Relevant bibliographies by topics / United States. Agricultural subsidies Agriculture and state

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Academic literature on the topic 'United States. Agricultural subsidies Agriculture and state'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "United States. Agricultural subsidies Agriculture and state"

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Minat, V. N. "GOVERNMENT FUNDING FOR AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH IN THE UNITED STATES." Vestnik of Samara State University of Economics 3, no. 197 (2021): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.46554/1993-0453-2021-3-197-9-16.

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The innovation-oriented effective development of US agriculture is determined by the quantity and quality of the implemented results of agricultural research, funded by the main funds holder – the state. The purpose of the study is to identify trends in government funding of agricultural science in the United States. The rationale for these trends is considered in the unity of the dynamics and structure of state financing of agricultural research in 1889–2019 and the system characteristics of this process as an economic phenomenon. Using the techniques of statistical-economic and abstract- log
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Goldstein, Judith. "The impact of ideas on trade policy: the origins of U.S. agricultural and manufacturing policies." International Organization 43, no. 1 (1989): 31–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818300004550.

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Since the close of World War II, the United States has supported contradictory trade policies. In manufacturing, the United States has fostered a liberal trade regime, spurning government involvement in market transactions. In agriculture, it has sanctioned policies of import restrictions, export subsidies, and import fees. This variation is rooted in decisions that were made in the 1930s and institutionalized in the 1940s. In the wake of the Great Depression, policymakers concluded that state intervention helped agriculture and hurt industry. This article argues that the choice of government
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Bachynskyi, R. "International experience in stimulation of green initiatives in agriculture and directions of its implementation in the national practice." Ekonomìka ta upravlìnnâ APK, no. 1(162) (April 22, 2021): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-9262-2021-162-1-41-49.

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International experience of stimulation of green initiatives in agriculture is summarized in this article, directions of its implementation in national practice are determined. The article proves that insufficient development of green initiatives in agriculture is a result of effect of limiting barriers having economic and economic nature, and low level of development of incentive tools to stimulate agricultural producers. The arguments are given to understand the importance of foreign practice of incentives for agrarian producers to introduce green initiatives in agricultural industry, and to
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Kadomtseva, Marina Evgenievna, and Vasiliy Voldemarovich Neufeld. "Assessment of the dependence of the amount of applied mineral and organic fertilizers on the implementation of land user agricultural insurance programs." Agrarian Scientific Journal, no. 3 (March 16, 2020): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/asj.y2020i3pp16-22.

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Agricultural risk insurance, carried out on the basis of state support, is one of the mechanisms for creating the prerequisites for the financial stability of economic entities. However, there are also negative effects caused by this system: irrational changes in land use strategies in the direction of excessive use of mineral fertilizers, monocultures growing, etc. As an example, the experience of the United States is shown, where the growth of crop insurance subsidies leads to the adoption of production decisions that harm the environment. The article provides an analysis and comparison of t
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Muzychka, J., and O. Dadak. "Foreign experience of agricultural insurance and prospects of its adaptation in Ukraine." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 22, no. 95 (2020): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet-e9504.

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In the articles of the considered process of agrarian insurance in foreign countries. The essence of the concept of “agricultural insurance” and “agricultural insurance risk" is revealed. The history of development of agricultural insurance in the international market of insurance services is studied. There are several well-known national agricultural insurance systems and their characteristics. The national systems and participants of agrarian insurance in the countries of the world, namely: the United States of America, Canada, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Austria, France, Germany, Latvia and Pol
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Lavrov, V., Nadezhda Yurchenko, S. Batrakova, and Anastasiya Fetisova. "To question of food quality in the system of the Russian AIC." Agrarian Bulletin of the, no. 13 (January 29, 2021): 54–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.32417/1997-4868-2021-13-54-60.

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Abstract. The purpose of the research is to study the tools necessary to improve the quality of natural and organic agricultural products, as well as to increase the volume of their receipts and sales in the Russian agro-industrial complex and retail chains. In the context of the current crisis and sanctions from the United States and a number of countries of the European Union the problem of food security in our country is of particular importance. One of the main tasks of agriculture is not only solving the problem of import substitution by increasing the production of essential products, bu
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Нerasymenko, Y. S., V. O. Velieva, and R. M. Ostapenko. "Strategic Directions of Forming a State Mechanism to Stimulate the Development of Environmentally Sensitive Agribusiness." PROBLEMS OF ECONOMY 4, no. 46 (2020): 364–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-0712-2020-4-364-375.

