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1
Ladd, Conrad M. "Power to the People." Mechanical Engineering 122, no. 09 (September 1, 2000): 68–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2000-sep-4.
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This article highlights that the creation of efficient electric appliances using cheap electricity has enabled us to enjoy healthier and more bountiful lives. Since electric power results from the conversion of energy resources in an electric power generating plant, those resources must be adequate and available at low cost at the plant site. Mechanical engineers developed the machinery for coal mining, for coal transportation, and for bulk coal handling. GE and Westinghouse made early contributions starting in electric generator and electric motor development. The US electric utility industry has been mandated by several states to sell all or a large portion of its generating plants. Independent power generators are building new combined-cycle units in selected market regions. Mergers and acquisitions of electric utilities are continuing to increase the size of parent company operations. Mechanical engineers have developed relatively low-cost electric power generation technology through the 20th century, enabling the United States to maintain its world economic leadership and standard of living.
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Crawford, Mark C., and Thomas Romer. "Increasing Efficiency." Mechanical Engineering 139, no. 12 (December 1, 2017): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2017-dec-5.
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This article discusses the technology used at the John W. Turk Jr. Power Plant in Fulton, Ark., to tackle the challenges of raising the pressure and temperature of the steam to new heights. The Turk plant is the first in the United States where the final steam conditions exceed both the critical pressure and a temperature of 1,100°F. Operating as an ultrasupercritical boiler, the Turk plant has the highest net plant efficiency of any solid fuel power plant in the United States. In this plant, Southwestern Electric Power Company tapped Babcock & Wilcox to design, supply, and erect the 600-MW advanced supercritical steam generator. To best optimize efficiency, the design team selected a single reheat cycle with elevated steam pressure and temperature. Babcock & Wilcox engineers also employed computational fluid dynamics modeling to place burners and overfire air ports to make the best use of low-sulfur coal.
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MacKenzie, Kimberly. "Engineering Students and Professionals Report Different Levels of Information Literacy Needs and Challenges." Evidence Based Library and Information Practice 15, no. 1 (March 13, 2020): 238–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.18438/eblip29654.
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A Review of:
Phillips, M., Fosmire, M., Turner, L., Petersheim, K., & Lu, J. (2019). Comparing the information needs and experiences of undergraduate students and practicing engineers. The Journal of Academic Librarianship, 45(1), 39-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acalib.2018.12.004
Abstract
Objective – To compare the levels of information literacy, needs, and challenges of undergraduate engineering students with those of practising engineers.
Design – Electronic survey.
Setting – Large land grant university in the Midwestern United States and multiple locations of a global construction machinery manufacturing company (locations in Asia Pacific, Europe, North America).
Subjects – Engineering undergraduates and full-time engineers.
Methods – Two voluntary online surveys distributed to (a) students in two undergraduate engineering technology classes and one mechanical engineering class; and (b) to engineers in an online newsletter. None of the questions on the survey were mandatory. Because the call for practising engineers generated a low response rate, direct invitations were sent in batches of 100 to randomly selected engineers from a list provided by the human resources department of the company participating in the study. The surveys were similar but not identical and included multiple choice, Likert scale, and short answer questions. Data analysis included two-sided unpaired sample t-tests (quantitative data) and deductive and inductive content analysis (qualitative data).
Main Results – There were 63 students and 134 professional engineers among the respondents. Survey response rates were relatively low (24.3% for students; approximately 4.5% for employees). Students rated themselves higher overall and significantly higher than did engineers on the questions “know where to look for information” (students M = 5.3; engineers M = 4.2) and “identifying the most needed information” (students M = 5.5; engineers M = 4.8) (mean values reported on a 7-point scale). Neither group rated themselves highly on “reflecting on how to improve their performance next time” or “having a highly effective structure for organizing information,” though engineers in North America rated themselves significantly higher than those in Asia Pacific on organizing information, knowing where to look for information, and using information to make decisions.
Both students and engineers reported often using Google to find information. The library was mentioned by one-half of engineers and one-third of students. Engineers reported consulting with peers for information and making more use of propriety information from within their companies, while students reported using YouTube videos and online forums, as well as news and social media. More than half of students (57%) reported having enough access to information resources, while 67% of engineers felt that they lacked sufficient access. The most common frustration for both groups was locating the information (45% of student responses; 71% of engineer responses). Students reported more frustration with evaluating information (17%) compared to engineers (9%).
Conclusion – Engineering students and professional engineers report differences in their levels of confidence in finding information and differences in the complexity of the information landscape. Engineering librarians at the university level can incorporate this knowledge into information literacy courses to help prepare undergraduates for industry. Corporate librarians can use this information to improve methods to support the needs of engineers at all levels of employment.
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Richards, Paul G., Douglas A. Anderson, and David W. Simpson. "A survey of blasting activity in the United States." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 82, no. 3 (June 1, 1992): 1416–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0820031416.
