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Journal articles on the topic 'United states, foreign relations, congo (democratic republic)'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 28 July 2025

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1

Pushkina, Darya, and Rada Kalina. "USA Policy Towards United Nations: The Case of UN PKOs in the Democratic Republic of Congo." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 1 (March 2024): 157–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2024.1.14.

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Introduction. This article examines United States policy towards United Nations Peacekeeping Operations (UN PKOs) by analyzing the U.S. position towards peacekeeping operations in the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo, DRC) to trace the evolution and specific features of this policy over time. The article attempts to answer the question: is U.S. policy toward UN PKOs defined by only national interest, or is there more to it? Methods and materials. The article analyzes U.S. official speeches and documents, UN official documents related to peacekeeping operations in the Democratic Republic

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2

Nikitin, A. "United Nations Peace Operations: Reconsidering the Principles, Reforming the Practice." World Economy and International Relations 60, no. 3 (2016): 16–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2016-60-3-16-26.

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The article describes and debates main points and recommendations of the Report-2015 of the Independent High Level Group on the UN Peace Operations. The author analyses doctrinal innovations and practical guidelines suggested by the Group and debates consequences of the recommended “politicizing” of the UN operations (assuring the leading role for the UN in any political peace process supported by UN peacekeepers, and avoiding operations where the UN role is limited to passive disengagement of conflict sides). Necessity for and limits of reconsidering traditional principles of peacekeeping, su

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3

Cha, Victor D. "Balance, Parallelism, and Asymmetry: United States-Korea Relations." Journal of East Asian Studies 1, no. 1 (2001): 179–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1598240800000278.

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The George W. Bush presidency has raised wide speculation about future United States' policy toward the Korean peninsula. The conventional wisdom among pundits in Washington, Seoul and elsewhere is that the incoming administration will switch to a ‘harder line’ regarding the Democratic Peoples' Republic of Korea (DPRK) and move away from the engagement policy practiced during the Clinton administration. In a similar vein, others have argued that Bush will place a premium on reaffirming and consolidating ties with traditional allies and friends like the Republic of Korea (ROK), Japan, and Taiwa

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Sidorova, Galina Mikhailovna. "Relations between USSR and the Democratic Republic of Congo at the Beginning of 1960s: Twists of History." Vestnik RUDN. International Relations 20, no. 1 (2020): 197–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-0660-2020-20-1-197-209.

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Since the establishment of diplomatic relations with Congo on July 7, 1960, the ties between USSR and Africa have faced a big challenge. During the difficult years for Congo, after liberation from colonial dependence, the Soviet Union has always advocated the country’s territorial integrity and the internal problems diplomatic solution. However, the bloodshed in Congo could not be avoided. Despite the Soviet support of the legitimate Congo government headed by P. Lumumba, the Western countries, which did not want to lose their positions in resource-rich Congo have found a way to achieve a vict

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Delaume, Georges R. "National Union Fire Insurance Co. of Pittsburgh v. People’s Republic of the Congo." American Journal of International Law 85, no. 1 (1991): 181–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2203572.

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This appears to be the first decision dealing with the recognition in the United States of a foreign judgment rendered against the government of a third country. At issue was the recognition of a default judgment rendered by the English High Court of Justice, Chancery Division, against the People’s Republic of the Congo (Congo). The facts leading to the English judgment were as follows. In 1984 the Congo issued to an English bank a promissory note in the amount of over $26 million corresponding to a Credit Facility Agreement (Credit Agreement) with the bank. At the same time, the National Unio

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Mollel, Andrew. "Judicial Settlement of Armed Conflicts in International Law: Reflecting the 2005 International Court of Justice Decision in the Democratic Republic of Congo." Nordic Journal of International Law 76, no. 4 (2007): 407–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/090273507x249219.

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AbstractThe duty of states to settle their disputes peacefully and in accordance with international law is emphasized in a number of important provisions enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations (UN) and state practices. Adjudication is one among a range of existing means of pacific settlement of disputes. This article analyzes the role of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in pacific settlement of international disputes. It critically examines judicial settlement of armed conflicts, taking the ICJ decision in the Case Concerning Armed Activities in the Territory of the Congo (Demo

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Lillich, Richard B., and David J. Bederman. "Jurisprudence of the Foreign Claims Settlement Commission: Iran Claims." American Journal of International Law 91, no. 3 (1997): 436–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2954182.