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The purpose of the article is to develop conceptual foundations for the formation of a state mechanism to stimulate the development of environmentally sensitive agribusiness in Ukraine. It is emphasized that organic production in other countries receives significant state support. In addition, farmers view growing organic products as a factor that reduces risks and stabilizes prices for end products. Still, every country has its own specific features of providing state support. In some regions of France, subsidies can be obtained to cover the costs for certification and inspection, whose volum
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Dyker, David. "Will Russia Ever Join the WTO?" Hague Journal of Diplomacy 4, no. 1 (2009): 83–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187119109x394331.

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AbstractWhy would Russia, a major power, be thwarted for fourteen years in its attempt to join the World Trade Organization (WTO)? Through a detailed examination of Russia's WTO accession negotiations, the diplomatic processes of the WTO's accession procedures are uncovered, showing that this diplomacy is best understood as a complex process where state-level factors and international regime-level factors, such as the rules and conditions of accession, interact. In the Russian case, the dialogue's length partly reflects technical difficulties in specific elements of the negotiations and partly
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Luckstead, Jeff, Stephen Devadoss, and Abelardo Rodriguez. "The Effects of North American Free Trade Agreement and United States Farm Policies on Illegal Immigration and Agricultural Trade." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 44, no. 1 (2012): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800000134.

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We analyze the effects of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and United States farm subsidies on U.S.-Mexican illegal immigration and agricultural trade. The theoretical analysis develops an integrated trade-migration model and shows that NAFTA and U.S. subsidies exacerbate the illegal labor flow and increase U.S. exports. The theoretical analysis is empirically implemented by simultaneous estimation and simulation analysis. The analysis shows that NAFTA increased the number of undocumented workers to U.S. agriculture and U.S. farm exports to Mexico by an average of 1573 and $6.82
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Bajzík, Peter, and Peter Nováček. "GRANTING STATE AID IN THE AGRICULTURE SECTOR." Sociálno-ekonomická revue 19, no. 1 (2021): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.52665/ser20210101.

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The economic aid granted in the agricultural environment is the subsystem of State Aid, that represents the economic instrument for the strengthening of competitiveness of agriculture and for creating new jobs in the agricultural sector. State Aid promoting the economic development of the agricultural and forestry sectors and of rural areas is embedded in the broader Common Agricultural Policy. State Aid or subsidies is a legal term for money given from the state budget in direct or indirect form. However, despite a general prohibition of granting State Aid by national authorities in EU member
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "United States. Agricultural subsidies Agriculture and state"

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Lima, Thiago 1983. "A resiliência da política de subsídios agrícolas nos EUA." [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/281267.

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Orientador: Sebastião Carlos Velasco e Cruz<br>Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T23:41:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lima_Thiago_D.pdf: 3604427 bytes, checksum: 84dad2487212a606707cb5324e81d87d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014<br>Resumo: Recorremos à noção de Complexo Agroindustrial (CAI) para examinar a fonte do poder político que mantém os programas de subsídios em funcionamento, mesmo diante de toda contestação estadunidense e estrangeira a eles. Concluímos que os subsídios conferem às
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McIntosh, Christopher R. "Essays on incentives and behavior under risk." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1232409941&sid=8&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Wipf, Kevin. "Against the Grain: Globalization and Agricultural Subsidies in Canada and the United States." Thesis, University of Waterloo, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/748.

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This thesis investigates whether developments associated with globalization and regional integration have caused the levels of government support provided to agricultural producers in Canada and the United States to converge in a downward direction. The literature is sharply divided as to whether governments retain the ability to pursue an independent agricultural policy course. To shed light on this debate, the levels of government assistance payments made to farmers in six contiguous Canadian provinces and American states (Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, North Dakota, South Dakota, an
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Mobula, Meta Lidoga. "The impacts of United States agricultural policies on the world price of corn." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184724.

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The US government has been actively involved in the production and trade of agricultural products in the world market. Corn as an agricultural product has not been spared. The minimum price for corn has been set above the domestic and world market prices. Such pricing policies have naturally generated surpluses that have been traded in the world market at subsidized prices. At times, the US has used acreage control policy to help reduce the level of excess supply. Price and income subsidies also have been used to complement acreage control policy when surpluses are immense. The empirical resul
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Riley, John P. "Using subsidized put options to replace the federal price and income support programs for corn." Thesis, This resource online, 1991. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-10222009-125148/.

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Savard, Marielle. "Impact of Canadian stabilization programs on pork exports to the United States." Thesis, McGill University, 1989. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=55675.

