dead oiled wildlife from the environment, hazing of unoiled wildlife, preemptive capture of sea otters, and capture and treatment of oiled migratory birds and sea otters. A draft plan will be developed prior to a September 2000, Canada/U.S. Dixon Entrance (CANUSDIX) joint meeting, which will be held in Ketchikan, Alaska.

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Carpenter, Carolyn Louise. "USAID’S Assured Assistance: USAID’s Humanitarian Aid in Latin America and the Caribbean 2001- 2019." Revista Internacional de Cooperación y Desarrollo 2, no. 7 (December 18, 2020): 163–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.21500/23825014.4689.

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The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) is the largest donor of humanitarian assistance to Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). A quantitative analysis of USAID’s disaster relief funding for LAC from 2001- 2019 was conducted to determine trends and effectiveness of its contracting. The findings demonstrate that USAID provides billions in assistance to increase foreign trade, but project results are ambiguous. The United States views short-term assistance programs as investments for long-term growth in globalized economies. It is recommended that LAC for-profit and non-profit organizations follow a similar strategy and capitalize on the assured assistance of USAID. Keywords: Foreign aid; foreign policy; disaster relief; NGO; GO; contracting.

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Scott-Smith, Giles. "A Transition of Internationalisms: Britain, the United States, and the Formation of the United Nations Information Organization during World War II." International Journal for History, Culture and Modernity 7, no. 1 (November 2, 2019): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.18352/hcm.549.

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The United Nations Information Office (UNIO), dating from 1942, holds the distinction of being both the first international agency of the embryonic UN network and the first to hold the United Nations label. Run from 1942 to 1945 from two offices in New York and London, these two were merged at the end of World War II to form the UN Information Organisation, and subsequently transformed into the Department of Public Information run from UN headquarters in New York. This article adds to the history of the UN by exploring the origins and development of the UNIO during 1940–41, when it was a British-led propaganda operation to gather US support for the allied war effort. It also examines the UNIO from the viewpoint of the power transition from Britain to the United States that took place during the war, and how this reflected a transition of internationalisms: from the British view of world order through benevolent imperialism to the American view of a progressive campaign for global development and human rights.

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Kapur, K. D. "Nuclear Non-Proliferation Regime and The Soviet Union." India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs 44, no. 3-4 (July 1988): 188–225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097492848804400302.

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An international regime may broadly consist of a ‘set of purposes, norms, rules and procedures’, which are intended to affect, channel, contain and shape patterns of behaviour. Such a “‘regime is cither a conscious creation’ of actors or at least is recognised and consciously used by them regardless of its manner of creation.”1 The nuclear non-proliferation regime which the Nuclear Weapons States (NWS)—USA, USSR and UK, had sought to establish ever since the 1960s fulfils most of the parameters of the international regime. The germs of the non-proliferation regime can be traced back to the policy of denial and secrecy adopted by the United States and the Soviet Union in the early phases of the development of nuclear energy and technology. The Western Suppliers’ Group (WSG), a precursor of the 1975 Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG), formed in 1954 at the initiative of the United States, was meant even at that time to control the sales of uranium to prevent the spread of nuclear capabilities. The WSG consisted of South Africa, Britain, Canada, France, Belgium, Australia and the United States. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) which was established in 1957 with the concurrence and explicit support of the Soviet Union, was on the one hand meant to provide the peaceful use of nuclear energy and on the other to create an international safeguards system to check and control the diversion of nuclear materials for non-peaceful purposes. Over the years the IAEA with all its safeguard measures has emerged as the key component and instrument of the international non-proliferation regime.

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Sullivan, Denis J. "The Political Economy of Reform in Egypt." International Journal of Middle East Studies 22, no. 3 (August 1990): 317–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800034097.

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The Egyptian economy has deteriorated since the early 1980s. In response to periods of economic crisis, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), and actors within the Egyptian government have been pushing President Hosni Mubarak to reform the economic system. Similar, but less obvious, efforts at reform are found throughout Egyptian society; private organizations are providing services–education, job training, health care, and day care–in the face of governmental unwillingness or inability to make these services available as promised

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Medvid, Victoria. "The activity of the United States agency for international development in the context of the cooperation between USA and Ukraine." American History & Politics: Scientific edition, no. 5 (2018): 58–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2521-1706.2018.05.58-63.

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Ulybina, Olga. "Transnational agency and domestic policies: The case of childcare deinstitutionalization in Georgia." Global Social Policy 20, no. 3 (June 9, 2020): 333–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468018120926888.