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The Foreign Claims Settlement Commission (Commission or FCSC) was granted jurisdiction to determine the validity and amounts of certain claims by U.S. nationals against Iran by the Iran Claims Act and the 1990 Settlement Agreement (lump sum settlement) between the United States and Iran. The Iran Claims Act, a 1985 statute enacted in anticipation of the lump sum agreement settling U.S. “small claims” against Iran, required the Commission to apply: (1)the terms of any settlement agreement [lump sum settlement];(2)the relevant provisions of the Declarations of the Government of the Democratic an

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Britova, Viktoriia Rimovna. "Key foreign policy vectors of the Republic of Korea at the turn of the XX – XXI centuries." Исторический журнал: научные исследования, no. 6 (June 2021): 109–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0609.2021.6.36697.

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The decades since the end of the Cold War, the foreign policy of the Republic of Korea has undergone multiple changes; besides the traditional commitment to maintain and develop relations with its military and political ally &ndash; the United States &ndash; the new vectors have emerged. . The Korean government turns attention to such directions as: international status of the country; its authority on the world stage; as well as autonomy combined with globalism and autonomy through neutrality. The subject of this research is the foreign policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan at the turn

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9

Crook, John R. "The 2002 Judicial Activity of the International Court of Justice." American Journal of International Law 97, no. 2 (2003): 352–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3100112.

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During 2002, countries from all regions, especially Africa, resorted to the International Court of Justice; only one of the Court's 2002 judgments involved an OECD countiy. The Court's work during the year also shows the continued importance of boundary issues for states and for the Court.The Court again completed a substantial program of work, resolving three cases with final judgments. In February, it triggered substantial controversy by finding that a Belgian court's warrant for the arrest of the then foreign minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (“Congo”) violated international

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10

Denisova, Tatyana S., and Sergey V. Kostelyanets. "The Democratic Republic of the Congo: Political Instability and the Rwandan Factor." Vestnik RUDN. International Relations 23, no. 1 (2023): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-0660-2023-23-1-37-47.

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The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) has been in a state of constant political instability since June 30, 1960, i.e., throughout the entire period of its independent development. The country has experienced a series of civil wars and local conflicts, the causes of which, as in other African countries, have been inter-ethnic and inter-confessional tensions, struggle for power and access to natural resources, inability of governments to control the situation in the periphery, etc. The peculiarity of the Congolese conflicts and DRC politics in general is the interference of external actors,

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Sidorova, G. M. "Who is Responsible for Instability in the Democratic Republic of Congo?" MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 6(39) (December 28, 2014): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2014-6-39-29-36.

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The research focuses on the problem of military-political instability in the Democratic Republic of the Congo experiencing continued armed conflict for a long time. Dozens of illegal armed groups both Congolese and foreign origin continue to destabilize situation in the eastern part of the country causing humanitarian disasters. Due to governmental weakness, economic backwardness, chronical lack of finance resources, interethnic conflicts, all-round and widely spread corruption of the authorities, the Congolese government at the moment is not able to overcome scores of problems including the p

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Lee, Steven Hugh. "Negotiating the Cold War: The United States and the Two Koreas." Journal of American-East Asian Relations 9, no. 1-2 (2000): 85–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187656100793645958.

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AbstractSince December 1997, the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK), the People’s Republic of China (PRC), the Republic of Korea (ROK), and the United States have met in a series of talks aimed at promoting peace and stability on the Korean peninsula and in the region. According to a November 1998 U.S. Department of Defense report, the discussions have created a “diplomatic venue for reducing tensions and ultimately replacing the Armistice Agreement with a permanent peace settlement.”1 Amidst the tragic human suffering which has occurred in North Korea, there have been some encouragi

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Ferreira, Rialize. "SOUTH AFRICAâ€™S PARTICIPATION IN THE CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC AND DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO PEACE MISS IONS: A COMPARISON." Politeia 33, no. 2 (2016): 4–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/0256-8845/1776.