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Montpetit, Eric. "Policy making performance, policy change, and political institutions : the formulation of an environmental policy for the agricultural sector in France, the United States and Canada /." *McMaster only, 1999.

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Lang, Helmut. "Agents of fundamental policy change? : political strategies of the environmental, sustainable agriculture, and family farm groups in the 1990 farm bill /." Thesis, This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-01122010-020218/.

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Ruffing, Jason L. "A Century of Overproduction in American Agriculture." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2014. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc700066/.

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American agriculture in the twentieth century underwent immense transformations. The triumphs in agriculture are emblematic of post-war American progress and expansion but do not accurately depict the evolution of American agriculture throughout an entire century of agricultural depression and economic failure. Some characteristics of this evolution are unprecedented efficiency in terms of output per capita, rapid industrialization and mechanization, the gradual slip of agriculture's portion of GNP, and an exodus of millions of farmers from agriculture leading to fewer and larger farms. The pu
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McCann, Dava R. "Farm operations, farm operators and commodity payments in 2007 : a statistical and geospatial approach." 2012. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1698822.

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The Farm Bill is a large omnibus bill that covers many titles, including commodity programs, and accounted for $23.9 billion in government spending in 2006. The purposes of this study are to determine if commodity variables are the only variables that are closely correlated to government commodity payments, and if government payments are distributed equitably by Farm Resource Region, based on the inequitable distribution of payments cited by other researchers. Data included economics, operator characteristics, farm typologies, tenure, and geographic variables. Kendall’s correlations and locati
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Books on the topic "United States. Agricultural subsidies Agriculture and state"

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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry. Commodity policy: Hearing before the Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry, United States Senate, One Hundred Fourth Congress, first session ... June 13, 1995. U.S. G.P.O., 1996.

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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry. Farm programs: Are Americans getting what they pay for? : hearing before the Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry, United States Senate, One Hundred Fourth Congress, first session ... March 9, 1995. U.S. G.P.O., 1996.

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United States. Government Accountability Office. Federal farm programs: USDA needs to strengthen controls to prevent improper payments to estates and deceased individuals : report to the ranking member, Committee on Fiinance, U.S. Senate. GAO, 2007.

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United, States Congress Senate Committee on Agriculture Nutrition and Forestry Subcommittee on Production and Price Competitiveness. Commodity policy: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Production and Price Competitiveness of the Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry, United States Senate, One Hundred Fourth Congress, first session, on commodity policy, June 15, 1995. U.S. G.P.O., 1996.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Agriculture. Subcommittee on Wheat, Soybeans, and Feed Grains. U.S. General Accounting Office report and U.S. Department of Agriculture report concerning the maximum payment limitation: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Wheat, Soybeans, and Feed Grains of the Committee on Agriculture, House of Representatives, One Hundredth Congress, first session, April 1, 1987, General Accounting Office; April 23, 1987, Department of Agriculture; April 28, 1987, Farm Organizations. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1988.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Agriculture. Subcommittee on Wheat, Soybeans, and Feed Grains. U.S. General Accounting Office report and U.S. Department of Agriculture report concerning the maximum payment limitation: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Wheat, Soybeans, and Feed Grains of the Committee on Agriculture, House of Representatives, One Hundredth Congress, first session, April 1, 1987, General Accounting Office; April 23, 1987, Department of Agriculture; April 28, 1987, Farm Organizations. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1988.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Agriculture. Subcommittee on Wheat, Soybeans, and Feed Grains. U.S. General Accounting Office report and U.S. Department of Agriculture report concerning the maximum payment limitation: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Wheat, Soybeans, and Feed Grains of the Committee on Agriculture, House of Representatives, One Hundredth Congress, first session, April 1, 1987, General Accounting Office; April 23, 1987, Department of Agriculture; April 28, 1987, Farm Organizations. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1988.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Agriculture. Subcommittee on Wheat, Soybeans, and Feed Grains. U.S. General Accounting Office report and U.S. Department of Agriculture report concerning the maximum payment limitation: Hearings before the Subcommittee on Wheat, Soybeans, and Feed Grains of the Committee on Agriculture, House of Representatives, One Hundredth Congress, first session. U.S. G.P.O., 1988.

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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry. Market effects of federal farm policy: Hearing before the Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry, United States Senate, One Hundred Fourth Congress, first session ... April 4, 1995. U.S. G.P.O., 1996.