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This article describes a policy adoption case study about deinstitutionalization of childcare in Georgia since independence. It highlights the evolving and non-homogeneous nature of transnational agency in the area of childcare deinstitutionalization, and offers insights into the complex relationship between transnational agency and national policymaking. The analysis draws on national policy documents, reports of United Nations agencies, the European Union, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and non-governmental organizations that contributed to the evolution of childcare deinstitutionalization in Georgia. We trace several developments: evolution of Georgian domestic policy versus the changing role of childcare deinstitutionalization in activities of various transnational actors. We find that Georgian childcare was shifting towards deinstitutionalization at the same time as global policy actors were developing their interventions in this policy area, showing how a lower middle-income country can develop its domestic social policies in conditions of an incoherent external environment.

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Macintyre, Anthony G., Scott Weir, and Joseph A. Barbera. "The International Search and Rescue Response to the US Embassy Bombing in Kenya: The Medical Team Experience." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 14, no. 4 (December 1999): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00027667.

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On 07 August, 1998, a terrorist's bomb exploded outside of the United States Embassy in Nairobi, Kenya. The explosion caused severe damage to the Embassy and surrounding structures, including almost complete collapse of the Ufundi building adjacent to the Embassy. The U.S. response to this tragedy included the deployment of medical, rescue, and law enforcement personnel to assist the Kenyan government. An integral component of this response was the deployment of an Urban Search and Rescue Task Force to aid in the location, extrication, and rescue of entrapped victims. This Task Force was sponsored by the Office for Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA), a branch of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The Task Force included a medical team composed of two physicians and four paramedics, whose purpose was to define, create, and provide a medical care system for rescuers and victims in the austere environment at the bombsite. As an international event involving a multinational response, the characteristics and requirements of this event differed in some respects from domestic disaster emergency responses, and the medical team adjusted their operating procedures accordingly.

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Lavelle, Kathryn C. "Ideas within a context of power: the African group in an evolving UNCTAD." Journal of Modern African Studies 39, no. 1 (March 2001): 25–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x01003561.

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This article considers the diplomatic strategies of African states within an evolving United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). It proposes that the prominence of certain ideas about economic development rises and falls not so much as a result of the nature of the ideas themselves, but as a result of opportunities made and unmade by the world economy. The world economy in turn changes the work mandates of international economic organisations like UNCTAD. The trajectory of African diplomatic strategies is important because it calls into question recent literature in international relations theory focusing almost exclusively on the experiences of industrialised states. In the case of African ideas in UNCTAD, underlying variables associated with the world economy destroyed the remnants of the Group of 77 coalition which had served as an agent for African representatives in UNCTAD. African diplomats have tried to realise whatever objectives they can in the changed circumstances without necessarily changing their ideas about development.

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Hepatitis, Immunology and Viral Diseases Panels, USJCMSP AIDS, ARI, Cancer,, K. Gayle Bernabe, Kristina T. Lu, F. Gray Handley, Diane E. Griffin, Ichiro Kurane, Aikichi Iwamoto, George F. Gao, and Florian Krammer. "20th International Conference on Emerging Infectious Diseases in the Pacific Rim Organized by the United States-Japan Cooperative Medical Sciences Program (USJCMSP)." Vaccines 7, no. 2 (April 2, 2019): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines7020035.

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The 20th International Conference on Emerging Infectious Diseases in the Pacific Rim to3ok place in Shenzhen, China on January 8–9, 2018 followed by meetings of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)/immunology, acute respiratory infections, cancer, hepatitis, and viral diseases panels on January 10–11. The conference was organized as part of the United States-Japan Cooperative Medical Sciences Program (USJCMSP) by the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED) and the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) and was locally hosted by the Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital and the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Institute of Microbiology. The conference provides the basis for networking and fostering of collaboration opportunities between researchers in Southeast Asia and the United States based on the scientific and interactive platform of the USJCMSP and takes place in the region on an annual basis. This report summarizes the discussions and conclusions from the conference.

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KOLESNIK, Tatyana. "CURRENT TRENDS AND PROSPECTS ROR THE DEVELOPMENT OF RENEWABLE ENERGY IN TERMS OF COVID - 19." "EСONOMY. FINANСES. MANAGEMENT: Topical issues of science and practical activity", no. 4 (54) (December 19, 2020): 83–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.37128/2411-4413-2020-4-6.