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Abstract Statistical information on chemical explosions is needed in seismology, to evaluate the practical difficulties in identifying this very common type of seismic source from other seismic sources such as small earthquakes and small nuclear explosions. We have obtained data on blasting activity from three different sources: (1) overview information from the U.S. Bureau of Mines (USBM) on the total amount of chemical explosives used in the United States during 1987, with breakdowns into different explosive types, and usage by different states; (2) overview information from the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) on the numbers of mines, of different types, in the United States; and (3) detailed information from a private company (Vibra-Tech Engineers, Inc.) on total shot size and size of charge per delay for 20,813 blasts carried out in 1987 at 532 locations. Our procedure has been to extrapolate the detailed information contained in the 1987 Vibra-Tech data for a limited number of states and thus to obtain estimates for the whole country on numbers of shots and their size distribution. The extrapolation is constrained by the data from USBM (numbers of shots, sizes) and the MSHA (locations). Blasting activity does not fluctuate greatly from year to year and 1987 was representative of current practice. We find that about 2.2 million metric tons of chemical explosive are used annually in the continental U.S., principally in mining for coal and metal ores. On a typical work day, there are roughly 30 explosions greater than 50 tons, including about one greater than 200 tons. There was one industrial explosion in 1987 at about 1400 tons. For shots between 1 ton and 100 tons, the cumulative distribution has a b-value near unity; that is, if N is the number of shots (per year) greater than or equal to W tons, N ∝ 10 − b log W = W − b with b roughly equal to 1. This result is similar to the size distribution of earthquakes greater than magnitude mb, N ∝ 10 − b m b . Almost all chemical explosions above 1 ton are ripple-fired. The typical shot uses 20 to 50 separate delays.
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Greenstein, David E. "AssemblingFordizm: The Production of Automobiles, Americans, and Bolsheviks in Detroit and Early Soviet Russia." Comparative Studies in Society and History 56, no. 2 (April 2014): 259–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417514000048.
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AbstractThe expansion of the Ford Motor Company into Soviet Russia has been understood as part of a unidirectional spread of American economic power and cultural forms abroad following the First World War. This essay looks beyond the automobiles and manufacturing methods sent from Ford facilities in Detroit to the emerging Soviet automobile industry to examine multidirectional migrations of workers between Russia and the United States that underlay but sometimes collided with Ford's system. Workers, managers, engineers, and cultural, technical, and disciplinary knowledge moved back and forth between factories in Soviet Russia and the United States. Efforts to define, track, and shape workers in both countries as Americans, Russians, or Bolsheviks were integral to the construction of the products and methods that Ford sold. But many workers fell in between and contested these classifications and they often defied company attempts to create an efficient and homogeneous American workforce. In Russia, too, more than Soviet and American automobiles were produced: people and ideas were created that crossed and blurred boundaries between “American” and “Soviet.” There, “Fordizm” became a popular watchword among Soviet commentators and workers as a near-synonym for industrialization, mass production, and efficiency. Many saw it as a potentially valuable component of a new socialist world. These multidirectional movements, recorded in Ford Motor Company archives and related documents, suggest that rather than separate and alternative projects, Ford's burgeoning system to transform manufacturing and workers' lives in Detroit was linked to the Soviet revolutionary project to recreate life and work.
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Nemoto, Kumiko. "Global Production, Local Racialized Masculinities: Profit Pressure and Risk-taking Acts in a Japanese Auto-parts Company in the United States." Men and Masculinities 23, no. 3-4 (May 14, 2018): 476–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1097184x18775468.
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Expansion of global production in the automotive industry has made America’s local plants increasingly racially varied but also more financially pressured. However, research on global firms under financial pressure that focuses on the workplace dynamics of managers and production workers of different races and nationalities remains limited. This article examines the organizational processes of masculinity enactment of three groups of men—Japanese managers, American managers, and American production workers—in a financially pressured Japanese auto-parts company. It describes how Japanese managers rationalized account manipulation as a profit recovery scheme and American workers validated this approach as being self-sacrificing and representative of heroic leadership; white American managers asserted their authority over engineers, women, and Japanese men by using intimidation and emasculation; and a production worker displayed his compensated masculinity by forcing his team to engage in hiding defective products. This article discusses the implications of these acts and their legitimization of unethical behaviors with the goal of increasing corporate profits from the perspectives of masculinities and of management.
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Moreno, Cristina, Svetlana Olbina, and Raja R. Issa. "BIM Use by Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) Industry in Educational Facility Projects." Advances in Civil Engineering 2019 (July 3, 2019): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1392684.
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In recent years, many public and private sector owners have started to require a building information modeling (BIM) component in new construction projects. Although there has been a significant increase in industry-wide acceptance of BIM, it is still not a standard practice in the educational facility sector. This research aimed at exploring the use of BIM in educational facility projects by the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) disciplines. A survey that investigated BIM adoption at the company level, BIM implementation in projects, benefits of using BIM, and obstacles to using BIM was distributed to architects, site engineers, structural engineers, mechanical engineers, and contractors across the United States. The survey results showed that a majority of the respondents from all five disciplines used BIM. BIM was most commonly used for 3D visualization, automation of documentation, and clash detection. The most important benefits of BIM included better marketing and clearer understanding of projects which is crucial for clients such as school students, teachers, and principals. Lack of expertise and need for training seemed to be main obstacles to BIM use. The research contributes to the body of knowledge by showing prevalence of BIM use on educational facility projects and indicating how BIM could help improve collaborative knowledge sharing among designers, contractors, and clients, resulting in better quality educational buildings. These research findings can be used to assist AEC companies that are interested in implementing BIM in the educational facility projects.
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Blom, Joost. "Canadian Cases in Private International Law in 2006–7 / Jurisprudence canadienne en matière de droit international privé en 2006–7." Canadian Yearbook of international Law/Annuaire canadien de droit international 45 (2008): 563–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0069005800009437.