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After the peacekeeping tragedy in the Central African Republic (CAR) in March 2013, South Africaâ€™s participation in peacekeeping missions on the African continent is under investigation. Military personnel of the South African National Defence Force recently took part in both conventional and unconventional, asymmetric warfare in two peace missions, one in the CAR and one in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). In the CAR a unilateral military agreement between states existed, while in the DRC a United Nations (UN) mandate for multilateral offensive peacekeeping was authorised. The ration

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Bangarth, Stephanie. "Bringing China In: The New Democratic Party, China, and Multilateralism, 1949-68." Journal of American-East Asian Relations 20, no. 2-3 (2013): 203–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18765610-02003016.

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This article explores the history of Canadian foreign relations with China via the perspective of F. Andrew Brewin, a longtime New Democratic Party (NDP) politician. Brewin was an ardent champion of multilateralism in the 1960s and this approach was reflected in his views on China. These thoughts are most eloquently expressed in the debates in the House of Commons on the recognition and the admission of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) into the United Nations between 1963 and 1970. The NDP was the first political party to recommend the recognition of the PRC and by the 1960s public opinion

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15

Reno, William. "The Clinton Administration and Africa: Private Corporate Dimension." Issue: A Journal of Opinion 26, no. 2 (1998): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s004716070050290x.

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Prior to the start of the colonial era in Africa in the late 19th century, European states conducted relations with African rulers through a variety of means. Formal diplomatic exchanges characterized relations with polities that Europeans recognized as states, between European diplomats and officials of the Congo Kingdom of present-day Angola, Ethiopia, and Liberia, for example. Other African authorities occupied intermediate positions in Europeans’ views of international relations, either because these authorities ruled very small territories, defended no fixed borders, or appeared to outsid

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Koyame, Mungbalemwe. "United Nations Resolutions and the Struggle to Curb the Illicit Trade in Conflict Diamonds in Sub-Saharan Africa." African Journal of Legal Studies 1, no. 2 (2005): 80–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221097312x13397499736020.

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AbstractThis article examines the extent to which revenues from the trade in rough diamonds have funded civil war in African countries and the difficulties encountered by the United Nations in putting an end to it. As case studies, the article considers the conflicts in Angola, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Sierra Leone where the illicit trade in rough diamonds, also referred to as “conflict diamonds” or “blood diamonds,” provided most of the funds used by rebel groups in their war efforts. The article further examines the role played by the diamond industry, the international commu

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Desiatnikov, Ivan. "United States-Vietnam relations in light of geopolitics of the usa in Asia-Pacific region in 1945-1975." Bulletin of Mariupol State University. Series: History. Political Studies 10, no. 27 (2020): 96–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.34079/2226-2830-2020-10-27-96-106.

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The article focuses on the analysis of US-Vietnam relations during the period from 1945 to 1975. The aim of the article is to trace the changes that took place in the US-Vietnam relationship over that period, to identify the factors that influenced them, as well as the approaches used by the heads of the countries to tackle their foreign policy objectives in the region. The author traces the evolution of US policy in Vietnam pursued by Presidents H. Truman, D. Eisenhower, J. Kennedy, L. Johnson and R. Nixon. The United States had diametrically opposed position on relations with the Vietnamese

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18

Shur, Elizaveta A. "Engagement policy and formation of allied relations: India in the US foreign policy strategy under George W. Bush and B. Obama." Historia provinciae – the journal of regional history 5, no. 2 (2021): 571–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.23859/2587-8344-2021-5-2-7.

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The article presents an analysis of the engagement policy and the formation of allied relations which hold a central place in the foreign policy of the United States. It is noted that the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks demonstrated the ideological insecurity of the United States and forced Washington to join the global campaign against terrorism. Despite the untenable willingness to bear the burden of war alone, the American political establishment began to look for allies and partners. The purpose of this article is to identify India’s place in the system of American foreign policy stra

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19

Drozd, Daria. "The participation of the Ukrainian Armed Forces in the peacekeeping operations." Міжнародні відносини, суспільні комунікації та регіональні студії, no. 2 (6) (October 31, 2019): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.29038/2524-2679-2019-02-05-16.

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The main historical and contemporary participation of the Armed Forces of Ukraine in peacekeeping operations are described. The key notions of peacekeeping are defined showing this definition as the main rational tool for preventing and resolving disputes, threats, conflicts at the national, regional and global levels is the modern peacekeeping system. The main laws of Ukraine concerning peacekeeping operations are characterized with defining objectives for these operations.The attention is focused on the Ukraine’s participation in different international peacekeeping operations including 26 o

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20

Ilham, Samira. "Azerbaijan – Georgian Relations in the Early 20th Century." International Journal of Social Sciences 4, no. 1 (2024): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.55367/ldes3649.