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Crisis related to distribution of COVID-19 requires significant state involvement in the response, which includes the definition of strategies formation and direct intervention in to the socio-economic processes. Governments of countries are addressing the development of stimulus and recovery packages strategies what have a goal to form in the future necessary potential for society and economy on the whole. In given environment, stable assets are needed, including an inclusive energy system capable of supporting energy development in accordance with the United Nations Sustainable Development Program and the 2016 Paris Agreement, this requires further research of the prospects for innovative development of renewable energy sector in the crisis of COVID-19 in the transition from the use of fossil fuels to the use of renewable energy sources. Global forecasts from the International Renewable Energy Agency, the International Energy Agency, and the US Energy Information Administration have suggested ways to transform the global energy system. China's hybrid energy market is showing an increase in wind and solar energy production. Reduced costs in the United States have stimulated an increase in renewable energy capacity. In Ukraine, the important role of alternative energy can be identified in the stabilization of Ukraine's agro-industrial complex. In the article reviews current trends and conditions in the development of the energy sector in the transition from the use of fossil fuels to the use of renewable sources in China, United States and Ukraine in terms of forecasting generation and justification of investment directions. A number of technical challenges and problematic aspects of management in the renewable energy sector in Ukraine are highlighted. Long-term goals are proposed for all stakeholders of the energy system in the transition from the use of traditional fuel to the use of biopropellant. The conceptual principles and prospects of scientific research in the formation of the National Renewable Energy Development Plan until 2030 are also outlined.

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Harust, Y. V., V. I. Melnyk, V. V. Mirgorod-Karpova, B. O. Pavlenko, Yu M. Kiiashko, and D. V. Maletov. "Functioning of the system for evaluating the effectiveness of international technical assistance: the experience of the European Union and the world's leading countries." Legal horizons, no. 26 (2021): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/legalhorizons.2021.i26.p117.

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The authors of the article study the foreign experience of the administrative and legal organization of systems for evaluating the effectiveness of international legal assistance (ITA). The article notes that the definition of international technical assistance in different countries is interpreted differently. States, at the national level, establish their own definitions of the concept, which may differ in content and characteristics. It is established that the assessment of the effectiveness of the use of ITA has the ultimate goal to ensure its better use. Both ITA donors and recipients are interested in this. The largest ITA donors have been identified as Japan, the United States, and the European Union. Each of these donors has its own system for evaluating the effectiveness of the ITA provided. In the study of the model for evaluating the effectiveness of the US ITA, the key role of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) was highlighted. The Agency itself has developed tools to monitor the assistance provided, implements analysis programs, publishes reports, and conducts training among its employees. In Japan, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan and the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) have been found to be the central policy-makers in Japan. These bodies issue regulatory regulations on which the performance appraisal process is based, analyze experience, conduct training, and publish reports on their official websites. In the Japanese model for assessing the effectiveness of the provision and use of ITA's, the key features are assessing the usefulness of the assistance provided in terms of Japan's diplomatic interests. It was found that a characteristic feature of the evaluation system of the European Union is the functioning of the Regulatory Control Council, which reviews and improves the legislation in the field of ITA. The article establishes the relationship between national legal systems and global standards for assessing international assistance. It is established that the donors of the ITA, for the organization of the system of evaluation of its effectiveness, use as a basis the Quality Standards for evaluation, which are developed by the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) at the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD).

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Dr. Murad Ali. "Turkey-United States' Bilateral Ties: a Tale of Convergence and Divergence of Interests." sjesr 3, no. 4 (December 25, 2020): 282–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.36902/sjesr-vol3-iss4-2020(282-288).

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The paper explores bilateral ties between Turkey and the United States (US) following the end of World War II to the recent era of Trump-Erdogan. Due to its immense geostrategic significance and a strong military, throughout the Cold War period and also in the post-Cold War era, Tukey has mostly remained a key US ally. The methodology adopted for this study is based on both qualitative data available in the form of policy documents and existing literature about the subject as well as utilizing quantitative data comprising US economic and military aid and arms' sales to Turkey obtained from databases of United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) respectively. Like numerous developing countries in other parts of the world, Turkey also became one of the biggest recipients of US economic and military assistance and Washington also provided huge arms to Ankara during the Cold War years. The US has provided Turkey an aggregate of US$ 70 billion in civilian and military assistance and has delivered its arms worth US$ 34 billion. However, it has not been a smooth journey as their bilateral relationship experienced some upheavals not only during the Cold War period but ties have been strained by various thorny matters in recent years. These include Turkey's dispute with Greece on Cyprus, targeting Kurdish fighters in Syria, purchase of S-400 defense systems from Russia, and human rights violations at home. By examining these vital points of concern, the paper concludes that although both countries have historically maintained warm bilateral ties, several divergent issues have marred the relationship between the two countries in recent years.