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The plaintiff, a New Brunswick company, maintained aircraft engines and often sent engines to the United States to be repaired by the original manufacturer or other repair facilities. The plaintiff contracted with the first defendant, a Canadian logistics operator, to handle the customs clearances. The first defendant often subcontracted the work to the second defendant, a United States logistics operator. When the plaintiff, under pressure from United States authorities, undertook a review of its compliance with United States customs laws, the defendants (so the plaintiff alleged) failed to provide sufficient or timely assistance, a default for which the plaintiff sued them in British Columbia. The first defendant was registered as an extraprovincial corporation in British Columbia, and so had appointed an agent for service there, but the second defendant applied to have the claim against it dismissed on the basis that the court lacked jurisdiction. Jurisdiction depended on whether the claim had a real and substantial connection with the province as required by section 3(e) of the Court Jurisdiction and Proceedings Transfer Act, S.B.C. 2003, c. 28. The chambers judge held that the plaintiff had pleaded sufficient jurisdictional facts to bring its claim with one or other of the categories of presumed real and substantial connection in section 10 of the act.
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Crofts, Penny, and Honni Van Rijswijk. "Negotiating 'Evil': Google, Project Maven and the Corporate Form." Law, Technology and Humans 2, no. 1 (February 27, 2020): 75–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/lthj.v2i1.1313.
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‘Don’t be evil’ was part of Google’s corporate code of conduct since 2000; however, it was quietly removed in April or May 2018 and subsequently replaced with ‘do the right thing’. Questions were raised both internally and externally to the organisation regarding the substantive meaning of this imperative. Some have highlighted the company’s original intentions in creating the code of conduct, while others have used the motto as a basis for critiquing the company—such as for its advertising practices, failure to pay corporate tax or the manipulation of Google-owned content. The imperative’s removal occurred at a time when thousands of Google employees, including senior engineers, signed a letter protesting the company’s involvement in Project Maven, a Pentagon program that uses artificial intelligence to interpret video imagery, which could in turn be used to improve the targeting capability of drone strikes. Employees asserted their refusal to be involved in the business of war and expressed their wariness of the United States government’s use of technology. This article will examine the legal construct and concept of the corporation, and whether it is possible for corporations to not be evil in the twenty-first century.
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Beckman, Ericka. "An Oil Well Named Macondo: Latin American Literature in the Time of Global Capital." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 127, no. 1 (January 2012): 145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2012.127.1.145.
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For three months in the spring and summer of 2010, almost five million gallons of crude oil gushed uncontrollably from a broken BP well into the Gulf of Mexico, in what is thus far the worst petroleum spill in history. At the moment the spill occurred, the world was still reeling from the largest international financial disaster the world has yet known, one that reverberated from Iceland to the United States to the outer edges of the European Union in Greece and Spain. If the financial crisis was characterized by the sudden disappearance of intangible and invisible financial value, the horrific spectacle of oil-drenched seascapes, birds, fish, and coastlines resulting from the BP spill was a tangible reminder that capitalism had still not been able to emancipate itself from its material body. Even more troubling was the fact that the first several attempts by the multi-billion-dollar company to stanch the broken well were stunning failures: daily news broadcasts brought into public consciousness terms like top kill and kill mud, as hydraulic engineers armed with golf balls and sundry varieties of foam tried to kill the sea monster created by BP.
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Heinrich, Thomas. "Product Diversification in the U.S. Pulp and Paper Industry: The Case of International Paper, 1898–1941." Business History Review 75, no. 3 (2001): 467–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3116384.
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During the years 1918 to 1941, International Paper (IP) launched a massive product diversification effort. Engineered by three successive presidents, diversification turned the company from a newsprint producer based in the northeastern United States into an international manufacturer of southern kraft grades, Canadian newsprint, hydroelectric power, and specialty papers. With the exception of kraft paperboard and converted products, however, the new product lines failed to provide IP with a firm foothold in markets for consumer nondurables, where nimbler competitors thrived even during the 1930s. IP and firms in other “maturing industries” that clung to traditional products and stagnant markets contributed to the length and severity of the Great Depression.
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Tian, Guang, Keunhyun Park, and Reid Ewing. "Trip and parking generation rates for different housing types: Effects of compact development." Urban Studies 56, no. 8 (June 7, 2018): 1554–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098018770075.
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Guidelines for trip and parking generation in the United States come mainly from the Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE). However, their trip and parking manuals focus on suburban locations with limited transit and pedestrian access. This study aims to determine how many fewer vehicle trips are generated and how much less parking demand is generated, by different housing types (single-family attached, single-family detached, and apartment and condo) and in different settings (from low density suburban environments to compact, mixed-use urban environments). Using household travel survey data from 30 diverse regions of the United States, we estimate a multilevel negative binomial model of vehicle trip generation and a multilevel Poisson model of vehicle ownership, vehicle trip generation and vehicle ownership being logically modelled as count variables. The models have the expected signs on their coefficients and have respectable explanatory power. Vehicle trip generation and vehicle ownership (and hence parking demand) decrease with the compactness of neighbourhood development, measured with a principal component that depends on activity density, land use diversity, percentage of four-way intersections, transit stop density and employment accessibility (after controlling for sociodemographic variables). The models capture the phenomena of ‘trip degeneration’ and ‘car shedding’ as development patterns become more compact. Reducing the number of required parking spaces, and vehicle trips for which mitigation is required, creates the potential for significant savings when developing urban projects. Guidelines are provided for using study results in transportation planning.
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Longston, Lee. "Electrically Charged." Mechanical Engineering 124, no. 06 (June 1, 2002): 50–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2002-jun-3.