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This article examines the relations between Georgia and Azerbaijan in the early 20th century. The article utilizes secondary research methods and applies historical and comparative analysis techniques to investigate the relations between the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and the Democratic Republic of Georgia and Azerbaijan-Georgia relations after the occupation of Soviet Russia. It is well known that relationships with neighboring states play a significant role in shaping a country’s foreign policy. In this context, it has been revealed that several factors influenced the ADR-GDR relations a

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Anikin, O. B., and O. M. Fedin. "Transformation of the currency regulation regime and foreign economic relations of Russia in the context of expanding anti-Russian sanctions." Vestnik Universiteta, no. 9 (November 8, 2024): 76–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/1816-4277-2024-9-76-82.

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The article discusses the features of currency regulation and foreign economic relations of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as RF, Russia) in the context of the introduction and growth of anti-Russian sanctions by the United States of America, European Union countries and other unfriendly countries, issues related to ensuring the sustainability of the Russian economy and its ability to withstand negative internal and external influences, issues of financial security, which is an important component of the country’s economic security, issues of the current state of the state’s b

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Burdjak, Vira. "Changes in the Foreign Policy of the Republic of Bulgaria under the Russian Influence." Історико-політичні проблеми сучасного світу, no. 40 (December 15, 2019): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/mhpi2019.40.34-41.

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The article explores changes in the foreign policy of the Republic of Bulgaria, which began with the transformation of the political regime in the state and the establishment of a democratic political system. At the turn of the century, Bulgaria became a member of influential international organizations – NATO and the European Union. Bulgarian officials have stepped up their relations with NATO officials and the military departments of the Allies. The Russian war in Ukraine has transformed RB into a “frontal zone” of the EU and NATO, increased its strategic importance, strengthened the desire

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Latenko, Volodymyr. "The American View of Sub-Saharan Africa in the 1960’s (based on dissertation researches on Congo and Nigeria)." American History & Politics Scientific edition, no. 8 (2019): 67–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2521-1706.2019.08.07.

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The author of the article attempts to analyze the scientific achievements of American researchers on the subject of Sub-Saharan Africa in the 1960s, using the example of two countries in the region – the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Nigeria. In both countries, which decolonized in 1960 and embarked on an independent path of development, during the first decade of their existence, various stormy events took place that shook the entire Sub-Saharan region and largely reflected on processes in other parts of the continent. Therefore, these countries are a particularly striking example on t

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Oyunsuren, S., and U. Zulbayar. "Mongolia’s Foreign Policy Implementation: A Case Study in the Middle East." Mongolian Diaspora. Journal of Mongolian History and Culture 1, no. 1 (2021): 127–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/modi-2021-010109.

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Summary The purpose of this article is to clarify Mongolia's foreign policy challenges and trends by studying the historical and current processes of Mongolia in relation to the Middle East in chronological order, using both primary and secondary sources. Relations between Mongolia and the countries of the Middle East can be chronologically divided into three different periods: the State of the Huns (Xiongnu), the Mongol Empire, and Modern Mongolia. The state of the Huns, at the peak of its power, successfully developed relations with the countries of the Middle East through the “Great Silk Ro

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Kovalkov, Oleksandr. "US sanctions against the USSR in response to soviet aggression in Afghanistan (1980 – 1988)." American History & Politics: Scientific edition, no. 11 (2021): 78–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2521-1706.2021.11.7.

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The aim of the article is to studу the sanctions against the Soviet Union imposed by the United States in response to Soviet aggression in the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. At the core of the research methodology is the method of a content analysis of historical sources, problem-chronological, typological, comparative methods. Main results and conclusions. The Soviet intervention in Afghanistan in December 1979 was condemned by most countries in the world. The reaction to those events on the part of the United States, which led to the escalation of the Cold War and the deterioration of S

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Recchia, Stefano. "Overcoming Opposition at the UNSC: Regional Multilateralism as a Form of Collective Pressure." Journal of Global Security Studies 5, no. 2 (2020): 265–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jogss/ogaa013.