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Bergmann, Pamela, and Paul Ross. "DEVELOPING GUIDELINES FOR JOINT TRANS-BOUNDARY RESOURCE AGENCY INPUT TO DISPERSANT USE, IN-SITUBURNING, AND PLACES OF REFUGE DECISION-MAKING: THE CANADA/UNITED States Dixon Entrance Example." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2008, no. 1 (May 1, 2008): 597–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2008-1-597.

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ABSTRACT Papers presented at the 2001 and 2005 International Oil Spill Conferences (IOSCs) discussed the development of the first-of-its-kind trans-boundary wildlife response guidelines, which were completed for the area known as Dixon Entrance between British Columbia (BC) in Canada and Alaska in the United States (U.S.). This work was conducted within the framework of Canadian Coast Guard (CCG) and United States Coast Guard (USCG) joint contingency planning as outlined in the Annex 5 Canada-United States Dixon Entrance-Geographical Annex to the Canada-United States Joint Marine Pollution Contingency Plan (Canada-U.S. Joint Marine Pollution Contingency Plan CANUSDIX Annex). Along with other topics, the 2005 IOSC paper described a number of unanticipated benefits resulting from the development of the guidelines. This included establishing stakeholder partnerships which facilitated additional joint trans-boundary pre-incident planning. Following the completion of the Canada-U.S. Dixon Entrance (CANUSDIX) wildlife response guidelines in September 2003, attention was turned to examining trans-boundary decision-making associated with dispersant use, in-situ burning, and places of refuge identification. Subsequently, a joint CANUSDIX Resource Agency Working Group was established to address resource-related topics for activities supporting dispersant use, in-situ burning, and places of refuge decision-making in the Dixon Entrance trans-boundary area. Over the next 2.5 years, working group members prepared draft guidelines for resource agency input to those response activities. In March 2006, the Canadian and U.S. Federal, Canadian Provincial, and State of Alaska resource agencies with jurisdiction in the Dixon Entrance area, finalized the CANUSDIX Guidelines for Resource Agency Input to Dispersant Use, In-Situ Burning, and Places of Refuge Decision-Making (CANUSDIX Resource Agency Guidelines) and submitted the document to the CCG and USCG for inclusion in the Canada-U.S. Joint Marine Pollution Contingency Plan CANUSDIX Annex. This paper provides an overview of the development of the CANUSDIX Resource Agency Guidelines; a description of the information included in the guidelines; and how the guidelines fit within the CCG and USCG incident management structures. Together, this information will allow other parties in trans-boundary areas around the world to use the CANUSDIX Resource Agency Guidelines, and the process undertaken to develop the document, as a model for conducting similar pre-incident planning.

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Palomino-Tamayo, Walter, Juan Timana, and Julio Cerviño. "The Firm Value and Marketing Intensity Decision in Conditions of Financial Constraint: A Comparative Study of the United States and Latin America." Journal of International Marketing 28, no. 3 (July 28, 2020): 21–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1069031x20943533.

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Marketing managers generally have to make marketing decisions under financial constraints (i.e., the firm’s inability to generate cash flow for investments and marketing), with limited assurance of the outcomes. Little investigation has been made into the effect of financial constraints on marketing intensity and the subsequent effect on firm value and performance, particularly when it is a volatile environment (e.g., Latin America) that creates the financial constraints. Using a conceptual framework grounded in agency theory, the authors develop a model and test it using a panel data set from the United States and five Latin American countries. The results indicate that financial constraints have a negative effect on marketing intensity and ultimately negatively affect firm value and performance. Furthermore, this study confirms the effect of three moderators—market sensitivity, country governance quality, and country economic development distance—on the relationship between financial constraint and marketing intensity and helps explain differences across the United States and Latin America.

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Flora, Cornelia, Fernando Larrea, Charles Ehrhart, Marta Ordóñez, Sara Báez, Fernando Guerrero, Sandra Chancay, and Jan Flora. "Negotiating Participatory action Research in an Ecuadorian Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Resource Management Program." Practicing Anthropology 19, no. 3 (July 1, 1997): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.19.3.u1u5656x05g258m0.