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Agricultural program audit: Hearings before the Subcommittees on General Farm Commodities and Risk Management ; Conservation, Energy, and Forestry ; Nutrition and Horticulture ; Rural Development, Research, Biotechnology, and Foreign Agriculture ; Department Operations, Oversight, and Credit ; and Livestock, Dairy, and Poultry of the Committee on Agriculture, House of Representatives, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, first session, June 24 ; July 7, 13, 14, 20, 21, 27, 28 ; September 8, 13, 2011. U.S. G.P.O., 2012.

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Book chapters on the topic "United States. Agricultural subsidies Agriculture and state"

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Morgan, Kevin, Terry Marsden, and Jonathan Murdoch. "The Regulatory World of Agri-food: Politics, Power, and Conventions." In Worlds of Food. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199271580.003.0010.

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The history of agriculture in developed countries over the past seventy years is first and foremost a political history because of the intense interplay between farming and the state. Indeed, it is difficult to think of any other ‘industry’ which has been so comprehensively regulated by the state, over such a long period of time, as agriculture. Even neo-liberal governments in OECD countries have accepted the political compact between farming and the state on account of the ‘exceptionalism’ of agriculture. The rationale for its exceptional status might vary from country to country, but it invariably has something to do with one major aspect that distinguishes agriculture from all other industries: the fact that we ingest its products. In other words, the centrality of agriculture to human health is far and away the most important reason why many countries have sought to ensure a measure of food security by protecting their national farm sectors through permutations of production subsidies, price supports, and import controls—the origins of which stretch back to the 1930s in the case of the US and as far back as the nineteenth-century Corn Laws in the case, for example, of the UK. Agricultural history can be read in a number of different ways. The most polarized readings are the productivist and the ecological interpretations. The productivist discourse, which emphasizes the phenomenal productivity gains that have been achieved since the Second World War, is essentially a story of unalloyed economic success due to a tripartite alliance of state, science, and farmers. The ecological discourse, by contrast, points not to the economic benefits of the post-war productivity miracle, but to the social and environmental costs of agricultural intensification. In the US, where intensive farming practices are most advanced, such problems as soil erosion and animal welfare were attributed to the regulatory regime operated by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), which actively encouraged unsustainable farming practices. Similar connections have been made in Europe, where the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) was deemed to be the main culprit.
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"Propagated Fish in Resource Management." In Propagated Fish in Resource Management, edited by GARY C. MATLOCK. American Fisheries Society, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781888569698.ch21.

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&lt;em&gt;Abstract.&lt;/em&gt;—Aquaculture development in the United States continues its expansion from freshwater into coastal and nearshore oceanic environments. As it does so, the selection of species to culture and the location of culture operations are generating much debate about the role of government entities, especially agriculture and conservation agencies, in the management of this development. Many in the industry argue that regulations are already too onerous, subsidies are too few, governmental encouragement is too little, and that the best way to correct these problems is to place all control over the development in governmental agriculture agencies. Others argue that the potential environmental impacts of aquaculture could be so adverse, or at least so uncertain that conservation agencies need to impose even more controls. This debate occurred in Texas in the 1980s as private aquaculture sought to increase the culture of nonindigenous species, in both private and public waters. The potential effects on native species in public waters led to legislation that attempted to balance economic development with environmental safeguards. However, only Texas was affected by the statute and subsequent regulations. Since the potential environmental affects of aquaculture development will undoubtedly cross local, state, and tribal boundaries, it is now felt by many that the regulation of the species cultured and sites selected should be a federal issue. The same questions about who within the federal government should have responsibility for managing aquaculture development require resolution. This paper will examine lessons learned from the Texas experience for possible application in the federal arena.
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Gomula, Joanna. "Introductory Note." In The Global Community Yearbook of International Law and Jurisprudence 2018. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190072506.003.0022.

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In 2017 panel and Appellate Body reports were adopted in nine disputes. The disputes concerned alleged violations under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade of 1994 (GATT 1994), the Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement), the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM Agreement), the Anti-Dumping Agreement, and the Agreement on Agriculture. Four of the disputes concerned restrictions placed on the importation of animal products (mainly poultry and pigs), such as licensing requirements and import restrictions, tariff rate quotas established following re-negotiations with principal suppliers, and SPS measures. The dispute over a ban on importation of pigs featured an important issue relating to the “regionalization” of SPS measures. Two disputes provided clarification as to the relationship between WTO agreements, in particular, the relationship between GATT 1994 and the Agreement on Agriculture. The year 2017 also saw another case in the “series” of the Airbus/Boeing subsidies disputes, with the United States scoring a victory over the European Union.
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Havens, A. Eugene. "Capitalist Development in the United States: State, Accumulation, and Agricultural Production Systems*." In Studies in the Transformation of U.S. Agriculture. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429307829-2.