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Abstract Research suggests that military interveners often seek endorsements from regional international organizations (IOs), in addition to approval from the United Nations Security Council (UNSC), to reassure international and domestic audiences. Toward that end, interveners should seek the endorsement of continent-wide regional IOs with the broadest and most diverse membership, which are most likely to be independent. In practice, however, interveners often seek endorsements from subregional IOs with narrow membership and aggregate preferences similar to their own. This should weaken the re

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Ermolaeva, Ekaterina. "Formation and development of foreign policy ideology of the Republic of Korea." Genesis: исторические исследования, no. 7 (July 2020): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-868x.2020.7.33554.

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This article explores the process of formation of foreign policy ideology of the Republic of Korea. The object of this research is the national ideology of the Republic of Korea, while the subject is the ideological concepts of its foreign policy. Analysis is conducted on the historical background, cultural and sociopolitical context, which affected the formation of South Korean ideology. The article describes the foreign policy concepts of the Republic of Korea, using the example of ideological course of the administrations of Lee Myung-Bak, Park Geun-hye and Moon Jae-on. The author applies t

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Belaia, E. K., and M. A. Kashina. "Comparative Analysis of South Korean and American Soft Power Practices in World Politics." EURASIAN INTEGRATION: economics, law, politics, no. 4 (December 23, 2022): 106–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2073-2929-2022-04-106-120.

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In the 21st century, soft power has proved its effectiveness and expediency and has become one of the most important foreign policy instruments of strong, medium and small powers. The approach proposed by Joseph Nye is considered to be a classic example of soft power politics with the United States being the leading state in this field. However, considering the intensification of glocalization processes and the growth of anti-global and anti-American sentiments, the effectiveness of the US soft power is being called into question. On the contrary, the popularity of South Korean culture has bee

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Bokonbaeva, Janyl. "THE HISTORY OF THE FIRST OFFICIAL VISIT OF THE KYRGYZ DELEGATION TO THE USA AND THE FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF THE FOREIGN POLICY OF THE YOUNG REPUBLIC." Alatoo Academic Studies 24, no. 2 (2024): 388–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.17015/aas.2024.242.31.

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The article, based on newly opened archival sources, highlights the first visit of the official Kyrgyz delegation to America. During early 1990s, with the USSR collapse the world became unipolar, with the United States beginning to play a significant geopolitical role. The acquisition of independence and sovereignty set Kyrgyzstan in search of its own path of development; the country faced the challenge of joining the world community. The visit of the state delegation of Kyrgyzstan to the USA was of great historical and political significance for the development of the country. High-level meet

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Okowa, Phoebe. "THE PITFALLS OF UNILATERAL LEGISLATION IN INTERNATIONAL LAW: LESSONS FROM CONFLICT MINERALS LEGISLATION." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 69, no. 3 (2020): 685–717. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589320000238.

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AbstractThis article examines the compatibility of the extraterritorial application of unilateral legislation with the project of international law. Focusing on two instruments, the Dodd-Frank Act passed by the United States Congress and intended to regulate the activities of US listed companies operating in the Congo and the EU conflict minerals legislation, the article challenges their underlying premises that revenues from natural resources perpetuate conflict and resulting human rights abuses. In so far as these instruments make no provision for meaningful participation by the foreign popu

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Lee, Dong Sun. "Democratization and the US-South Korean Alliance." Journal of East Asian Studies 7, no. 3 (2007): 469–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1598240800002599.

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This article explains why, in the wake of South Korea's democratization, the US-Republic of Korea alliance has suffered a steady decline while avoiding an abrupt collapse. The author argues that democratization weakened this asymmetric alliance by increasing the political influence of nationalism in South Korea. New South Korean democratic elites, subscribing to nationalist ideals, demanded an autonomous, equal relationship with the United States regardless of the de facto power disparity between the two countries. These elites also deemphasized the security threat from North Korea—with which

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Koval ́kov, Olexandr. "Soviet Intervention in Afghanistan in the Documents of J. Carter Administration." American History & Politics Scientific edition, no. 9 (2020): 88–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2521-1706.2020.09.8.