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Increasing support for sustainable development has stimulated institutional change for international programming. In the late 1980s, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), in response to a Congressional request, created the new Collaborative Research Support Program (CRSP). That initiative focused on the research needs of sustainable agriculture and natural resource management (SANREM). Because of the broad range of the CRSP, the National Research Council was asked to design an integrated research approach, help define research priorities, and suggest management arrangements that would enable sharing knowledge with other AID development activities. The recommended research approach was interdisciplinary, intersectoral, participatory, and systems-based. It was also expected to link socioeconomic and ecological systems (National Research Council, Toward Sustainability: A plan for Collaborative Research on Agriculture and Natural Resource Management. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1991).

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Cherkina, Vera. "Integrated information support for the production and services on the basis of open technical vocabulary." MATEC Web of Conferences 251 (2018): 06003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201825106003.

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Among the various directions in the development of Russian processes for standardizing products, both military and civilian, taking into account the international system for standardizing the information flow of data on products and technologies, the questions of improving of master data as a material carrier of information. The problem of data quality is payed increased attention, especially in countries of Western Europe, and primarily the United States. Developed and implemented are the corresponding series of international standards - ISO-8000, regulating the structure, syntax, semantics, portability and other attributes of data, and ISO-22745, determining their quality. Both standards were proposed by the US Defense Logistics Agency (DLA).

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Torbitt, Alison, and Richard Hildreth. "International Treaties and U.S. Laws as Tools to Regulate the Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Ships and Ports." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 25, no. 3 (2010): 347–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180810x516999.

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AbstractRegulations on marine greenhouse gas emissions are possible, and some are in progress, using international treaty law and federal regulations. Under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC), port and coastal States have jurisdiction over ships entering their waters and have the ability to implement mitigation strategies, ranging from mandatory speed reduction to installing shore-side electricity or sequestration equipment. Under the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) Annex VI, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) is determining the feasibility of design, fuel, and operation reforms. Alternatively, the implementation may be usurped by a global cap-and-trade scheme from the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. In the U.S., the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is tightening the Clean Air Act § 213 regulations governing marine vessels and U.S. waters were recently designated a SOx Emission Control Area. However, carbon dioxide emissions from marine vessels remain unregulated.

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Rivera, Roberto, Kathy I. Kennedy, Eva Ortiz, Margarita Barrera, and Pouru P. Bhiwandiwala. "Breast-feeding and the return to ovulation in Durango, Mexico**Supported in part by Family Health International with funds from the United States Agency for International Development." Fertility and Sterility 49, no. 5 (May 1988): 780–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0015-0282(16)59883-5.

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Firchow, Pamina. "A Cuban Spring? The Use of the Internet as a Tool of Democracy Promotion by United States Agency for International Development in Cuba." Information Technology for Development 19, no. 4 (May 22, 2013): 347–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02681102.2013.793119.

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Cherevichko, Tatyana V., and Vitaly G. Tsyplin. "Political Aspects of American Assistance to Ukraine on the Eve of the 2002 Parliamentary Elections." Izvestia of Saratov University. New Series. Series: Sociology. Politology 20, no. 4 (November 25, 2020): 489–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1818-9601-2020-20-4-489-494.

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The article is devoted to the political analysis of the tools used by the United States to withdraw Ukraine from the sphere of economic influence of Russia. Based on the analysis of the materials of individual projects and scientific publications, the authors come to conclusion that by 2002 the expected change of generations of political scientists and economists did not take place in the USA. The tone within the Ukrainian issue continued to be set by the veterans of the Cold War and the financial structures behind them. The fragmentation of the activities of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) on the eve of the Ukrainian parliamentary elections made it possible to characterize the network principle of the distribution of financial resources allocated for the implementation of pre-planned framework political programs. It is noted that the American economic component was reliably hidden in the mechanisms of the formation of Ukrainian pre-election political blocs.

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Blake, Valarie, Steve Joffe, and Eric Kodish. "Harmonization of Ethics Policies in Pediatric Research." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 39, no. 1 (2011): 70–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2011.00551.x.