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This article focuses on gas turbines that were produced in 2001 spanning a wide range of capacities. As the engineer's most versatile energy converters, gas turbines producing thrust power continued in 2001 to propel most of the world's aircraft, both military and commercial. The largest commercial jet engines today can produce as much as 120,000 pounds thrust, or some 534,000 Newton. More natural gas pipeline capacity will be added to feed the surge in gas-driven electric power plants that have been corning online in the United States and other parts of the world. The gas turbine may come to be used in a new, commercially promising closed-cycle configuration. A South African company has been working on plans to build and test a prototype of a closed-cycle electric power gas turbine, which uses helium gas as the working fluid and a helium-cooled nuclear reactor to provide heat to power the cycle. If the gas turbine-nuclear reactor power plant is successful, the gas turbine may be the key to yet another energy conversion device, as it has been with record-setting numbers of combined-cycle plants installed worldwide.
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Zein, Sany R., and Frank Navin. "Road Safety Engineering: Role for Insurance Companies?" Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1734, no. 1 (January 2000): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1734-02.
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Over the last 10 years there has been a growing trend among automobile insurance companies to become involved in road safety engineering programs. While the involvement of insurance companies in driver education and vehicle design initiatives is common, insurance company initiatives aimed at the engineering element of road safety is a relatively new trend. This research summarizes the major road safety engineering programs undertaken by six insurance companies in Australia, Canada, and the United States, and presents some of the results achieved. The research finds that the immediacy of the benefit derived from road safety engineering improvements, coupled with an expanding knowledge base in this field, are contributing to the growth in interest in road safety among insurance companies. The financial interest of insurance companies in reducing crash frequencies and severities, as well as any related positive public image that road safety advocacy can generate, will likely mean that more insurance companies will be exploring avenues for participation in road safety programs. Opportunities exist for cooperation between the insurance industry and transportation engineers, and they should be pursued for mutual benefit. Although the ultimate responsibility and authority for roads should remain with public agencies, the incentive and emphasis that insurance companies place on road safety provide a unique opportunity to help reduce the daily risks that we face in a mobile world.
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Tabsh, Sami W., and Muna Tabatabai. "Live-Load Girder Distribution Factors for Bridges Subjected to Wide Trucks." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1696, no. 1 (January 2000): 144–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1696-56.
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An important problem facing engineers and officials in the United States is the constraint imposed on transportation due to limitations of bridges. These limitations typically constrain vehicles to minimum heights and widths, to minimum and maximum lengths, and to a maximum allowable weight. However, with current demands of society and industry, there are times when a truck must carry a load that exceeds the size and weight of the legal limit. In this situation, the trucking company requests from the state departments of transportation an overload permit. For a truck with a wheel gauge larger than 1.8 m (6 ft), the process of issuing a permit for an overload truck requires a tremendous amount of engineering efforts. This is because the wheel load girder distribution factors (GDFs) in the design specifications cannot be used to estimate the live-load effect in the girders. In some cases, an expensive and time-consuming finite element analysis may be needed to check the safety of the structure. In this study, the finite element method is used to develop a modification factor for the GDF in AASHTO’s LRFD Bridge Design Specifications to account for oversized trucks with a wheel gauge larger than 1.8 m. To develop this factor, nine bridges were considered with various numbers of girders, span lengths, girder spacings, and deck slab thicknesses. The results indicated that use of the proposed modification factor with the GDF in the design specifications can help increase the allowable load on slab-on-girder bridges.
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Stroh, Steven L., and Rajan Sen. "Steel Bridges with Double-Composite Action: Innovative Design." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1696, no. 1 (January 2000): 299–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1696-31.
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Bridge engineers are continually faced with the challenge of providing efficient and cost-effective structures. In particular, the Florida Department of Transportation has recognized the need to develop economical bridge configurations in the medium-span range of 200- to 400-ft (60.96-to 121.92-m) spans and authorized a research project at the University of South Florida to identify and develop innovative design concepts within this span range. The study identified the concept of a steel bridge with double-composite action as an innovative bridge concept with the potential for significant cost savings compared with conventional modes of construction. This bridge type has been used with good success in Europe, but to the authors’ knowledge it has not been used in the United States. In addition to a composite concrete top slab, the double-composite bridge concept utilizes a composite concrete bottom slab in the negative moment regions. The result is provision of a design meeting compact requirements throughout, increased stiffness with corresponding decrease in fatigue stress range and deflections, savings in cross frames, and savings in flange material. The design implications of this system are examined, including redistribution effects due to creep and shrinkage, implications of different construction sequences, and strength and serviceability issues. Trial designs are presented, including both plate and box girder type structures, and design considerations are discussed. A prototype structure is identified for further development of the double-composite concept.
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Henning, R. E., and L. P. Dunleavy. "Educating microwave engineers in the United States." IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 41, no. 6 (1993): 913–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/22.238504.