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Shapiro, Paul. "Feasting From the Federal Trough." In Impact of Meat Consumption on Health and Environmental Sustainability. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9553-5.ch013.

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The animal agribusiness industries often proclaim a libertarian mantra when asked to accept rules for their conduct in regard to animal welfare, the environment, and food safety. However, in this chapter, the author explores how when these industries suffer from lack of demand, their clamor toward socialism is stark. They consistently come to the US Congress and the United States Department of Agriculture with outstretched arms and cupped palms, seeking to defy the normal laws of economics that other businesses must navigate. In fact, the meat, egg, and dairy industries are enormous beneficiaries of generous federal subsidies, research and development, and even surplus buy-ups of unwanted product. Such a reliance on federal handouts by animal agribusiness calls into question their proclamation of libertarianism and free market principles.
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Wilhite, Donald A., and Mark D. Svoboda. "Monitoring Drought in the United States: Status and Trends." In Monitoring and Predicting Agricultural Drought. Oxford University Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195162349.003.0017.

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Drought occurs somewhere in the United States almost every year and results in serious economic, social, and environmental costs and losses. Drought is more commonly associated with the western United States because much of this region is typically arid to semiarid. For example, this region experienced widespread drought conditions from the late 1980s through the early 1990s. The widespread and severe drought that affected large portions of the nation in 1988 resulted in an estimated $39 billion in impacts in sectors ranging from agriculture and forestry to transportation, energy production, water supply, tourism, recreation, and the environment (Riebsame et al., 1991). In the case of agriculture, production losses of more than $15 billion occurred and especially devastated corn and spring wheat belts in addition to reducing exports to other nations. In 1995, the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) estimated annual losses attributable to drought at $6–8 billion (FEMA, 1995). Since 1995, drought has occurred in nearly all parts of the country, and many regions have been affected on several occasions and in consecutive years. Most of the eastern United States experienced an extremely severe drought in 1998– 99, and in parts of the southeast, drought occurred each year from 1999 through 2002, especially in Florida and Georgia. Figure 9.1 depicts nonirrigated corn yields for Nebraska for the period from 1950 to 2002. Nebraska is one of the principal agricultural states in the United States, and corn is one of its primary crops. The drought effects on yields are most apparent during the severe droughts of the mid-1950s, mid-1970s, 1980, 1983, 1988–89, and 2000. Extremely wet years, such as 1993 in the eastern part of the state, also depressed corn yields. Monitoring drought presents some unique challenges because of its distinctive characteristics (Wilhite, 2000). The purpose of this chapter is to document the current status of drought monitoring and assessment in the United States, particularly with regard to the agricultural sector.
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Perkins, John H. "The Rockefeller Foundation in Mexico : The New International Politics of Plant Breeding, 1941-1945." In Geopolitics and the Green Revolution. Oxford University Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195110135.003.0008.

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Events during World War I and in the years between the two world wars demonstrated that agricultural production was essential for the security of individual nations. No country could afford to neglect its food supply if it wished to maintain its status as a major military power. In addition, pressures from technically sophisticated farmers and industrialists, both interested in efficient agricultural production, solidified the use of scientific research in reforming the agricultural economy. Underlying the drive for both military power and efficient agricultural production was a powerful vision of the nation-state as an industrial economy in which all natural resources, including agriculture, were marshaled by the rational control of modern science. Both people and nature were subservient to the imperatives of power and rationalism in the new scheme of things. What was largely missing from the pre-1939 vision, however, was a sense of how nations might interact to address issues of industrialization and agricultural modernization. By 1939 industrial states like the United Kingdom and the United States developed a sense of how individually they should manage their industrial and agricultural resources, and the British government certainly had a clear sense of how the Indian economy should be controlled. Outside of the realms of direct imperialism, however, industrial countries had only vague notions about how to use scientific and economic policy to foster their aims internationally. Furthermore, no country had any profound sense, incorporated into policy, that rich and powerful countries should assist the poor countries to achieve a better standard of living for humanitarian reasons. Aside from imperialism, therefore, in 1939 no analytical framework existed to see how agricultural science and technology and modernization of agriculture fit into the overall scheme of international relations and power. Perhaps the only exception to this situation was a small program of the Rockefeller Foundation in China. In 1924 the International Education Board of the Rockefeller Foundation began to assist the University of Nanking with wheat improvement, economic issues, and other projects. In addition, during the 1920s, the foundation supported medical reform in China.
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Perramond, Eric P. "Desert Traffic: The Dynamics of the Drug Trade in Northwestern Mexico." In Dangerous Harvest. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195143201.003.0014.