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The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA) have launched a recent initiative to enhance collaboration in research, with the intent to “ensure that clinical trials submitted in drug marketing applications in the United States and European Union are conducted uniformly, appropriately, and ethically.” This initiative recalls efforts from two decades ago when the United States, the European Union and Japan formed the International Conference on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) as a mechanism for harmonizing clinical research regulations. The intent of harmonization was to improve patients’ “access to new drugs, to prevent unnecessary global development delays and to avoid animal and human study duplications” through policy reconciliation.FDA/EMA efforts at collaboration call for a reassessment of past harmonization efforts: to what extent are ICH member policies already synchronized and to what extent can they be harmonized in the future? This paper will focus on these questions through the lens of pediatric investigation.

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Herman, Edward S., and David Peterson. "The Iran “Threat” In a Kafkaesque World." Journal of Palestine Studies 42, no. 1 (2012): 24–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jps.2012.xlii.1.24.

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From June 2003 to August 2012, the International Atomic Energy Agency published thirty-eight full written reports on Iran's nuclear program and conducted numerous inspections in the country. Yet although the Agency has never determined that Iran is pursuing nuclear weapons, Iran has never been able to free itself from the relentless U.S. campaign against its nuclear program. This article shows how the United States has mobilized the multilateral institutions to place Iran's nuclear program on the international stage and kept it there. It also examines the parallel role played by the news media, which have resumed their role of a decade ago when they helped Washington make a fraudulent case for invading Iraq on “weapons of mass destruction” grounds. The essay contends that the alleged Iranian nuclear weapons threat is a U.S. and Israeli propaganda construct intended to mask their own real threat to attack Iran.

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Kendall, Susan L. "Global Education Database2012112Global Education Database. URL: http://ged.eads.usaidallnet.gov/: United States Agency for International Development (USAID) – Office of Education Last visited October 2011. Gratis." Reference Reviews 26, no. 3 (March 23, 2012): 21–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09504121211211253.

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Shura, Robin, Elle Rochford, and Brian K. Gran. "Children for sale? The blurred boundary between intercountry adoption and sale of children in the United States." International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 36, no. 5/6 (June 13, 2016): 319–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijssp-03-2015-0034.

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Purpose – Intercountry adoptions (hereafter ICAs) in the USA are a form of sale of children. According to international policy, sale of children is an illicit social practice that involves improper financial gains by at least one party. Sale of children is a threat to legitimate ICA. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the policy and practice of ICAs in the USA, including pricing arrangements, demonstrate that US ICAs, which can have humanitarian aims and be legitimate forms of family development, comprise sale of children. Design/methodology/approach – Internet searches and e-mail inquiries were used to obtain ICA cost data for a randomised sample of 10 per cent of the agencies in the USA that facilitate ICAs. Findings – Cost information was obtained from only 25 per cent of the sample, suggesting lack of transparency in and available information about monetary costs of US ICAs. A range of US$12,000 to $40,000 suggests that US ICAs are expensive and costs vary. Large, undisclosed fees in the form of “required donations”, agency fees, and extensive foreign travel requirements imply third party economic gains are made through US ICA transactions. Practical implications – US ICA agencies should disclose costs and employ transparent practices. US policies regulating ICAs should be clarified and strengthened. The US Government should ratify, implement, and enforce major children’s rights international policy standards. Social implications – International demand for adopted children may encourage child trafficking, child laundering, and kidnapping for profit (see Smolin, 2005), putting children, adoptive families, and birth communities at risk of breaches of basic human rights. Originality/value – No study has offered systematic analysis of monetary costs of US ICAs and linked this analysis to policy and legitimacy of social practices.

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Argaw, Mesele Damte, Binyam Fekadu Desta, Melkamu Getu Abebe, Elias Mamo, Tesfaye Gebru, Wubishet Kebede Heyi, Chala Gela, and Temesgen Ayehu Bele. "Improving Performance Together: Twinning Partnership Between Medium and Low Performer Districts in Ethiopia." Medical University 3, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 12–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/medu-2020-0002.

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AbstractThis article describes the United States Agency for International Development Transform: Primary Health Care Activity supported a twinning partnership strategy, which was implemented between districts (woredas) in the different performance categories. This study presents the details of the partnership and the result observed in health systems strengthening in Ethiopia. The twinning partnership strategy was implemented with six steps. The established relationship helps the health systems to build the skill and capacities of the health workforce at primary healthcare entities. Both partner woredas improved their performances through the established win-win relationship and institutionalized the characteristics of a learning organization.