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Pransky, Joanne. "The Pransky interview: Mitchell Weiss, CTO, Seegrid Corporation." Industrial Robot: An International Journal 44, no. 2 (March 20, 2017): 137–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ir-01-2017-0012.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is a “Q&A interview” conducted by Joanne Pransky of Industrial Robot Journal as a method to impart the combined technological, business and personal experience of a prominent, robotic industry engineer-turned-entrepreneur regarding the evolution, commercialization and challenges of bringing a technological invention to market. Design/methodology/approach The interviewee is Mitchell Weiss, Chief Technology Officer (CTO) for Seegrid Corporation, a manufacturer of stereo vision-guided robots and vehicle control systems. As an accomplished executive of automation and robotics companies, Weiss shares his experiences and industry knowledge, including his first full-time job out of college at Unimation, the world’s first robot company. Findings Weiss received a Bachelor of Science from MIT and a Graduate Certificate in Intellectual Property (IP) from Northeastern University, has taught at Penn State and the University of Pennsylvania and has lectured at MIT. He has served as the Chief Operating Officer at Seegrid Corp.; CTO at Brooks Automation; CTO and Vice President of PRI Automation; President of ProgramMation, Inc.; and Chief Engineer and Co-Founder at United States Robots, Inc. Originality/value Weiss holds 24 patents, is an expert witness in IP litigation, is Vice Chair of ASTM F45 Driverless Automatic Guided Industrial Vehicles and is a member of ANSI/ITSDF B56.5 Safety Standard for Driverless, Automatic Guided Industrial Vehicles and Automated Functions of Manned Industrial Vehicles. He is also one of the co-authors of the 1986 McGraw-Hill book Industrial Robotics: Technology, Programming, and Applications. Weiss has led his high-technology robotic and automation companies to be successful in the installation of worldwide automation systems in semiconductor manufacturing, electronics manufacturing, automotive and warehousing and distribution. His technical achievements in product design, development and production combined with his business expertise in fund-raising, initial public offering and mergers & acquisitions provide companies with a unique, forward-thinking technology roadmap.
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Roberts, J. "United States tobacco company rolls over." BMJ 312, no. 7033 (March 23, 1996): 725. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.312.7033.725.
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Hanks, Sara. "Foreign Company Listings in the United States." International Journal of Accounting 34, no. 1 (January 1999): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7063(99)80001-6.
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Byrkjeflot, Haldor. "Engineers and Management in Germany and the United States." Entreprises et histoire 19, no. 2 (1998): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/eh.019.0047.
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WELLS, WILLIAM R., and JEROME E. HAHN. "Future Mathematical Needs of Engineers in the United States." European Journal of Engineering Education 10, no. 3-4 (September 1985): 305–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03043798508939261.
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CO, Catherine Yap. "Chinese Contractors in the United States." East Asian Policy 05, no. 03 (July 2013): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793930513000287.
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A 2009 American Society of Civil Engineers report indicates significant underinvestment in the maintenance and upgrading of US infrastructure. The group estimates a five-year investment of US$2.2 trillion is required. This presents an exciting opportunity for Chinese construction and engineering firms. Because infrastructure work provides long-term economic benefits, if done without controversy, they might generate goodwill towards China and may even help advance Chinese commercial interests in the United States.
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Toyoda, Taro. "UNITED STATES PETROLEUM COMPANY AND OIL FIELD MANAGEMENT." Keiei Shigaku (Japan Business History Review) 39, no. 2 (2004): 28–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5029/bhsj.39.2_28.
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Margolin, Victor. "The United States in World War II: Scientists, Engineers, Designers." Design Issues 29, no. 1 (January 2013): 14–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/desi_a_00193.
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Sabharwal, Meghna, and Roli Varma. "Scientific Diaspora: Stay Plans of Indian Faculty in the United States." Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 14, no. 3 (March 2, 2015): 368–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691497-12341351.
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In recent years, the “brain drain” experienced by developing countries, as their scientists and engineers chose to work and live permanently in developed countries, is seen as reversing. Although a reverse brain drain is projected as a new trend, a substantial number of immigrant scientists and engineers continue to work and live in developed countries. This paper presents the reasons why Indian faculty in science and engineering stay in the United States. Data for this study come from 51 in-depth interviews of faculty members of Indian origin working in various research universities across theus. Findings show that, although Indian faculty came to theusfor higher education without intending to become permanent residents, they chose to stay mostly due to the research opportunities, favorable work environments, career prospects and lifestyle preferences available in theus. They cope with the absence of family and cultural distance through periodic visits to India and by developing professional relationships with scientists and engineers in their home country—activities that facilitate transnational migration. The study adds validity to the international migration theory, which has not taken this particular group of faculty into consideration.
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Lin-chun, Wu. "China and the United States: Business, Technology, and Networks, 1914–1941." Journal of American-East Asian Relations 27, no. 2 (July 15, 2020): 119–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18765610-02702002.
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This paper studies the activities of American enterprises, technology, and related business organizations and engineering groups in China from the outbreak of World War i to the Pacific War and explains how these activities helped establish connections between China and the world. It borrows the concept of “networks” from Professor Sherman Cochran’s extraordinary book titled Encountering Chinese Networks, but broadens the scope of the term to include activity at the level of management and competition, as well as placing Sino-American relations in transnational perspective. Using a multi-archival approach to examine China’s major attempts at internationalization, this article focuses on the cases of the American Asiatic Association, the American Chamber of Commerce of China, and the Association of Chinese and American Engineers to show how these networks played important roles in the development of Chinese-American relations. It also discusses the issues of standardization, “scientific management,” and professionalism of entrepreneurs and engineers in influencing network making.
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Varma, Roli. "To Be or Not to Be on H-1B Visas: Engineers from India in the United States." Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 19, no. 3 (September 8, 2020): 281–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691497-12341557.
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Abstract Foreign-born scientists and engineers are increasingly present in technology companies in the United States. Some of them are immigrants, that is, aliens admitted to the US for lawful permanent residence; others are non-immigrants, that is, aliens admitted to the US for a specific period of time for temporary work. Whether immigrant or non-immigrant, an overwhelming majority of foreign-born scientists and engineers enter the US technology sector through one single H-1B visa program. Using a case study of Indian engineers, this article shows different sub-paths of the H-1B visa program, which leads to significant differences in their immigration, work, and socio-economic experiences. The article is based on the secondary sources and 40 in-depth interviews conducted with Indian engineers working in US technology companies.