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The article examines the documents of Jimmy Carter Administration (1977-1981) published in «Foreign Relations of the United States» series that represent the U.S. position on the Soviet intervention in the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan in December 1979. The author argues that the growing Soviet presence and finally a military intervention in Afghanistan was taken seriously in the United States and made Washington watch the developments in this country closely. The Soviet intervention in Afghanistan became one of the major themes in the U.S. foreign policy. It was presented in a large arra

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Mozgovoy, S. I., T. V. Yakubenko, and O. V. Yakubenko. "Organization of cervical cancer screening in African countries as a direction of cooperation within the SDGS." Terapevt (General Physician), no. 2 (February 18, 2024): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/med-12-2402-04.

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The article analyzes the indicators of early cancer detection in progressive and crisis countries in Africa. An analysis of the possible causes of the low detection rate and five-year survival of patients in crisis countries is made. The ways of possible cooperation with the Russian Federation on the way to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals are outlined. According to the United Nations, the African continent includes 54 indepen dent states. Most of them were colonized and had external control of major European countries — Great Britain, France, Germany, and others. In the middle of

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Frederick, Appiah Afriyie. "Legislative Authority of U.S Unilateral Economic Sanctions Against the Democratic People`s Republic Of North Korea (DPRK)." Journal of Social and Political Sciences 2, no. 3 (2019): 570–81. https://doi.org/10.31014/aior.1991.02.03.99.

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Unilateral economic sanctions have become one of the most significant foreign policy tools used by most powerful developed nations across the globe. Some of these countries include Japan, Canada, Australia, and others. However, the United States (US) and European Union (EU), in particular, are very ardent users, having placed unilateral sanctions on North Korea, Iran, Venezuela, and partially on Russia, among others. It is an alternative to military intervention, war, or conflicts. Among these strong nations, the US is one country that applies unilateral sanctions than any other country in the

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OLUROPO, FAMILUGBA JONATHAN, IBITOYE MAJEKODUNMI OLUSESAN, ADEDAYO ADEDEJI MATTHEW, and OJO MAYOWA CHRISTOPHER. "The Resurgence of Military Coups in West-Africa States: The Case of Niger Republic and Its Implications on Peace, Security and Transnational Activities in Nigeria." Global Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 03, no. 04 (2024): 26–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.55640/gjhss-social-332.

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Niger Republic is a country rich in mineral resources (uranium) with astounding and complex relationship with the West, a strategic country provided with supports and collaboration with the West (United States of America) when it comes to fight against terrorism in Africa. Relatively enjoying a stable civilian government before the seemingly unexpected military coup struck and pull out the roots of civilian government and short-lived the democratic government in power. This study aims at; identifying and examining the factors responsible for military coups in West Africa States and Niger repub

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Yufan, Hao, and Zhai Zhihai. "China's Decision to Enter the Korean War: History Revisted." China Quarterly 121 (March 1990): 94–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741000013527.

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Thirty-seven years have passed since the Korean War ended in July 1953. The Korean War, which was one of the most dramatic events of the cold war, resulted not only in huge casualties on the two sides, but also in a deep wound in Sino–American relations which took more than two decades to heal. Vast amounts of research have been done on the war, but one important aspect–the motivation behind the decision of the People's Republic of China to enter the war – remains mysteriously masked, or at least unconvincingly explained.Why did Beijing involve itself in a military conflict with the United Sta

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Asmolov, Konstantin. "Presidential elections-2022 in the Republic of Korea." Problemy dalnego vostoka, no. 2 (2022): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s013128120019649-4.

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The presidential race of 2022 was fought on the background of the uneasy legacy of President Moon Jae-in between the candidate of the ruling Democratic Party Lee Jae-myong and the representative of the conservatives, former Attorney General Yoon Seok-yeol. Each of the camps was represented by a person who was not a typical representative of his camp and has a difficult relationship with the &quot;core of the party&quot;. Lee is a representative of the inner-party opposition, and not Moon&apos;s successor. Yoon has found himself in the conservative camp after the conflict with the B

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Sarotte, M. E. "China's Fear of Contagion: Tiananmen Square and the Power of the European Example." International Security 37, no. 2 (2012): 156–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00101.