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The semiarid expanses of northern Mexico have long been a haven for drug trafficking and shipment into the southwestern United States. During the past 3 decades, a more specialized and dedicated drug industry has used the long U.S.-Mexican border to move illicit narcotics. Northern Mexico is not a heavily indigenous zone, and yet some native populations have been adversely affected by this recent industry, and not just a few have taken a role in it. Two states in northern Mexico that still have indigenous peoples are Sonora and Chihuahua. Both of these semiarid states are more sparsely populated than the rest of Mexico, yet both share a long, expansive border with the United States. Thus, neither state has escaped the activities of the drug industry, and some of the major drug cartels are located in this region (figure 8.1), the largest in urban areas such as Ciudad Juarez in the state of Chihuahua and Culiacán in the state of Sinaloa. Although these urban areas are the economic and logistical centers of two large cartels, an aspect frequently ignored in the literature, and certainly in policy circles, is the variety of scales of production in this industry. Aside from these giant cartels, drug cultivation, production, and transportation are also common at lesser scales, and the difficulties and dangers associated with drug production and trafficking extend to these small farmers. Small plots of marijuana (Cannabis sativa) and poppies (Papaver somniferum) dot the northern Mexican landscape, especially in the foothills and high peaks of the Sierra Madre. Most of the poppy production lies further south, in the states of Michoacan, Guerrero, and Oaxaca. Marijuana (Cannabis) is by far the more common of the two illicit crops grown in Mexico, partly because of its longer history of cultivation in the country’s mountainous regions and partly because of its greater ease of integration into agriculture. Poppy fields are a lot harder to hide, both from neighbors and from more interested authorities. Marijuana is also more easily intercropped with more common agricultural crops. Intercropping is the practice of growing two or more crops in the same field or parcel of land, and it is common when farmers need to maximize total output per unit of area (Wilken 1987: 248). I have seen marijuana integrated with corn, bean, squash, sunflower, and tomato plants.
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9

Perkins, John H. "Wheat Breeding and the Consolidation of Indian Autonomy, 1940-1970." In Geopolitics and the Green Revolution. Oxford University Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195110135.003.0011.

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Between 1940 and 1970, India vastly increased its wheat-breeding efforts, which in turn became part of the country’s capacity for high-yielding agriculture. These changes in agricultural science and production practices were by no means incidental to Indian politics. On the contrary, the embrace of science and high-yielding practices was the result of intense debate and experimentation with a number of policies. On the surface, the arguments were about how best to increase food production, but the debates had a far deeper meaning. They touched the very heart and soul of what independent India was to be, and on their outcome rested India’s ability to be an autonomous nation. The debate sharpened its focus at independence in 1947, when a single question became paramount: Should India aspire to be an industrialized, urban society? Or should India create a more prosperous but agrarian society based on hundreds of thousands of largely self-sufficient rural villages? Finding an acceptable answer to this question posed far more difficult problems for Indian politics than the central question that had existed for nearly a century: how to get the British to leave. During the three decades from 1940 to 1970, India at various times (1) expanded the amount of land devoted to food production; (2) managed food shortages through a system of price control and state procurement of grain; (3) launched community development programs in an attempt to raise the well-being of villages in an egalitarian way; (4) obtained grants and low-cost sales of surplus wheat from the United States and elsewhere in order to cover its food production deficit; and (5) embraced the promise of science to increase yields, reluctantly at first, then enthusiastically. In the end, it was the science, particularly the key contributions of plant breeding, that tipped the balance toward higher levels of wheat production. Repercussions of the ideological clashes involved in making this choice continue within India even today. This chapter covers the events in three phases. First, at independence India was already in a food crisis caused by the collapse of food production in the last years of the British raj and the effects of partition.
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Conference papers on the topic "United States. Agricultural subsidies Agriculture and state"

1

"Agricultural Information and the State in the Late 19th Century: The Annual Reports of the United States Department of Agriculture." In iConference 2014 Proceedings: Breaking Down Walls. Culture - Context - Computing. iSchools, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.9776/14415.

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