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Sprouse III, Charles E., Maximilian Davy, Anna Doyle, and Grace Rembold. "A Critical Survey of Environmental Content in United States Undergraduate Mechanical Engineering Curricula." Sustainability 13, no. 12 (June 21, 2021): 6961. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13126961.
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This survey examines how mechanical engineers are being prepared to be responsible stewards of the environment by offering a multi-channeled look at a diverse collection of twelve US colleges and universities, with connections to the larger global context. This study enumerates the external influences of professional organizations, those responsible for program accreditation (Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET)), professional conduct (American Society of Mechanical Engineers), and licensure (National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying, National Society of Professional Engineers). At the curricular level, this study presents current mechanical engineering curricula via core courses (required at most institutions) and non-core courses (required at a minority of institutions or elective courses). The curriculum study identifies fifteen core courses and uses the Open Syllabus Project and online bookstores to identify a representative textbook and classify the environmental content therein. Immediate results show the environment receiving sparse treatment in core course textbooks, institutions having zero environment-focused degree requirements, and a tendency towards offering electives that are narrowly focused on green technologies. Elective offerings mirror ABET’s recent move away from emphasizing the “broad education necessary to understand the impact” of engineering solutions to instead “consider the impact of” engineering solutions in an environmental context. Overall, the environmental education mechanical engineers are receiving is insufficient in amount and lacking in scientific and ethical foundation. Ideally, every mechanical engineering program should include coordinated environmental content throughout the curriculum and require at least one course that teaches both environmental design principles and the importance of environmental stewardship. A novel approach eschews the typical artes mechanicae course structure to teach environmental stewardship in the artes liberales educational tradition, emphasizing multi-dimensional thinking by employing great books style discussions of seminal scientific, ethical, and technological works.
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Tuffnell, Stephen. "Engineering inter-imperialism: American miners and the transformation of global mining, 1871–1910." Journal of Global History 10, no. 1 (February 18, 2015): 53–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1740022814000369.
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AbstractThis article examines the transnational circulation of American mine engineers between the United States, southern Africa, and the Americas in the late nineteenth century. Technology and knowledge was diffused worldwide with the circulation of American engineers who styled themselves as expert race managers as they compared the labour practices of mines across the world. The article's focus is the extension of the United States’ global footprint to South Africa, where an expatriate ‘colony’ of American engineers created a resilient form of Anglo-American inter-imperial collaboration. As they worked the Rand, American engineers made transnational comparisons of South African and North and South American mines. In the process, they led a global discussion of the efficiency of mining labour that reified white management of other races. After leaving the Rand, American engineers migrated across the globe, many to Mexico, where the interwoven networks of expert knowledge, industrial capitalism, and transnational race-making that characterized late nineteenth-century global mining followed.
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Petlina, Anastasia. "Success of Family Company: Critical Evidence from the United States." Trends Economics and Management 10, no. 27 (December 29, 2016): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.13164/trends.2016.27.57.
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Matherne, Danielle. "The price is productivity: wage justice in the United States." Corporate Ownership and Control 5, no. 2 (2008): 207–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv5i2c1p9.
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Wages, especially recently, have become a very controversial topic. In terms of wage justice, the debate becomes more controversial due to the ambiguity surrounding the factors that determine a fair wage. Obviously, no intelligent, savvy CEO will pay his or her employees more than they produce for the company. Were this to occur, bankruptcy would be the inevitable result. However, a debate occurs when discussing how to reconcile wages with profit. Companies want to maximize profits, while employees want to maximize their personal wage earnings. A seemingly easy solution would be to pay employees according to their productivity levels. If an employer were to pay every employee exactly what he or she contributed to the company, the company would make no profit; therefore, the businesses would have no incentives to produce their products.
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Jacob, Jabin T. "Book Review: Alok Datta, United States and Contemporary World." Social Change 47, no. 2 (June 2017): 316–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0049085717696205.
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Smith, Emily M. "To License or Not to License: That's the Question." Mechanical Engineering 121, no. 05 (May 1, 1999): 58–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1999-may-3.
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This article discusses the importance of Professional Engineering (PE) license in the United States. The debate in United States was sparked by a proposal last year to create a single US license for each of the engineering disciplines. The proposal was made to enhance the ability of engineers to transport their expertise across state lines as well as across national borders to better compete in the global marketplace. The high number of industry exemptions also contributes to the decline of licensed engineers. Although those exemptions are considerable for most engineering disciplines, in Texas and New York, for example, the number of exemptions is highest among electrical and mechanical engineers. Between 1993 and 1998, the number of engineers taking the Fundamentals of Engineering exam, a precursor usually required to apply for a PE license, shrank significantly. While most companies include money to support the professional growth of their employees in their annual budgets, licensing appears to be held in a separate, unrelated category.
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Coleman, Les. "What fuels oil company risk?" APPEA Journal 49, no. 1 (2009): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj08011.
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This article has a simple research question: what determines the risks of oil producing companies listed in Australia and the United States, and are there any differences between their risk attitudes? A literature review is used to develop an integrated theory of company risk that is validated using a hand-collected database covering active oil and gas production companies in Australia and the United States. Risk in both countries proved to be a function of company risk propensity and risk management, which each had a small number of deep-seated drivers spread across company structure, governance and performance. These common risk-related features between companies in geographically remote countries point to the complexity of achieving portfolio diversification.