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The Tiananmen Square massacre of June 1989 remains a taboo topic in the People's Republic of China (PRC); the ruling Chinese Communist Party (CCP) still detains participants and suppresses online, popular, and scholarly discussions of it. The twentieth anniversary of the end of the transatlantic Cold War, however, saw the release of new sources from high-level contacts between the CCP and foreign leaders. These new sources, combined with older ones, show the extent to which Chinese political leaders were obsessed with the democratic changes in Eastern Europe and were willing to take violent ac

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Urnov, Andrey. "USA Policy in Sub-Saharan Africa." Uchenie zapiski Instituta Afriki RAN 60, no. 3 (2022): 6–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.31132/2412-5717-2022-60-3-6-25.

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The article is devoted to Biden Administration Policy in Sub-Saharan Africa during the first half of 2022. This policy is carried out in accordance with a keynote speech “The United States and Africa: Building a 21st Century Partnership” made by Secretary of State Antony Blinken on November 17, 2021 in Abuja, Nigeria. The Secretary identified five spheres of common interest and cooperation – global health, the climate crisis, more stable and inclusive economy, defense of democracy, peace and security. The United States acknowledge a growing role of Africa in the world affairs and use all means

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Koshelnyk, V. "FEATURES OF INFORMATION SECURITY OF UKRAINE, THE USA AND THE PRC." Slovak international scientific journal, no. 87 (September 13, 2024): 62–66. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13756333.

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The work examines the issue of information security at the national and regional levels. It was analyzed that a favorable information environment, protection against cyber attacks is an important element of national security. The main problems of Ukraine in the field of information security are considered using the example of information attacks from the Russian Federation. Two models of information security were studied: democratic and totalitarian; the peculiarities of their use in the United States of America, the People's Republic of China and Ukraine are determined. The administrative and

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Dezalay, Sara. "Socio-Legal Enquiry on a Global Scale: Legal Intermediation, the Geography of Extraction, and the (Re)Negotiation of Africa’s Relationship with the World Economy." Socio-Legal Review 20, no. 2 (2024): 120–48. https://doi.org/10.55496/ptzh4511.

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This paper asks: what does socio-legal enquiry tell us about one of the most pressing problems of our time—climate change? Can (and should) socio-legal enquiry provide a meaningful critique of the so-called green transition? Law’s ubiquity in the ongoing phase of capitalism—from the predominance of private contracts in the regulation of relations between states and transnational corporations to the formidable growth of transnational dispute settlement mechanisms since the turn of the 1990s raises a challenge for socio-legal enquiry. Where do we put the cursor of the law’s empowering potential

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Bakshaev, Maxim. "The Rivalry at the Periphery of the Cold War: the USA, the USSR and the Communist Parties of Spain, Italy and France during the Conflict in Western Sahara (1977–1979)." Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, no. 4 (2023): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080021120-9.

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The article examines the foreign policy positions of Moscow and Washington in the context of the events in Western Sahara in the second half of the 1970s, taking into account the diplomatic activities of the Communist parties of Italy (Partito Comunista Italiano, PCI), France (Parti communiste français, PCF) and Spain (Partido Comunista de Españа, PCE). The research is based on the published documents of the US president J. Carter&apos;s administration, sources of the US State Department and the Central Intelligence Agency, as well as unpublished declassified documents of the CPSU Central

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Będźmirowski, Jerzy, Miłosz Gac, and Jakub Kufel. "Baltic Sea during the Cold War: Polish-Soviet Maritime Cooperation." Historia i Polityka, no. 48 (55) (June 6, 2024): 83–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/hip.2024.014.

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The end of hostilities on the European continent brought a hot war to a close but started the Cold War. Differences in the approach to many political and military issues of the future world created a divide among the allies. Each of them wanted to play a dominant role in the new reality. The possession of dreadful new weapons, nuclear weapons, singled out two of the most important “players” in the new world – namely, the United States of America and the Soviet Union. They were quickly identified as “superpowers”. The European continent, battered by World War II, was divided into two almost equ

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Zorin, Artyom. "Jan Masaryk in American Diplomatic Correspondence, 1945–1948." Novaia i noveishaia istoriia, no. 5 (2023): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s013038640028073-8.