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Prokazov, Iurii, Vladimir Gorbanyov, Vadim Samusenkov, Irina Razinkina, and Monika Chłąd. "Assessing the Flexibility of Renewable Energy Multinational Corporations." Energies 14, no. 13 (June 27, 2021): 3865. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14133865.

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Currently, international business and society are on the eve of large-scale changes. The study aims to develop a methodological approach to assess the energy flexibility of multinational corporations in the context of the structural transformation management of renewable energy production. The methodology of this study is based on a comprehensive approach, which includes the methodology of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), diagnostics of the level of development and energy flexibility of multinational corporations, regression analysis and scenario modeling. In particular, scenario analysis of renewable energy development in countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) and economic analysis of projects for the development of corporate renewable energy industry were carried out. The results showed that the Russian renewable energy business is flexible enough for changes; however, at the same time, changes are needed in the national legislation, the basics of work, the national energy market; the conditions should be formed for the development of this business, a green tariff on a market basis should be formed, etc. The scientific contribution of this study is the proposed indicator in the form of the Multinational Corporation Energy Flexibility Index. It provides an opportunity to diagnose the agility of multinational corporations’ development, taking into account changes in their production structure. The developments obtained in the course of the work can be applied for studies related to assessing the flexibility of national energy systems, as well as in the practice of managing multinational corporations operating in the field of renewable energy.

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Gilbert, Katherine, Brigitte Tenni, and Gillian Lê. "Sustainable Transition From Donor Grant Financing: What Could It Look Like?" Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 31, no. 6 (August 28, 2019): 485–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1010539519870656.

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Donor transition is an important aspect of sustaining the impact of donor investments after financial support has ceased. This article compares, contrasts, and critiques the transition policies of the top health donors in the Asia Pacific, which includes Global Fund to fight AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria, Gavi–the Vaccine Alliance, World Bank (International Development Association), and the United States US Agency for International Development to gain a deeper understanding of what a sustainable financial transition could look like. A literature review of the academic and gray literature was undertaken to ascertain these donors’ transition policies and to determine the success of these policies in ensuring sustainable and effective transition. It is proposed that sustainable transition requires a clearly articulated vision of long-term impact, explicit and transparent transition policies, clear time frames for transition, donor coordination, and evaluation of long-term impacts of donor withdrawal.

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MACLURE, RICHARD. "No Longer Overlooked and Undervalued? The Evolving Dynamics of Endogenous Educational Research in Sub-Saharan Africa." Harvard Educational Review 76, no. 1 (April 1, 2006): 80–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.17763/haer.76.1.1855703m42272353.

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Multilateral donors like the World Bank and bilateral agencies such as the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and the British Department for International Development exert a great deal of influence in international educational development — particularly in sub-Saharan Africa — both in the programs they fund and the types of research they engage in. In this article, Richard Maclure investigates educational research in Africa and juxtaposes research done by large, exogenous, Western, results-oriented organizations with research performed by smaller, endogenous, local researchers aided by local research networks. Maclure argues convincingly that research that falls into the exogenous "donor-control" paradigm far too often is irrelevant to the African educational policy context and does little to develop local research capacity. The cases of two African research networks — the Educational Research Network of West and Central Africa and the Association for the Development of Education in Africa—are presented as exemplars of organizations that promote an alternative type of research that is endogenous, relevant to policy and the process of policymaking, and controlled by Africans. Maclure concludes with a call for increased support for and development of these types of networks, and for the development of the long-term solution to educational research in Africa — the university.

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Savage, Jesse Dillon. "Military Size and the Effectiveness of Democracy Assistance." Journal of Conflict Resolution 61, no. 4 (July 11, 2016): 839–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002715595864.

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Countries interested in the promotion of political development often provide aid in the form of democracy assistance. However, some regimes resist these attempts to promote democracy, introducing repressive measures to counteract their effectiveness. Hence, democracy assistance sometimes has the unintended consequence of curtailing democracy. This article explains how the size of the targeted regime’s military determines the effectiveness of democracy assistance and why it can sometimes result in lower levels of political freedom. Large militaries, often holding a privileged position in authoritarian regimes, will be threatened by political liberalization and its associated redistribution of resources. They will thus work with the regime to limit the effect of democracy assistance, while their size makes this repression more feasible. In states with smaller militaries, regimes have less incentive and capacity for repression, and democracy assistance is more successful at empowering democratic opposition. Cross-national statistical analysis of the United States Agency for International Development democracy assistance supports the argument.

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Journal articles on the topic 'United States. Ageny for International Development'

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