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Hammond, Leroy D., and David A. Clary. "Fortress America: The Corps of Engineers, Hampton Roads, and United States Coastal Defense." Journal of Military History 55, no. 1 (January 1991): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1986143.
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Shallat, Todd, and David A. Clary. "Fortress America: The Corps of Engineers, Hampton Roads, and United States Coastal Defense." Journal of American History 77, no. 4 (March 1991): 1353. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2078306.
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Hansen, David M., and David A. Clary. "Fortress America: The Corps of Engineers, Hampton Roads, and United States Coastal Defense." Technology and Culture 34, no. 1 (January 1993): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3106469.
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Haydu, Jeffrey. "Factory Politics in Britain and the United States: Engineers and Machinists, 1914–1919." Comparative Studies in Society and History 27, no. 1 (January 1985): 57–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417500013669.
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The priorities of British and American trade unions center predominantly on the economic rewards received by union members. Collective bargaining and strikes typically focus on how much employers must pay for labor (in wages, pensions, and other benefits) rather than on how the labor, once purchased, may be used. Basic decisions regarding the organization of production are not considered by most unionists as legitimate issues for negotiation. Disputes over working conditions do arise, of course, but rarely concern securing for labor the rights of management. They involve instead efforts to protect jobs and work practices from encroachment by employers or poaching by other unions. In short, labor's goals are largely economistic, defensive, and sectional.
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Jagacinski, Carolyn M., William K. Lebold, and Kathryn W. Linden. "The relative career advancement of men and women engineers in the United States." Work & Stress 1, no. 3 (July 1987): 207–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02678378708258505.
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Jagacinski, Carolyn M., William K. Lebold, and Kathryn W. Linden. "The relative career advancement of men and women engineers in the United States." Work & Stress 1, no. 3 (July 1987): 235–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02678378708258507.
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Harrison, Joseph H., and David A. Clary. "Fortress America: The Corps of Engineers, Hampton Roads, and United States Coastal Defense." Journal of Southern History 57, no. 3 (August 1991): 509. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2209955.
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Richards, Rebecca M., Feifei Zhao, Katherine A. Murphy, Peng Xu, Amy Fan, Elena Sotillo, Mads Daugaard, et al. "Shared Expression of CD93 and Other Antigens By AML and Endothelial Cells Highlights a Need for Rational Combinatorial Targeting." Blood 136, Supplement 1 (November 5, 2020): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2020-133988.
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Introduction: Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most prevalent acute leukemia in the United States, accounting for more than 11,000 deaths each year and with a 5-year overall survival rate of less than 30%. With the exception of Gemtuzumab ozogamycin, an anti-CD33 antibody drug conjugate, the landmark success of immunotherapy in other hematologic malignancies has not translated to AML. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy, in which T cells are engineered with redirected tumor specificity, holds promise for the treatment of AML, but optimal antigens for CAR targeting of AML remain to be defined. We identified CD93 as a novel target for AML CAR therapy given high expression on many AML samples and an important role in leukemia stem cell (LSC) biology. Here, we describe anti-leukemic efficacy of CD93 CAR T cells both in vitro and in murine xenograft models. Consistent with predictions based on CD93 expression within the hematopoietic compartment, we demonstrate minimal CAR T cell toxicity to hematopoietic progenitors. However, we identify endothelial cell toxicity as a significant on-target, off-tumor toxicity. We also analyze endothelial expression of other common AML targets including CD123 and CD38 at baseline and in an inflammatory microenvironment and propose a strategy to incorporate endothelial expression considerations into rational design of combinatorial CAR T cells for AML. Results/Methods: CD93 was expressed to some degree on 24/25 (96%) of primary AML specimens, and was homogeneously expressed in 17/25 (68%). T cells were engineered to express second generation CD93 CARs based on the scFv of a humanized monocloncal CD93 antibody (F11) linked to CD28-CD3ζ or 4-1BB-CD3ζ intracellular domains (CD93-28z and CD93-BBz, respectively). CD93-28z and CD93-BBz CAR T cells incubated in vitro with target cells demonstrated AML-specific cytokine production measured by ELISA and cytotoxicity measured by IncucyteTM assay. CD93 CAR T cell treatment of NOD-SCID-IL2Rγc-/- (NSG) mice engrafted with the human AML line THP-1 resulted in improved leukemic control in comparison to mock-treated mice. In a patient derived xenograft model of primary AML, CD93 CAR T cell treatment resulted in significantly improved leukemic clearance, T cell expansion, and prolonged survival compared to mock-treated mice. CD93 CAR T cells were incubated with cord-blood derived CD34+ cells to evaluate CD93 CAR recognition of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and other hematopoietic progenitors. In an ELISA, CD93 CAR T cells did not produce cytokines against the bulk CD34+ population, in contrast to a positive control of AML. Additionally, after a 24h co-culture, CD93 CAR T cells did not kill any hematopoietic progenitor cells as assessed by flow cytometry. Furthermore, a methycellulose based colony forming assay confirmed that CD93 CAR T cells do not impact hematopoietic progenitor multipotent functional ability. We analyzed CD93 expression by immunohistochemistry of a tissue microarray of normal tissues. H-scores of all tissues analyzed were <100, generally accepted to signify low or no expression. However, we discovered strong staining of endothelial cells throughout multiple organ systems. CD93 expression was confirmed on endothelial cell lines iHUVEC and TIME, and CD93 CAR T cells produced cytokines when co-cultured with these endothelial cells. Hematopoietic cells and endothelial cells have a common developmental origin, and other AML CAR targets have been described as expressed on endothelial cells either at baseline or in the presence of inflammatory cytokines. A targeted analysis of CD123, CD38, and CD33 revealed that CD123 and CD38 are also expressed on endothelial cells, especially when cells are pretreated with IFN𝛾 and TNF⍺. Conclusion: Progress in generating effective CAR T cells for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has