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Jan Masaryk (1886–1948) was the head of the Czechoslovak Ministry of Foreign Affairs during the most difficult period in the history of Czechoslovakia, from 1940 to 1948. The peak of his professional career came in the post-war years, when CSR was at the centre of the unfolding Soviet-American confrontation. As a son of the first Czechoslovak President Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk and the closest associate of his successor Edvard Beneš, Jan Masaryk was trying to advocate democratic traditions in his country and preserve close relations with the West. But in practice, Prague was increasingly drawn in

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Horoshko, Valentyna, Yehor Nazymko, and Yurii Pavliutin. "CRIMINAL PROCEDURE LAW OF UKRAINE IN THE CONTEXT OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION: PROBLEMATIC ECONOMIC AND LEGAL ISSUES, WAYS OF REFORMING." Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 8, no. 3 (2022): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2022-8-3-48-52.

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The subject of the study is the coverage of problematic issues and ways of reforming the criminal procedure legislation of Ukraine in the context of European integration. Methodology. The methodological basis of the study is a dialectical method of scientific knowledge, through the application of this method the legal, functional, organizational and procedural aspects of methodological approaches to the understanding of problematic issues are considered and the ways of reforming the criminal procedure legislation of Ukraine in the context of European integration are considered. The results of

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Kaminska, Ilona. "The EU judiciary: epistemological principles of functioning and development." Law Review of Kyiv University of Law, no. 1 (April 15, 2020): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.36695/2219-5521.1.2020.07.

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The article introduces the results of a theoretical analysis of the available research on the EU judiciary. Based on the analysis of the development and formation of the EU judiciary, it is proved that the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) should be understood as the object of the historiography of studies of the EU judiciary in its historical progress, beginning with the Court of Justice of the European Communities, as a single object which as a result of functioning and under the influence of the creation of the integration union, acquired the further development of its form and

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Akmal, SAIDOV. "NEW UZBEKISTAN ON THE WAY OF THE ONGOING REFORMS." Demokratlashtirish va Inson huquqlari 1/2022 (May 10, 2023): 64–68. https://doi.org/10.54952/DHR.2022.16.99.004.

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Last year the Uzbek people has celebrated the 30th anniversary of the Independence. During last 5 years the large-scale creative and improving work is being carried out on the idea “New Uzbekistan”. Human rights protection is considered one of the priorities of our state policy. Today the country has a stable political system that meets the modern criteria of democracy and human rights, and the legislative, executive and judicial authorities at all levels are actively working to strengthen respect for human rights and to promote human rights education throughout the country. But th

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Urnov, Andrey. "The United States Policy in Relation to Ethiopia, Democratic Republic Of The Congo, Sudan, South Sudan, Angola, and Libya." Journal of the Institute for African Studies, September 15, 2020, 87–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.31132/2412-5717-2020-52-3-87-111.

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The political, economic and strategic significance of these six African countries have made them the object of intent attention and multivector activities by the United States of America. The article is focused on the events of 2019-2020. Despite an unprecedented internal political split and the coronavirus pandemic, the US African policy was sufficiently energetic, based on traditional “pillars” and conducted as part of the course for global hegemony. The US tries to derive maximum benefits from the situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, where due to their interference there took

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Абзианидзе, Г. В. "КНДР и страны Африки южнее Сахары: пушки, памятники, антиколониализм". Koreanology, № 3(8) (22 грудня 2024). https://doi.org/10.48647/icca.2024.80.81.006.

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Сегодня КНДР сложно воспринимать как сколь-либо глобального актора. Рассмотрение внешней политики Пхеньяна, как правило, ограничивается его отношениями с ближайшими соседями или с Вашингтоном. При этом из внимания часто упускается, что в 1960—1980-е годы КНДР активно проникала в такой неочевидный регион, как Африка южнее Сахары, или Субсахарская Африка. Внешняя политика КНДР в регионе в том числе преследовала цель заручиться максимальной поддержкой новых акторов на международной арене. В период холодной войны Южная и Северная Кореи не входили в ООН и старались обрести легитимность за счёт подд

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Ponti, Katrina. "Curating the Republic: The Origins of the US Embassy." Hague Journal of Diplomacy, March 25, 2024, 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1871191x-bja10186.

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Summary What can the historical study of early American legations in Europe tell us about how the United States approaches its embassies in the world today? Embassy buildings today represent over two hundred years of American trial and error in constantly shifting foreign political environments. They are, by their nature, intended to straddle multiple modalities: public and private; political and personal; global and local. It was because of their deliberately fluid representational states that the first American diplomatic missions to Europe could attempt to bridge the paradigm of aristocrati

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