been hampered the paucity of AML cell surface antigens that are not expressed on vital tissues. Combinatorial antigen targeting will likely play a major role in advancing CAR T cell therapy for AML. Our data support that endothelial expression at baseline and in an inflammatory microenvironment should be considered as a factor in any rational combinatorial targeting strategy, and that creative CAR engineering will be necessary for certain AML targets, including CD93, to circumvent endothelial toxicity. Disclosures Richards: Stanford University: Patents & Royalties: pending patent application for CD93 CAR. Sotillo:Lyell Immunopharma: Consultancy, Other: Consultancy. Hong:Genentech, Inc.: Current Employment; F. Hoffmann-La Roche: Current equity holder in publicly-traded company. Majzner:Zai Lab: Consultancy; Xyphos Biopharma: Consultancy; Aprotum Group: Consultancy; GammaDelta Therapeutics: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Illumina Radiopharmaceuticals: Consultancy; Lyell Immunopharma: Consultancy. Majeti:CircBio Inc.: Research Funding; Gilead Sciences, Inc.: Patents & Royalties: inventor on patents related to CD47 cancer immunotherapy; Stanford University: Patents & Royalties: pending patent application on CD93 CAR ; BeyondSpring Pharmaceuticals: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Forty-Seven Inc.: Divested equity in a private or publicly-traded company in the past 24 months; Coherus BioSciences: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Zenshine Pharmaceuticals: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Kodikaz Therapeutic Solutions Inc.: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Mackall:Lyell Immunopharma: Consultancy, Current equity holder in private company; BMS: Consultancy; Allogene: Current equity holder in publicly-traded company; Apricity Health: Consultancy, Current equity holder in private company; Nektar Therapeutics: Consultancy; NeoImmune Tech: Consultancy.
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Varma, Roli. "Changing Borders and Realities: Emigration of Indian Scientists and Engineers to the United States." Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 6, no. 4 (2007): 539–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156914907x253224.
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AbstractInternational migration cannot be viewed as a byproduct of globalization since people have been migrating for centuries. However, globalization has given rise to a new kind of immigration, where a growing variety of interconnected social activities are taking place among technical immigrants at a high speed irrespective of their geographical location. The advent of instant online communication and the ability to share discoveries, inventions, advances, documents, and pictures in real time, as well as safe, easy, and fast travel options have made the traditional notions of borders, immigration, and even assimilation obsolete. This paper looks at how the tenets of immigration under globalization seem to be becoming outmoded as scientific knowledge flows between India and the U.S. It is based on the review of literature on the subject and in-depth interviews conducted in 2002-2004 with 120 Indian scientists and engineers from both countries.
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Varma, Roli, and Meghna Sabharwal. "International Collaboration: Experiences of Indian Scientists and Engineers after Returning from the United States." Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 17, no. 5-6 (December 11, 2018): 593–613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691497-12341498.
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AbstractThis article presents findings on international research collaboration from a National Science Foundation-funded study with 83 faculty in science and engineering (S&E) who returned to India after studying and working in the United States. These faculty members were brought up in the Indian socio-cultural context, but they were professionalized in the scientific culture of Western academia. When they returned to India to take a faculty position, they knew collaborators in the US with desired skills, including their advisors. Yet, returned Indian migrant faculty face significant challenges in establishing successful international research collaboration with their American peers. Interestingly, this is not the case with collaborators from Europe and other parts of the world with whom they had little connection before moving to India. Findings show some inequities that exist between scientists and engineers in the US and India that pertain to resources and attitudes towards collaboration.
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Gibson, Tom. "Engineers in the Distance." Mechanical Engineering 136, no. 04 (April 1, 2014): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2014-apr-2.
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This article presents views of Todd Torrence on introduction of online learning programs that can open paths from technical to technological. The University of North Dakota, which offers the only accredited online BSME program in the United States, is in a state where hydraulic fracturing has sharply increased oil production. The university has applied for accreditation of an online program offering a Bachelor of Science in Petroleum Engineering. The UND online BSME program covers the same material as its on-campus counterpart. North Carolina State has a 2+2 program where a student can go to a partnering university at the east and west ends of the state for the first two years of their undergraduate work. The University of North Dakota online BSME program covers the same material as its on-campus counterpart. Part of the accreditation process is assuring that the online degree is equivalent to the face-to-face degree. The challenge with undergrad online engineering programs is their sheer size and the time it takes to complete them, as compared with graduate programs.
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Richmond, Douglas W., and A. Brooke Caruso. "The Mexican Spy Company: United States Covert Operations in Mexico, 1845-48." Journal of Military History 56, no. 4 (October 1992): 694. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1986174.
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Sacks, G., B. Swinburn, and B. Loff. "The broad nature of multinational food company lobbying in the United States." Obesity Research & Clinical Practice 6 (October 2012): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orcp.2012.08.185.
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Spenser, Daniela, and Brooke A. Caruso. "The Mexican Spy Company: United States Covert Operations in Mexico, 1845-1848." Hispanic American Historical Review 73, no. 1 (February 1993): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2517685.
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Willett, Robert E. "Business Strategy. Deep Pockets, Strategy Make MarketerbFastest-Growing Company bin United States." Natural Gas 5, no. 8 (September 11, 2007): 14–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gas.3410050805.
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